POWERPLANTENGI

NEERI
NG
DEPARTMENTOFELECTRI
CAL
ENGI
NEERI
NG

NAME:DI
PANJANAROYBARMAN
ENROLLMENTNO:16UEE057
SECTI
ON:B
SEMESTER:
8th
ASSI
GNMENTNO:
1
DATEOFSUBMI
SSI
ON:
12/
04/
2020
PAYBACKPERI
ODOFASOLARPOWERPLANT
PAYBACKPERI
OD:
Paybackperiodistheamountoft imet akentorecovertheinit
ialcostof
aninvest
ment .I
nvestment
s
wit
hshor t
erpaybacksaremor eat tr
activ
e.Ingeneral
,Investmentswi t
ha
paybackperi
odofl esst
han4y earsareconsideredgood.Itisalsousef ul
tocomparechoicesandar r
iveati nf
ormeddeci si
ons.
Choicescouldbe:
 Paybackperiodofsol
arinv estmentvsinvestmentinener gysaving
equipment
 Paybackperiodwit
hdifferenttypeofpanel s
 Paybackperiodwit
hdifferentdesignsetc.

Cal
cul
ati
onofSol
arpanelpay
backPer
iod
Tocal
cul
ateSolarpanel
paybackPeri
od,weneedtodeter
minet
he
combi
nedcostsandannulbenefi
tsofagoi
ngsolarpl
ant.
PaybackPer
iodonSol
arSy
stem=NetI
nit
ial
Cost(
INR)
/NetAnnual
Benefi
t(I
NR)
NetI
nit
ial
Cost
NetI
nit
ial
Cost
=(I
nit
ial
Cost
-Ini
ti
alBenef
it
s)
1.
Ini
ti
alCostoft
hesol
arpl
ant
.
I
tincl
udest
hecostof
 Sol
arpanel
s
 St
ruct
ures
 Sol
arI
nver
ter
 Bal
anceofSy
stem (
Cabl
es,
boxes,
ear
thi
ngsy
stem et
c.)
 Engi
neer
ing,
transpor
t,andi
nst
all
ati
on.

2.I
nit
ialBenefit
sf r
om thegov t
.
oSubsidiesforresident
ialconsumer
s/Sav
ingsf
rom accel
erat
ed
depr
eciationforindustr
ial
consumers.
NetAnnualBenefi
t
NetAnnualBenef
it=(
Annual
Benef
it
s–Annual
Cost
s)

1.Annual
Benef
it
s
Forresi
dent
ial
consumer
s,t
her
ear
enoannual
benef
it
sfr
om
government
s.For
busi
nesses(
Indust
ri
es/
commer
cial
ent
it
ies)
,annual
benef
it
sfr
om sol
ar
pl
antscome
i
ntwopar
ts.

Annual
benef
it
swi
l
lcomef
rom:
 Savi
ngsinel
ect
ri
cit
ybil
l
 Taxsavi
ngsduetoaccel
erat
eddepr
eci
ati
on

Savi
ngsinel
ectr
ici
tybi
l
lcanbecal
cul
atedbymul
ti
ply
inggener
ati
on
fr
om thesol
ar
pl
antwithel
ect
ri
cit
ytar
iff
.

2.AnnualCost s
TheseincludeOper at
ion&Mai nt
enancecostssuchas
 Cleaningofpanels
 Healthchecksbypr ofessi
onal
st oav
oidfai
lur
es(pr
efer
redf
or
l
argepl ants)
Sparesmai ntenance(pref
erredforl
argepl
ants)

