ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their profound gratitude to the following for

their invaluable contribution that helped in the completion of their research study:

To their instructor, Engr. Honorata L. De Guzman, for the continuous support,

patience, motivation, and immense knowledge that helped the researchers finish this

study. 

To Palafox Associates, for giving them the opportunity to gain knowledge about

traffic survey and involve them in the traffic counting.

To the Batangas State University Main Campus II Library, for allowing them to

use reference books, unpublished materials, etc. that helped in the completion of this

research study;

To their very supportive families who provided in their financial needs in order to

finish their study and for the prayers they uttered. They are always been the best support

system the researchers could ever have.

And most of all to Almighty GOD who never left them during their hard times

and in developing and organizing their papers, who gave them divine love and guidance,

enough strength, courage, wisdom, and patience in order for them to finalize and finish

paper.

2
 ABSTRACT

Traffic congestion is not new for us, Filipinos, it is a common daily problem we

experienced. In the Philippines, heavy traffic is really alarming, and it has a negative

impact most especially in our economy. Therefore, an effective implementation of

possible solutions is essential. This paper presents a traffic study in the intersection of

Evangelista St. and D. Silang St. in Batangas City, Philippines. This aims to evaluate the

performance of the flow of traffic on the said intersection. Another purpose of this study

is to proposed a well-organized solution after analyzing the present traffic condition if

there is a need to improve, in its traffic management for the safety and well function of

the four-way intersection. Traffic survey using manual counting was conducted and

serves as the method in gathering all the data needed. Various kinds of vehicles are

included and the number of pedestrian crossing is counted as well. After the data was

established it has been found that the traffic on that certain intersection is mostly

experienced during peak hours where the number of workers and students are increasing.

The presence of illegal parking on the road side and the improper loading and unloading

of vehicles near the intersection, was observed as the factors contributing also to traffic.

To minimize this traffic condition several recommendations was arise. Prohibiting the

parking of the vehicles on the roadway especially those in front of the establishments and

proper loading and unloading of the passengers must be implemented by the government.

Availability and improvement of traffic signs visible on each phases of intersection must

consider. Strict order and regulation should be maintained to ban the encroachment on the

side of the road and optimization of traffic and improvement in traffic management must

be followed to increase the speed of vehicles which would reduce vehicular emission.

3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

One of the most challenging and complicated issues in city management in the

present decade is the traffic problem. Presently, the traffic congestion problem in

Batangas City is increasing at an alarming rate. The traffic problem has become a very

dangerous arena and has already implicit agonizing extent in the cities and municipalities

of Batangas. This is because of the increase in population and attraction of human

activities into the urban region which in turn leads to the growth of vehicle ownership

and use. Due to this, the group prompted a study about the traffic problem in the

intersection of Evangelista St., and D. Silang St., Batangas City.

This research generally aims to assess the traffic flow and suggest solutions on

how to ease the congestion. The study’s other purposes are to analyze the current

condition of traffic management, to study the reasons behind traffic jam, to examine the

impact of traffic jam, and to propose a solution to improve the traffic management in the

said location.

Traffic congestion in the intersection of Evangelista St. and D. Silang St. as a

case study has been analyzed using experimental approach. In order to carry out effective

research work on the traffic analysis, the method adopted was traffic count or traffic

survey. There are various technique and methods used in traffic survey but for the

purpose of this research work, manual counting was adopted.

This study provides data about the number of vehicles passing in the four

different directions of the intersection. For the information to make available, the

researchers made a traffic count last April 15, 2019, from 7:00 to 11:00 in the morning

and 2:00 to 6:00 in the afternoon. The number of bicycles, motorcycles, private cars,

pedicabs, tricycles, jeepneys, multicabs, vans, school/company services, delivery

vehicles, trucks, pedestrians and other unclassified that passed on the road were counted

and were wrote in the traffic counting sheet. The traffic count was then analyzed and

4
according to the data, the most noticeable congestion problem along the study road was

found between the peak hour which is 4 o’clock and 5 o’clock in the afternoon.

