National Institute of Technology
Agartala
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT
Name : Kuna Sampath Kumar
Enrollment no: 16UEE071
Section : B
Department : Electrical Engineering
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SITE SELECTION PARAMETERS FOR NUCLEAR
POWER PLANT
An important stage in the development of a nuclear power project is
the selection of a suitable site to establish the site-related design
inputs for Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). The selection of suitable site is
the result of a process in which the costs are minimized. It is also to
ensure adequate protection of site personnel, the public and the
environment from the impacts of the construction and operation of
NPP.
Generally, a site is considered acceptable from the safety point of
view if:
❖ It cannot be affected by phenomena against which protection
through the design is impracticable.
❖ The probability of occurrence and the severity of destructive
phenomena against which the plant can be protected (at
reasonable additional cost) are not too high; and
❖ The site characteristics (population distribution, meteorology,
hydrology, etc) are such that the consequences of potential
accident would be at acceptable limits.
Above mentioned points are described further as parameters:-
➢ Site shouldn’t fall within Environment Sensitive Area (ESA) and
high population densities.
➢ It should fulfil the Suitability criteria parameters- local
topographic features, access considerations, important species
habitat, impingement/entrainment effects, and optimizing
location of the site with respect to the load center.
➢ Sites should be located away from very densely populated
centers. Areas of low population density are generally
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preferred. However, in determining the acceptability of a
particular site located away from a very densely populated
center but not in an area of low density, consideration will be
given to safety and environmental factors, which may result in
the site being found acceptable.
➢ Site characteristics should be such that adequate security plans
and measures can be established and implemented.
➢ The following geologic and related man-made conditions
should be avoided in determining the suitability of the site:
a) Areas of active (and dormant) volcanic activity;
b) Subsidence areas caused by withdrawal of sub-surface fluids,
such as oil or groundwater, including areas which may be
affected by future withdrawals;
c) Potential unstable slope areas, including areas
demonstrating paleo-landslide characteristics;
d) Areas of potential collapse (e.g. karstic areas in limestone,
salt or other soluble formations);
e) Mined areas, such as near-surface coal mined-out areas, as
well as areas where resources are present and may be
exploited in the future; and
f) Areas subject to seismic and other induced water waves and
floods.
➢ At the early steps of site selection, applicant should identify
areas based upon consideration of the size (length) of fault
(which may be capable, and hence capable tectonic structures)
and their distance to a site for various distances out to 320km
from a site.
➢ The effects of a probable maximum flood, surge or seismically
induced flood, such as might be caused by dam failures or
tsunamis on plant safety functions, can generally be controlled
by engineering design or protection of the safety-related
structures, systems and components.
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➢ Water Availability NPP requires reliable sources of water for
steam condensation, service water, emergency core cooling
system and other functions. Applicant should ensure adequate
and highly dependable system of water supply sources shall be
shown to be available under postulated occurrences of natural
and site-related accidental phenomena or combinations of such
phenomena. The adequacy of water supply should also be
considered for the entire lifetime of NPPs.
➢ Water Quality Applicant should conduct investigation of the
dispersion and dilution capabilities and potential
contamination pathways of the groundwater environment
under operating and accident conditions with respect to
present and future uses of water sources. Potential radiological
and non-radiological of existing contaminants in groundwater
should also be considered.
➢ Applicant should identify all tectonic and non-tectonic
structures and faults with a potential for surface deformation
or displacement at a regional scale (in general, a 320km radius
around the area of interest) based on available geologic reports.
Unfavorable areas which do not meet the criteria will be
avoided.
➢ Applicant should identify and exclude all areas in regional scale
which shows peak ground accelerations (PGA) exceeding 0.10g
at a probability of exceedance of 2% in 50 years. Sites with the
highest values of PGA in combination with deleterious site soils
would be less favorable than those sites with lowest values of
PGA and no known deleterious site soil conditions.