Fori l
lustr
ati
on,assumewei nvest₴10000i naprojectthatgivesaprofi
t
of₴1000ev eryyear.I
n10years,theprofi
tstogetherhavepai dbackour
ori
ginalinv
estment,andhencepay backperi
odis10y ears.Payback
peri
odsofsol arPVsystemscanwi delydi
fferfr
om oner egiont oanot
her.
Appr
oxi
mat
ePay
backPer
iodsofOn-
Gri
dSol
arSy
stems
Thefol
l
owingi
sthest
ep-
by-
steppr
ocedur
e,whi
cht
ell
sonhowt
o
det
erminet
he
pay
backper
iodandt
hef
easi
bil
i
tyoft
hesol
arr
oof
TheAv
eragecostof1kW Sol
arRoof
Herewear eassumingthatyouhavei
nstal
led1KW sy stem aty
ourroof
topwhichcostsyouinbetweenINR83,000toINR91,000.Youcanget
thecostfort
hehigherwattageli
ke2KW or3KW bysi mplymul t
ipl
yi
ngit
byaveragecostperwatt,whichi
s₴83/
wat t– ₴91/
wat t.
ThePeakSunHour
sinaDay
Youcanf i
ndthi
sdat
afr
om t
heof
fi
cial
websi
teofr
enewabl
eener
gyof
yourst
ate.The
av
eragenumberofdai
l
yPeakSunHour
sinI
ndi
aar
e5.
5.

Uni
tsgener
atedbyt
hesy
stem
Your1kW sy
stem wi
l
lgener
ate1kW x5.
5Peakhour
s=5.
5kW-
Hror5.
5
uni
tsi
na
dayunderidealcondi
ti
ons,
assumi
ngt
hatt
her
ewi
l
lbenoener
gy
conver
sionlosses
andheat
ingl
osses.
Act
ual
l
y,t
her
ear
ecer
tai
nlosseswhi
chr
educey
our
out
putpower
.
Thefeaturesof1kW I ndianr esi
dent i
al solarr oofareasfoll
ows:
a)Paybackper i
odof13y earsandi ti
saf i
nanci all
yfeasi
blepr oject
b)Thesol arelectri
cit
yischeaperandi t20. 5%mor eprofi
tablethant he
gri
delectri
city
c)Theav erageuni tsgener atedare95uni tspermont h
d)TheInternal r
at eofretur nofthesy stem i s8.3%
Asyouincr easet hewat tageoft hesol arroof :
 Theov eral
l costoft hesyst em wi l
ldecr easeduet oeconomi esof
scal e
 ThePay backper iodoft hepr oj
ectwi llreducebecauseof
reduct i
oni ntheIni t
ial
i
nvestment
 TheNetPr esentv alueandt heIRRoft heprojectwil
lincrease
 Thecostofsol arelectri
citywi l
l reduce.
VARI
OUSTURBI
NESUSEDI
NHYDROPOWERPANTS
Hydraul
ictur bi
nesmaybedef i
nedaspr imemov ersthat
tr
ansformt hekineticenergyofthefal
li
ngwat eri
nt o
mechanical energyofrotati
onandwhosepr i
maryfuncti
oni
sto
dri
veaelect ri
cgener at
or.Hydr
o--powerisessenti
all
ya
contr
oll
edmet hodofwat erdescentuseful
lypoweris
essenti
all
yacont r
oll
edmet hodofwat erdescentuseful
l
y
uti
li
sedtogener atepower .
Hydroelectr
icpl
antsutil
i
setheenergyofwaterf
all
i
ngt hr
ougha
headt hatmayv ar
yfrom afewmetersto~1500orev en2000
m.Tomanaget hi
swiderangeofheads,many diff
erentki
nds
ofturbinesareemployed,whi
chdif
feri
ntheirwoki
ng
component s.
Themaincomponentsofahy
droel
ect
ri
csy
stem maybe
cl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wogr oups:
t
hehydrauli
csystem componentsthati
ncl
udethet
urbine,
t
heassociatedconduits-
li
kepenst
ocks,
tunnel
andsurge
t
ank-
anditscontrolsystem.
theelectr
icsy
stem componentsf
ormedbythe
synchronousgener
atorandit
scontr
olsy
stem

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofHy
draul
icTur
bines
Hy
draul
i
ctur
binesar
egener
all
ycl
assi
fi
edas
I
mpul
seTur
bineI
mpul
seTur
bine–Pel
ton,
Tur
got
urbi
ne
React
ionTur
bine–Fr
anci
s,Kapl
anandPr
opel
l
er
t
urbi
ne
Basedonf
lowdi
rect
ion,
theyar
efur
thercl
assi
fi
edas:
Tangent
ial
Flow
Radi
alFl
ow
Axi
alFl
ow
Mi
xedFl
ow

