Name Basit Javed

Roll # 15741

Reg.# 2017-gcuf-08150

Subject Health, Safety and Environment

Question #1: Describe Classification of Fire and Discuss Fire Protection?

Fire
”Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,

Releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.”

Fuel Classifications
 Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning.
 If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you might make
matters worse.
 It’s very important to understand the four different fire (fuel) classifications…

Types of Fire
Class A: Fires of ordinary combustible materials such as Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastic
solids that are not metals.

Class B: -Fires in flammable liquids oil, grease, acetone includes flammable gases.

Class C: Fires that involve electrical energized electrical equipment as long as it’s “plugged in.”

Class D: Fires of combustible metals, such as potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium

requires special extinguishing agents.

Thermal detectors
Thermal detectors are temperature-activated sensors to initiate an alarm.

• Fixed-temperature type: This sensor consists of normally open contact held by bimetallic
elements that will close the contacts when the ambient temperature reaches a fixed setting. The
setting is generally designed for operation at 57℃, 88℃, or 94℃.

•Rate-of-rise (ROR) type: This sensor reacts to the rate at which the temperature rises. It contains
a sealed but slightly vented air chamber which expands quickly when the temperature near the
device rises quickly. When the air chamber expands faster than it can be vented, electrical
contacts attached to the chamber begin to close and thus initiate an alarm. •

Combination type: This device reacts to both a fixed temperature and a rate of rise. THERMAL
DETECTORS

BIMETALLIC ELEMENTS
A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The
strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated,
usually steel and copper, or in some cases steel and brass. The strips are joined together
throughout their length by riveting, brazing or welding. The different expansions force the flat
strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial
temperature. The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion is on the outer side of
the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled.

Smoke detectors
Smoke detectors are quicker to respond than thermal detectors

 Photoelectric type
 Ionization type

Photoelectric
This type operates on the principle of the scattering of light. Photoelectric detector detect the
presence of visible particles (larger than 3 microns) in the air. Inside the detector, there is a light
emitting diode (LED) that directs a narrow beam of infrared light across the detection chamber.
When smoke or particles enter the chamber, the infrared light beam is scattered. A photodiode or
photo detector, usually placed 90 degrees to the beam, will sense the scattered infrared light and
when a present amount of light is detected, the alarm will sound. Photoelectric detectors are not
as sensitive and are designed to detect cool or slow-moving (smouldering) fires that produce a lot
of smoke.

IONIZATION

This type operates on the principle of changing conductivity of air within the detector chamber.
The ionization detector uses a small amount of radioactive material to make the air within a
sensing chamber conduct electricity. When smoke particles or combustion gases enter the
sensing chamber they interfere with the conduction of electricity, reducing the current and
triggering an alarm. The ionization detector can detect even invisible combustion gases produced
by an open flame and will therefore respond slightly faster to an open flame fire than a photo-
electric detector.

FLAME DETECTORS
 Flame detectors are used to detect the direct radiation of a flame in the visible, infrared,
and ultraviolet ranges of the spectrum.
 Flame detectors are used mostly in industrial processes for the protection of combustion
equipment. Thermal or smoke detectors would be unreliable and generate false alarms in
these environments. Here are four basic types: o Infrared detector o Ultraviolet detector o
Photoelectric detector o flame flicker detector

FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS SIGNALLING

Fire alarm systems are an integral part of a fire protection plan. They are basically electrical
systems that are specially designed to announce the presence of fire or smoke. They are not
intended to suppressor extinguish a fire.

MANUAL ALARM STATION

Bells, gongs, and flashing lights are manually activated by a switch. • To avoid accidental
operation of the switch, the station is usually designed so that a person must break a glass panel
or glass rod or must perform other preliminary actions before the alarm can be operated.

SUPPRESSION
Fire suppression is achieved by cooling the combustible material to below its ignition
temperature or by preventing oxygen from reacting with the combustible material.