According to the study, congestion in the intersection is because of the individual

workers and students that leave for work/school during morning and return home during

afternoon. The illegal and random parking on main road which are the common habits of

drivers and riders mainly caused unexpected congestion at the road. The lack of parking

bay of the establishments and making the roadway their alternative parking contributes to

the congestion of the area. Improper loading and unloading of the passengers also affects

the traffic flow in the intersection. Even though these problems are not severe, these have

immense impacts and make the area congested.

Based on the findings, the researchers come up with several recommendations

that will help ease the congestion in the intersection. Prohibiting the parking of the

vehicles on the roadway especially those in front of the establishments because it mainly

contributes the traffic and proper loading and unloading of the passengers must be

implemented by the government. Strict order and regulation should be maintained to ban

the encroachment on the side of the road and optimization of traffic and improvement in

traffic management must be followed to increase the speed of vehicles which would

reduce vehicular emission.

Traffic congestion is a global as well as local problem. These problem affect the

passengers of jeepney’s routes going to, Alangilan, Balagtas, SM-capitolio, Libjo, San

Isidro, Pier and Tabangao which includes being late of the commuters, difficulty in

maneuvering of the drivers in the curve edges and sometimes road accidents. The

problem in the intersection of Evangelista St. and D. Silang St. is still solvable without

having a road widening if all of the commuters, drivers, pedestrians and others will

follow the rules and regulations of traffic management.

5
 LIST OF TABLES

Project Milestone 11

Risk Management Plan 13

PCU Values 18

VCR Values 18

Vehicular Count Obtained from Traffic Survey in West Route 19

Vehicular Count Obtained from Traffic Survey in South Route 20

Vehicular Count Obtained from Traffic Survey in North Route 21

Vehicular Count Obtained from Traffic Survey in East Route 22

Capacity of West Route 23

Capacity of South Route 24

Capacity of North Route 25

Capacity of East Route 26

Maximum and Minimum Speed Values 27

Obtained Level of Service 28

6
 LIST OF FIGURES

Road Intersection 13

Intersection of Evangelista St. and D. Silang St. 29

Tally Sheet 30

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

ABSTRACT 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

LIST OF TABLES 6

LIST OF FIGURES 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS 8

INTRODUCTION 9

OBJECTIVES 10

TARGET BENEFICIARIES 10

PROJECT MILESTONE 11

RISK REGISTER 12

PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY 15

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 17

CONCLUSION 27

REFERENCES 28

APPENDICES 29

8
 INTRODUCTION

Urbanization is a global phenomenon. Rapid and ongoing urbanization in

Batangas City has resulted in extreme levels of traffic congestion and extraordinary

demands on infrastructure and service provision within the country’s urban areas. Like

other cities in the country, Batangas City has also been experiencing intense traffic

problem which is increasing day by day. It is becoming one of the most intolerable and

burning issues for the country. The traffic problem has become to a very dangerous arena

and has already implicit agonizing extent in the cities of Batangas. Limited resources

invested for the development of transport facilities, the rapid population growth together

with limited space available for new roads, coupled with the rapid rise in transport

demand, existence of a huge number of non-motorized vehicles on roads, lack of

application of adequate and proper traffic management schemes are producing severe

transport problems. Worsening situations of traffic congestion in the streets and

sufferings of the inhabitants from vehicle emissions demand extensive research in this

field.

Since the traffic problem in Batangas are increasing at an alarming rate,

understanding the underlying issues regarding the urban problems like traffic jam, has

become an area of interest by both academicians and practitioners. As such, the current

study is an attempt to explore the causes and solution of traffic jam. This expiation of

population is making city dwellers life standstill on the roads of Batangas City during the

rush hours of morning and evening due to traffic congestion. Therefore, it is a great step

for the researchers to conduct this research which would help to identify the problems

and solutions for traffic congestion in Batangas City.

