BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 1

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING IN THE UK

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.

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Abstract (250 words approx.)

Building Information Modelling seeks to address the ever-increasing complexity of

construction, which has pronounced effects on the time, quality, and overall costs of construction

projects. Construction firms are beginning to adopt this technique, while some have already

realised a higher amount of success and profits. Questions have been asked, such as "What is the

proper definition of BIM? How to effectively utilise IBM? Moreover, is the technique a tool or a

defined process? All these questions formed the foundations for this research.

Based on the relevant body of literature, three UK companies were examined since they

were the pioneers of adopting and putting BIM into practice. The analysis performed gave the

impacts of this technology with a critical focus on costs, timely delivery, and quality.

The outcomes found that companies that utilised BIM as a process rather than a

technological tool had a higher rate of completed projects. It was concluded that building

information modelling is a whole process that alters the typical workflow across construction

companies in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the overall success and profitability of these

firms, which utilised BIM, have proved that project success is enhanced by integrating BIM.

Also, greater success depends on the innovative ability of the management of these companies,

which is also a significant aspect of BIM.

 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 3

1.0 Introduction (800 words approx.)

This research examines the effects of building information modelling (BIM) across

construction companies in the United Kingdom by taking into account the extent of use and

success when compared to conventional methods. Despite numerous research by various bodies

justifying the incorporation of BIM by construction companies (Suchocki 2011, Galiano –

Garrigos et al. 2017) and its ability in boosting the potential of construction industries to offer

improved products to customers (Linderoth 2010), little has been done to explore and analyse its

impacts on timely delivery, lowered costs and higher quality of projects. (Suermann and Issa

2009).

According to Wong and Yang (2010), BIM is considered a "holy grail" by UK

construction companies, and it will have more exceptional effects on how companies

conceptualise, design and undertake communication aspects as well as integrating them. This

research seeks to examine the nature of the impact, if any, when projects are completed using

BIM technique. It is a collaboration technique that has gained recognition and broader

acceptance in the modern construction industry (Erdogan et al., 2010). The works of Suermann

and Issa, (2009), defines BIM as a “digital schematics of physical as well as functional

behaviours of a construction facility.”

The UK construction industry is one of the significant sectors of the economy. It accounts

for approximately 9% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per year of expenditure, 42% of

which are derived from the public sector with a significant partnership from the Central

Government. There is a consensus between the central government and construction industries in

that the government does not achieve full value from the construction sector, and it has

effectively failed in its ability to successfully procure infrastructure and construction-related

 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 4

projects in steering economic growth and development (Cabinet Office, 2011). The increasing

complexity of construction projects is due to the interdependent reciprocals between various

stakeholders such as financial institutions, regulation bodies, architects, suppliers, engineers, and

lawyers, amongst others (Chomicka, 2011). Due to these stakeholders, proper coordination and

collaboration amongst them are critical for success. Numerous UK construction firms still rely

on traditional techniques, for instance, conventional methods of communication such as

exchanging drawings and documents (Owen et al. 2010), which have initiated the importance of

BIM in the modern era construction industry.

These problems can be eliminated through the incorporation of ICT by integrating

learning institutions and the industry in providing solutions (Bryde et al., 2013). Manufacturing

industries are enjoying the benefits of a complete collaborative 3 – D environment, which allows

every stakeholder involved in a project to work on a common platform, thereby reducing

transaction costs and minimising errors in transmitting data. However, the construction industries

are still lagging in this development. To overcome these challenges, BIM has been incorporated

as one of the critical solutions. According to Cabinet Office (2011), the Government

Construction Industry put forward a document that stipulated that by 2016, all construction

projects were based on a complete 3 – D BIM. The works of Schade, Olofsson, and Schreyer

(2011) show that construction industries have widely talked about the concept of BIM, but very

little has been done to comprehend it fully.