 Fire suppression system must be designed by considering the class of fire and the type of
building occupancy.
 Fire suppression system may be classified in several ways.
o According to the fire suppression medium – water, foam, chemical, gas, etc.
o According to the action of the device – a portable extinguisher, standpipe and
hose, automatic sprinkler, etc.
o According to the method of operation of the device – manual or automatic.

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Portable fire extinguishers are used as the first line of fire protection.

 They are normally pre-charged with water or chemicals and are hand-operated.
WATER SYSTEM
 Water is W e s the universal firefighting medium.
 It is readily available in large quantities and, in general, is more economical than any
other firefighting medium.
 It is most effectively for CLASS A cases.
 For fire protection purposes, the water supply should be separated from a building’s
domestic water system, even though the two are connected to the same public water
main.

FOAM SYSTEM
 Foam systems are most effective for Class B fires caused by liquid, oil, grease, paint, etc.
 The foam is made by generators, which mix water with detergent or other chemicals to
produce as much as 1000 gallons of foam for each gallon of water.
 These systems suppress fire by separating the fuel from the air (oxygen).

GASEOUS FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

 Gaseous systems are most effective for Class C fires caused by electrical equipment.
 All these gases are stored in liquid state under high pressure.
 There are three varieties in agent gases: o The carbon dioxide: CO2 o Halogenated gas :
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine o Atmospheric gas: mixture of argon, carbon
dioxide, and nitrogen. The gas mixture is nontoxic, with zero ozone depletion potential
(ODP) and zero global-warming potential (GWP).

DRY CHEMICALS Dry

Chemicals are used especially for Class D fires caused by combustible metals.

 Examples of such metals include sodium, titanium, magnesium, potassium, uranium,

lithium, plutonium, and calcium. Magnesium and titanium fires are common.
 When one of these combustible metals ignites, it can easily and rapidly spread to
surrounding ordinary combustible materials.
 Most of the dry chemicals contain bicarbonates, chlorides, phosphates, other proprietary
compounds.
 The use of water should be avoided on burning metals, since hot metal extracts oxygen
from water, promotes combustion, and at the same time liberates hydrogen, which
ignites readily

STANDPIPE-AND– HOSE SYSTEMS (STANDPIPE SYSTEMS) •

Standpipe systems consist of piping, valves, hose connections, and nozzles to provide streams of
water for fire suppression.

I. Wet system
II. II. Dry system

WET SYSTEM

 A "wet" standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized at all times.

 Whenever the system is activated, water will charge into the connected hose
immediately.
 Wet standpipes can be used by building occupants.

DRY SYSTEM

 A “Dry” standpipe is NOT filled with water.

 The intakes of dry standpipes are usually located near a road or driveway so that a fire
engine can supply water to the system.
 This system can be used only by firefighters.
 Regulations in many countries require that standpipe systems be charged by hoses from
two different pump trucks, which can be accomplished by using both sides of a Siamese
connection.

Question #1: Enlist and describe Sources of risk?

 Systematic Risk
 Market Risk
 Interest Rate Risk
 Purchasing Risk
 Unsystematic Risk
 Business risk
 Financial Risk

 Systematic Risk

Market Risk :

Market Risk is the risk that the value of an investment will decrease due to movements in market factors.
The reason for such uncertainty is market forces represented in two markets, viz “ Bull Market and Bear
Market “
Interest Rate Risk :

Interest rate risk is the possibility of an unexpected change in interest rates prevailing in the market,
which affects the value of an investment adversely. Generally the value of debt instruments like bonds,
debentures, commercial papers, etc. is directly affected by Interest Rate Risk.

Purchasing Risk :

Purchasing power risk is the possible reduction in the purchasing power of the expected returns. Due the
high rate of inflation, there is erosion in the purchasing power of money, which results in decrease in the
returns.