Most of the cities are undergoing multifaceted problem because of rapid

urbanization. Traffic congestion is one of the intolerable problems of urban area

emerging due to sudden increment in the private transport, affecting urban society and

economy. Road traffic congestion poses a serious challenge for all large and growing

cities. Congestion prevents the movements of traffic, leading to the intolerable increase

9
journey time. Traffic congestion cost involves of incremental delay, vehicle operating

cost, pollution emissions and stress that result from interference among vehicles in the

traffic stream.

OBJECTIVES

The study has been conducted with a view to fulfill the following objectives. The

broad objective of this study is to assess the traffic flow in the intersection of Evangelista

St. and D. Silang St., Batangas City. The present study has the following specific

objectives:

1. To analyze the current condition of traffic management in Batangas City.

2. To analyze the reasons behind traffic jam in the city.

3. To analyze the impact of traffic jam in Batangas City.

4. To propose a solution to improve the traffic flow in the intersection of Evangelista St.

and D. Silang St., Batangas City.

TARGET BENEFICIARIES

This study aims to analyze the Traffic Congestion at the intersection of

Evangelista St., and D. Silang St., Batangas City. This study is expected to benefit the
following:

Traffic Management. This study will provide sufficient traffic information on the
intersection of Evangelista St., and D. Silang St., Batangas City.

To Environmental Management Unit. This study enables further identification of

environmental risks brought by vehicles in and the necessary measures to be done.

Commuters and Private Vehicle Owner/s. This study aims lessen the traffic congestion
in Evangelista St., and D. Silang St., Batangas City and to have a faster travel time to
save money, time and energy of commuters and vehicle owners to or from Barangay
Kumintang, Alangilan, Balagtas, Libjo, San Isidro, Tabangao, and Pallocan.

10
To Students of Civil Engineering Department. This study serves as a reference in the
field of Transportation Engineering and information of traffic in the intersection of
Evangelista St., and D. Silang St., Batangas City.

To Researchers. This study enables them to develop their skills and gain additional
knowledge in the field of Transportation Engineering.

To Future Researchers. This study can serves as a reference and basis for the future
studies.

PROJECT MILESTONE

 GROUP DISCUSSION ON
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 REVIEW OF TRAFFIC
DATA IN BATANGAS CITY
 IDENTIFY TRAFFIC
INITIATE
INTERSECTIONS
THROUGH MAPS
 SELECT A PROPER
LOCATION

 DIVIDE PEOPLE INTO

DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
INTERSECTION
 SCHEDULE PEOPLE WHEN
TO DO TRAFFIC
PLAN MONITORING
 PLAN ON HOW TO
RECORD DATA

 TRAFFIC DATA IS
OBTAINED BY MANUAL
TALLY AND VIDEO
EXECUTE RECORDING

11
  DOCUMENTATION OF
RESULTS
 FINALIZING THE REPORT
CLOSE  DISCUSSING SOLUTIONS
AND CONCLUSION
 FILING THE STUDY

Table 1.
Project Milestone

RISK REGISTER

RISK MANAGEMENT

1. Roles and Responsibilities

1.1 Management Team (MT)

The MT is responsible for handling the data collected, and risk management
of the project and to ensure that obligations and responsibilities towards the
completion, are met by the students.

The MT is composed of:

• The Surveyors, Angulo, Raquel A. (Team Leader)

Baliwag, Klarissa A.

Duenas, Mabelle R.

Madlangbayan, Catherine M.

Villanueva, Vienna Nicole R.

2. Risk Management Action Plan

2.1 Risk Identification and Assessment

Risk identification is analyzed by the surveyors throughout the day of April 15,
2019. The following issues shall be considered as tools and techniques for risk
identification:

- Analysis of Traffic status

- Analysis of scope and schedules

12
 - Regular consultation of the surveyors to the team leader

- Regular consultation of the leader to the professor

2.2 Risk Analysis

Indicating the flow of vehicles;

LIGHT FLOW

HEAVY FLOW

Figure 1
Road Intersection

2.3 Risk Evaluation

The risks are often found along the Evangelista Street due to heavy flow of traffic.
It’s the lacks of pedestrian lanes and loading and unloading zones that cause congestions
and accidents.

