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Package ‘maptools’

January 30, 2016

Version 0.8-39
Date 2016-01-28
Title Tools for Reading and Handling Spatial Objects
Encoding UTF-8
Depends R (>= 2.10), sp (>= 1.0-11)
Imports foreign (>= 0.8), methods, grid, lattice, stats, utils,
grDevices
Suggests rgeos (>= 0.1-8), spatstat (>= 1.18), PBSmapping, maps,
RColorBrewer, raster, polyclip
Enhances gpclib, RArcInfo
Description Set of tools for manipulating and reading geographic data, in particular ESRI shape-
files; C code used from shapelib. It includes binary access to GSHHG shoreline files. The pack-
age also provides interface wrappers for exchanging spatial objects with packages such as PB-
Smapping, spatstat, maps, RArcInfo, Stata tmap, WinBUGS, Mondrian, and others.
License GPL (>= 2)

URL http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/maptools/
NeedsCompilation yes
Author Roger Bivand [cre, aut],
Nicholas Lewin-Koh [aut],
Edzer Pebesma [ctb],
Eric Archer [ctb],
Adrian Baddeley [ctb],
Nick Bearman [ctb],
Hans-Jörg Bibiko [ctb],
Steven Brey [ctb],
Jonathan Callahan [ctb],
German Carrillo [ctb],
Stéphane Dray [ctb],
David Forrest [ctb],
Michael Friendly [ctb],
Patrick Giraudoux [ctb],
Duncan Golicher [ctb],

1
2 R topics documented:

Virgilio Gómez Rubio [ctb],

Patrick Hausmann [ctb],
Karl Ove Hufthammer [ctb],
Thomas Jagger [ctb],
Kent Johnson [ctb],
Sebastian Luque [ctb],
Don MacQueen [ctb],
Andrew Niccolai [ctb],
Edzer Pebesma [ctb],
Oscar Perpiñán Lamigueiro [ctb],
Tom Short [ctb],
Greg Snow [ctb],
Ben Stabler [ctb],
Murray Stokely [ctb],
Rolf Turner [ctb]
Maintainer Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no>
Repository CRAN
Date/Publication 2016-01-30 00:08:33

R topics documented:
as.ppp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
CCmaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
checkPolygonsHoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ContourLines2SLDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
dotsInPolys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
elide-methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
gcDestination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
getinfo.shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
getKMLcoordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
GE_SpatialGrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
gpcholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
gzAzimuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
kmlLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
kmlLines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
kmlOverlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
kmlPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
kmlPolygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
kmlPolygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
leglabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
lineLabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
map2SpatialPolygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
nearestPointOnLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
nearestPointOnSegment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
nowrapRecenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
nowrapSpatialLines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
pal2SpatialPolygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
as.ppp 3

panel.pointLabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
pointLabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
ppp-class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
readAsciiGrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
readGPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
readShapeLines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
readShapePoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
readShapePoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
readShapeSpatial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
readSplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Rgshhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
snapPointsToLines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
sp2Mondrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
sp2tmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
sp2WB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
SpatialLines2PolySet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
SpatialLinesMidPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
spCbind-methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
SplashDams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
spRbind-methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
state.vbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
sun-methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
symbolsInPolys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
thinnedSpatialPoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
unionSpatialPolygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
wrld_simpl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Index 78

as.ppp coercion between sp objects and spatstat objects

Description
S4-style as() coercion works between objects of S4 sp classes to spatstat S3 classes; direct function
calls may also be used.

Usage
as.SpatialPoints.ppp(from)
as.SpatialPointsDataFrame.ppp(from)
as.SpatialGridDataFrame.ppp(from)
as.SpatialGridDataFrame.im(from)
as.psp.Line(from, ..., window=NULL, marks=NULL, fatal)
as.psp.Lines(from, ..., window=NULL, marks=NULL, fatal)
as.psp.SpatialLines(from, ..., window=NULL, marks=NULL, characterMarks
= FALSE, fatal)
as.psp.SpatialLinesDataFrame(from, ..., window=NULL, marks=NULL, fatal)
4 as.ppp

as.SpatialLines.psp(from)
as.SpatialPolygons.tess(x)
as.SpatialPolygons.owin(x)
as.im.RasterLayer(from)

Arguments
from, x object to coerce from
... other arguments to be passed through
window window as defined in the spatstat package
marks marks as defined in the spatstat package
characterMarks default FALSE, if TRUE, do not convert NULL narks to factor from character
fatal formal coercion argument

Methods
coerce signature(from = "SpatialPoints", to = "ppp")
coerce signature(from = "SpatialPointsDataFrame", to = "ppp")
coerce signature(from = "Line", to = "psp")
coerce signature(from = "Lines", to = "psp")
coerce signature(from = "SpatialLines", to = "psp")
coerce signature(from = "SpatialLinesDataFrame", to = "psp")
coerce signature(from = "psp", to = "SpatialLines")
coerce signature(from = "SpatialGridDataFrame", to = "ppp")
coerce signature(from = "SpatialPolygons", to = "owin")
coerce signature(from = "SpatialPixelsDataFrame", to = "owin")
coerce signature(from = "SpatialGridDataFrame", to = "owin")
coerce signature(from = "SpatialGridDataFrame", to = "im")
coerce signature(from = "im", to = "SpatialGridDataFrame")
coerce signature(from = "ppp", to = "SpatialGridDataFrame")
coerce signature(from = "ppp", to = "SpatialPointsDataFrame")
coerce signature(from = "ppp", to = "SpatialPoints")
coerce signature(from = "owin", to = "SpatialPolygons")
coerce signature(from = "tess", to = "SpatialPolygons")

Note
When coercing a SpatialPolygons object to an owin object, full topology checking is enabled by
default. To avoid checking, set spatstat.options(checkpolygons=FALSE) (from spatstat (1.14-
6)). To perform the checking later, owinpolycheck(W, verbose=TRUE).
as.ppp 5

Author(s)
Edzer Pebesma <edzer.pebesma@uni-muenster.de>, Roger Bivand

Examples
if (require(spatstat, quietly=TRUE)) {
data(meuse)
coordinates(meuse) = ~x+y
zn1 <- as(meuse["zinc"], "ppp")
zn1
plot(zn1)
as(as(meuse, "SpatialPoints"), "ppp")
data(meuse.grid)
gridded(meuse.grid) = ~x+y
mg_owin <- as(meuse.grid["dist"], "owin")
zn1a <- ppp(x=zn1$x, y=zn1$y, marks=zn1$marks, window=mg_owin)
zn1a
plot(zn1a)
rev_ppp_SP <- as.SpatialPoints.ppp(zn1a)
summary(rev_ppp_SP)
rev_ppp_SPDF <- as.SpatialPointsDataFrame.ppp(zn1a)
summary(rev_ppp_SPDF)
rev_ppp_SGDF <- as.SpatialGridDataFrame.ppp(zn1a)
summary(rev_ppp_SGDF)
data(meuse.riv)
mr <- Line(meuse.riv)
mr_psp <- as(mr, "psp")
mr_psp
plot(mr_psp)
xx_back <- as(mr_psp, "SpatialLines")
plot(xx_back)
xx <- readShapeLines(system.file("shapes/fylk-val.shp", package="maptools")[1],
proj4string=CRS("+proj=utm +zone=33 +datum=WGS84"))
xx_psp <- as(xx["LENGTH"], "psp")
xx_psp
plot(xx_psp)
xx_back <- as(xx_psp, "SpatialLines")
plot(xx_back)
mg_owin <- as(as(meuse.grid["ffreq"], "SpatialPixelsDataFrame"), "owin")
mg_owin
ho_sp <- SpatialPolygons(list(Polygons(list(Polygon(cbind(c(0,1,1,0,0),
c(0,0,1,1,0))), Polygon(cbind(c(0.6,0.4,0.4,0.6,0.6),
c(0.2,0.2,0.4,0.4,0.2)), hole=TRUE)), ID="ho")))
plot(ho_sp, col="red", pbg="pink")
ho <- as(ho_sp, "owin")
plot(ho)
pp <- runifpoint(500, win=ho)
plot(pp)
ho_orig <- owin(poly=list(list(x=c(0,1,1,0), y=c(0,0,1,1)),
list(x=c(0.6,0.4,0.4,0.6), y=c(0.2,0.2,0.4,0.4))))
identical(ho, ho_orig)
ho_sp1 <- as(ho, "SpatialPolygons")
6 CCmaps

all.equal(ho_sp, ho_sp1, check.attributes=FALSE)

A <- tess(xgrid=0:4,ygrid=0:4)
A_sp <- as(A, "SpatialPolygons")
plot(A_sp)
text(coordinates(A_sp), labels=row.names(A_sp), cex=0.6)
mg_dist <- meuse.grid["dist"]
fullgrid(mg_dist) <- TRUE
image(mg_dist, axes=TRUE)
mg_im <- as(mg_dist, "im")
plot(mg_im)
mg2 <- as.SpatialGridDataFrame.im(mg_im)
image(mg2, axes=TRUE)
if (require(raster, quietly=TRUE)) {
r <- as(mg2, "RasterLayer")
r_im <- as.im.RasterLayer(r)
plot(r_im)
}
}

CCmaps Conditioned choropleth maps

Description
Conditioned choropleth maps permit the conditioning of a map of a variable on the values of one or
two other variables coded as factors or shingles. This function uses spplot after constructing multi-
ple subsets of the variable of interest defined by the intervals given by the conditioning variables.

Usage
CCmaps(obj, zcol = NULL, cvar = NULL, cvar.names = NULL, ..., names.attr,
scales = list(draw = FALSE), xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL,
aspect = mapasp(obj, xlim, ylim), sp.layout = NULL, xlim = bbox(obj)[1, ],
ylim = bbox(obj)[2, ])

Arguments
obj object of class SpatialPolygonsDataFrame
zcol single variable name as string
cvar a list of one or two conditioning variables, which should be of class factor or
shingle
cvar.names names for conditioning variables, if not given, the names of the variables in the
cvar list
... other arguments passed to spplot and levelplot
names.attr names to use in panel, if different from zcol names
scales scales argument to be passed to Lattice plots; use list(draw = TRUE) to draw
axes scales
CCmaps 7

xlab label for x-axis

ylab label for y-axis
aspect aspect ratio for spatial axes; defaults to "iso" (one unit on the x-axis equals one
unit on the y-axis) but may be set to more suitable values if the data are e.g. if
coordinates are latitude/longitude
sp.layout NULL or list; see spplot
xlim numeric; x-axis limits
ylim numeric; y-axis limits

Value
The function returns a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object with the zcol variable and the partitions
of the cvars list variables invisibly.

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

References
Carr D, Wallin J, Carr D (2000) Two new templates for epidemiology applications: linked mi-
cromap plots and conditioned choropleth maps. Statistics in Medicine 19(17-18): 2521-2538 Carr
D, White D, MacEachren A (2005) Conditioned choropleth maps and hypothesis generation. An-
nals of the Association of American Geographers 95(1): 32-53 Friendly M (2007) A.-M. Guerry’s
Moral Statistics of France: challenges for multivariable spatial analysis. Statistical Science 22(3):
368-399

checkPolygonsHoles Check holes in Polygons objects

Description

The function checks holes in Polygons objects. Use of the rgeos package functions is prefered,
and if rgeos is available, they will be used automatically. In this case, member Polygon objects are
checked against each other for containment, and the returned Polygons object has component hole
slots set appropriately. In addition, the output Polygons object may be provided with a comment
string, encoding the external and internal rings. For gpclib use, see details below.

Usage

checkPolygonsHoles(x, properly=TRUE, avoidGEOS=FALSE, useSTRtree=FALSE)

gpclibPermitStatus()
gpclibPermit()
rgeosStatus()

Arguments

x An Polygons object as defined in package sp

properly default TRUE, use gContainsProperly rather than gContains
avoidGEOS default FALSE; if TRUE force use of gpclib even when rgeos is available
useSTRtree default FALSE, if TRUE, use rgeos STRtree in checking holes, which is much
faster, but uses a lot of memory and does not release it on completion (work in
progress)

Details

If the gpclib package is used, an intersection between a gpc.poly object with one or more polygon
contours and its bounding box is used to set the hole flag. The function will set single polygon
contours to hole=FALSE, and if multiple polygon contours are holes, will set them TRUE. The
gpclibPermit function is used to choose to permit the use of gpclib if installed, and gpclibPermitStatus
reports its status. The licence for gpclib is not Free or Open Source and explicitly forbids commer-
cial use. See library(help=gpclib).

Value

An Polygons object re-created from the input object.

Author(s)

Roger Bivand
checkPolygonsHoles 9

Examples

if (rgeosStatus()) {
nc1 <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
pl <- slot(nc1, "polygons")
sapply(slot(pl[[4]], "Polygons"), function(x) slot(x, "hole"))
pl[[4]] <- Polygons(list(slot(pl[[4]], "Polygons")[[1]],
Polygon(slot(slot(pl[[4]], "Polygons")[[2]], "coords"), hole=TRUE),
slot(pl[[4]], "Polygons")[[3]]), slot(pl[[4]], "ID"))
sapply(slot(pl[[4]], "Polygons"), function(x) slot(x, "hole"))
pl_new <- lapply(pl, checkPolygonsHoles)
sapply(slot(pl_new[[4]], "Polygons"), function(x) slot(x, "hole"))
srs <- slot(slot(pl[[1]], "Polygons")[[1]], "coords")
hle2 <- structure(c(-81.64093, -81.38380, -81.34165, -81.66833, -81.64093,
36.57865, 36.57234, 36.47603, 36.47894, 36.57865), .Dim = as.integer(c(5, 2)))
hle3 <- structure(c(-81.47759, -81.39118, -81.38486, -81.46705, -81.47759,
36.56289, 36.55659, 36.49907, 36.50380, 36.56289), .Dim = as.integer(c(5, 2)))
x <- Polygons(list(Polygon(srs), Polygon(hle2), Polygon(hle3)),
ID=slot(pl[[1]], "ID"))
sapply(slot(x, "Polygons"), function(x) slot(x, "hole"))
res <- checkPolygonsHoles(x)
sapply(slot(res, "Polygons"), function(x) slot(x, "hole"))
## Not run:
opar <- par(mfrow=c(1,2))
SPx <- SpatialPolygons(list(x))
plot(SPx)
text(t(sapply(slot(x, "Polygons"), function(i) slot(i, "labpt"))),
labels=sapply(slot(x, "Polygons"), function(i) slot(i, "hole")), cex=0.6)
title(xlab="Hole slot values before checking")
SPres <- SpatialPolygons(list(res))
plot(SPres)
text(t(sapply(slot(res, "Polygons"), function(i) slot(i, "labpt"))),
labels=sapply(slot(res, "Polygons"), function(i) slot(i, "hole")), cex=0.6)
title(xlab="Hole slot values after checking")
par(opar)
p1 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(0, 0, 10, 10, 0), y=c(0, 10, 10, 0, 0))) # I
p2 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(3, 3, 7, 7, 3), y=c(3, 7, 7, 3, 3))) # H
p8 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(1, 1, 2, 2, 1), y=c(1, 2, 2, 1, 1))) # H
p9 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(1, 1, 2, 2, 1), y=c(5, 6, 6, 5, 5))) # H
p3 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(20, 20, 30, 30, 20), y=c(20, 30, 30, 20, 20))) # I
p4 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(21, 21, 29, 29, 21), y=c(21, 29, 29, 21, 21))) # H
p14 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(21, 21, 29, 29, 21), y=c(21, 29, 29, 21, 21))) # H
p5 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(22, 22, 28, 28, 22), y=c(22, 28, 28, 22, 22))) # I
p15 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(22, 22, 28, 28, 22), y=c(22, 28, 28, 22, 22))) # I
p6 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(23, 23, 27, 27, 23), y=c(23, 27, 27, 23, 23))) # H
p7 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(13, 13, 17, 17, 13), y=c(13, 17, 17, 13, 13))) # I
p10 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(24, 24, 26, 26, 24), y=c(24, 26, 26, 24, 24))) # I
p11 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(24.25, 24.25, 25.75, 25.75, 24.25),
y=c(24.25, 25.75, 25.75, 24.25, 24.25))) # H
p12 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(24.5, 24.5, 25.5, 25.5, 24.5),
y=c(24.5, 25.5, 25.5, 24.5, 24.5))) # I
p13 <- Polygon(cbind(x=c(24.75, 24.75, 25.25, 25.25, 24.75),
10 ContourLines2SLDF