I
mpul
seTur
bines:
-
➢ Thef
lowener
gyt
othei
mpul
set
urbi
nesi
s
compl
etel
yconv
ert
edt
oki
net
icener
gybef
ore
t
ransf
ormat
ioni
nther
unner
.
➢ Thei
mpul
sef
orcesbei
ngt
ransf
err
edbyt
he
di
rect
ionchangesoft
hef
lowv
eloci
tyv
ect
orwhen
passi
ngt
hebucket
scr
eat
etheener
gyconv
ert
ed
t
omechani
cal
ener
gyont
het
urbi
neshaf
t.
➢ Thef
lowent
erst
her
unnerf
rom j
etsspaced
ar
oundt
her
im oft
her
unner
s.Thej
ethi
ts
momentar
il
yonl
yapar
toft
heci
rcumf
erenceof
t
herunner
.

Pel
tonI
mpul
seTur
bine:Pel
tonTur
binei
saTangent
ial
flow
i
mpul seturbi
neinwhicht hepressureenergyofwat
erisconv
ertedi
nto
kinet
icenergytofor
m highspeedwat erj
etandthi
sjetst
ri
kesthewheel
tangenti
all
ytomakeitrotate.I
tisalsocall
edasPelt
onWheel.
❖ Part
sofPelt
onTur
bine
Di
ffer
entpar
tsofPel
tont
urbi
near
eshown

Thewor
kingofPel
tont
urbi
nei
sasf
oll
ows:
•Thewat erist ransf erredf r
om t hehighheadsour cethr oughal ong
condui tcall
edPenst ock.
•Nozzl ear r
angementatt heendofpenst ockhel
pst hewat ert o
accelerateandi tfl
owsoutas
highspeedj etwi t
hhi ghv eloci
tyanddi schargeatat mospher icpr essure.
•Thej etwi l
lhi tthespl itt
eroft hebucket swhichwi l
ldistri
butet hej et
i
nt otwohal vesofbucket
andt hewheel startsrev olv i
ng.
•Thedi r
ectedj etwi llchangei tsdirecti
onandt akesU- turnandf all
sinto
tailr
ace.Theki neticener gyoft hejetisreducedwheni thit
st hebucket
andal soduet ospher ical shapeofbucket s.
•I ngener al,
t hei nl
etangl eofj etisinbet ween10t o3o, afterhitti
ngthe
bucket sthedef lectedj etangl eisinbet ween165ot o170o.
•Thewat ercol lectedi nt ailraceshoul dnotsubmer get hePel tonwheel
i
nanycase.
•Togener atemor epower ,twoPel t
onwheel scanbear rangedt oa
singleshaf tort wowat erj etscanbedi rectedatat i
met oasi nglePel t
on
wheel .
Tur
goI
mpuseTur
bine:

Tur goi mpulset urbinedesi gnwasdev el

opedby
Gilkesi n1919t opr ovideasi mplei mpulset ype
machi newi t
hconsi derablyhigherspeci fi
cspeed
thanasi nglejetPel ton.Thedesi gnal lowsl arger
j
etofwat ertobedi rectedatanangl eontot he
runnerf ace.
•TheTur got urbinei sani mpulsewat erturbine
desi gnedf ormedi um headappl ications.
•Tur gor unnersmayhav eanef f
iciencyofov er
90%.
•ATur gor unnerl ooksl ikeaPeltonr unnerspl itinhalf
.Forthesame
power ,t
heTur gor unneri sonehal fthediamet erofthePelt
onrunnerand
sot wicet hespeci f i
cspeed.
•TheTurgocanhandleagr
eat
erwaterf
lowthan
thePel
tonbecauseexi
ti
ngwat
erdoesnoti
nterf
erewi
thadj
acent
bucket
s.
React
ionTur
bines:
-

I
nt hereacti
onturbi
nestwoeff
ect
scausethe
ener
gytr
ansferfrom t
hef l
owtothemechani
cal
ener
gyont hetur
bineshaft:

 First
ly,i
tfoll
owsfr
om adr
opi
npr
essur
e
fr
om inlettoout
letoftherunner.Thisis
denotedast her
eactionpartoftheenergy
conversion.