This research is based on understanding the concept of BIM beyond its use as a software

tool and how it is effectively applied in the construction industry to deliver projects successfully.

The idea is fully understood with a focus on project management to realise the complete

capabilities and associated advantages. It is so because, in an array of multiple disciplinary

 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 5

perspectives of the construction industry, project management is significant in representing

potential amalgam as well as a critical instrument in collaborative functions. The dissertation

also examines the advantages and limitations of implementing BIM in the UK construction

industries.

1.1 Research Aim

The main aim of this dissertation is to examine the effects of Building Information Modelling in

determining the success and completion of construction projects by United Kingdom companies,

taking into account key aspects such as costs, timely delivery, and quality.

1.2 Research Objectives

 To provide a contextual definition of BIM and give a review of how the UK construction

industry has evolved to utilise it fully.

 To examine how far project managers are aware of BIM, its applications, and how it can

help them improve the overall performance of projects within the UK construction

industry.

 To examine the benefits and advantages of incorporating BIM by project managers in the

UK construction industry concerning costs, timely delivery, and overall quality.

 To assess how effective the traditional paper-based techniques are about current tools and

trends used in the UK construction companies.

This research will serve as a reference document or standard for UK construction companies that

are striving to achieve complete client customer satisfaction in terms of more exceptional project

quality, reduced costs, and timely delivery. It will further provide confidence to companies who

have already embraced it. To fully realise the research objectives, the following were taken into

account; a critical review of relevant literature regarding BIM, its applications, how it has been
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 6

perceived, how it works, tools, limitations, and advantages. A critical review of relevant

literature on the function of the project manager, how BIM could help the project manager in

fulfilling the expectations of various clients based on time, quality, and costs

2.0 Literature Review (3,000 words approx.)

2.1 Critical Review of BIM and its applications

2.1.1 What is BIM?

The works of Eastman et al. (2011) defines Building Information Modelling as a modelling

technique with associated processes in the production, communication, and analysis of building

models. These models are represented by building components of intelligent digital objects,

which are usually embedded with graphic computing and data attributes regulated by parametric

laws. Data representations incorporating behaviour of various parts to allow analysis and other

processes such as takeoffs are used, energy as well as specification analysis are also performed.

The models are examined using consistent and non – redundant data that tracks and shows all

changes made to it by reflecting all the views and also coordinating the model.

Wong and Fan, (2013) defined BIM in 3 – D as; BIM is the set of structured data that

gives a proper description of a building, it is also an act of creating a BIM (process) and it is also

a system comprising of the business task as well as communication protocols that serve to

increase quality and efficiency. Crotty (2013) highlights that BIM is capable of harnessing

together numerous strands of data utilised in construction into a single digital setting thus

eliminating the use of paper and other documents, BIM is beyond the capability of 3 – D CAD

models as it forms a single database for project members, it is an approach to construction and

design works.
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 7

The works of Nisbett and Dinesen, (2010), in which the former is among the pioneers of BIM

across the United Kingdom. He also took part in developing BS 1192:2007 standard used in the

management of CAD/BIM data defines this technique as

“… A digital model of any building in which information regarding construction projects are

kept. It could be a 3 – D, 4 – D (incorporating timely delivery) and 5 – D (incorporating costs);

this could be scalable up to n – D to cater for any information."

2.2 Principles and Concepts of BIM

2.2.1 BIM: A Tool, Process, or Both?

According to McCuen et al. (2012), it can be considered as a tool, on the contrary, (Eastman

et al. 2011, Velikov, and Thün, 2013) argues that it is considered as a process depending on the

perspective. Camps (2008) cautions against perceiving BIM as just a tool of technology for

construction companies. He argues that BIM is a process, an active change agent responsible for

ensuring there is a collaboration among stakeholders. Nevertheless, Cook et al. (2007), on the

contrary, asserts that it is beyond the capability of a tool. In line with Camp (2008), both stress

the effects of BIM in the duration of executing projects as an efficient supporting tool for the

Integrated project delivery processes. According to Delany (2010), the views about BIM being a

supportive tool, however, are still being opposed to date.