y=c(24.75, 25.25, 25.25, 24.75, 24.75))) # H

lp <- list(p1, p2, p13, p7, p6, p5, p4, p3, p8, p11, p12, p9, p10, p14, p15)
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
# 0 1 11 0 6 0 8 0 1 13 0 1 0 (7) (6)
# I H H I H I H I H H I H I ? ?
pls <- Polygons(lp, ID="1")
comment(pls)
pls1 <- checkPolygonsHoles(pls)
comment(pls1)
opar <- par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(SpatialPolygons(list(pls)), col="magenta", pbg="cyan", usePolypath=FALSE)
title(xlab="Hole slot values before checking")
plot(SpatialPolygons(list(pls1)), col="magenta", pbg="cyan", usePolypath=FALSE)
title(xlab="Hole slot values after checking")
par(opar)

## End(Not run)
}

ContourLines2SLDF Converter functions to build SpatialLinesDataFrame objects

Description
These functions show how to build converters to SpatialLinesDataFrame objects: ArcObj2SLDF
from the list returned by the get.arcdata function in the RArcInfo package; ContourLines2SLDF
from the list returned by the contourLines function in the graphics package (here the data frame
is just the contour levels, with one Lines object made up of at least one Line object per level); and
MapGen2SL reads a file in "Mapgen" format into a SpatialLines object.

Usage
ArcObj2SLDF(arc, proj4string=CRS(as.character(NA)), IDs)
ContourLines2SLDF(cL, proj4string=CRS(as.character(NA)))
MapGen2SL(file, proj4string=CRS(as.character(NA)))

Arguments
arc a list returned by the get.arcdata function in the RArcInfo package
IDs vector of unique character identifiers; if not given, suitable defaults will be used,
and the same values inserted as data slot row names
cL a list returned by the contourLines function in the graphics package
proj4string Object of class "CRS"; see CRS-class
file filename of a file containing a Mapgen line data set

Value
A SpatialLinesDataFrame object
dotsInPolys 11

Note
Coastlines of varying resolution may be chosen online and downloaded in "Mapgen" text format
from http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines/shorelines.html, most conveniently us-
ing the interactive selection tool, but please note the 500,000 point limit on downloads, which is
easy to exceed.

Author(s)
Roger Bivand; Edzer Pebesma

dotsInPolys Put dots in polygons

Description
Make point coordinates for a dot density map

Usage
dotsInPolys(pl, x, f = "random", offset, compatible = FALSE)

Arguments
pl an object of class SpatialPolygons or SpatialPolygonsDataFrame
x integer vector of counts of same length as pl for dots
f type of sampling used to place points in polygons, either "random" or "regular"
offset for regular sampling only: the offset (position) of the regular grid; if not set,
c(0.5,0.5), that is the returned grid is not random
12 dotsInPolys

compatible what to return, if TRUE a a list of matrices of point coordinates, one matrix for
each member of pl, if false a SpatialPointsDataFrame with polygon ID values

Details
With f="random", the dots are placed in the polygon at random, f="regular" - in a grid pattern
(number of dots not guaranteed to be the same as the count). When the polygon is made up of
more than one part, the dots will be placed in proportion to the relative areas of the clockwise rings
(anticlockwise are taken as holes). From maptools release 0.5-2, correction is made for holes in the
placing of the dots, but depends on hole values being correctly set, which they often are not.

Value
If compatible=TRUE, the function returns a list of matrices of point coordinates, one matrix for
each member of pl. If x[i] is zero, the list element is NULL, and can be tested when plotting - see
the examples. If compatible=FALSE (default), it returns a SpatialPointsDataFrame with polygon
ID values as the only column in the data slot.

Note
Waller and Gotway (2004) Applied Spatial Statistics for Public Health Data (Wiley, Hoboken, NJ)
explicitly warn that care is needed in plotting and interpreting dot density maps (pp. 81-83)

Author(s)
Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no>

elide-methods Methods for Function elide in Package ‘maptools’

Description
Methods for function elide to translate and disguise coordinate placing in the real world.

Usage
elide(obj, ...)

Arguments
obj object to be elided
... other arguments:
bb if NULL, uses bounding box of object, otherwise the given bounding box
shift values to shift the coordinates of the input object; this is made ineffective
by the scale argument
reflect reverse coordinate axes
scale if NULL, coordinates not scaled; if TRUE, the longer dimension is scaled
to lie within [0,1] and aspect maintained; if a scalar, the output range of
[0,1] is multiplied by scale
flip translate coordinates on the main diagonal
rotate default 0, rotate angle degrees clockwise around center
center default NULL, if not NULL, the rotation center, numeric of length two
unitsq logical, default FALSE, if TRUE and scale TRUE, impose unit square
bounding box (currently only points)

Value
The methods return objects of the input class object with elided coordinates; the coordinate refer-
ence system is not set. Note that if the input coordinates or centroids are in the data slot data.frame
of the input object, they should be removed before the use of these methods, otherwise they will
betray the input positions.

Methods
obj = "SpatialPoints" elides object
obj = "SpatialPointsDataFrame" elides object
obj = "SpatialLines" elides object
obj = "SpatialLinesDataFrame" elides object
obj = "SpatialPolygons" elides object
obj = "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame" elides object
14 gcDestination

Note
Rotation code kindly contributed by Don MacQueen

Examples
data(meuse)
coordinates(meuse) <- c("x", "y")
proj4string(meuse) <- CRS("+init=epsg:28992")
data(meuse.riv)
river_polygon <- Polygons(list(Polygon(meuse.riv)), ID="meuse")
rivers <- SpatialPolygons(list(river_polygon))
proj4string(rivers) <- CRS("+init=epsg:28992")
rivers1 <- elide(rivers, reflect=c(TRUE, TRUE), scale=TRUE)
meuse1 <- elide(meuse, bb=bbox(rivers), reflect=c(TRUE, TRUE), scale=TRUE)
opar <- par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(rivers, axes=TRUE)
plot(meuse, add=TRUE)
plot(rivers1, axes=TRUE)
plot(meuse1, add=TRUE)
par(opar)
meuse1 <- elide(meuse, shift=c(10000, -10000))
bbox(meuse)
bbox(meuse1)
rivers1 <- elide(rivers, shift=c(10000, -10000))
bbox(rivers)
bbox(rivers1)
meuse1 <- elide(meuse, rotate=-30, center=apply(bbox(meuse), 1, mean))
bbox(meuse)
bbox(meuse1)
plot(meuse1, axes=TRUE)

gcDestination Find destination in geographical coordinates

Description
Find the destination in geographical coordinates at distance dist and for the given bearing from the
starting point given by lon and lat.

Usage
gcDestination(lon, lat, bearing, dist, dist.units = "km",
model = NULL, Vincenty = FALSE)

Arguments
lon longitude (Eastings) in decimal degrees (either scalar or vector)
lat latitude (Northings) in decimal degrees (either scalar or vector)
gcDestination 15

bearing bearing from 0 to 360 degrees (either scalar or vector)

dist distance travelled (scalar)
dist.units units of distance "km" (kilometers), "nm" (nautical miles), "mi" (statute miles)
model choice of ellipsoid model ("WGS84", "GRS80", "Airy", "International", "Clarke",
"GRS67"
Vincenty logical flag, default FALSE

Details
The bearing argument may be a vector when lon and lat are scalar, representing a single point.

Value
A matrix of decimal degree coordinates with Eastings in the first column and Northings in the
second column.

Author(s)
Eric Archer and Roger Bivand

References
http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html#ellipsoid,
http://williams.best.vwh.net/avform.htm,
http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong-vincenty-direct.html,
Original reference http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/inverse.pdf:
Vincenty, T. 1975. Direct and inverse solutions of geodesics on the ellipsoid with application of
nested equations. Survey Review 22(176):88-93

getinfo.shape Get shapefile header information

Description
Get shapefile header information; the file should be given including its ".shp" extension, and the
function will reconstruct the names of the database (dbf) file and the index (shx) file from these.

Usage
getinfo.shape(filen)
## S3 method for class 'shapehead'
print(x, ...)

Arguments
filen name of file with *.shp extension
x a shapehead list as returned by getinfo.shape
... other arguments passed to print

Details
The function calls code from shapelib to read shapefiles, a file format used by ESRI GIS software
among others

Value
The function returns a list of class shapehead.

Author(s)
Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no>; shapelib by Frank Warmerdam

References
http://shapelib.maptools.org/

Examples
res <- getinfo.shape(system.file("shapes/fylk-val.shp", package="maptools")[1])
res
str(res)
getKMLcoordinates 17

getKMLcoordinates Get a list of coordinates out of a KML file

Description
This function parses a KML file to get the content of <coordinates> tags and returns a list of
matrices representing the longitude-latitute or if ignoreAltitude is FALSE the longitude-latitute-
altitude coordinates of a KML geometry.

Usage
getKMLcoordinates(kmlfile, ignoreAltitude=FALSE)

Arguments
kmlfile connection object or a character string of the KML file
ignoreAltitude if set to TRUE the altitude values of a KML points will be ignored

Value
coords is a list of matrices representing the longitude-latitute or if ignoreAltitude is FALSE the
longitude-latitute-altitude coordinates

Author(s)
Hans-J. Bibiko

GE_SpatialGrid Create SpatialGrid for PNG output to GE

Description
The function sets up metadata in the form of a SpatialGrid object for defining the size and placing
of a PNG image overlay in Google Earth. The internal function Sobj_SpatialGrid can also be
called to build a grid for arbitrary Spatial* objects.

Usage
GE_SpatialGrid(obj, asp = NA, maxPixels = 600)
Sobj_SpatialGrid(obj, asp=1, maxDim=100, n=NULL)

Arguments
obj a Spatial* object
asp if NA, will be set to the latitude corrected value
maxPixels the maximum dimension of the output PNG
maxDim the maximum dimension of the output grid; ignored if n not NULL
n if not NULL, the minimum number of cells in the returned grid

Details
The function is used together with kmlOverlay to wrap around the opening of a PNG graphics
device, plotting code, and the closing of the device. The computed values take account of the
adjustment of the actual data bounding box to an integer number of rows and columns in the image
file.
The approach may be used as an alternative to writing PNG files from SpatialGrid and SpatialPixel
objects in rgdal using writeGDAL, and to writing KML files using writeOGR for vector data objects.
The output PNG files are likely to be very much smaller than large vector data KML files, and hinder
the retrieval of exact positional information.
Note that the geometries should be in geographical coordinates with datum WGS84 for export to
KML.

Value
returns an S3 object of class GE_SG with components:
height Integer raster height for png call
width Integer raster width for png call
SG a SpatialGrid object with the grid topology of the output PNG
asp the aspect value used
xlim xlim taken from SG
ylim ylim taken from SG
gpcholes 19

Author(s)
Duncan Golicher, David Forrest and Roger Bivand

gpcholes Hisaji Ono’s lake/hole problem

Description
How to plot polygons with holes - holes are encoded by coordinates going anticlockwise, and
overplotting is avoided by re-ordering the order in which polygons are plotted.
This example is retained for historical interest only, other solutions are present in the sp package.

Usage
data(gpcholes)
20 gzAzimuth

Details
"Date: Tue, 11 May 2004 12:54:20 +0900 From: Hisaji ONO To: r-help
I’ve tried to create a polygon with one hole by gpclib using following example script.
holepoly <- read.polyfile(system.file("poly-ex/hole-poly.txt", package="gpclib"), nohole = FALSE)
area.poly(holepoly) plot(holepoly,poly.args=list(col="red",border="blue"))
And I noticed plot function couldn’t draw polygons with holes correctly.
Does anyone know how to solve this situation?"
*(h1pl has reversed the y component of polygon 1, to make its ring direction clockwise, h2pl re-
verses the order of the two polygons in holepoly1@pts)*

Source
Data file included in "gpclib" package.

Examples
data(gpcholes)
opar <- par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(SpatialPolygons(list(h2pl)), col="red", pbg="white", border="blue")
plot(SpatialPolygons(list(h1pl)), col="red", pbg="white", border="blue")
par(opar)

gzAzimuth Find azimuth for geographical coordinates

Description
The function finds azimuth values for geographical coordinates given as decimal degrees from the
from coordinates to the to coordinate. In function trackAzimuth, the azimuth values are found
between successive rows of the input coordinate matrix.

Usage
gzAzimuth(from, to, type = "snyder_sphere")
trackAzimuth(track, type="snyder_sphere")

Arguments
from a two column matrix of geographical coordinates given as decimal degrees (lon-
gitude first)
track a two column matrix of geographical coordinates given as decimal degrees (lon-
gitude first)
to a one row, two column matrix or two element vector of geographical coordinates
given as decimal degrees (longitude first)
type default is "snyder_sphere", otherwise "abdali"; the results should be identi-
cal with slightly less trigonometry in "abdali"
kmlLine 21

Details

The azimuth is calculated on the sphere, using the formulae given by Snyder (1987, p. 30) and Ab-
dali (1997, p. 17). The examples use data taken from Abdali (p. 17–18). There is a very interesting
discussion of the centrality of azimuth-finding in the development of mathematics and mathemat-
ical geography in Abdali’s paper. Among others, al-Khwarizmi was an important contributor. As
Abdali puts it, "This is a veritable who’s who of medieval science" (p. 3).

Value

values in decimal degrees - zero is North - of the azimuth from the from coordinates to the to
coordinate.