 Secondly,thechangesi nthedi r
ecti
onsoft he
fl
owv elocit
yv ector
st hr
ought herunnerblade
channelstransferimpulseforces.Thisis
denotedast hei mpulsepartoftheenergy
conversion.
Fr
anci
stur
bine:
FrancisTur binei sacombi nati
onofbot himpul seandr eactiont urbine,
wher ethebl adesr otateusi ngbothr eacti
onandi mpulsef orceofwat er
fl
owi ngt hrought hem produci ngelectrici
tymor eef f
ici
ently.Ther eason
ofhigheref f
iciencyofFr ancisturbineliesint hedesi gnofbl ades, these
bladesr otateusi ngbothr eactionandi mpul sef orceofwat erflowing
throught hem.Duet heuseoft hi
st ypeoft urbinest hemai npr oblem
facedduet ot hewat erheadav ai
labili
tyiselimi natedast het urbineuses
botht hekinet i
candpot entialenergytopr oducepower .
Wor king:Thewat erisal lowedt oent ert hespi ral casingoft het urbi ne,
whichl eadt hewat ert hrought hest ayv anesandgui dev anes.Thespi ral
casei skepti ndecr easi ngdi amet ersoast omai ntaint heflowpr essur e.
Theangl eofgui dev anesdeci dest heangl eofat tackofwat eratt he
runnerbl adest husmakesur et heout putoft het urbine.Ther unner
bladesar est ati
onar yandcan- notpitchorchanget heiranglesoi t’
sal l
aboutt hegui dev aneswhi chcont rolst hepowerout putofat ur bine. The
perfor manceandef ficiencyoft het urbinei sdependentont hedesi gnof
therunnerbl ades.InaFr anci sturbine, runnerbl adesar edi vi
dedi nt o2
parts.Thel owerhal fi smadei ntheshapeofsmal lbucketsot hati tuses
theimpul seact ionofwat ertor otatet het urbine.Theupperpar toft he
bladesuset her eactionf or ceofwat erf l
owingt hroughi t
.Thus, runner
bladesmakeuseofbot hpr essureener gyandki neticener gyofwat er
and r otatesther unneri nmostef ficientway .Thewat ercomi ngoutof
runnerbl adeswoul dlackbot ht heki neticener gyandpr essur eener gy,so
weuset hedr af
ttubet orecov ert
hepr essur easi tadv ancest owar dstail
race, butst i
ll wecannotr ecov erthepr essur et ot hatext entthatwecan
stopai rt oent erintot her unnerhousi ngt huscausi ngcav it
ation.
Pr
opel
lerTur
bine:
Thepr
opel
l
ert
urbi
neshav
ethef
oll
owi
ngf
avour
abl
echar
act
eri
sti
cs:
relat
ivel
ysmalldi
mensi
onscombi
nedwi
th
highrotati
onal
speed
f
avour
abl
eef
fi
ciencycur
ve
l
argeov
erl
oadi
ngcapaci
ty
▪Therunnerhasonlyaf
ewbl
adesr
adi
all
yor
ient
edont
hehuband
wit
houtanouterri
m.
▪Thewat
erf
lowsaxi
all
ythr
ought
her
unner
.

▪Ther
unnerbl
adeshav
easl
i
ghtcur
vat
ureand
causer elati
v elylowf l
owl osses.Thisallowsf or
higherf lowv elocit
ieswithoutgr eatl
ossof
efficiency .
▪Accor dingly, t
her unnerdiamet erbecomes
relativel
ysmal l
erandt her otat
ionalspeedmor e
thant wicethant hatforaFr ancisturbi
neoft he
cor respondi ngheadanddi scharge.
▪Thecompar ati
velyhighef f
ici
enciesatpar ti
al
l
oadsandt heabi li
tyofov erl
oadingisobt ainedby
acoor dinatedr egul at
ionoft heguidevanesand
ther unnerbl adest oobtainopt i
mal eff
iciencyforal
loper
ati
ons.