The works of Utiome, (2010) in a study conducted for the IFC classes argue that this new

technique is a process, as opposed to the works of (De Wilde, Mahdjoubi, and Garrigós, 2019)

which give a different perspective that fundamental principles of BIM are derivatives combining

the tool as well as the process, equated as;

Tools+ Process=Value of BIM

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Jadhav and Ghadge, (2016), expresses this equation in words in an argument that the value of

BIM lies in efficiencies of constructed buildings, the cost of initial savings as well as the extent

of usage and maintenance of such buildings. Hardin and McCool, (2015), examined the popular

saying in construction environment “Big BIM Little BIM,” according to Hardin and McCool,

(2015), "Little BIM" represents the view that BIM is a technological tool designed to improve

the efficiency of construction firms while "Big BIM" represents the wider perspective that BIM

is a process which permits the flow of data among construction firms for use and reuse.

Similarly, Harty, Kouider, and Paterson (2015) assert that proper integration of resources (tools)

together with processes contributes to the growth and development of the UK construction

industry, detaching itself from traditional techniques that are capital intensive and time-

consuming. In expressing the significance of BIM further, Jadhav and Ghadge (2016) argue that

BIM is more than a technological tool since it gives an approach that helps firms in decision

making and also leverages the overall quality of construction projects coupled with proper

documents, estimated costs and predicted performances.

2.2.2 BIM as an agent of change

Henderson (2009) describes the "BIM paradigm" as the best preference by construction firms to

embrace newer technologies over traditional technologies with a focus on improving the overall

efficiency of construction activities by ensuring timely delivery, reduced costs, and higher

quality of end products. The works of Covey (2013) defines "paradigm" as an individual's frame

of mind when seeking a solution to a problem. He further postulates that to provide solutions to

old lingering techniques, a "paradigm shift" is necessary. This shift is simply a new school of

thought, a process that outshines the conventional methods. Henderson (2009) performed a merit

analysis in prescribing a unique set of skills that would make this shift effective and operational.
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 9

Henderson, (2009) describing the shift as from analogue to digital systems, (Yan and Damian

2008), describes it as a pure change from “visualization to simulation.” However, Aranda –

Mena et al. (2009) gives a different perspective by focusing on the complete lifecycle of

buildings, from procurement procedures to design phase, construction phase, and a final project.

The works of Marsh, Bryde, and Graham, (2015) holds the view that Architecture, Engineering,

and Construction (AEC) companies must be fully collaborative and willing to adopt BIM in

implementing various projects fully. It is thus clear that this shift will not take place

spontaneously but through a focused, deliberate, and consistent education system. Camps (2008)

argues that engineering students must be provided with a solid foundation in preparation for

future n – D techniques in the Built Environment. He further states that schools' curricular should

be changed from old 2 – D drafting techniques to conducting deeper research in BIM. For this

process to work effectively, Hardin and McCool, (2015), states that a new school of thought is

needed from various stakeholders to the students; otherwise BIM would be taken for an

alternative CAD software without realizing its full benefits. According to Covey (2013), such

shifts must be taken with many precautions, as they are not always instantaneous.

2.2.3 The main difference between BIM and CAD

Eastman et al. (2011) support the idea that BIM is distinct from CAD. He describes the change

from the manual (2 – D) drafting to CAD-based as evolutionary while the transformation from

CAD to BIM as a revolution with a variety of benefits to the UK construction companies.

Dimyadi and Amor, (2013) explain the difference in terms of the design process, he describes

BIM as an information bank for numerous stakeholders and respects it compared to CAD during

the design phase of projects. However, Eastman et al. (2011) give a holistic approach by giving

the distinction in terms of advantages of BIM over CAD through various projects; he emphasizes
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 10

that BIM permits monitoring of various projects as opposed to the CAD techniques. Through

monitoring, timely delivery is enhanced through BIM than the ordinary CAD system.