Author(s)

Roger Bivand, with contributions by Sebastian Luque

References

Snyder JP (1987) Map projections - a working manual, USGS Professional Paper 1395; Abdali SK
(1997) "The Correct Qibla", formerly at http://patriot.net/users/abdali/ftp/qibla.pdf

Examples
name <- c("Mecca", "Anchorage", "Washington")
long <- c(39.823333, -149.883333, -77.0166667)
lat <- c(21.423333, 61.2166667, 38.9)
x <- cbind(long, lat)
row.names(x) <- name
crib <- c(-9.098363, 56.575960)
r1 <- gzAzimuth(x[2:3,], x[1,])
r1
all.equal(r1, crib)
r2 <- gzAzimuth(x[2:3,], x[1,], type="abdali")
r2
all.equal(r2, crib)
trackAzimuth(x)

kmlLine Create and write a KML file on the basis of a given Lines object

Description

The function is used to create and write a KML file on the basis of a given Lines object (a list of
Line objects) for the usage in Google Earth resp. Google Maps.
22 kmlLine

Usage
kmlLine(obj=NULL, kmlfile=NULL,
name="R Line", description="", col=NULL, visibility=1, lwd=1,
kmlname="", kmldescription="")

Arguments
obj a Lines or SpatialLinesDataFrame object
kmlfile if not NULL the name as character string of the kml file to be written
name the name of the KML line
description the description of the KML line (HTML tags allowed)
col the stroke color (see also Color Specification) of the KML line
visibility if set to 1 or TRUE specifies that the KML line should be visible after loading
lwd the stroke width for the KML line
kmlname the name of the KML layer
kmldescription the description of the KML layer (HTML tags allowed)

Details
The function is used to convert a given Lines object (a list of Line objects) or the first Lines object
listed in a passed SpatialLinesDataFrame object into KML line(s). If kmlfile is not NULL the
result will be written into that file. If kmlfile is NULL the generated KML lines will be returned
(see also value).
For a passed Lines object the function generates a <Style> tag whereby its id attribute is set to the
passed object’s ID.
Note that the geometries should be in geographical coordinates with datum WGS84.
The resulting KML line will be embedded in <Placemark><MultiGeometry><LineString>.

Value
x is a list with the elements style and content containing the generated lines of the KML file as
character vectors if kmlfile is NULL.
y is a list with the elements header and footer representing the KML file’ header resp. footer if
obj is NULL.

Color Specification
The following color specifications are allowed: 'red', 2, or as hex code '#RRGGBB' resp. '#RRGGBBAA'
for passing the alpha value.

Author(s)
Hans-J. Bibiko
kmlLines 23

Hans-J. Bibiko, Jon Callahan, Steven Brey

See Also

kmlOverlay, kmlPolygon, Line

Examples
# Maptools library required
library(maptools)
# load line object
rivers <- readShapeSpatial(system.file("shapes/fylk-val-ll.shp",
package="maptools")[1], proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84"))
# create kml file
kmlLines(rivers, kmlfile = "rivers.kml", name = "R Lines",
description = "Hello!", col = "blue", visibility = 1, lwd = 1,
kmlname = "", kmldescription = "")
kmlOverlay 25

kmlOverlay Create and write KML file for PNG image overlay

Description

The function is used to create and write a KML file for a PNG image overlay for Google Earth.

Usage

kmlOverlay(obj, kmlfile = NULL, imagefile = NULL, name = "R image")

Arguments

obj a GE_SG object from GE_SpatialGrid

kmlfile if not NULL the name of the kml file to be written
imagefile the name of the PNG file containing the image - this should be either relative
(same directory as kml file) or abosolute (fully qualified)
name the name used to describe the image overlay in GE

Details

The function is used together with GE_SpatialGrid to wrap around the opening of a PNG graphics
device, plotting code, and the closing of the device. The computed values take account of the
adjustment of the actual data bounding box to an integer number of rows and columns in the image
file.
The approach may be used as an alternative to writing PNG files from SpatialGrid and SpatialPixel
objects in rgdal using writeGDAL, and to writing KML files using writeOGR for vector data objects.
The output PNG files are likely to be very much smaller than large vector data KML files, and hinder
the retrieval of exact positional information.
Note that the geometries should be in geographical coordinates with datum WGS84.

Value

x is a character vector containing the generated lines of the kml file

Author(s)

Duncan Golicher, David Forrest and Roger Bivand

See Also

GE_SpatialGrid
26 kmlPoints

Examples
opt_exask <- options(example.ask=FALSE)
qk <- SpatialPointsDataFrame(quakes[, c(2:1)], quakes)
proj4string(qk) <- CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84")
tf <- tempfile()
SGqk <- GE_SpatialGrid(qk)
png(file=paste(tf, ".png", sep=""), width=SGqk$width, height=SGqk$height,
bg="transparent")
par(mar=c(0,0,0,0), xaxs="i", yaxs="i")
plot(qk, xlim=SGqk$xlim, ylim=SGqk$ylim, setParUsrBB=TRUE)
dev.off()
kmlOverlay(SGqk, paste(tf, ".kml", sep=""), paste(tf, ".png", sep=""))
## Not run:
#library(rgdal)
#qk0 <- quakes
#qk0$long <- ifelse(qk0$long <= 180, qk0$long, qk0$long-360)
#qk0a <- SpatialPointsDataFrame(qk0[, c(2:1)], qk0)
#proj4string(qk0a) <- CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84")
#writeOGR(qk0a, paste(tf, "v.kml", sep=""), "Quakes", "KML")
#system(paste("googleearth ", tf, ".kml", sep=""))

## End(Not run)
options(example.ask=opt_exask)

kmlPoints Create and write a KML file on the basis of a given Points object

Description
The function is used to create and write a KML file on the basis of a given SpatialPointsDataFrame
object for the usage in Google Earth resp. Google Maps.

Usage
kmlPoints(obj=NULL, kmlfile=NULL, kmlname="", kmldescription="",
name=NULL, description="",
icon="http://www.gstatic.com/mapspro/images/stock/962-wht-diamond-blank.png")

Arguments
obj a SpatialPointsDataFrame object
kmlfile if not NULL the name as character string of the kml file to be written
kmlname the name of the KML layer
kmldescription the description of the KML layer (HTML tags allowed)
name a character vector to be used as names for each KML Placemark
description a character vector to be used as the description for each KML Placemark (HTML
tags allowed)
icon a character vector of icon URLs to be used in the style associated with each
KML Placemark
kmlPoints 27

Details

The function is used to convert a given SpatialPointsDataFrame object into a series of KML
Placemarks, each with a single Point. If kmlfile is not NULL the result will be written into that file.
If kmlfile is NULL the generated KML lines will be returned (see also value).
If name=NULL, the <name> tag for each Placemark will be 'site #'. If a single value is used for
name or description, that value will be replicated for each Placemark. If a single value is used for
icon, only a single style will be created and that style will be referenced by each Placemark.
Note that the geometries should be in geographical coordinates with datum WGS84.

Value

KML icons

The default icon URL is http://www.gstatic.com/mapspro/images/stock/962-wht-diamond-blank.

png. Additional icons are available at: http://sites.google.com/site/gmapsdevelopment.

Author(s)

Jonathan Callahan

See Also

kmlLine, kmlOverlay, kmlPolygon, Line

Examples
data(SplashDams)
num <- length(SplashDams)
td <- tempdir()
kmlfile <- paste(td, "OregonSplashDams.kml", sep="/")
kmlname <- "Oregon Splash Dams"
kmldescription <- paste("Data for Splash Dams in western Oregon.",
"See http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/lwm/aem/people/burnett.html#projects_activities",
"for more information.")
icon <- "http://www.gstatic.com/mapspro/images/stock/962-wht-diamond-blank.png"
name <- paste("Dam on",SplashDams$streamName)
description <- paste("<b>owner:</b>", SplashDams$owner, "<br><b>dates:</b>", SplashDams$datesUsed)

kmlPoints(SplashDams, kmlfile=kmlfile, name=name, description=description,

icon=icon, kmlname=kmlname, kmldescription=kmldescription)
28 kmlPolygon

kmlPolygon Create and write a KML file on the basis of a given Polygons object

Description
The function is used to create and write a KML file on the basis of a given Polygons object (a list
of Polygon objects) for the usage in Google Earth resp. Google Maps.

Usage
kmlPolygon(obj=NULL, kmlfile=NULL,
name="R Polygon", description="", col=NULL, visibility=1, lwd=1, border=1,
kmlname="", kmldescription="")

Arguments
obj a Polygons or SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object
kmlfile if not NULL the name as character string of the kml file to be written
name the name of the KML polygon
description the description of the KML polygon (HTML tags allowed)
col the fill color (see also Color Specification) of the KML polygon
visibility if set to 1 or TRUE specifies that the KML polygon should be visible after loading
lwd the stroke width for the KML polygon
border the stroke color (see also Color Specification) for the KML polygon
kmlname the name of the KML layer
kmldescription the description of the KML layer (HTML tags allowed)

Details
The function is used to convert a given Polygons object (a list of Polygon objects) or the first
Polygons object listed in a passed SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object into KML polygon. If
kmlfile is not NULL the result will be written into that file. If kmlfile is NULL the generated KML
lines will be returned (see also value).
The conversion can also handle polygons which are marked as holes inside of the Polygons object if
these holes are listed right after that polygon in which these holes appear. That implies that a given
plot order set in the Polygons object will not be considered.
For a passed Polygons object the function generates a <Style> tag whereby its id attribute is set to
the passed object’s ID.
Note that the geometries should be in geographical coordinates with datum WGS84.
The resulting KML polygon will be embedded in <Placemark><MultiGeometry><Polygon>.
kmlPolygon 29

Value

Color Specification

The following color specifications are allowed: 'red', 2, or as hex code '#RRGGBB' resp. '#RRGGBBAA'
for passing the alpha value.

Author(s)

Hans-J. Bibiko

See Also

kmlOverlay, kmlLine, SpatialPolygons

## creates a KML file containing the polygons of South Africa, Switzerland, and Canada
sw <- wrld_simpl[wrld_simpl$NAME %in% c("South Africa", "Switzerland", "Canada"),]
out <- sapply(slot(sw, "polygons"), function(x) { kmlPolygon(x,
name=as(sw, "data.frame")[slot(x, "ID"), "NAME"],
col="red", lwd=1.5, border='black',
description=paste("ISO3:", slot(x, "ID"))) })
tf <- tempfile()
kmlFile <- file(tf, "w")
tf
cat(kmlPolygon(kmlname="R Test", kmldescription="<i>Hello</i>")$header,
file=kmlFile, sep="\n")
cat(unlist(out["style",]), file=kmlFile, sep="\n")
cat(unlist(out["content",]), file=kmlFile, sep="\n")
cat(kmlPolygon()$footer, file=kmlFile, sep="\n")
close(kmlFile)
30 kmlPolygons

kmlPolygons Create and write a KML file on the basis of a given Polygons object or
list of Polygons or SpatialPolygonsDataFrame

Description
The function is used to create and write a KML file on the basis of a given Polygons object (a list
of Polygon objects of SpatialPolygonsDataFrame class) for the usage in Google Earth and Google
Maps.

Usage
kmlPolygons(obj=NULL, kmlfile=NULL,
name="KML Polygons", description="", col=NULL, visibility=1, lwd=1,
border="white", kmlname="", kmldescription="")

Arguments
obj a Polygons or SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object or list of objects
kmlfile if not NULL the name as character string of the kml file to be written to working
directory as "NAME.kml"
name the name of the KML polygon in Google Earth
description the description of the KML polygon displayed in Google Earth or Maps (HTML
tags allowed)
col the fill color (see also Color Specification) of the KML polygon. If passing a
list of Polyons or SpatialPolygonsDataFrame and length(col) is less than
length(object) the first color in col will be applied to all objects in the list
visibility if set to 1 or TRUE specifies that the KML polygon should be visible after loading
lwd the stroke (polygon’s border line) width for the KML polygon
border the stroke color (see also Color Specification) for the KML polygon
kmlname the name of the KML layer
kmldescription the description of the KML layer (HTML tags allowed)

Details
The function is used to convert a given Polygons object (a list of Polygon objects) or the Polygons
object listed in a passed SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object into KML polygon. If kmlfile is not
NULL the result will be written into that file. If kmlfile is NULL the generated KML lines will be
returned (see also value).
The conversion can also handle polygons which are marked as holes inside of the Polygons object if
these holes are listed right after that polygon in which these holes appear. That implies that a given
plot order set in the Polygons object will not be considered.
For a passed Polygons object the function generates a <Style> tag whereby its id attribute is set to
the passed object’s ID.
kmlPolygons 31

Note that the geometries should be in geographical coordinates with datum WGS84.
The resulting KML polygon will be embedded in <Placemark><MultiGeometry><Polygon>.

Color Specification
The following color specifications are allowed: 'red', 2, or as hex code '#RRGGBB' resp. '#RRGGBBAA'
for passing the alpha value.

Author(s)
Hans-J. Bibiko, Jon Callihan, Steven Brey

See Also
kmlPolygon, kmlLines, SpatialPolygons, kmlPoints

Examples
data(wrld_simpl)
## creates a KML file containing the polygons of a political world map
kmlPolygons(wrld_simpl, kmlfile = "worldPolitical.kml", name = "KML Polygons",
description = "the world", col = "red",
visibility = 1, lwd = 1, border = "white", kmlname = "R Test",
kmldescription = "This is <b>only</b> a <a href='http://www.r-project.org'>R</a> test.")

data(wrld_simpl)
## create a KML file containing the polygons of Brazil, Uganda, and Canada
regions <- c("Brazil","Canada","Uganda")
wrld_simpl_subset <- wrld_simpl[wrld_simpl$NAME %in% regions,]
kmlPolygons(wrld_simpl_subset, kmlfile = "worldPoliticalSubset.kml",
name = "KML Polygons subset", description = "three countries", col = "blue",
visibility = 1, lwd = 1, border = "white", kmlname = "R Test 2",
kmldescription = "This is <b>only</b> a <a href='http://www.r-project.org'>R</a> test.")
## combine to make a list of polygon objects to plot
polList <- c(regions,wrld_simpl)
kmlPolygons(wrld_simpl_subset, kmlfile = "worldPoliticalandSubset.kml",
name = "KML Polygons subset", description = "three countries highlighted in world",
col = sample(colours(), length(polList)), visibility = 1, lwd = 1, border = "white",
kmlname = "R Test 2",
kmldescription = "This is <b>only</b> a <a href='http://www.r-project.org'>R</a> test.")
32 leglabs

leglabs Make legend labels

Description
leglabs makes character strings from the same break points. The plot.polylist() function may
be used as a generic S3 method.

Usage
leglabs(vec, under="under", over="over", between="-", reverse=FALSE)

Arguments
vec vector of break values
under character value for under
over character value for over
between character value for between
reverse flag to reverse order of values, you will also need to reorder colours, see example

Author(s)
Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no>

lineLabel Line label placement with spplot and lattice.

Description
The lineLabel function produces and draws text grobs following the paths defined by a list of Line
objects. The sp.lineLabel methods use this function to work easily with spplot.