 Unsystematic Risk
. Business Risk:

Market Business risk is a part of the unsystematic risk, which basically comes from the
operational activities of the business. Due to certain inbuilt deficiencies in the operations of the
business. Due to certain inbuilt deficiencies in the operations of a company.

o Internal Business Risk:

Internal risk is related to with the operational effectiveness of a company. The operational
effectiveness of a company is measured in terms of the level of its targeted achievements
and keeping the promises made to its investors.
1. Sales Variation
2. Research and Development (R&D)
3. Personnel Management
4. Fixed Cost
5. Single Product
o External Business Risk:

External business risks are the risk caused by the circumstances, which are external to a
company’s business. The company has no control over these circumstances or factors.

1. Social and Regulatory Factors: eg. Telecommunication ( Govt. tariff policy), similarly the
profitability of banks is affected by some of the regulatory directions issued on the lending
policies.

2. Political Risk: Frequent changes in the govt. and its policies have a negative impact on the
business environment.
3. Business Cycle: Boom & Recession is the best example business cycle. Textile industry will
be in boom for short period after that the demand will decrease.

Financial Risk

Financial risk is a function of financial leverage which is the use of debt in the capital structure.
The presence of debt in the capital structure creates fixed payments in the form of interest which
is a compulsory payment to be made whether the company makes profit or loss. This fixed
interest payment creates more variability in the earnings per share(EPS) available to equity share
holders.

Question#3: What are dangerous substances? Explain their classification and

handling?

Dangerous substances
Any liquid, gas or solid that poses a risk to workers health or safety can be found in nearly all
workplaces

Explosive materials (Class 1)

Class 1 items are not usually shipped by air and are divided into 6 subdivisions. They cover
substances that have an explosion hazard, explosions that may project fragments and firebrands,
and fire hazards. 

Gases (Class 2)
This class is divided into three subdivisions that include flammable gases, toxic gases and gases
that are neither flammable nor toxic such as helium and oxygen.

Flammable Liquids (Class 3)

Class 3 comprises liquids or mixtures of liquids that will give off flammable vapours at specific
temperatures and have a flash point of not more than 60.5 degrees Celsius / 140.9 degrees
Fahrenheit.

Flammable Solids (Class 4)

Flammable solids are divided into 3 subdivisions that include highly flammable solids, solids
that are likely to spontaneously and substances that, if they come into contact with water, emit
flammable gases.

Oxidizing Substances and Organic Pesticides (Class 5)

This class is divided into two subdivisions and covers agents that react with oxygen and organic
pesticides.

Toxic and Infections Substances (Class 6)

Class 6 is divided into two subdivisions and includes substances such as cyanide, arsenic,
vaccines and pathology specimens. 

Radioactive Materials (Class 7)

Class 7 covers materials that have a specific activity greater than 70 kilobecquerels per kilogram.

Corrosive Materials (Class 8)

Class 8 does not have any subdivisions and comprises corrosive liquids and solids that will cause
severe damage when in contact with living tissue; or, in the case of leakage, will materially
damage or even destroy other goods or the aircraft itself. Corrosive items include battery acids,
sulfuric acid and mercury.

Miscellaneous (Class 9)
Class 9 is for miscellaneous dangerous items. The class does not have any subdivisions but
comprises any substance that may pose a danger during air transport that isn't covered by the
other classes. This includes items with an aesthetic properties, solid dry ice, asbestos, life rafts
and chain saws.

Handling Hazardous Materials

Many common household products contain chemicals that can cause injury or death if they are
not handled, stored, or used properly.

Some of the household products that contain hazardous chemicals are oven cleaners, tile
cleaners, toilet-bowl cleaners, liquid drain openers, antifreeze, chrome-wheel cleaners, rust
removers, gasoline, motor oil, lead paint, turpentine, lacquer thinner, and muriatic acid.

These safety precautions can help keep you and your family safe.