Teran (2010) gives a distinction in terms of cost. He argues that more cost – savings are realised

from BIM through creating models as opposed to CAD. Cost reductions during the design phase

of projects are reflected in all phases of the construction projects.

2.2.4 Project costs, timelines, and quality issues of information.

International Alliance for Interoperability performed analysis on the exchange of information in

BIM compared to the traditional techniques as shown. Cook et al. (2007) assert that BIM

information exchange is unique since it gives finer details about the project.

Figure 1: The difference between a transfer of information in BIM and the traditional context

(Kensek and Noble, 2014)

In figure 1, BIM gives a clear and coordinated utilization of information that answers the

common questions, "What is the trade-off between quality, time and cost of information?" and

"what role does information play in these performance indicators?" Luong, Tran, and Nguyen

(2018) examine the historical perspective of cost – time – quality trade-off and its influence in

decision making within the industry, as shown.

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Figure 2: Impacts of new construction techniques on decision making within the industry.

Figure 2 shows the interrelationships between cost, time and quality of projects, not only does it

enlighten about decision making during highway construction but it also explains the significant

role of information with a clear understanding of trade-off.

Erdis, Coskun, and Genc (2015) accentuate the role of information during collaboration by

examining popular reports sponsored by the UK government, initially, the Latham report

(Latham, 1994), followed by Egan report (Egan, 1998). BIM information would be properly used

if it is precisely captured and contained in a way that it is machine-readable and user friendly.

Gastelum (2017) argues that information generated from BIM offers greater positive impacts on

construction projects concerning timelines, quality, and costs. Information is key to the

implementation and use of BIM, particularly in matters of decision making, which leads to the

success of projects (Zou et al., 2017). The information must be considered concerning quality,

time, and costs. There is no definite answer to the question, "What is the cost of information,"
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 12

Kensek and Noble, (2014) argue that cost is valued concerning the conversion process of data

into information and transforming the processed data to provide knowledge. He then proposes a

definition regarding information costs as a "measure of its non – redundancy." Non – redundancy

in this context implies the ability of information to stay relevant over some time while

maintaining its quality. Building smart gives the significance of project information concerning

BIM.

Information is the cornerstone of BIM, in that it establishes seamless communication between

various stakeholders (Watson, 2010). It serves as a common point for information exchange

between receivers and transmitters. The three aspects will be realized on larger scales if

stakeholders use this information in a collaborative environment from inception to delivery

(Mandhar and Mandhar, 2013).

Due to substandard products that have flooded the software market of BIM coupled with non –

interoperable applications, companies have often incurred losses. For instance, as reported by

Building Smart Alliance that these losses are to the tune of 100 million pounds annually (Nisbet

and Dinesen, 2010). Despite these figures, there is still a dire need to adopt BIM for project

completion. A comparison with losses reported in the US to the tune of 16 billion dollars

(Aranda – Mena et al. 2009), the UK is far much better than the US.

2.2.5 BIM and success of UK construction projects

A case study of companies who have embraced BIM in the UK construction industry was

undertaken with a comparison of case studies in other countries, for instance, the US and Hong

Kong. It is important since it provides details of how the UK construction industry competes
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 13

against industries abroad since overseas case studies alone are not convincing enough (Building

Smart, 2010b). A summary of each project was provided, as shown.

))))))(include table 1).

2.3 Construction projects and the impacts of BIM on project costs, quality and time

According to the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) leadership, interpersonal and

teamwork skills are essential during stages of construction, from the stage after pre-construction

and the one before the engineering services commissioning stage. These sets of skills are

significant in achieving a set of objectives for both clients and stakeholders. Eastman et al.