Usage
lineLabel(line, label,
spar=.6, position = c('above', 'below'),
textloc = 'constantSlope',
col = add.text$col,
alpha = add.text$alpha,
cex = add.text$cex,
lineheight = add.text$lineheight,
font = add.text$font,
fontfamily = add.text$fontfamily,
fontface = add.text$fontface,
lty = add.line$lty,
lwd = add.line$lwd,
col.line = add.line$col,
identifier = 'lineLabel',
...)

sp.lineLabel(object, labels, byid=TRUE,...)

label(object, text, ...)

Arguments
line a list of Lines.
object A Lines or SpatialLines object.
label, labels, text
a string or expression to be printed following the path of line. The names of
labels should match the values of the ID slot of the lines to label. If labels
is missing, the ID slot is used instead. The label method is a wrapper function
to extract the ID slots and create a suitable character object with the correct
names values.
byid If TRUE (default) only the longest line of each unique ID value will be labelled.
textloc a character or a numeric. It may be ’constantSlope’, ’minSlope’ or ’maxDepth’,
or the numeric index of the location. If it is a numeric, its length must coincide
with the number of Lines.
34 lineLabel

spar smoothing parameter. With values near zero, the label will closely follow the
line. Default value is .6. See smooth.spline for details.
position character string (’above’ or ’below’) to define where the text must be placed.
col, alpha, cex, lineheight, font, fontfamily, fontface
graphical arguments for the text. See gpar for details.
lty, lwd, col.line
graphical parameters for the line. See gpar for details.
identifier A character string to identify the grob to be created.
... other arguments

Details
Part of the label location code is adapted from panel.levelplot. smooth.spline is used to re-
sample the segment of the line where the label is placed.

Author(s)
Oscar Perpiñán Lamigueiro.

See Also
spplot sp.pointLabel pointLabel panel.levelplot smooth.spline

Examples
data(meuse.grid)
coordinates(meuse.grid) = ~x+y
proj4string(meuse.grid) <- CRS("+init=epsg:28992")
gridded(meuse.grid) = TRUE

data(meuse)
coordinates(meuse) = ~x+y
data(meuse.riv)
meuse.sl <- SpatialLines(list(Lines(list(Line(meuse.riv)), "1")))

library(RColorBrewer)
myCols <- adjustcolor(colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(n=9, 'Reds'))(100), .85)

labs <- label(meuse.sl, 'Meuse River')

## Maximum depth
sl1 <- list('sp.lineLabel', meuse.sl, label=labs,
position='below', textloc='maxDepth',
spar=.2,
col='darkblue', cex=1,
fontfamily='Palatino',
fontface=2)

spplot(meuse.grid["dist"],
col.regions=myCols,
map2SpatialPolygons 35

sp.layout = sl1)

## Constant slope
sl2 <- modifyList(sl1, list(textloc = 'constantSlope')) ## Default

spplot(meuse.grid["dist"],
col.regions=myCols,
sp.layout = sl2)

## Location defined by its numeric index

sl3 <- modifyList(sl1, list(textloc = 140, position='above'))

spplot(meuse.grid["dist"],
col.regions=myCols,
sp.layout = sl3)

map2SpatialPolygons Convert map objects to sp classes

Description
These functions may be used to convert map objects returned by the map function in the maps
package to suitable objects defined in the sp package. In the examples below, arguments are shown
for retrieving first polygons by name, then lines by window.

Usage
map2SpatialPolygons(map, IDs, proj4string = CRS(as.character(NA)), checkHoles=FALSE)
map2SpatialLines(map, IDs=NULL, proj4string = CRS(as.character(NA)))
pruneMap(map, xlim=NULL, ylim=NULL)

Arguments
map a map object defined in the maps package and returned by the map function
IDs Unique character ID values for each output Polygons object; the input IDs can
be an integer or character vector with duplicates, where the duplicates will be
combined as a single output Polygons object
proj4string Object of class "CRS"; holding a valid proj4 string
checkHoles default=FALSE, if TRUE call checkPolygonsHolesinternally to check hole as-
signment, (by default no polygon objects are holes)
xlim,ylim limits for pruning a map object - should only be used for lines, because polygons
will not be closed

Details
Any zero area output geometries are dropped, and warnings are issued.
36 map2SpatialPolygons

Value
map2SpatialPolygons returns a SpatialPolygons object and map2SpatialLines returns a Spa-
tialLines object (objects defined in the sp package); pruneMap returns a modified map object defined
in the maps package

Note
As the examples show, retrieval by name should be checked to see whether a window is not also
needed: the "norway" polygons include "Norway:Bouvet Island", which is in the South Atlantic.
Here, the IDs argument is set uniformly to "Norway" for all the component polygons, so that the
output object contains a single Polygons object with multiple component Polygon objects. When
retrieving by window, pruning may be needed on lines which are included because they begin within
the window; interior=FALSE is used to remove country boundaries in this case.

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

nearestPointOnLine Get the nearest point on a line to a given point

Description

This function calculates the coordinates of the nearest point on a line to a given point. This function
does not work with geographic coordinates.

Usage

nearestPointOnLine(coordsLine, coordsPoint)

Arguments

coordsLine Matrix with coordinates of line vertices. Each row represents a vertex.
coordsPoint A vector representing the X and Y coordinates of the point.

Value

Vector with the X and Y coordinates of the nearest point on a line to the given point.

Author(s)

German Carrillo

See Also

nearestPointOnSegment, snapPointsToLines

Examples
coordsLine = cbind(c(1,2,3),c(3,2,2))
coordsPoint = c(1.2,1.5)
nearestPointOnLine(coordsLine, coordsPoint)
38 nearestPointOnSegment

nearestPointOnSegment Get the nearest point on a segment to a given point

Description

This function calculates the coordinates of and the distance to the nearest point on a segment to a
given point. This function does not work with geographic coordinates.

Usage

nearestPointOnSegment(s, p)

Arguments

s A matrix representing the coordinates of the segment. The matrix has 2x2 di-
mension where each row represents one of the end points.
p A vector representing the X and Y coordinates of the point.

Value

A vector with three numeric values representing X and Y coordinates of the nearest point on a
segment to a given point as well as the distance between both points.

Author(s)

German Carrillo

References

The function was ported to R based on this code: http://pastebin.com/n9rUuGRh

See Also

nearestPointOnLine, snapPointsToLines

Examples
segment = cbind(c(1,2),c(1,1.5))
point = c(1.2,1.5)
nearestPointOnSegment(segment, point)
nowrapRecenter 39

nowrapRecenter Break polygons at meridian for recentering

Description
When recentering a world map, say to change an "Atlantic" view with longitude range -180 to
180, to a "Pacific" view, with longitude range 0 to 360, polygons crossed by the new offset, here
0/360, need to be clipped into left and right sub.polygons to avoid horizontal scratches across the
map. The nowrapSpatialPolygons function performs this operation using polygon intersection,
and nowrapRecenter recenters the output SpatialPolygons object.

Usage
nowrapRecenter(obj, offset = 0, eps = rep(.Machine$double.eps^(1/2.5), 2),
avoidGEOS = FALSE)
nowrapSpatialPolygons(obj, offset = 0, eps=rep(.Machine$double.eps^(1/2.5), 2),
avoidGEOS = FALSE)

Arguments
obj A SpatialPolygons object
offset offset from the Greenwich meridian
eps vector of two (left and right) fuzz factors to retract the ring from the offset (2.5
root to accommodate rgeos precision rules)
avoidGEOS default FALSE; use polyclip or gpclib code even if rgeos is available

Value
A SpatialPolygons object

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

See Also
recenter-methods, nowrapSpatialLines

Examples
## Not run:
if (require(maps)) {
world <- map("world", fill=TRUE, col="transparent", plot=FALSE)
worldSpP <- map2SpatialPolygons(world, world$names, CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84"))
worldSpP <- worldSpP[-grep("Antarctica", row.names(worldSpP)),]
# incomplete polygons
worldSpP <- worldSpP[-grep("Ghana", row.names(worldSpP)),]
40 nowrapSpatialLines

# self-intersection mouth of Volta

worldSpP <- worldSpP[-grep("UK:Great Britain", row.names(worldSpP)),]
# self-intersection Humber estuary
worldSpPr <- recenter(worldSpP)
plot(worldSpPr)
title("Pacific view without polygon splitting")
worldSpPnr <- nowrapRecenter(worldSpP)
plot(worldSpPnr)
title("Pacific view with polygon splitting")
}

## End(Not run)
if (rgeosStatus()) {
crds <- matrix(c(-1, 1, 1, -1, 50, 50, 52, 52), ncol=2)
rcrds <- rbind(crds, crds[1,])
SR <- SpatialPolygons(list(Polygons(list(Polygon(rcrds)), ID="r1")),
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84"))
bbox(SR)
SRr <- recenter(SR)
bbox(SRr)
SRnr <- nowrapRecenter(SR)
bbox(SRnr)
}

nowrapSpatialLines Split SpatialLines components at offset

Description
When recentering a world map, most often from the "Atlantic" view with longitudes with range -
180 to 180, to the "pacific" view with longitudes with range 0 to 360, lines crossing the offset (0 for
this conversion) get stretched horizonally. This function breaks Line objects at the offset (usually
Greenwich), inserting a very small gap, and reassembling the Line objects created as Lines. The
rgeos package is required to use this function.

Usage
nowrapSpatialLines(obj, offset = 0, eps = rep(.Machine$double.eps^(1/2.5), 2))

Arguments
obj A Spatial Lines object
offset default 0, untried for other values
eps vector of two fuzz values, both default 2.5 root of double.eps

Value
A Spatial Lines object
pal2SpatialPolygons 41

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

See Also
recenter-methods, nowrapSpatialPolygons

Examples
Sl <- SpatialLines(list(Lines(list(Line(cbind(sin(seq(-4,4,0.4)),
seq(1,21,1)))), "1")), proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84"))
summary(Sl)
nwSL <- nowrapSpatialLines(Sl)
summary(nwSL)
if(require(maps)) {
worldmap <- map("world", plot=FALSE)
worldmapLines <- map2SpatialLines(worldmap, proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"))
bbox(worldmapLines)
if (require(rgeos)) {
t0 <- nowrapSpatialLines(worldmapLines, offset=180)
bbox(t0)
}
}

pal2SpatialPolygons Making SpatialPolygons objects from RArcInfo input

Description
This function is used in making SpatialPolygons objects from RArcInfo input.

Usage
pal2SpatialPolygons(arc, pal, IDs, dropPoly1=TRUE,
proj4string=CRS(as.character(NA)))

Arguments
IDs Unique character ID values for each output Polygons object; the input IDs can
be an integer or character vector with duplicates, where the duplicates will be
combined as a single output Polygons object
proj4string Object of class "CRS"; holding a valid proj4 string
arc Object returned by get.arcdata
pal Object returned by get.paldata
dropPoly1 Should the first polygon in the AVC or e00 data be dropped; the first polygon is
typically the compound boundary of the whole dataset, and can be detected by
looking at the relative lengths of the list components in the second component
of pal, which are the numbers of arcs making up the boundary of each polygon
42 panel.pointLabel

Value
The functions return a SpatialPolygons object

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

Examples
nc1 <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1], ID="FIPS")
plot(nc1)
text(coordinates(nc1), labels=row.names(nc1), cex=0.6)
if(require(maps)){
ncmap <- map("county", "north carolina", fill=TRUE, col="transparent",
plot=FALSE)
IDs <- sapply(strsplit(ncmap$names, "[,:]"), function(x) x[2])
nc2 <- map2SpatialPolygons(ncmap, IDs)
plot(nc2)
text(coordinates(nc2), labels=row.names(nc2), cex=0.6)
}
if(require(RArcInfo)) {
td <- tempdir()
tmpcover <- paste(td, "nc", sep="/")
if (!file.exists(tmpcover)) e00toavc(system.file("share/co37_d90.e00",
package="maptools")[1], tmpcover)
arc <- get.arcdata(td, "nc")
pal <- get.paldata(td, "nc")
pat <- get.tabledata(paste(td, "info", sep="/"), "NC.PAT")
sapply(pal[[2]], function(x) length(x[[1]]))
IDs <- paste(pat$ST[-1], pat$CO[-1], sep="")
nc3 <- pal2SpatialPolygons(arc, pal, IDs=IDs)
plot(nc3)
text(coordinates(nc3), labels=row.names(nc3), cex=0.6)
}

panel.pointLabel Label placement with spplot and lattice.

Description
Use optimization routines to find good locations for point labels without overlaps.

Usage
panel.pointLabel(x, y = NULL,
labels = seq(along = x),
method = c("SANN", "GA"),
allowSmallOverlap = FALSE,
col = add.text$col,
panel.pointLabel 43

alpha = add.text$alpha,
cex = add.text$cex,
lineheight = add.text$lineheight,
font = add.text$font,
fontfamily = add.text$fontfamily,
fontface = add.text$fontface,
fill='transparent',
...)

sp.pointLabel(object, labels, ...)

Arguments
object A SpatialPoints object.
x, y coordinates for the point labels. See xy.coords for details.
labels a character vector or expression.
method the optimization method, either SANN for simulated annealing (the default) or
GA for a genetic algorithm.
allowSmallOverlap
logical; if TRUE, labels are allowed a small overlap. The overlap allowed is 2%
of the diagonal distance of the plot area.
col, alpha, cex, lineheight, font, fontfamily, fontface, fill
Graphical arguments. See gpar for details
... Additional arguments (currently not processed).

Author(s)
Tom Short wrote pointLabel for base graphics. Oscar Perpiñán Lamigueiro modified this function
for lattice and spplot.

myTheme <- list(add.text=list(

cex=0.7,
col='midnightblue',
fontface=2,
fontfamily='mono'))
44 pointLabel

library(lattice)
xyplot(y~x,
labels=labels,
par.settings=myTheme,
panel=function(x, y, labels, ...){
panel.xyplot(x, y, ...)
panel.pointLabel(x, y, labels=labels, ...)
})

data(meuse.grid)
coordinates(meuse.grid) = ~x+y
proj4string(meuse.grid) <- CRS("+init=epsg:28992")
gridded(meuse.grid) = TRUE

library(RColorBrewer)
myCols <- adjustcolor(colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(n=9, 'Reds'))(100), .85)

pts <- spsample(meuse.grid, n=15, type="random")

Rauthors <- readLines(file.path(R.home("doc"), "AUTHORS"))[9:28]

someAuthors <- Rauthors[seq_along(pts)]

sl1 <- list('sp.points', pts, pch=19, cex=.8, col='midnightblue')

sl2 <- list('sp.pointLabel', pts, label=someAuthors,
cex=0.7, col='midnightblue',
fontfamily='Palatino')

spplot(meuse.grid["dist"], col.regions=myCols, sp.layout=list(sl1, sl2))

pointLabel Label placement for points to avoid overlaps

Description

Use optimization routines to find good locations for point labels without overlaps.