➢ Many impacts on land use at the site and in the site
neighbourhood arising from construction and operation of the
plant, transmission lines and transportation corridors can be
mitigated by appropriate designs and practices. Aesthetic
impacts can be reduced by selecting sites where existing
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topography and forests can be utilized for screening plant
structures from nearby scenic, historical or recreational
resources. Restoration of natural vegetation, creative
landscaping and the integration of structures with the
environment can mitigate adverse visual impacts. Sites
adjacent to lands devoted to public use may be considered
unsuitable.
➢ The suitability of NPP sites near existing community clusters
should take into consideration the social impacts from the
construction, operations, including transmission and
transportation corridors of NPPs that will not affect
demography, community and individual well-being and the
provision of the community infrastructure of services.
However, in conjunction to the determination of surface
deformation in later step, applicant should identify and avoid
all areas containing poor foundation conditions.
➢ The potential effect of natural atmospheric extremes on the
safety-related structures of a NPP shall be considered.
➢ If the case of dispersion of radioactive material released caused
by a design basis accident is insufficient at the boundary of the
exclusion area or at the outer boundary of the low population
zone, the design of the NPP would be required to include
appropriate and adequate as well as compensating safety-
engineered features.
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Payback period of solar power plant
❖With the rapid decline in solar panel prices, on-grid solar
power systems have become commercially attractive.
❖At the same time, solar plants need high initial investment.
Therefore, understanding soundness of investment
becomes crucial. Payback period, Return on
Investment (RoI) and NPV are the most commonly used
metrics to gauge soundness of an investment.
What is Payback Period?
❖ Payback period is the amount of time taken to recover
the initial cost of an investment.
❖Investments with shorter paybacks are more attractive.
❖It is also useful to compare choices and arrive at informed
decisions. Choices could be:
▪ Payback period of solar investment vs investment in
energy saving equipment
▪ Payback period with different type of panels.
▪ Payback period with different designs etc.
How to Calculate Payback Period on SolarInvestment?
1. Payback Period on Solar System= Net Initial Cost
(INR)/ Net Annual Benefit (INR)
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Net Initial Cost
Net Initial Cost= (Initial Cost- Initial Benefits)
1. Initial Cost of the solar plant. It includes the cost of
• Solar panels
• Structures
• Solar Inverter
• Balance of System (Cables, boxes, earthing
systematic.)
• Engineering, transport, and installation
2. Initial Benefits from the govt.
1. Subsidies for residential consumers/Savings from
accelerated depreciation for industrial consumers.
Net Annual Benefit
Net Annual Benefit = (Annual Benefits – Annual Costs)
1. Annual Benefits
2. For residential consumers, there areno annual
benefits from governments.
3. For businesses (Industries/commercial entities),
annual benefits from solar plants come in two parts.
They are:
o Savings in electricity bill
o Tax savings due to accelerated depreciation.
Savings in electricity bill can be calculated by
multiplying generation from the solar plant with
electricity tariff.
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2. Annual Costs
These include Operation & Maintenance costs such as
o Cleaning of panels
o Health checks by professionals to avoid failures
(for large plants)
o Spares maintenance (preferred for large plants)
O&M costs are considered as 1% of the initial cost for large
systems and 2% for small systems.
Using the net initial cost and net annual benefits, the
payback period can be calculated.
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Various types of turbines used in hydro power
plant
Hydraulic turbines may be defined as prime movers that transform
the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy of
rotation and whose primary function is to drive an electric generator.
Hydroelectric plants utilize the energy of water falling through a head
that may vary from a few meters to 1500 or even 2000 m. To manage
this wide range of heads, many different kinds of turbines are
employed, which differ in their working components.
The various types of turbines used in the hydro power plants are
classified as follows based on the different criteria.