2.4 Risk Management Plan

The following lists the Risk identified along Evangelista St., which has been
observed by the surveyor of the group.

Risk No. Description of Risk Proposed Risk Management

01 Separating Pedestrians and Vehicles –
Pedestrians or vehicles must be able to use a

13
 traffic route without causing danger to the
Location of pedestrians health or safety of people. Roadways and
footpaths should be separated.
Traffic routes must also keep vehicle
routes far enough away from pedestrians or
from pedestrian routes that lead on to them, so
the safety of pedestrians is not threatened.
02 Limiting the speed that vehicles move
around the roadway is an important part of
controlling traffic. The best way to do this is
Speed Limit to use fixed features that mean drivers cannot
move too quickly preventing car bumps.
Speed Limits and Speed Limit
signage should be in place, however are more
difficult to enforce.
03 Installation of clear signs to tell drivers
and pedestrians about the routes, and speeds,
Lack of discipline they should use.
If signs are used, they should be
constructed to Highway Code standards, and
are kept clean and visible.
04 As far as possible, keep parked
Parking in Traffic Route vehicles out of the Evangelista St. which the
flow of traffic and people are heavy, and
clearly indicate where to park.
Lay out parking areas to prevent
congestion.
05 Sudden stop of a Public There should be a space for loading
Vehicle in Congestion areas for public transport and vehicles.
06 Maneuverability
If large goods vehicles are using
Maneuver of a Large vehicle Evangelista St., you need to make routes wide
enough for them to maneuver safely and to
pass each other with room to spare wherever
possible.
07 General maintenance
Maintenance policies should also be
developed along Evangelista St. for footpaths,
roadway and the infrastructure items such as
structures, drainage, lighting, barriers, signs

14
 Faded road markings and markings.
Roads, footpaths and surface drainage
on site should be adequately maintained.
Paved surfaces should be free from pot holes
and other surface defects which is affecting
vehicles and pedestrians.
08 Signals such as traffic lights can be
Uncontrolled Volume of effective to prevent the heavy traffic between
Vehicle intersection.
Table 2
Risk Management Plan

PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY

According to the data gathered in this study, traffic in the intersection of

Evangelista St. is not that substantial compared to other intersection located in Batangas

City. Only for those peak hour period, or on the rush hour where volume of passengers is

increasing. In this time traffic was experienced and this is due to some concerns

including, the inadequate crossing of the pedestrian, improper loading and unloading of

vehicles mostly Jeepney’s of their passengers near the intersection, and the incorrect

parking of some vehicles on the roadside. But in spite of those, the intersection is still

passable according to the computed Level of Services (LOS).

To addressed the challenge of traffic, solution must be implemented. Applicable

administrative control must be considered, improvement of the existing road traffic signs

for no parking zone, loading and unloading on their respective location in such a way that

the commuters and drivers can easily notice, is efficient to minimize if not to eliminate

the traffic experienced on that intersection.

Traffic signage inform road users of traffic laws and regulation, it is for the safety

and good traffic flow in a specific area. Selecting appropriate signs designated in a

visible point for each part of the four leg intersection will ease the congestion. Varied

signs such as traffic control signs and warning signs will organize the flow of traffic. The

assumption of disregarding these suggested solution needs a sustainable traffic

management.

15
 All signs used shall conform to the designs and dimensions as indicated on its

standard. Prior to installation, all signs and devices shall be checked to ensure that they

are in good condition., they must be clean and not faded. All signs shall be positioned and

erected such that:

 they are properly displayed and securely mounted;

 they are within the driver’s line of sight;

 they cannot be obscured from view;

 they do not obscure other devices from the driver’s line of sight;

 they do not become a possible hazard to workers or vehicles; and

 they do not deflect traffic into an undesirable path.