Usage

pointLabel(x, y = NULL, labels = seq(along = x), cex = 1,

method = c("SANN", "GA"),
allowSmallOverlap = FALSE,
trace = FALSE,
doPlot = TRUE,
...)
pointLabel 45

Arguments
x, y as with plot.default, these provide the x and y coordinates for the point labels.
Any reasonable way of defining the coordinates is acceptable. See the function
xy.coords for details.
labels as with text, a character vector or expression specifying the text to be writ-
ten. An attempt is made to coerce other language objects (names and calls)
to expressions, and vectors and other classed objects to character vectors by
as.character.
cex numeric character expansion factor as with text.
method the optimization method, either “SANN” for simulated annealing (the default)
or “GA” for a genetic algorithm.
allowSmallOverlap
logical; if TRUE, labels are allowed a small overlap. The overlap allowed is 2%
of the diagonal distance of the plot area.
trace logical; if TRUE, status updates are given as the optimization algorithms progress.
doPlot logical; if TRUE, the labels are plotted on the existing graph with text.
... arguments passed along to text to specify labeling parameters such as col.

Details
Eight positions are candidates for label placement, either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally off-
set from the points. The default position for labels is the top right diagonal relative to the point
(considered the preferred label position).
With the default settings, simulating annealing solves faster than the genetic algorithm. It is an open
question as to which settles into a global optimum the best (both algorithms have parameters that
may be tweaked).
The label positioning problem is NP-hard (nondeterministic polynomial-time hard). Placement
becomes difficult and slows considerably with large numbers of points. This function places all
labels, whether overlaps occur or not. Some placement algorithms remove labels that overlap.
Note that only cex is used to calculate string width and height (using strwidth and strheight), so
passing a different font may corrupt the label dimensions. You could get around this by adjusting
the font parameters with par prior to running this function.

Value
An xy list giving the x and y positions of the label as would be placed by text(xy, labels).

Author(s)
Tom Short, EPRI, <tshort@epri.com>

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_label_placement
http://i11www.iti.uni-karlsruhe.de/map-labeling/bibliography/
46 ppp-class

http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shieber/Projects/Carto/carto.html
http://www.szoraster.com/Cartography/PracticalExperience.htm
The genetic algorithm code was adapted from the python code at
http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Map_generator.
The simulated annealing code follows the algorithm and guidelines in:
Jon Christensen, Joe Marks, and Stuart Shieber. Placing text labels on maps and diagrams. In
Paul Heckbert, editor, Graphics Gems IV, pages 497-504. Academic Press, Boston, MA, 1994.
http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shieber/Biblio/Papers/jc.label.pdf

See Also

text, thigmophobe.labels in package plotrix

Examples
n <- 50
x <- rnorm(n)*10
y <- rnorm(n)*10
plot(x, y, col = "red", pch = 20)
pointLabel(x, y, as.character(round(x,5)), offset = 0, cex = .7)

plot(x, y, col = "red", pch = 20)

pointLabel(x, y, expression(over(alpha, beta[123])), offset = 0, cex = .8)

ppp-class Virtual class "ppp"

Description

Virtual S4 class definition for S3 classes in the spatstat package to allow S4-style coercion to these
classes

Objects from the Class

A virtual Class: No objects may be created from it.

Author(s)

Edzer J. Pebesma
readAsciiGrid 47

readAsciiGrid read/write to/from (ESRI) asciigrid format

Description
read/write to/from ESRI asciigrid format; a fuzz factor has been added to writeAsciiGrid to force
cell resolution to equality if the difference is less than the square root of machine precision

Usage

readAsciiGrid(fname, as.image = FALSE, plot.image = FALSE,

colname = basename(fname), proj4string = CRS(as.character(NA)),
dec=options()$OutDec)
writeAsciiGrid(x, fname, attr = 1, na.value = -9999, dec=options()$OutDec, ...)

Arguments
fname file name
as.image logical; if TRUE, a list is returned, ready to be shown with the image command;
if FALSE an object of class SpatialGridDataFrame-class is returned
plot.image logical; if TRUE, an image of the map is plotted
colname alternative name for data column if not file basename
proj4string A CRS object setting the projection arguments of the Spatial Grid returned
dec decimal point character. This should be a character string containing just one
single-byte character — see note below.
x object of class SpatialGridDataFrame
attr attribute column; if missing, the first column is taken; a name or a column num-
ber may be given
na.value numeric; value given to missing valued cells in the resulting map
... arguments passed to write.table, which is used to write the numeric data

Value
readAsciiGrid returns the grid map read; either as an object of class SpatialGridDataFrame-class
or, if as.image is TRUE, as list with components x, y and z.

Note
In ArcGIS 8, it was not in general necessary to set the dec argument; it is not necessary in a mixed
environment with ArcView 3.2 (R writes and ArcView reads "."), but inter-operation with ArcGIS 9
requires care because the defaults used by ArcGIS seem to be misleading, and it may be necessary
to override what appear to be platform defaults by setting the argument.
48 readGPS

Author(s)
Edzer Pebesma, edzer.pebesma@uni-muenster.de

readGPS GPSbabel read interface

Description
The function reads a data frame from an attached GPS using the external program gpsbabel. The
columns of the data frame need to be identified by hand because different GPS order NMEA data
in different ways, and the columns should be converted to the correct classes by hand. Once the
specifics of a particular GPS are identified, and ways of cleaning erroneous locations are found, the
conversion of the output data frame into a usable one may be automated.

Usage
readGPS(i = "garmin", f = "usb:", type="w", invisible=TRUE, ...)

Arguments
i INTYPE: a supported file type, default "garmin"
f INFILE: the appropriate device interface, default "usb:", on Windows for serial
interfaces commonly "com4:" or similar
type "w" waypoints, or "t" track, or others provided in gpsbabel
readGPS 49

invisible Under Windows, do not open an extra window

... arguments passed through to read.table

Details

The function just wraps: gpsbabel -i INTYPE -f INFILE -o tabsep -F - in system(), and reads the
returned character vector of lines into a data frame. On some systems, INFILE may not be readable
by ordinary users without extra configuration. The gpsbabel program must be present and on the
user’s PATH for the function to work. Typically, for a given GPS, the user will have to experiment
first to find a set of data-cleaning tricks that work, but from then on they should be repeatable.

Value

A data frame of waypoint values

Author(s)

Patrick Giraudoux and Roger Bivand

References

http://www.gpsbabel.org

Examples

## Not run:
#b1 <- readGPS(f="usb:")
#str(b1)
#b2 <- b1[1:172,]
#wp0 <- b2[,c(2,3,4,8,9,19)]
#str(wp0)
#wp0$long <- wp0$V9
#wp0$lat <- as.numeric(as.character(wp0$V8))
#wp0$id <- as.character(wp0$V2)
#wp0$alt <- as.numeric(substring(as.character(wp0$V19), 1,
# (nchar(as.character(wp0$V19))-1)))
#wp0$time <- as.POSIXct(strptime(paste(as.character(wp0$V3),
# as.character(wp0$V4)), format="%d-%b-%y %H:%M:%S"))
#str(wp0)
#wp1 <- wp0[,-(1:6)]
#str(wp1)
#summary(wp1)

## End(Not run)
50 readShapeLines

readShapeLines Read arc shape files into SpatialLinesDataFrame objects

Description
The readShapeLines function reads data from an arc/line shapefile into a SpatialLinesDataFrame
object; the shapefile may be of type polygon, but for just plotting for example coastlines, a Spa-
tialLines object is sufficient. The writeLinesShape function writes data from a SpatialLinesDataFrame
object to a shapefile. Note DBF file restrictions in write.dbf.

Usage
readShapeLines(fn, proj4string=CRS(as.character(NA)), verbose=FALSE,
repair=FALSE, delete_null_obj=FALSE)
writeLinesShape(x, fn, factor2char = TRUE, max_nchar=254)

Arguments
fn shapefile layer name, when writing omitting the extensions *.shp, *.shx and
*.dbf, which are added in the function
proj4string Object of class CRS; holding a valid proj4 string
verbose default TRUE - report type of shapefile and number of shapes
repair default FALSE: some shapefiles provided by Geolytics Inc. have values of ob-
ject sizes stored in the *.shx index file that are eight bytes too large, leading the
function to try to read past the end of file. If repair=TRUE, an attempt is made
to repair the internal values, permitting such files to be read.
delete_null_obj
if TRUE, null geometries will be removed together with their data.frame rows
x a SpatialLinesDataFrame object
factor2char logical, default TRUE, convert factor columns to character
max_nchar default 254, may be set to a higher limit and passed through to the DBF writer,
please see Details in write.dbf

Details
The shpID values of the shapefile will be used as Lines ID values; when writing shapefiles, the
object data slot row.names are added to the DBF file as column SL\_ID.

Value
a SpatialLinesDataFrame object

Author(s)
Roger Bivand
readShapePoints 51

See Also
write.dbf

Examples
xx <- readShapeLines(system.file("shapes/fylk-val.shp", package="maptools")[1],
proj4string=CRS("+proj=utm +zone=33 +datum=WGS84"))
plot(xx, col="blue")
summary(xx)
xxx <- xx[xx$LENGTH > 30000,]
plot(xxx, col="red", add=TRUE)
tmpfl <- paste(tempdir(), "xxline", sep="/")
writeLinesShape(xxx, tmpfl)
getinfo.shape(paste(tmpfl, ".shp", sep=""))
axx <- readShapeLines(tmpfl, proj4string=CRS("+proj=utm +zone=33 +datum=WGS84"))
plot(xxx, col="black", lwd=4)
plot(axx, col="yellow", lwd=1, add=TRUE)
unlink(paste(tmpfl, ".*", sep=""))
xx <- readShapeLines(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=NAD27"))
plot(xx, col="blue")

readShapePoints Read points shape files into SpatialPointsDataFrame objects

Description
The readShapePoints reads data from a points shapefile into a SpatialPointsDataFrame object.
The writePointsShape function writes data from a SpatialPointsDataFrame object to a shape-
file. Both reading and writing can be carried out for 2D and 3D point coordinates. Note DBF file
restrictions in write.dbf.

Usage
readShapePoints(fn, proj4string = CRS(as.character(NA)), verbose = FALSE,
repair=FALSE)
writePointsShape(x, fn, factor2char = TRUE, max_nchar=254)

x a SpatialPointsDataFrame object
factor2char logical, default TRUE, convert factor columns to character
max_nchar default 254, may be set to a higher limit and passed through to the DBF writer,
please see Details in write.dbf

Value
a SpatialPointsDataFrame object

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

See Also
write.dbf

Examples
library(maptools)
xx <- readShapePoints(system.file("shapes/baltim.shp", package="maptools")[1])
plot(xx)
summary(xx)
xxx <- xx[xx$PRICE < 40,]
tmpfl <- paste(tempdir(), "xxpts", sep="/")
writePointsShape(xxx, tmpfl)
getinfo.shape(paste(tmpfl, ".shp", sep=""))
axx <- readShapePoints(tmpfl)
plot(axx, col="red", add=TRUE)
unlink(paste(tmpfl, ".*", sep=""))
xx <- readShapePoints(system.file("shapes/pointZ.shp", package="maptools")[1])
dimensions(xx)
plot(xx)
summary(xx)

readShapePoly Read polygon shape files into SpatialPolygonsDataFrame objects

Description
The readShapePoly reads data from a polygon shapefile into a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame ob-
ject. The writePolyShape function writes data from a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object to a
shapefile. Note DBF file restrictions in write.dbf.

Usage
readShapePoly(fn, IDvar=NULL, proj4string=CRS(as.character(NA)),
verbose=FALSE, repair=FALSE, force_ring=FALSE, delete_null_obj=FALSE,
retrieve_ABS_null=FALSE)
writePolyShape(x, fn, factor2char = TRUE, max_nchar=254)
readShapePoly 53

Arguments
fn shapefile layer name, when writing omitting the extensions *.shp, *.shx and
*.dbf, which are added in the function
IDvar a character string: the name of a column in the shapefile DBF containing the ID
values of the shapes - the values will be converted to a character vector
proj4string Object of class CRS; holding a valid proj4 string
verbose default TRUE - report type of shapefile and number of shapes
repair default FALSE: some shapefiles provided by Geolytics Inc. have values of ob-
ject sizes stored in the *.shx index file that are eight bytes too large, leading the
function to try to read past the end of file. If repair=TRUE, an attempt is made
to repair the internal values, permitting such files to be read.
force_ring if TRUE, close unclosed input rings
delete_null_obj
if TRUE, null geometries will be removed together with their data.frame rows
retrieve_ABS_null
default FALSE, if TRUE and delete\_null\_obj also TRUE, the function will
return a data frame containing the data from any null geometries inserted by
ABS
x a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object
factor2char logical, default TRUE, convert factor columns to character
max_nchar default 254, may be set to a higher limit and passed through to the DBF writer,
please see Details in write.dbf

Details
If no IDvar argument is given, the shpID values of the shapefile will be used as Polygons ID values;
when writing shapefiles, the object data slot row.names are added to the DBF file as column SP\_ID.

Value
a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

See Also
write.dbf

Examples
library(maptools)
xx <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
IDvar="FIPSNO", proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
plot(xx, border="blue", axes=TRUE, las=1)
text(coordinates(xx), labels=row.names(xx), cex=0.6)
54 readShapeSpatial

as(xx, "data.frame")[1:5, 1:6]

xxx <- xx[xx$SID74 < 2,]
plot(xxx, border="red", add=TRUE)
tmpfl <- paste(tempdir(), "xxpoly", sep="/")
writePolyShape(xxx, tmpfl)
getinfo.shape(paste(tmpfl, ".shp", sep=""))
axx <- readShapePoly(tmpfl, proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
plot(xxx, border="black", lwd=4)
plot(axx, border="yellow", lwd=1, add=TRUE)
unlink(paste(tmpfl, ".*", sep=""))

readShapeSpatial Read shape files into Spatial*DataFrame objects

Description
The readShapeSpatial reads data from a shapefile into a Spatial*DataFrame object. The writeSpatialShape
function writes data from a Spatial*DataFrame object to a shapefile. Note DBF file restrictions in
write.dbf.