Kal
panTur
bine:
TheKapl anturbi
nei sapr opel
l
er-ty
pewat er
turbi
net hathasadjustabl
eblades.Itwasdev elopedin1913byt he
Austrianprofessor
,ViktorKaplan.Kaplantur
binesarenowwi delyused
throughoutthewor l
dinhi gh-
fl
owl ow-headpowerpr oduct
ionranging
from 10m to70m.

Worki
ng-
TheKapl
ant
urbi
nei
sani
nwar
dfl
owr
eact
iont
urbi
ne,
whi
chmeanst
hat
thewor ki
ngf l
uidchangespr essur easi tmov est hr
ought het urbineand
givesupi t
sener gy .Poweri srecov eredf rom bot ht hehy drost ati
chead
andf r
om theki net i
cener gyoft hef l
owi ngwat er.Thedesi gncombi nes
featuresofr adial andaxi al t
urbi nes.Thei nleti sascr ol
l-
shapedt ubethat
wr apsar oundt het urbine'
swi cketgat e.Wat eri sdirectedt angent ial
ly
throught hewi cketgat eandspi ralsont oapr opel l
ershapedr unner,
causi ngittospi n.Theout letisaspeci allyshapeddr afttubet hathelps
decel erat
et hewat erandr ecov erki neti
c
ener gy.Thet urbinedoesnotneedt obeatt hel owestpoi ntofwat erfl
ow
asl ongast hedr afttuber emai nsf ullofwat er .Ahighert ur binel ocati
on,
howev er,i
ncr easest hesuct iont hatisimpar tedont heturbi nebl adesby
thedr afttube.Ther esulti
ngpr essur edropmayl eadt ocav itation.
Var i
ablegeomet r yofthewi cketgat eandt urbinebl adesal lowef fici
ent
oper ati
onf orar angeoff lowcondi tions.Kapl ant urbineef ficienciesare
typicall
yov er90%, butmaybel oweri nv erylowheadappl i
cat ions.
Currentareasofr esear chincl
udecomput at
ionalfl
uiddy namics(CFD)
driv
enef fi
ciencyimpr ov ementsandnewdesi gnsthatraisesurvi
valrat
es
offishpassi ngthrough.Becauset hepr opel
lerbladesarer ot
atedon
high-pr
essur ehydraulicoilbeari
ngs,acr i
ti
calelementofKapl andesign
i
st omai ntainaposi t
iveseal t
opr eventemissionofoilintothewaterway.
Dischargeofoi li
ntor i
ver si
snotdesi r
ablebecauseoft hewast eof
resourcesandr esulti
ngecol ogicaldamage.
Apar
tfr
om t
heabov
ement
ionedt
ypesoft
urbi
nes,
t
her
ear
esomespeci
alt
ypesoft
urbi
neswhi
chshal
l
bedi
scussedbel
ow.
▪TheDiagonal fl
owt urbi
nei sanimpr ovementofKapl anturbi
newith
bet
terperformancef orhighhead.TheDi agonalflowtur
bine,asaresul
t
ofusi
ngadj ustabl
erunnerr esultofusingadjustabler
unnerblades,has
hi
gheffici
encyov erawi derangeofheadandl oad.Thus, i
tissui
tablef
or
apowerst ati
onwi t
hwi devar i
ati
onofheadorl argevari
ati
onof
di
scharge.
▪Tubul ar/
Bul bturbi
neisat ypeofKalpanturbineofreacti
ontype.The
tubularturbineisequippedwi t
hadjustabl
ewi cketgatesandadjustabl
e
andadj ustablerunnerblades.Thisarr
angementpr ovidesthegreat
est
possibleflexibi
l
ityinadapti
ngt ochangeinnetheadandchangi ng
demandsf orpowerout put,becausethegatesandbl adescanbe
adjustedtot hei
ropt i
mum openi ngs.