❖ Impulse Turbine –Pelton, Turbo turbine
❖ Reaction Turbine –Francis, Kaplan and Propeller turbine
Based on flow direction, they are further classified as:
➢ Tangential Flow
➢ Radial Flow
➢ Axial Flow
➢ Mixed Flow
1. Impulse Turbines:
The flow energy to the impulse turbines is completely converted
to kinetic energy before transformation in the runner. The
impulse forces being transferred by the direction changes of the
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flow velocity vectors when passing the buckets create the
energy converted to mechanical energy on the turbine shaft. The
flow enters the runner from jets spaced around the rim of the
runners. The jet hits momentarily only a part of the
circumference of the runner.
1.Pelton Impulse Turbine:
➢ Invented by Pelton in 1890.
➢ The Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine.
➢ Pelton wheels are most efficient in high head application
with the water head ranging from 200m - 1500m.
➢ The largest units can be up to 200 MW.
➢ These are best suited for high head & low flow sites.
➢ Horizontal arrangement turbine is found only in medium
and small sized turbines with usually one or two jets.
➢ Large Pelton turbines with many jets are normally
arranged with vertical shaft.
2.Turgo impulse turbine
➢ Turgo impulse turbine design was developed by Gilkes in
1919 to provide a simple impulse type machine with
considerably higher specific speed than a single jet Pelton.
The design allows larger jet of water to be directed at an
angle onto the runner face.
➢ The Turgo turbine is an impulse water turbine designed
for medium head applications.
➢ The Turgo can handle a greater water flow than the Pelton
because exiting water does not interfere with adjacent
buckets.
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2. Reaction Turbines:
In the reaction turbines two effects cause the energy transfer
from the flow to the mechanical energy on the turbine shaft.
Firstly, it follows from a drop in pressure from inlet to outlet of
the runner. This is denoted as the reaction part of the energy
conversion. Secondly, the changes in the directions of the flow
velocity vectors through the runner blade channels transfer
impulse forces. This is denoted as the impulse part of the energy
conversion.
1. Francis Turbine:
The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that
the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the
turbine, giving up its energy.
➢ The inlet is spiral shaped. The guide vanes
direct the water tangentially to the runner
causing the runner to spin.
➢ Power plants with net heads ranging from 20 to
750 m.
➢ Units of up to 750 MW are in operation.
2. PropellerPropeller Turbine:
➢ The propeller turbines have the following favorable
Characteristics- relatively small dimensions
combined with high rotational speed, a favorable
efficiency curve & large overloading capacity.
➢ The runner has only a few blades radially oriented on
the hub and without an outer capacity
➢ Accordingly, the runner diameter becomes relatively
smaller and the rotational speed more than twice
than that for a Francis turbine of the rotational speed
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more than twice than that for a Francis turbine of the
corresponding head and discharge.
3. Kalpan Turbine:
The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine that has
adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian
professor, Viktor Kaplan. Kaplan turbines are now widely used
throughout the world in Apart from the above mentioned types
of turbines, there are some special types of turbines which shall
be discussed below:
➢ The Diagonal flow turbine is an improvement of Kaplan
turbine with better performance for high head. The
Diagonal flow turbine, as a result of using adjustable
runner result of using adjustable runner blades, has high
efficiency over a wide range of head and load. Thus, it is
suitable for a power station with wide variation of head or
large variation of discharge.
➢ Tubular/Bulb turbine is a type of Kalpan turbine of
reaction type. The tubular turbine is equipped with
adjustable wicket gates and adjustable and adjustable
runner blades. This arrangement provides the greatest
possible flexibility in adapting to changing net head and
changing demands for power output, because the gates
and blades can be adjusted to their optimum openings.
➢ The Pump turbine is used at pumped storage
hydroelectric plants, which pump water from a lower
reservoir to an upper reservoir during off-peak load
periods so that water is available to drive the machine as a
turbine during the peak power generation needs.
➢ Pump turbines are classified into three principal types
analogous to reaction turbines and pumps:
• Radial flow –Francis: 23-800 m
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• Mixed flow or diagonal flow: 11-76 m
• Axial flow or propeller: 1-14 m
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