Usage
readShapeSpatial(fn, proj4string=CRS(as.character(NA)),
verbose=FALSE, repair=FALSE, IDvar=NULL, force_ring=FALSE,
delete_null_obj=FALSE, retrieve_ABS_null=FALSE)
writeSpatialShape(x, fn, factor2char = TRUE, max_nchar=254)

Arguments
fn shapefile layer name, when writing omitting the extensions *.shp, *.shx and
*.dbf, which are added in the function
proj4string Object of class CRS; holding a valid proj4 string
verbose default TRUE - report type of shapefile and number of shapes
repair default FALSE: some shapefiles provided by Geolytics Inc. have values of ob-
ject sizes stored in the *.shx index file that are eight bytes too large, leading the
function to try to read past the end of file. If repair=TRUE, an attempt is made
to repair the internal values, permitting such files to be read.
IDvar a character string: the name of a column in the shapefile DBF containing the ID
values of the shapes - the values will be converted to a character vector (Poly-
gons only)
force_ring if TRUE, close unclosed input rings (Polygons only)
delete_null_obj
if TRUE, null geometries inserted by ABS will be removed together with their
data.frame rows (Polygons and Lines)
readShapeSpatial 55

retrieve_ABS_null
default FALSE, if TRUE and delete\_null\_obj also TRUE, the function will
return a data frame containing the data from any null geometries inserted by
ABS (Polygons only)
x a vector data Spatial*DataFrame object
factor2char logical, default TRUE, convert factor columns to character
max_nchar default 254, may be set to a higher limit and passed through to the DBF writer,
please see Details in write.dbf

Value
a Spatial*DataFrame object of a class corresponding to the input shapefile

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

See Also
write.dbf

Examples
library(maptools)
xx <- readShapeSpatial(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
IDvar="FIPSNO", proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
summary(xx)
xxx <- xx[xx$SID74 < 2,]
tmpfl <- paste(tempdir(), "xxpoly", sep="/")
writeSpatialShape(xxx, tmpfl)
getinfo.shape(paste(tmpfl, ".shp", sep=""))
unlink(paste(tmpfl, ".*", sep=""))
xx <- readShapeSpatial(system.file("shapes/fylk-val.shp",
package="maptools")[1], proj4string=CRS("+proj=utm +zone=33 +datum=WGS84"))
summary(xx)
xxx <- xx[xx$LENGTH > 30000,]
plot(xxx, col="red", add=TRUE)
tmpfl <- paste(tempdir(), "xxline", sep="/")
writeSpatialShape(xxx, tmpfl)
getinfo.shape(paste(tmpfl, ".shp", sep=""))
unlink(paste(tmpfl, ".*", sep=""))
xx <- readShapeSpatial(system.file("shapes/baltim.shp", package="maptools")[1])
summary(xx)
xxx <- xx[xx$PRICE < 40,]
tmpfl <- paste(tempdir(), "xxpts", sep="/")
writeSpatialShape(xxx, tmpfl)
56 readSplus

getinfo.shape(paste(tmpfl, ".shp", sep=""))

unlink(paste(tmpfl, ".*", sep=""))

readSplus Read exported WinBUGS maps

Description

The function permits an exported WinBUGS map to be read into an sp package class SpatialPolygons
object.

Usage

readSplus(file, proj4string = CRS(as.character(NA)))

Arguments

file name of file

proj4string Object of class ’"CRS"’; holding a valid proj4 string

Value

readSplus returns a SpatialPolygons object

Note

In the example, taken from the GeoBUGS manual, the smaller part of area1 has a counter-clockwise
ring direction in the data, while other rings are clockwise. This implies that it is a hole, and does
not get filled. Errant holes may be filled using checkPolygonsHoles. The region labels are stored
in the ID slots of the Polygons objects.

Author(s)

Virgilio Gomez Rubio <Virgilio.Gomez@uclm.es>

References

http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/geobugs12manual.pdf

See Also

map2SpatialPolygons
Rgshhs 57

Examples
if (rgeosStatus()) {
geobugs <- readSplus(system.file("share/Splus.map", package="maptools"))
plot(geobugs, axes=TRUE, col=1:3)
row.names(geobugs)
pls <- slot(geobugs, "polygons")
sapply(pls, function(i) sapply(slot(i, "Polygons"), slot, "hole"))
pls1 <- lapply(pls, checkPolygonsHoles)
sapply(pls1, function(i) sapply(slot(i, "Polygons"), slot, "hole"))
plot(SpatialPolygons(pls1), axes=TRUE, col=1:3)
}

Rgshhs Read GSHHS data into sp object

Description
If the data are polygon data, the function will read GSHHS polygons into SpatialPolygons object for
a chosen region, using binary shorelines from Global Self-consistant Hierarchical High-resolution
(Shorelines) Geography, release 2.3.0 of February 1, 2014 (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pwessel/
gshhg/gshhg-bin-2.3.0.zip).
The getRgshhsMap function calls Rgshhs internally to simplify the interface by returning only a
SpatialPolygons object rather than a more complex list, and by calling Rgshhs twice either side of
longitude 0 degrees for values of “xlim” straddling 0, then merging the polygons retrieved.
If the data are line data, the borders or river lines will be read into a SpatialLines object. The data
are provided in integer form as millionths of decimal degrees. Reading of much earlier versions of
the GSHHS binary files will fail with an error message. The netCDF GSHHS files distributed with
GMT >= 4.2 cannot be read as they are in a very different format.

Usage
Rgshhs(fn, xlim = NULL, ylim = NULL, level = 4, minarea = 0, shift = FALSE,
verbose = TRUE, no.clip = FALSE, properly=FALSE, avoidGEOS=FALSE,
checkPolygons=FALSE)
getRgshhsMap(fn = system.file("share/gshhs_c.b", package= "maptools"),
xlim, ylim, level = 1, shift = TRUE, verbose = TRUE, no.clip = FALSE,
properly=FALSE, avoidGEOS=FALSE, checkPolygons=FALSE)

Arguments
fn filename or full path to GSHHS 2.3.0 file to be read
xlim longitude limits within 0-360 in most cases, negative longitudes are also found
east of the Atlantic, but the Americas are recorded as positive values
ylim latitude limits
level maximum GSHHS level to include, defaults to 4 (everything), setting 1 will only
retrieve land, no lakes
58 Rgshhs

minarea minimum area in square km to retrieve, default 0

shift default FALSE, can be used to shift longitudes > 180 degrees to below zero,
beware of artefacts involving unhandled polygon splitting at 180 degrees
verbose default TRUE, print progress reports
no.clip default FALSE, if TRUE, do not clip output polygons to bounding box
properly default FALSE, if TRUE use gContainsProperly rather than gContains, here
FALSE because clip rectangle touches clipped objects, so they are not properly
contained
avoidGEOS default FALSE; if TRUE force use of gpclib even when rgeos is available
checkPolygons default FALSE, if TRUE, check using GEOS, which may re-order the member
Polygon objects with respect to the returned polydata data frame rows

Details
The package is distributed with the coarse version of the shoreline data, and much more detailed
versions may be downloaded from the referenced websites. The data is of high quality, matching
the accuracy of SRTM shorelines for the full dataset (but not for inland waterbodies). In general,
users will construct study region SpatialPolygons objects, which can then be exported (for example
as a shapefile), or used in other R packages (such as PBSmapping). The largest land polygons take
considerable time to clip to the study region, certainly many minutes for an extract from the full
resolution data file including Eurasia (with Africa) or the Americas. For this reason, do not give
up if nothing seems to be happening after the (verbose) message: "Rgshhs: clipping <m> of <n>
polygons ..." appears. Clipping the largest polygons in full resolution also needs a good deal of
memory.

Value
for polygon data, a list with the following components:

polydata data from the headers of the selected GSHHS polygons

belongs a matrix showing which polygon belongs to (is included in) which polygon,
going from the highest level among the selected polygons down to 1 (land);
levels are: 1 land, 2 lake, 3 island\_in\_lake, 4 pond\_in\_island\_in\_lake.
new_belongs a ragged list of polygon inclusion used for making SP
SP a SpatialPolygons object; this is the principal output object, and will become the
only output object as the package matures

the getRgshhsMap returns only a SpatialPolygons object; for line data, a list with the following
component:

SP a SpatialLines object

Note
A number of steps are taken in this implementation that are unexpected, print messages, and so
require explanation. Following the extraction of polygons intersecting the required region, a check
is made to see if Antarctica is present. If it is, a new southern border is imposed at the southern ylim
Rgshhs 59

value or -90 if no ylim value is given. When clipping polygons seeming to intersect the required
region boundary, it can happen that no polygon is left within the region (for example when the
boundaries are overlaid, but also because the min/max polygon values in the header may not agree
with the polygon itself (one case observed for a lake west of Groningen). The function then reports
a null polygon. Another problem occurs when closed polygons are cut up during the finding of
intersections between polygons and the required region boundary.
By default, if the rgeos package is available, it is used for topology operations. If it is not available,
the gpclib package may be used. Please also note that gpclib has a restricted licence.

Author(s)

Roger Bivand

References

http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pwessel/gshhg/, http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pwessel/
gshhg/gshhg-bin-2.3.0.zip; Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, A Global Self-consistent, Hierar-
chical, High-resolution Shoreline Database, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8741-8743, 1996.

Examples

if (rgeosStatus()) {
gshhs.c.b <- system.file("share/gshhs_c.b", package="maptools")
WEx <- c(-12, 3)
WEy <- c(48, 59)
WE <- getRgshhsMap(gshhs.c.b, xlim=WEx, ylim=WEy)
plot(WE, col="khaki", xlim=WEx, ylim=WEy, xaxs="i", yaxs="i", axes=TRUE)
NZx <- c(160,180)
NZy <- c(-50,-30)
NZ <- Rgshhs(gshhs.c.b, xlim=NZx, ylim=NZy)
plot(NZ$SP, col="khaki", pbg="azure2", xlim=NZx, ylim=NZy, xaxs="i", yaxs="i", axes=TRUE)
GLx <- c(265,285)
GLy <- c(40,50)
GL <- Rgshhs(gshhs.c.b, xlim=GLx, ylim=GLy)
plot(GL$SP, col="khaki", pbg="azure2", xlim=GLx, ylim=GLy, xaxs="i", yaxs="i", axes=TRUE)
BNLx <- c(2,8)
BNLy <- c(49,54)
wdb_lines <- system.file("share/wdb_borders_c.b", package="maptools")
BNLp <- Rgshhs(gshhs.c.b, xlim=BNLx, ylim=BNLy)
BNLl <- Rgshhs(wdb_lines, xlim=BNLx, ylim=BNLy)
plot(BNLp$SP, col="khaki", pbg="azure2", xlim=BNLx, ylim=BNLy, xaxs="i", yaxs="i", axes=TRUE)
lines(BNLl$SP)
xlims <- c(0,360)
ylims <- c(-90,90)
world <- Rgshhs(gshhs.c.b, xlim=xlims, ylim=ylims, level=1, checkPolygons=TRUE)
}
60 snapPointsToLines

snapPointsToLines Snap a set of points to a set of lines

Description
This function snaps a set of points to a set of lines based on the minimum distance of each point to
any of the lines. This function does not work with geographic coordinates.

Usage
snapPointsToLines(points, lines, maxDist = NA, withAttrs = TRUE, idField=NA)

Arguments
points An object of the class SpatialPoints or SpatialPointsDataFrame.
lines An object of the class SpatialLines or SpatialLinesDataFrame.
maxDist Numeric value for establishing a maximum distance to avoid snapping points
that are farther apart. This parameter is optional.
withAttrs Boolean value for preserving (TRUE) or getting rid (FALSE) of the original
point attributes. Default: TRUE. This parameter is optional.
idField A string specifying the field which contains each line’s id. This id will be trans-
ferred to the snapped points data set to distinguish the line which each point was
snapped to.

Value
SpatialPointsDataFrame object as defined by the R package ’sp’. This object contains the snapped
points, therefore all of them lie on the lines.

Author(s)
German Carrillo

See Also
nearestPointOnSegment, nearestPointOnLine, sp

Examples
# From the sp vignette
l1 = cbind(c(1,2,3),c(3,2,2))
l1a = cbind(l1[,1]+.05,l1[,2]+.05)
l2 = cbind(c(1,2,3),c(1,1.5,1))
Sl1 = Line(l1)
Sl1a = Line(l1a)
Sl2 = Line(l2)
S1 = Lines(list(Sl1, Sl1a), ID="a")
sp2Mondrian 61

S2 = Lines(list(Sl2), ID="b")
Sl = SpatialLines(list(S1,S2))
df = data.frame(z = c(1,2), row.names=sapply(slot(Sl, "lines"), function(x) slot(x, "ID")))
Sldf = SpatialLinesDataFrame(Sl, data = df)

xc = c(1.2,1.5,2.5)
yc = c(1.5,2.2,1.6)
Spoints = SpatialPoints(cbind(xc, yc))

if (rgeosStatus()) snapPointsToLines(Spoints, Sldf)

sp2Mondrian write map data for Mondrian

Description

The function outputs a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object to be used by Mondrian

Usage

sp2Mondrian(SP, file, new_format=TRUE)

Arguments

SP a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object
file file where output is written
new_format default TRUE, creates a text data file and a separate map file; the old format put
both data sets in a single file - the map file is named by inserting "MAP\_" into
the file= argument after the rightmost directory separator (if any)

Note

At this release, the function writes out a text file with both data and polygon(s) identified as belong-
ing to each row of data.

Author(s)

Patrick Hausmann and Roger Bivand

References

http://www.theusrus.de/Mondrian/
62 sp2tmap

Examples
## Not run:
xx <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/columbus.shp", package="maptools")[1])
sp2Mondrian(xx, file="columbus1.txt")
xx <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1])
sp2Mondrian(xx, file="sids1.txt")

## End(Not run)

sp2tmap Convert SpatialPolygons object for Stata tmap command

Description
The function converts a SpatialPolygons object for use with the Stata tmap command, by creating a
data frame with the required columns.

Usage
sp2tmap(SP)

Arguments
SP a SpatialPolygons object

Value
a data frame with three columns:

\_ID an integer vector of polygon identifiers in numeric order

\_X numeric x coordinate
\_Y numeric y coordinate

and an ID_n attribute with the named polygon identifiers

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

References
http://www.stata.com/search.cgi?query=tmap

sp2WB Export SpatialPolygons object as S-Plus map for WinBUGS

Description

The function exports an sp SpatialPolygons object into a S-Plus map format to be import by Win-
BUGS.

Usage

sp2WB(map, filename, Xscale = 1, Yscale = Xscale, plotorder = FALSE)

Arguments

map a SpatialPolygons object

filename file where output is written
Xscale, Yscale scales to be written in the output file
plotorder default=FALSE, if TRUE, export polygons in plotting order

Author(s)

Virgilio GÃ³mez Rubio, partly derived from earlier code by Thomas Jagger

References

http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/geobugs12manual.pdf
64 SpatialLines2PolySet

Examples
xx <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
IDvar="FIPSNO", proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
plot(xx, border="blue", axes=TRUE, las=1)
tf <- tempfile()
sp2WB(as(xx, "SpatialPolygons"), filename=tf)
xxx <- readSplus(tf, proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
all.equal(xxx, as(xx, "SpatialPolygons"), tolerance=.Machine$double.eps^(1/4),
check.attributes=FALSE)
## Not run:
x <- readAsciiGrid(system.file("grids/test.ag", package="maptools")[1])
xp <- as(x, "SpatialPixelsDataFrame")
pp <- as(xp, "SpatialPolygons")
sp2WB(pp, filename="test.map")

## End(Not run)

SpatialLines2PolySet Convert sp line and polygon objects to PBSmapping PolySet objects

Description
Functions SpatialLines2PolySet and SpatialPolygons2PolySet convert objects of sp classes
to PolySet class objects as defined in the PBSmapping package, and PolySet2SpatialLines and
PolySet2SpatialPolygons convert in the opposite direction.