Safety musts
Follow these safety precautions:

 Carefully read the ingredient list of any product or chemical you use. The label can also
tell you how to use the proper protective equipment, how to handle the chemicals, and
 how to respond to emergencies. The label will tell you if the substance is flammable,
corrosive, or may cause cancer. It will also state whether you should use eye protection,
gloves, or other equipment.
 Purchase the proper personal protective equipment like gloves or goggles. Clean and care
for them properly.
 Be aware of the hazardous materials you come in contact with. Learn about the specific
characteristics and dangers.
 Follow safe procedures when you handle hazardous material. Don't take shortcuts.
 Handle, store, and get rid of hazardous materials safely and according to approved
procedures. Never pour them down sewers or drains.
 Don't mix or combine hazardous materials unless you know you can do so safely. Many
products can cause violent reactions or release poisonous fumes when combined.
 Transferring flammable liquids like gasoline, from one container to another can make
static electricity that could ignite the fumes.
 Always carry chemicals in approved containers.
 Always wash your hands after using any unsafe material.
 Store materials properly, as directed on their labels. Flammable chemicals should be
stored in a cool, dry place away from heat and sunlight. Some chemicals like acids must
be stored separately from each other.

Question #4Summarize chemical safety and personal protection?

Air Flow
Air quality can quickly become compromised in laboratories, making ventilation an important
factor in minimizing exposure. When determining whether the local exhaust system is adequate,
a good rule of thumb is that the system should be capable of at least eight to 10 air change outs
per hour when the space is occupied. In addition to the general exhaust system for the laboratory,
exhaust hoods are another tool to increase safety. The National Research Council's Prudent
Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories recommends "2.5 linear feet of
hood space per person should be provided for every 2 workers if they spend most of their time
working with chemicals. Each hood should have a continuous monitoring device to allow
convenient confirmation of adequate hood performance before use."

Housekeeping
keeping floors clean and dry will help prevent slip and fall injuries -- the third-leading cause of
worker injury and lost work time. Stocking absorbent mat pads and wipers in spill-prone
locations helps employees clean up spills quickly, so the chance of a slip-and-fall incident is
reduced and exposure is minimized. Providing a proper receptacle for spent cleanup materials
also helps to minimize exposure. Cleaning work surfaces throughout the day keeps work spaces
uncluttered, decreasing the likelihood of reactions and spills due to counter space being
overcrowded. Likewise, storing excess chemicals on countertops should be discouraged so
workers will have adequate space to perform their duties properly. Waste disposal procedures
should also be established, with wastes being removed from labs to a central storage area on a
regular basis. Workers should be taught not to pour liquids down drains or use hoods to get rid of
volatile chemicals.

Storeroom Safety
A well-organized stockroom promotes safety and is more efficient. Putting one person in charge
of the stockroom can help to facilitate proper organization and storage within the area. This
person may also help to ensure that proper inventory levels are kept, duplicate orders aren't being
placed, and expired chemicals are disposed of properly. Even when storage space is at a
premium, segregating incompatible chemicals in storerooms and providing containment for
shelves are both important factors for worker safety. Establish a plan for new chemicals. Before
a chemical enters a lab, have a plan for properly handling, storing, and disposing of it.

Tools
Using damaged glassware can be just as dangerous as using the wrong chemicals. It doesn't take
much for a hairline crack to fail and create a spill. Using containment trays will help to control
the mess, but avoiding it in the first place helps save time and money and minimizes exposure.
Checking glassware and equipment prior to each use should be part of the SOP. Workers also
should know how to properly handle, tag, or discard of any article that is damaged so it is not
reused or put back into service until it has been repaired.

Spill Response
Even seasoned technicians can spill chemicals occasionally, so it's important to know how to
properly handle spilled chemicals. Spill response plans should address spill prevention strategies,
containment procedures, proper ventilation, when to evacuate, how to obtain medical care, and
reporting requirements. Regular drills will help to reinforce the details of response plans. Having
a spill kit readily available in each laboratory helps trained workers contain and control a spill
quickly, further helping to minimize exposure.

Safety Equipment
Signs and container labels reinforce safety and serve as a constant reminder of specific handling,
use, and disposal procedures. It is equally important to properly maintain eyewash stations,
drench showers, fire extinguishers, and first aid kits so that workers who are exposed to
chemicals can quickly access these tools in an emergency to lessen the effects of their exposure.