(2011) argue that during this phase, the cost and time savings coupled with improved

performance are seen when BIM is put into practice. On the other hand, Dixit and Venkatraj

(2017) assert that to realize the full benefits of putting BIM into practice, it must be employed

during this phase of construction. Nonetheless, Azhar (2009) summarized the effects of BIM on

KPI as shown

(((((((Table 2)))))

In table 2, quality control scores the highest priority, then timely delivery and, finally, costs.

These figures give the views of staff randomly sampled across 38 different firms who have

embraced BIM in the UK construction industry. Similar research by Suermann and Issa (2009)

showed the same trend with quality having the highest score, followed by timely delivery and,

lastly, costs.

2.3.1 BIM and Quality of projects

Kellenbrink (2014) defines quality in construction projects as the complete characteristics of any

product or service that has the potential to meet the expectations or specified demands.
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 14

2.3.2 BIM and Timely delivery of projects

Vogt (2010) refers to the time-saving capabilities of BIM as 4 – D BIM. It comes the second in

rank after quality in terms of KPI, as shown in the study conducted by Suermann and Issa

(2009). Eastman et al. (2011) argue that 4 – D BIM results from combining geometry with

critical path techniques (CPT). Quantification refers to the techniques by which geometric

quantities are determined by various software (Olatunji, Sher, and Ogunsemi 2010); this

technique greatly reduces time spent on extracting quantities by half of the original values.

Examining the results of a survey of 185 companies conducted by Azhar, (2009), 80% of

respondents gave positive responses that they had time performances during the construction of

various projects, these time savings dependent on BIM approach during the construction phase of

projects as it avoids repeating work.

2.3.3 BIM and reduced costs of projects

Wong (2009) points out the higher costs of construction projects, which are as a result of

fragmentations in the UK construction industry. Huge losses often accompany the significance of

examining the effects of BIM on construction projects on an annual basis. The losses which were

valued at 100 million euros (Nisbet and Dinesen, 2010), would otherwise have been saved for

both private and public investors. Vogt (2010) refers to it as "5 – D BIM" when considered in

terms of cost. He says that firms embracing BIM should calculate their returns based on the

formula

Earnings
Return on Investments=
Cost

The results of such an analysis give corporate institutions an essential platform to justify their

investments in terms of training, research, and development. Tezel, Aziz, and Jiang (2016)
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 15

emphasizes that return on investments is a straightforward analysis and easier for BIM as

opposed to other businesses. An illustration is provided in terms of productivity, as shown when

an investment has been made in BIM.

Figure 3: Design productivity during BIM system implementation. Coined from (Tezel, Aziz and

Jiang, 2016)

The above figure is majorly applied to the design phase of construction projects; if gains exist

during the design phase, at ceteris peribus, then this effect is sustained throughout the entire

construction. The cost is taken as the total – cost of all BIM investments regardless of the project

phase, and return on investment is simply a ratio of costs to earnings. An assumption is made

that the project has been completed and has begun to provide dividends for BIM investments in

the project.

Cost savings can also be evaluated through "cost estimation," which is also a significant

feature of BIM. According to Olatunji, Sher, and Ogunsemi, (2010), cost estimation is a

prediction of costs either through stochastic techniques (probabilities) or deterministic techniques

(facts obtained from relevant projects). They describe how financial savings have accrued to

construction companies that have adopted both BIM coupled with conventional methods. The
 BIM IN UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 16

task of estimators relies on determining the accuracy of BIM in construction projects. Cost

estimation is significant to contractors as opposed to engineers and architects. Azhar, (2009)

argues that it is possible to determine cost savings during construction and justifies this argument

by referring to a survey encompassing 185 companies, from which 80% of respondents claimed

they had accrued cost savings during construction upon adopting BIM

2.4 Advantages and Limitations of BIM

2.4.1 Advantages of BIM

2.4.2 Limitations of BIM

2.5 The future of BIM

2.0 Conclusion (500 words approx.)

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