The Government is responsible for the rehabilitation of this intersection. Funding

or allocating enough budget for a long term is necessary. Now when it comes to the

pedestrian crossing the intersection that leads to traffic, appropriate control measures

must be implemented also. Separating them through to avoid obstruction of roads is

needed. These will reduce the risk that might be encountered and will results for a more

organized traffic flow. Proper implementation of the suggested solution is necessary to

minimize the effect of traffic congestion. An intersection or roads having a systematized

traffic flow is essential.

16
 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered, analysis and the findings of the case

study. This provides the traffic parameters obtained.

Traffic Monitoring

The group conducted a traffic counting for eight hours from 7:00-11:00 AM and

2:00-6:00 PM last April 15, 2019, Monday. We record the number of vehicles passing on

the road manually. The Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 shows the data obtained.

The total volume per hour for each direction was gathered by dividing the total by

the the number of hours.

Traffic Flow

Traffic flow is the study of interactions between travellers and infrastructure, with

the aim of understanding and developing an optimal transport network with efficient

movement of traffic and minimal traffic congestion problems. The parameters acquired

from the eight hour traffic counting were not consistent throughout the day. The volume

for each direction was recorded for every one hour.

Highway Capacity in Terms of LOS

a. Passenger Car Unit

A metric used in Transportation Engineering, to assess traffic-flow rate on

a highway. A Passenger Car Unit is a measure of the impact that a mode of

transport has on traffic variables (such as headway, speed, density) compared to a

single standard passenger car.

17
 PASSENGER CAR UNIT
Type Value
Bicycle 0.5
Motorcycle 0.5
Car 1
Pedicab 0.6
Tricycle 0.6
Rusco 1
Vans 1.4
Bus 2.2
Service 1.4
Pick-up 1.5
Trucks 2.2
Trailers 2.3
Others 1
Table 3.
PCU Values

b. Volume-Capacity Ratio

LOS Volume Capacity Ratio

A Less than 0.20

B 0.21-0.50

C 0.51-0.70

D 0.71-0.85

E 0.86-1

F Greater than 1.0

Table 4.
VCR Values

Table 1

18
Table 2

19
Table 3

20
Table 4

21
Table 5

22
Cap 1 2

23
Cap 34

24
Los

25
 CONCLUSION

Traffic congestion is a global as well as local problem. Multiple factors are said to

contribute to traffic congestion. In the intersection of Evangelista St., and D. Silang St.,

Batangas City, illegal and random parking on main road is concluded to be the main

cause of traffic in the area followed by improper loading and unloading of the passengers.

Following rules and regulations of traffic management is seen to be the solution to this

problem. Discipline of private and public vehicle owners as well as the people in the area

will lessen traffic congestion benefiting both parties.

The west route, north route and south route obtained the LOS B in level of

service. This means that level of comfort and convenience provided is somewhat less

than the LOS A. On the other hand, the east route obtained the LOS C having a value of

0.5148 meaning it is still in zone of stable flow, but speed and maneuverability are most

closely controlled by higher volumes.

26
 REFERENCES

A. Gudhka (2015): Traffic Survey, Analysis And Suitable Solution For Selected Route In

Anad City.

A. Bull (2003): Traffic Congestion And How To Deal With It.

J. Chandra., et.al, (2015): Traffic Congestion and Environmental Quality: A Case Study

of Kolkata City

J. Mergel (1997): Case Studies of Traffic Monitoring Programs in Large Urban Areas

Peterowinje (2017): 10 Ways of Reducing Traffic Accidents.

S. Raheem1., et.al, (2015) :The Cause, Effect and Possible Solution to Traffic Congestion

on Nigeria Road (A Case Study of Basorun-Akobo Road, Oyo State)

Sigua, R. G. (2008). Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering.

27
 APPENDIX A

LOCATION OF INTERSECTION

Figure 2 (a & b)

Intersection of Evangelista St. and D. Silang St.

28
APPENDIX B

TALLY SHEET

Figure 3
Tally Sheet

29