Training
having a chemical hygiene plan and making sure that workers understand the plan and how it
helps them to avoid exposure to hazardous chemicals are essential requirements of OSHA's
laboratory standard. Training is required for all workers prior to their assignment in a laboratory,
but education should not stop there. An annual presentation may not be enough to reinforce
safety; training should be a regular activity that addresses the many different aspects of avoiding
exposure.

Workers should know:

 The location of the chemical hygiene plan

 The location of MSDS and other educational literature
 How personal protective equipment is selected, its location, how to use each piece
properly, and how to determine when it needs to be replaced
 The hazards presented by each chemical and procedure in the laboratory
 How to handle chemicals properly to avoid exposure
 How to label containers correctly
 proper laboratory hygiene and conduct, such as never eating, drinking, or chewing gum in
a laboratory; confining loose hair and clothing; and avoiding horseplay and practical
jokes
 How to use the "buddy system" to avoid working alone
 How to evaluate the procedure or process they'll be performing so that they take only the
amount of chemicals necessary for the job they're doing
 How to handle waste materials

Question #5: What is Safety Management? Illustrate it in detail.

Safety management
Safety management is an organizational function, which ensures that all safety risks have been
identified, assessed and satisfactorily mitigated.

Reactive Safety Management

According to ICAO Safety Management Manual (Doc 9859) safety management in aviation
industry is a combination of the two described perspectives, traditional and modern. The reactive
(or traditional) safety management approach is useful when dealing with technological failures,
or unusual events. It is generally described by the following characteristics:

The focus is on compliance with the minimum safety requirements;

The level of safety is based on reported safety occurrences, with its inherent limitations, such as:
examination of actual failures only; insufficiency of data to determine safety trends;
insufficiency of insight regarding the chain of causal and contributory events; the existence and
role of latent unsafe conditions.

Proactive Safety Management

The proactive approach in the safety management is based on following a risk management
strategy that includes identifying hazards before they materialise into incidents or accidents and
taking the necessary actions to reduce the safety risks. Components of a proactive safety
management strategy are:

 Unambiguous safety policy ensuring the senior management commitment to safety;

 Hazard identification and risk assessment using state-of-the-art risk assessment methods;
 Safety reporting systems used to collect, analyze and share operational safety related
data;
 Competent investigation of safety occurrences with sole purpose of identifying systemic
safety deficiencies;
 Safety monitoring and safety oversight aimed to asses safety performance and eliminate
problem areas;
 Dedicated safety training for personnel
 Safety lesson dissemination and sharing best practices among operators and service
providers;
 Building a corporate safety culture that fosters good safety practices and encourages
safety communications in a non-punitive environment

None of these components will, on their own, meet expectations for improved aviation safety
management. An integrated use of all these components will increase a system’s resistance to
unsafe acts and conditions. The consistent integration of the components of proactive safety
management is commonly referred to as a Safety Management System (SMS).

The growing recognition of the role and importance of safety management has led to the
progressive implementation of safety management systems by aviation service provider
organisations (airlines, air navigation service providers, airport operators) in the last few years.
This process is managed and monitored by States through dedicated safety programmes in line
with International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) recommendations.

Improving corporate safety performance by proactively managing the safety of provided services
is increasingly recognised by all aviation sectors as a prerequisite for sustainable business
management and operational growth.

The Cost of Safety

Safety comes at a price. All organizations have limited resources to devote to safety, and must
deal continually with the conflicting goals of safety versus productivity, efficiency, or customer
service objectives, which ultimately determine profitability. Financial health in any business will
be influenced not only by good management and internal efficiency, but by the external
economic environment.
A stated commitment to safety is necessary but not sufficient to enable safety improvements. The
commitment must be supported by appropriate resourcing - of technology and equipment,
training and expertise, policies and systems that promote operational safety.

One indicator of a positive safety culture is the extent to which these resources for safety are
immune from an organization’s financial situation. The commitment to safety should be
consistent and visible regardless of any financial pressures facing the organization, whether
internally or externally generated.