▪ThePumpt
urbi
nei
susedatpumpedst
oragehy
droel
ect
ri
cpl
ant
s,
whi chpumpwat erfrom alowerr
eserv
oirtoanupperreservoirduring
offpeakloadperiodssothatwateri
savailabl
etodr
ivethemachi neasa
turbineduringt
hepeakpowergenerati
onneeds.Pumpt urbinesar e
classif
iedintot
hreepri
ncipalt
ypesanalogoustor
eacti
ont urbinesand
pumps.i .
e.
(
i)
Radialf
low–Francis:23-800m
(
ii
)Mixedflowordi
agonal fl
ow:11-
76m
(
ii
i)
Axialf
loworpropell
er:1-14m
Si
tesel
ect
ionpar
amet
ersf
ornucl
ear
powerpl
ant
Ani mpor t
antst
agei nthedevelopmentofanucl earpowerpr ojectist he
selectionofasuit
ablesitetoestabl
isht hesi
te-
relateddesi
gni nput sfor
Nucl earPowerPlant(NPP).Theselectionofsuitablesi
teisther esultof
apr ocessinwhichthecostsar eminimized.Iti
sal sotoensureadequat e
protectionofsi
tepersonnel,t
hepubl i
candt heenv ir
onmentfrom t he
i
mpact softheconstruct
ionandoper ati
onofNPP.
Gener
all
y,asi
tei
sconsi
der
edaccept
abl
efr
om t
hesaf
etypoi
ntofv
iewi
f:
a)Itcannotbeaf
fect
edbyphenomenaagai
nstwhi
chpr
otect
iont
hrough
thedesignis
i
mpr
act
icabl
e
b)Theprobabi
l
ityofoccurr
enceandt
hesev
eri
tyofdest
ruct
ive
phenomenaagainstwhichthe
pl
antcanbepr
otect
ed(
atr
easonabl
eaddi
ti
onal
cost
)ar
enott
oohi
gh.
c)Thesit
echaract
eri
sti
cs(popul
ati
ondi
str
ibut
ion,
met
eor
ology
,
hydr
ology,
etc.
)aresuchthatt
he
consequencesofpot
ent
ial
acci
dentwoul
dbeataccept
abl
eli
mit
s.
Gener
alConsi
der
ati
onf
orSi
teSel
ect
ion
 Sit
ingofnewNPPsshouldconsi
stofsi
tesel
ecti
on,which
i
nvolvesinv
est
igat
ionofal
argeregi
ontosel
ectpref
erredsi
tes,
andfoll
owedbydetail
edev
aluat
ionoft
heprefer
redsit
e.
 Theinformati
onneededt oevaluatepotent i
alsi
tesatthisini
tial
stageofsitesel
ecti
onisassumedt obel i
mi t
edt oi
nformat i
on
thati
sobt ai
nablef
rom publi
shedr eport
s, publi
crecords,public
andprivat
eagencies,andindi
vidualsknowl edgeableaboutthe
l
ocalit
yofapot ent
ialsi
te.Al
thoughi nsomecasest heappl i
cants
mayhav econductedon-the-
spotinv est
igati
ons.
 Asignifi
cantcommi t
mentoft imeandresour cesmayber equi
red
toselectasuit
ablesit
ef oraNPP,incl
udingsaf etyand
envi
ronment al
considerati
ons.Si
tesel
ectioninv ol
ves
consi
der at
ionofpubli
chealthandsafety
, engineeri
nganddesi
gn,
 economics,i
nsti
tut
ional
requi
rement
s,env
ironment
ali
mpact
s,
andotherfact
ors.
Inthesiteselecti
onprocess,coordinat
ionbetweenappli
cant
s
andv ari
ousFeder al
,Stat
eandl ocalauthori
ti
eswil
lbeusefuli
n
i
dent i
fyi
ngpot ent
ialpr
oblem areas.NPPsshal l
bedesignedt
o
preventthelossofsafety-r
elat
edf unct
ions.Gener
all
y,t
hemost
restr
ict
ivesafety-
rel
atedsitecharacter
ist
icsconsi
deredin
determiningthesuit
abili
tyofasiteare:
a)geol
ogi
c-r
elat
edhazar
d;
b)Capabl
etect
oni
cst
ruct
ures;
c)Sur
facef
aul
ti
nganddef
ormat
ion;