Usage
SpatialLines2PolySet(SL)
SpatialPolygons2PolySet(SpP)
PolySet2SpatialLines(PS)
PolySet2SpatialPolygons(PS, close_polys=TRUE)

Arguments
SL a SpatialLines object as defined in the sp package
SpP a SpatialPolygons object as defined in the sp package
PS a PolySet object
close_polys should polygons be closed if open

Value
PolySet objects as defined in the PBSmapping package

Author(s)
Roger Bivand and Andrew Niccolai
SpatialLinesMidPoints 65

SpatialLinesMidPoints Line midpoints

Description
The function onverts SpatialLinesDataFrame to SpatialPointsDataFrame with points at the mid-
points of the line segments.

Usage
SpatialLinesMidPoints(sldf)

Arguments
sldf A SpatialLines or SpatialLinesDataFrame object

Details
The function builds a SpatialPointsDataFrame from the midpoints of Line objects belonging to
Lines objects in an object inheriting from a Spatial Lines object. The output data slot contains an
index variable showing which Lines object the midpoints belong to.
66 spCbind-methods

Value
A SpatialPointsDataFrame object created from the input object.

Author(s)
Jonathan Callahan, modified by Roger Bivand

spCbind-methods cbind for spatial objects

Description
spCbind provides cbind-like methods for Spatial*DataFrame objects in addition to the $, [<- and
[[<- methods already available.

Methods
obj = "SpatialPointsDataFrame", x = "data.frame" cbind a data frame to the data slot of a Spa-
tialPointsDataFrame object
obj = "SpatialPointsDataFrame", x = "vector" cbind a vector to the data slot of a SpatialPoints-
DataFrame object
obj = "SpatialLinesDataFrame", x = "data.frame" cbind a data frame to the data slot of a Spa-
tialLinesDataFrame object; the data frame argument must have row names set to the Lines ID
values, and should be re-ordered first by matching against a shared key column
obj = "SpatialLinesDataFrame", x = "vector" cbind a vector to the data slot of a SpatialLines-
DataFrame object
obj = "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame", x = "data.frame" cbind a data frame to the data slot of a
SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object; the data frame argument must have row names set to the
Polygons ID values, and should be re-ordered first by matching against a shared key column
obj = "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame", x = "vector" cbind a vector to the data slot of a SpatialPoly-
gonsDataFrame object

Author(s)
Roger Bivand

See Also
spChFIDs-methods, spRbind-methods
SplashDams 67

Examples
xx <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
IDvar="FIPSNO", proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
library(foreign)
xtra <- read.dbf(system.file("share/nc_xtra.dbf", package="maptools")[1])
o <- match(xx$CNTY_ID, xtra$CNTY_ID)
xtra1 <- xtra[o,]
row.names(xtra1) <- xx$FIPSNO
xx1 <- spCbind(xx, xtra1)
names(xx1)
identical(xx1$CNTY_ID, xx1$CNTY_ID.1)

SplashDams Data for Splash Dams in western Oregon

Description
Data for Splash Dams in western Oregon

Usage
data(SplashDams)

Format
The format is: Formal class ’SpatialPointsDataFrame’ [package "sp"] with 5 slots ..@ data :’data.frame’:
232 obs. of 6 variables: .. ..$ streamName : Factor w/ 104 levels "Abiqua Creek",..: 12 12 60 60 60
49 49 9 9 18 ... .. ..$ locationCode: Factor w/ 3 levels "h","l","m": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ... .. ..$ height
: int [1:232] 4 4 NA NA NA NA 10 NA NA NA ... .. ..$ lastDate : int [1:232] 1956 1956 1957
1936 1936 1929 1909 1919 1919 1919 ... .. ..$ owner : Factor w/ 106 levels "A. Stefani","A.H.
Blakesley",..: 42 42 42 84 84 24 24 25 25 25 ... .. ..$ datesUsed : Factor w/ 118 levels "?-1870s-
1899-?",..: 92 92 93 91 91 72 61 94 94 94 ... ..@ coords.nrs : num(0) ..@ coords : num [1:232, 1:3]
-124 -124 -124 -124 -124 ... .. ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2 .. .. ..$ : NULL .. .. ..$ : chr [1:3]
"coords.x1" "coords.x2" "coords.x3" ..@ bbox : num [1:3, 1:2] -124.2 42.9 0 -122.4 46.2 ... .. ..-
attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2 .. .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "coords.x1" "coords.x2" "coords.x3" .. .. ..$ : chr
[1:2] "min" "max" ..@ proj4string:Formal class ’CRS’ [package "sp"] with 1 slots .. .. ..@ projargs:
chr " +proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84"

Source
R. R. Miller (2010) Is the Past Present? Historical Splash-dam Mapping and Stream Disturbance
Detection in the Oregon Coastal Province. MSc. thesis, Oregon State University; packaged by
Jonathan Callahan

References
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/lwm/aem/docs/burnett/miller_rebecca_r2010rev.pdf
68 spRbind-methods

Examples
data(SplashDams)
plot(SplashDams, axes=TRUE)

spRbind-methods rbind for spatial objects

Description

spRbind provides rbind-like methods for Spatial*DataFrame objects

Methods

obj = "SpatialPoints", x = "SpatialPoints" rbind two SpatialPoints objects

obj = "SpatialPointsDataFrame", x = "SpatialPointsDataFrame" rbind two SpatialPointsDataFrame
objects
obj = "SpatialLines", x = "SpatialLines" rbind two SpatialLines objects
obj = "SpatialLinesDataFrame", x = "SpatialLinesDataFrame" rbind two SpatialLinesDataFrame
objects
obj = "SpatialPolygons", x = "SpatialPolygons" rbind two SpatialPolygons objects
obj = "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame", x = "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame" rbind two SpatialPoly-
gonsDataFrame objects

Note

In addition to the spRbind-methods, there are also rbind-methods for Spatial* objects. The differ-
ences are:

1. spRbind-methods can bind 2 objects, whereas rbind-methods can bind multiple object
2. some rbind can accept objects with duplicated IDs, for all spRbind-methods these have to be
modified explicitly, e.g. by calling spChFIDs-methods

Author(s)

Roger Bivand

See Also

spChFIDs-methods, spCbind-methods
state.vbm 69

Examples
xx <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
IDvar="FIPSNO", proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
summary(xx)
xx$FIPSNO
xx1 <- xx[xx$CNTY_ID < 1982,]
xx2 <- xx[xx$CNTY_ID >= 1982,]
xx3 <- spRbind(xx2, xx1)
summary(xx3)
xx3$FIPSNO

state.vbm US State Visibility Based Map

Description
A SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object (for use with the maptools package) to plot a Visibility Based
Map.

Usage
data(state.vbm)

Details
A SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object (for use with the maptools package) to plot a map of the US
states where the sizes of the states have been adjusted to be more equal.
This map can be useful for plotting state data using colors patterns without the larger states domi-
nating and the smallest states being lost.
The original map is copyrighted by Mark Monmonier. Official publications based on this map
should acknowledge him. Comercial publications of maps based on this probably need permission
from him to use.

Author(s)
Greg Snow <greg.snow@imail.org> (of this compilation)

Source
The data was converted from the maps library for S-PLUS. S-PLUS uses the map with permission
from the author. This version of the data has not received permission from the author (no attempt
made, not that it was refused), most of my uses I feel fall under fair use and do not violate copyright,
but you will need to decide for yourself and your applications.

References
http://www.markmonmonier.com/index.htm, http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/bright-ideas.
html
70 sun-methods

Examples
data(state.vbm)
plot(state.vbm)

tmp <- state.x77[,'HS Grad']

tmp2 <- cut(tmp, seq(min(tmp),max(tmp), length.out=11),
include.lowest=TRUE)
plot(state.vbm,col=cm.colors(10)[tmp2])

sun-methods Methods for sun ephemerides calculations

Description
Functions for calculating sunrise, sunset, and times of dawn and dusk, with flexibility for the var-
ious formal definitions. They use algorithms provided by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA).

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'SpatialPoints,POSIXct'

crepuscule(crds, dateTime, solarDep, direction=c("dawn", "dusk"),
POSIXct.out=FALSE)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix,POSIXct'
crepuscule(crds, dateTime,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"), solarDep,
direction=c("dawn", "dusk"), POSIXct.out=FALSE)
## S4 method for signature 'SpatialPoints,POSIXct'
sunriset(crds, dateTime, direction=c("sunrise", "sunset"),
POSIXct.out=FALSE)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix,POSIXct'
sunriset(crds, dateTime,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"),
direction=c("sunrise", "sunset"), POSIXct.out=FALSE)
## S4 method for signature 'SpatialPoints,POSIXct'
solarnoon(crds, dateTime, POSIXct.out=FALSE)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix,POSIXct'
solarnoon(crds, dateTime,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"),
POSIXct.out=FALSE)
## S4 method for signature 'SpatialPoints,POSIXct'
solarpos(crds, dateTime, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix,POSIXct'
solarpos(crds, dateTime,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"), ...)
sun-methods 71

Arguments

crds a SpatialPoints or matrix object, containing x and y coordinates (in that

order).
dateTime a POSIXct object with the date and time associated to calculate ephemerides for
points given in crds.
solarDep numeric vector with the angle of the sun below the horizon in degrees.
direction one of "dawn", "dusk", "sunrise", or "sunset", indicating which ephemerides
should be calculated.
POSIXct.out logical indicating whether POSIXct output should be included.
proj4string string with valid projection string describing the projection of data in crds.
... other arguments passed through.

Details

NOAA used the reference below to develop their Sunrise/Sunset

http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/sunrise.html and Solar Position
http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/azel.html Calculators. The algorithms in-
clude corrections for atmospheric refraction effects.
Input can consist of one location and at least one POSIXct times, or one POSIXct time and at least
one location. solarDep is recycled as needed.
Do not use the daylight savings time zone string for supplying dateTime, as many OS will not be
able to properly set it to standard time when needed.

Value

crepuscule, sunriset, and solarnoon return a numeric vector with the time of day at which the
event occurs, expressed as a fraction, if POSIXct.out is FALSE; otherwise they return a data frame
with both the fraction and the corresponding POSIXct date and time.
solarpos returns a matrix with the solar azimuth (in degrees from North), and elevation.

Warning

Compared to NOAA’s original Javascript code, the sunrise and sunset estimates from this translation
may differ by +/- 1 minute, based on tests using selected locations spanning the globe. This trans-
lation does not include calculation of prior or next sunrises/sunsets for locations above the Arctic
Circle or below the Antarctic Circle.

Note

NOAA notes that “for latitudes greater than 72 degrees N and S, calculations are accurate to within
10 minutes. For latitudes less than +/- 72 degrees accuracy is approximately one minute.”
72 sun-methods

Author(s)
Sebastian P. Luque <spluque@gmail.com>, translated from Greg Pelletier’s <gpel461@ecy.wa.gov>
VBA code (available from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/models.html), who in turn
translated it from original Javascript code by NOAA (see Details). Roger Bivand <roger.bivand@nhh.no>
adapted the code to work with sp classes.

References
Meeus, J. (1991) Astronomical Algorithms. Willmann-Bell, Inc.

Examples
## Location of Helsinki, Finland, in decimal degrees,
## as listed in NOAA's website
hels <- matrix(c(24.97, 60.17), nrow=1)
Hels <- SpatialPoints(hels, proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"))
d041224 <- as.POSIXct("2004-12-24", tz="EET")
## Astronomical dawn
crepuscule(hels, d041224, solarDep=18, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
crepuscule(Hels, d041224, solarDep=18, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
## Nautical dawn
crepuscule(hels, d041224, solarDep=12, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
crepuscule(Hels, d041224, solarDep=12, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
## Civil dawn
crepuscule(hels, d041224, solarDep=6, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
crepuscule(Hels, d041224, solarDep=6, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
solarnoon(hels, d041224, POSIXct.out=TRUE)
solarnoon(Hels, d041224, POSIXct.out=TRUE)
solarpos(hels, as.POSIXct(Sys.time(), tz="EET"))
solarpos(Hels, as.POSIXct(Sys.time(), tz="EET"))
sunriset(hels, d041224, direction="sunrise", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
sunriset(Hels, d041224, direction="sunrise", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
## Using a sequence of dates
Hels_seq <- seq(from=d041224, length.out=365, by="days")
up <- sunriset(Hels, Hels_seq, direction="sunrise", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
down <- sunriset(Hels, Hels_seq, direction="sunset", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
day_length <- down$time - up$time
plot(Hels_seq, day_length, type="l")

## Using a grid of spatial points for the same point in time

## Not run:
grd <- GridTopology(c(-179,-89), c(1,1), c(359,179))
SP <- SpatialPoints(coordinates(grd),
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"))
wint <- as.POSIXct("2004-12-21", tz="GMT")
win <- crepuscule(SP, wint, solarDep=6, direction="dawn")
SPDF <- SpatialGridDataFrame(grd,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"),
data=data.frame(winter=win))
image(SPDF, axes=TRUE, col=cm.colors(40))

## End(Not run)
symbolsInPolys 73

symbolsInPolys Place grids of points over polygons

Description
Place grids of points over polygons with chosen density and/or symbols (suggested by Michael
Wolf).

Usage
symbolsInPolys(pl, dens, symb = "+", compatible = FALSE)

Arguments
pl an object of class SpatialPolygons or SpatialPolygonsDataFrame
dens number of symbol plotting points per unit area; either a single numerical value
for all polygons, or a numeric vector the same length as pl with values for each
polygon
symb plotting symbol; either a single value for all polygons, or a vector the same
length as pl with values for each polygon
compatible what to return, if TRUE a a list of matrices of point coordinates, one matrix for
each member of pl, with a symb attribute, if false a SpatialPointsDataFrame with
a symb column

Details
The dots are placed in a grid pattern with the number of points per polygon being polygon area
times density (number of dots not guaranteed to be the same as the count). When the polygon is
made up of more than one part, the dots will be placed in proportion to the relative areas of the
clockwise rings (anticlockwise are taken as holes). From maptools release 0.5-2, correction is made
for holes in the placing of the dots, but depends on hole values being correctly set, which they often
are not.

Value
The function returns a list of matrices of point coordinates, one matrix for each member of pl; each
matrix has a symb attribute that can be used for setting the pch argument for plotting. If the count
of points for the given density and polygon area is zero, the list element is NULL, and can be tested
when plotting - see the examples.

Note
Extension to plot pixmaps at the plotting points using addlogo() from the pixmap package is left as
an exercise for the user.
74 thinnedSpatialPoly

Author(s)
Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no>

thinnedSpatialPoly Douglas-Peuker line generalization for Spatial Polygons

Description
The function applies the implementation of the Douglas-Peuker algorithm for line generalization or
simplification (originally from shapefiles) to objects inheriting from Spatial Polygons. It does not
preserve topology, so is suitable for visualisation, but not for the subsequent analysis of the polygon
boundaries, as artefacts may be created, and boundaries of neighbouring entities may be generalized
differently. If the rgeos package is available, thinnedSpatialPolyGEOS will be used with partial
topology preservation instead of the R implementation here by passing arguments through.

Usage
thinnedSpatialPoly(SP, tolerance, minarea=0, topologyPreserve = FALSE,
avoidGEOS = FALSE)

Arguments
SP an object inheriting from the SpatialPolygons class
tolerance the tolerance value in the metric of the input object
minarea the smallest area of Polygon objects to be retained, ignored if rgeos used
unionSpatialPolygons 75

topologyPreserve
choose between two rgeos options: logical determining if the algorithm should
attempt to preserve the topology (nodes not complete edges) of the original ge-
ometry
avoidGEOS use R DP code even if rgeos is available

Value
An object of the same class as the input object

Note
Warnings reporting: Non-finite label point detected and replaced, reflect the changes in the geome-
tries of the polygons induced by line generalization.

Author(s)
Ben Stabler, Michael Friendly, Roger Bivand

References
Douglas, D. and Peucker, T. (1973). Algorithms for the reduction of the number of points required
to represent a digitized line or its caricature. The Canadian Cartographer 10(2). 112-122.

Examples
xx <- readShapeSpatial(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
IDvar="FIPSNO", proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66"))
object.size(as(xx, "SpatialPolygons"))
xxx <- thinnedSpatialPoly(xx, tolerance=0.05, minarea=0.001)
object.size(as(xxx, "SpatialPolygons"))
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
plot(xx)
plot(xxx)
par(mfrow=c(1,1))

unionSpatialPolygons Aggregate Polygons in a SpatialPolygons object

Description
The function aggregates Polygons in a SpatialPolygons object, according to the IDs vector specify-
ing which input Polygons belong to which output Polygons; internal boundaries are dissolved using
the rgeos package gUnaryUnion function. If the rgeos package is not available, and if the gpclib
package is available and the user confirms that its restrictive license conditions are met, its union
function will be used.
76 unionSpatialPolygons

Usage

unionSpatialPolygons(SpP, IDs, threshold=NULL, avoidGEOS=FALSE, avoidUnaryUnion=FALSE)

Arguments

SpP A SpatialPolygons object as defined in package sp

IDs A vector defining the output Polygons objects, equal in length to the length
of the polygons slot of SpRs; it may be character, integer, or factor (try ta-
ble(factor(IDs)) for a sanity check). It may contain NA values for input objects
not included in the union
threshold if not NULL, an area measure below which slivers will be discarded (some poly-
gons have non-identical boundaries, for instance along rivers, generating slivers
on union which are artefacts, not real sub-polygons)
avoidGEOS default FALSE; if TRUE force use of gpclib even when GEOS is available
avoidUnaryUnion
avoid gUnaryUnion if it is available; not relevant before GEOS 3.3.0

Value

Returns an aggregated SpatialPolygons object named with the aggregated IDs values in their sorting
order; see the ID values of the output object to view the order.

Warning

When using GEOS Unary Union, it has been found that some polygons are not dissolved correctly
when the absolute values of the coordinates are very small. No work-around is available at present.

Author(s)

Roger Bivand

Examples

if (rgeosStatus()) {
nc1 <- readShapePoly(system.file("shapes/sids.shp", package="maptools")[1],
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=NAD27"))
lps <- coordinates(nc1)
ID <- cut(lps[,1], quantile(lps[,1]), include.lowest=TRUE)
reg4 <- unionSpatialPolygons(nc1, ID)
row.names(reg4)
}
wrld_simpl 77

wrld_simpl Simplified world country polygons

Description
The object loaded is a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object containing a slightly modified version of
Bjoern Sandvik’s improved version of world\_borders.zip - TM\_WORLD\_BORDERS\_SIMPL-
0.2.zip dataset from the Mapping Hacks geodata site. The country Polygons objects and the data
slot data frame row numbers have been set to the ISO 3166 three letter codes.

Usage
data(wrld_simpl)

Format
The format is: Formal class ’SpatialPolygonsDataFrame’ [package "sp"] with 5 slots; the data clot
contains a data.frame with 246 obs. of 11 variables:
FIPS factor of FIPS country codes
ISO2 factor of ISO 2 character country codes
ISO3 factor of ISO 3 character country codes
UN integer vector of UN country codes
NAME Factor of country names
AREA integer vector of area values
POP2005 integer vector of population in 2005
REGION integer vector of region values
SUBREGION integer vector of subregion values
LON numeric vector of longitude label points
LAT numeric vector of latitude label points
The object is in geographical coordinates using the WGS84 datum.

Source
Originally “http://mappinghacks.com/data/TM_WORLD_BORDERS_SIMPL-0.2.zip”, now avail-
able from https://github.com/nasa/World-Wind-Java/tree/master/WorldWind/testData/
shapefiles

Examples
data(wrld_simpl)
plot(wrld_simpl)
Index

∗Topic aplot nearestPointOnSegment, 38

pointLabel, 44 nowrapRecenter, 39
∗Topic classes nowrapSpatialLines, 40
ppp-class, 46 pal2SpatialPolygons, 41
∗Topic datasets readGPS, 48
gpcholes, 19 readShapeLines, 50
SplashDams, 67 readShapePoints, 51
state.vbm, 69 readShapePoly, 52
wrld_simpl, 77 readShapeSpatial, 54
∗Topic manip readSplus, 56
sun-methods, 70 Rgshhs, 57
∗Topic methods snapPointsToLines, 60
elide-methods, 13 sp2Mondrian, 61
spCbind-methods, 66 sp2tmap, 62
spRbind-methods, 68 sp2WB, 63
sun-methods, 70 SpatialLines2PolySet, 64
∗Topic programming SpatialLinesMidPoints, 65
readAsciiGrid, 47 spCbind-methods, 66
∗Topic spatial spRbind-methods, 68
symbolsInPolys, 73
as.ppp, 3
thinnedSpatialPoly, 74
CCmaps, 6
unionSpatialPolygons, 75
checkPolygonsHoles, 8
∗Topic utilities
ContourLines2SLDF, 10
sun-methods, 70
dotsInPolys, 11
elide-methods, 13 ArcObj2SLDF (ContourLines2SLDF), 10
gcDestination, 14 as.im.RasterLayer (as.ppp), 3
GE_SpatialGrid, 18 as.im.SpatialGridDataFrame (as.ppp), 3
getinfo.shape, 16 as.owin.SpatialGridDataFrame (as.ppp), 3
getKMLcoordinates, 17 as.owin.SpatialPixelsDataFrame
gzAzimuth, 20 (as.ppp), 3
kmlLine, 21 as.owin.SpatialPolygons (as.ppp), 3
kmlLines, 23 as.ppp, 3
kmlOverlay, 25 as.ppp.SpatialGridDataFrame (as.ppp), 3
kmlPoints, 26 as.ppp.SpatialPoints (as.ppp), 3
kmlPolygon, 28 as.ppp.SpatialPointsDataFrame (as.ppp),
kmlPolygons, 30 3
leglabs, 32 as.psp.Line (as.ppp), 3
map2SpatialPolygons, 35 as.psp.Lines (as.ppp), 3
nearestPointOnLine, 37 as.psp.SpatialLines (as.ppp), 3

78
INDEX 79

as.psp.SpatialLinesDataFrame (as.ppp), 3 crepuscule,SpatialPoints,POSIXct-method

as.SpatialGridDataFrame.im (as.ppp), 3 (sun-methods), 70
as.SpatialGridDataFrame.ppp (as.ppp), 3 crepuscule-methods (sun-methods), 70
as.SpatialLines.psp (as.ppp), 3 CRS-class, 10
as.SpatialPoints.ppp (as.ppp), 3
as.SpatialPointsDataFrame.ppp (as.ppp), dotsInPolys, 11
3
as.SpatialPolygons.owin (as.ppp), 3 elide (elide-methods), 13
as.SpatialPolygons.tess (as.ppp), 3 elide,SpatialLines-method
(elide-methods), 13
CCmaps, 6 elide,SpatialLinesDataFrame-method
checkPolygonsHoles, 8, 56 (elide-methods), 13
coerce,im,SpatialGridDataFrame-method elide,SpatialPoints-method
(as.ppp), 3 (elide-methods), 13
coerce,Line,psp-method (as.ppp), 3 elide,SpatialPointsDataFrame-method
coerce,Lines,psp-method (as.ppp), 3 (elide-methods), 13
coerce,owin,SpatialPolygons-method elide,SpatialPolygons-method
(as.ppp), 3 (elide-methods), 13
coerce,ppp,SpatialGridDataFrame-method elide,SpatialPolygonsDataFrame-method
(as.ppp), 3 (elide-methods), 13
coerce,ppp,SpatialPoints-method elide-methods, 13
(as.ppp), 3
coerce,ppp,SpatialPointsDataFrame-method findInterval, 32
(as.ppp), 3
coerce,psp,SpatialLines-method gcDestination, 14
(as.ppp), 3 gContains, 8, 58
coerce,RasterLayer,im-method (as.ppp), 3 gContainsProperly, 8, 58
coerce,SpatialGridDataFrame,im-method GE_SpatialGrid, 18, 25
(as.ppp), 3 getinfo.shape, 16
coerce,SpatialGridDataFrame,owin-method getKMLcoordinates, 17
(as.ppp), 3 getRgshhsMap (Rgshhs), 57
coerce,SpatialLines,psp-method gpcholes, 19
(as.ppp), 3 gpclibPermit (checkPolygonsHoles), 8
coerce,SpatialLinesDataFrame,psp-method gpclibPermitStatus
(as.ppp), 3 (checkPolygonsHoles), 8
coerce,SpatialPixelsDataFrame,owin-method gzAzimuth, 15, 20
(as.ppp), 3
coerce,SpatialPoints,ppp-method h1pl (gpcholes), 19
(as.ppp), 3 h2pl (gpcholes), 19
coerce,SpatialPointsDataFrame,ppp-method
(as.ppp), 3 im-class (ppp-class), 46
coerce,SpatialPolygons,owin-method image, 48
(as.ppp), 3
coerce,tess,SpatialPolygons-method kmlLine, 17, 21, 27, 29
(as.ppp), 3 kmlLines, 23, 31
ContourLines2SLDF, 10 kmlOverlay, 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29
crepuscule (sun-methods), 70 kmlPoints, 26
crepuscule,matrix,POSIXct-method kmlPolygon, 17, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31
(sun-methods), 70 kmlPolygons, 30
80 INDEX

label (lineLabel), 33 smooth.spline, 34

label,SpatialLines-method (lineLabel), snapPointsToLines, 37, 38, 60
33 Sobj_SpatialGrid (GE_SpatialGrid), 18
label-methods (lineLabel), 33 solarnoon (sun-methods), 70
leglabs, 32 solarnoon,matrix,POSIXct-method
levelplot, 6 (sun-methods), 70
Line, 23, 24, 27 solarnoon,SpatialPoints,POSIXct-method
lineLabel, 33 (sun-methods), 70
solarnoon-methods (sun-methods), 70
map, 36 solarpos (sun-methods), 70
map2SpatialLines (map2SpatialPolygons), solarpos,matrix,POSIXct-method
35 (sun-methods), 70
map2SpatialPolygons, 35, 56 solarpos,SpatialPoints,POSIXct-method
MapGen2SL, 65 (sun-methods), 70
MapGen2SL (ContourLines2SLDF), 10 solarpos-methods (sun-methods), 70
sp, 60
nearestPointOnLine, 37, 38, 60 sp.lineLabel (lineLabel), 33
nearestPointOnSegment, 37, 38, 60 sp.lineLabel,Lines-method (lineLabel),
nowrapRecenter, 39 33
nowrapSpatialLines, 39, 40 sp.lineLabel,SpatialLines-method
nowrapSpatialPolygons, 41 (lineLabel), 33
nowrapSpatialPolygons (nowrapRecenter), sp.lineLabel-methods (lineLabel), 33
39
sp.pointLabel, 34
sp.pointLabel (panel.pointLabel), 42
owin-class (ppp-class), 46
sp.pointLabel,SpatialPoints-method
pal2SpatialPolygons, 41 (panel.pointLabel), 42
panel.levelplot, 34 sp.pointLabel-methods
panel.pointLabel, 42 (panel.pointLabel), 42
pointLabel, 34, 43, 44 sp2Mondrian, 61
PolySet, 65 sp2tmap, 62
PolySet2SpatialLines sp2WB, 63
(SpatialLines2PolySet), 64 SpatialGridDataFrame, 47
PolySet2SpatialPolygons SpatialGridDataFrame-class, 47
(SpatialLines2PolySet), 64 SpatialLines-class, 11
ppp-class, 46 SpatialLines2PolySet, 64
print.shapehead (getinfo.shape), 16 SpatialLinesMidPoints, 65
pruneMap (map2SpatialPolygons), 35 SpatialPolygons, 29, 31
psp-class (ppp-class), 46 SpatialPolygons2PolySet
(SpatialLines2PolySet), 64
readAsciiGrid, 47 SpatialPolygonsDataFrame, 6, 7
readGPS, 48 spCbind (spCbind-methods), 66
readShapeLines, 50 spCbind,SpatialLinesDataFrame,data.frame-method
readShapePoints, 51 (spCbind-methods), 66
readShapePoly, 52 spCbind,SpatialLinesDataFrame,vector-method
readShapeSpatial, 54 (spCbind-methods), 66
readSplus, 56 spCbind,SpatialPointsDataFrame,data.frame-method
rgeosStatus (checkPolygonsHoles), 8 (spCbind-methods), 66
Rgshhs, 57 spCbind,SpatialPointsDataFrame,vector-method
INDEX 81

(spCbind-methods), 66 xy.coords, 43
spCbind,SpatialPolygonsDataFrame,data.frame-method
(spCbind-methods), 66
spCbind,SpatialPolygonsDataFrame,vector-method
(spCbind-methods), 66
spCbind-methods, 66
SplashDams, 67
spplot, 6, 7, 34, 43
spRbind (spRbind-methods), 68
spRbind,SpatialLines,SpatialLines-method
(spRbind-methods), 68
spRbind,SpatialLinesDataFrame,SpatialLinesDataFrame-method
(spRbind-methods), 68
spRbind,SpatialPoints,SpatialPoints-method
(spRbind-methods), 68
spRbind,SpatialPointsDataFrame,SpatialPointsDataFrame-method
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spRbind,SpatialPolygons,SpatialPolygons-method
(spRbind-methods), 68
spRbind,SpatialPolygonsDataFrame,SpatialPolygonsDataFrame-method
(spRbind-methods), 68
spRbind-methods, 68
spsample, 12, 74
state.vbm, 69
sun-methods, 70
sunriset (sun-methods), 70
sunriset,matrix,POSIXct-method
(sun-methods), 70
sunriset,SpatialPoints,POSIXct-method
(sun-methods), 70
sunriset-methods (sun-methods), 70
symbolsInPolys, 73

text, 46
thigmophobe.labels, 46
thinnedSpatialPoly, 74
trackAzimuth (gzAzimuth), 20

unionSpatialPolygons, 75

write.dbf, 50–55
write.dta, 62
write.table, 47
writeAsciiGrid (readAsciiGrid), 47
writeLinesShape (readShapeLines), 50
writePointsShape (readShapePoints), 51
writePolyShape (readShapePoly), 52
writeSpatialShape (readShapeSpatial), 54
wrld_simpl, 77

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