Popul
ati
onConsi
der
ati
on
NPPsi tesshoul dbel ocatedawayf rom v er
ydensel ypopulatedcent
res.
Areasofl ow
populationdensi tyaregener al
lypr
eferred.Howev er,i
ndet ermini
ngthe
acceptabi li
tyofapar ti
cularsit
elocatedawayf rom av erydensely
populatedcent rebutnoti nanar eaoflowdensi ty,considerati
onwil
lbe
giventosaf et
yandenv i
ronment alf
actors,whichmayr esulti
nthesi
te
being
foundaccept able.
Securit
yPl an
Sit
echar acteri
sticsshouldbesucht hatadequat esecur i
typlansand
measur escanbeest abl
ishedandi mplement ed.
Hy
drol
ogy
Inthissection,threemai nrequi
rementswi l
lbedescr i
bed,andthesear e
fl
ooding, waterav ail
abil
it
y
andwat erqualit
y.
(A)Flooding
Theef fectsofapr obablemaximum fl
ood, surgeorseismical
lyinduced
fl
ood, suchasmi ghtbecausedbydam f ail
uresortsunamisonpl ant
safetyfunctions,cangener al
lybecontr
ol l
edbyengi neer
ingdesignor
protecti
onoft hesaf et
y-r
elat
edstr
uctures,systemsandcomponent s.
(B)Wat erAv ai
labili
ty
NPPr equi r
esr el
iablesourcesofwaterforsteam condensation,servi
ce
water,emergencycor ecool
ingsystem andotherfuncti
ons.Applicant
shouldensureadequat eandhighl
ydependablesystem ofwat ersupply
sourcesshallbeshownt obeav ai
labl
eunderpostulatedoccurrencesof
naturalandsi
te-rel
atedacci
dentalphenomenaorcombi nat
ionsofsuch
phenomena.Theadequacyofwat ersupplyshouldalsobeconsi dered
fortheenti
relif
etimeofNPPs.

(
C)Wat
erQual
i
ty
Applicantshoul
dconducti nvest
igati
onofthedispersionanddi lut
ion
capabili
ti
esandpot enti
alcontaminati
onpathwaysoft hegr oundwater
envir
onmentunderoper at
ingandaccidentcondit
ionswi threspectto
presentandf ut
ureusesofwat ersources.Pot
entialradiol
ogicaland
nonradiologi
calofexist
ingcontaminantsingr
oundwat ershouldalsobe
considered.
LandUseandAest
het
ics
Manyi mpact sonlanduseatt hesi t
eandi nthesit
enei ghbourhood
ari
singf rom constructionandoper ationoft heplant,t
ransmi ssionlines
andt ranspor t
ati
oncor r
idorscanbemi ti
gatedbyappr opriatedesi gns
andpr act i
ces.Aesthet i
cimpact scanber educedbysel ecti
ngsi tes
wher eexi st
ingtopogr aphyandf orestscanbeut ili
zedf orscreening
pl
antst r
ucturesfrom near bysceni c,histori
calorrecreati
onal resources.
Restor at
ionofnat ural v
eget at
ion,creat i
velandscapingandt he
i
ntegrat i
onofst ructureswi t
ht heenv ironmentcanmi ti
gateadv erse
vi
sual impact s.Sit
esadj acentt olandsdev otedt
opubl icusemaybe
consider edunsuitable.
SocialImpact s
Thesui t
abili
tyofNPPsi tesnearexisti
ngcommuni tyclust
ersshould
takeintoconsiderati
onthesocialimpactsfrom t
heconst r
ucti
on,
operati
ons, i
ncludingtr
ansmissionandt r
ansport
ationcorri
dorsofNPPs
thatwillnotaffectdemography,communi tyandindiv
idualwel
l-bei
ng
andt heprovisi
onoft hecommuni tyinfr
astr
uctur
eofser vi
ces.