This article was downloaded by: [Mount Allison University 0Libraries]

On: 02 May 2013, At: 16:37

Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Third Text
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ctte20

Un‐settling ‘the heritage’, re‐imagining the

post‐nationWhose heritage?
a
Stuart Hall
a
Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Open University, England
Published online: 19 Jun 2008.

To cite this article: Stuart Hall (1999): Un‐settling ‘the heritage’, re‐imagining the post‐nationWhose heritage?, Third Text,
13:49, 3-13

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09528829908576818

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to
anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents
will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should
be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims,
proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in
connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
 Third Text 49, Winter 1999-2000 3

Whose Heritage?
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

Un-settling 'The Heritage',

Re-imagining the Post-nation

Stuart Hall

This conference on 'Whose Heritage?' provides an opportunity to look critically

at the whole concept of 'British Heritage' from the perspective of the
multicultural Britain which has been emerging since the end of World War II.
How is it being — and how should it be — transformed by the 'Black British'
presence and the explosion of cultural diversity and difference which is
everywhere our lived daily reality?
In preparing to say something useful on this topic, I was struck again — as
many of you may have been — by the quaintness of the very term, 'Heritage'.
It has slipped so innocently into everyday speech! I take it to refer to the whole
complex of organisations, institutions and practices devoted to the preser-
vation and presentation of culture and the arts — art galleries, specialist
collections, public and private, museums of all kinds (general, survey or
themed, historical or scientific, national or local) and sites of special historical
interest.
What is curious in the British usage is the emphasis given to preservation
and conservation: to keeping what already exists — as opposed to the
production and circulations of new work in different media, which takes a very
definite second place. The British have always seen 'culture' as a vaguely
disquieting idea as if to name it is to make self-conscious what well-bred folk
absorb unconsciously with their mother's milk! Ministries of Culture are what
those old, now discredited, eastern European regimes used to have, which is
altogether the wrong associations! Culture has therefore entered the
nomenclature of modern British government only when sandwiched alongside
the more acceptably populist terms, 'Media' and 'Sport'.
This gives the British idea of 'Heritage' a peculiar inflection. The works and
artefacts so conserved appear to be 'of value' primarily in relation to the past.
To be validated, they must take their place alongside what has been authorised
as 'valuable' on already established grounds in relation to the unfolding of a
 4

'national story' whose terms we already know. The Heritage thus becomes the
material embodiment of the spirit of the nation, a collective representation of
the British version of tradition, a concept pivotal to the lexicon of English
virtues.
This retrospective, nation-alised and tradition-alised conception of culture
will return to haunt our subsequent thoughts at different points. However, it
may also serve as a warning that my emphasis does include the active
production of culture and the arts as a living activity, alongside the conser-
vation of the past.
We spend an increasing proportion of the national wealth — especially
since The Lottery—on The Heritage'. But what is it for? Obviously, to preserve
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

for posterity things of value, whether on aesthetic or historical criteria. But that
is only a start. From its earliest history in western societies — in the hetero-
geneous assemblages of the 'cabinets of curiosity and wonder' — collections
have adorned the position of people of power and influence — kings, princes,
popes, landowners and merchants — whose wealth and status they amplified.
They have always been related to the exercise of 'power' in another sense — the
symbolic power to order knowledge, to rank, classify and arrange, and thus to
give meaning to objects and things through the imposition of interpretative
schémas, scholarship and the authority of connoisseurship. As Foucault
observed, 'there is no power relation without the relative constitution of a field
of knowledge nor any knowledge that does not presuppose and constitute...
power relations'.1
Since the eighteenth century, collections of cultural artefacts and works of
art have also been closely associated with informal public education. They have
become part, not simply of 'governing', but of the broader practices of 'govern-
mentality' — how the state indirectly and at a distance induces and solicits
appropriate attitudes and forms of conduct from its citizens. The state is
always, as Gramsci argued, 'educative'. Through its power to preserve and
represent culture, the state has assumed some responsibility for educating the
citizenry in those forms of 'really useful knowledge', as the Victorians put it,
which would refine the sensibilities of the vulgar and enhance the capacities of
the masses. This was the true test of their Tjelongingness': culture as social
incorporation.
It is important to remember that the nation-state is both a political and
territorial entity, and what Benedict Anderson has called 'an imagined
community'.2 Though we are often strangers to one another, we form an
'imagined community' because we share an idea of the nation and what it
stands for, which we can 'imagine' in our mind's eye. A shared national
identity thus depends on the cultural meanings which bind each member
individually into the larger national story. Even so-called 'civic' states, like
Britain, are deeply embedded in specific 'ethnic' or cultural meanings which
give the abstract idea of the nation its lived 'content'.
1 Michel Foucault Discipline
and Punish, Tavistock, The National Heritage is a powerful source of such meanings. It follows that
London, 1977. those who cannot see themselves reflected in its mirror cannot properly
2 Benedict Anderson, Tjelong'. Even the museums and collections apparently devoted to surveying
Imagined Communities, the universal, rather than the national, achievements of culture — like the
Verso, London, 1983 British Museum, the Louvre, or the Metropolitan Museum in New York — are
3 Carol Duncan and Alan harnessed into the national story. Carol Duncan and Alan Wallach have argued
Wallach, 'The Universal that these institutions 'claim the heritage of the classical tradition for contem-
Survey Museum', Art
History, no 4, December, porary society and equate that tradition with the very notion of civilization
1980, p 451. itself'.' Much the same could be said about the museums of Modern or
 5

Contemporary Art in terms of the way they have colonised the very idea of 'the
modern', 'modernity' and 'modernism' as exclusively 'western' inventions.
Heritage is bound into the meaning of the nation through a double
inscription. What the nation means is essentialised: 'the English seem unaware
that anything fundamental has changed since 1066'/ Its essential meaning
appears to have emerged at the very moment of its origin — a moment always
lost in the myths, as well as the mists, of time — and then successively
embodied as a distilled essence in the various arts and artefacts of the nation
for which the Heritage provides the archive. In fact, what the nation 'means' is
an on-going project, under constant reconstruction. We come to know its
meaning partly through the objects and artefacts which have been made to
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

stand for and symbolise its essential values. Its meaning is constructed within,
not above or outside representation. It is through identifying with these
representations that come to be its 'subjects' — by 'subjecting' ourselves to its
dominant meanings. What would 'England' mean without its cathedrals,
churches, castles and country houses, its gardens, thatched cottages and
hedgerowed landscapes, its Trafalgars, Dunkirks and Mafekings, its Nelsons
and its Churchills, its Elgars and its Benjamin Brittens?
We should think of The Heritage as a discursive practice. It is one of the
ways in which the nation slowly constructs for itself a sort of collective social
memory. Just as individuals and families construct their identities in part by
'storying' the various random incidents and contingent turning points of their
lives into a single, coherent, narrative, so nations construct identities by
selectively binding their chosen high points and memorable achievements into
an unfolding 'national story'. This story is what is called 'Tradition'. As the
Jamaican anthropologist, David Scott, recently observed, 'A tradition... seeks to
connect authoritatively, within the structure of its narrative, a relation among
past, community, an identity'. He goes on to argue that,
A tradition therefore is never neutral with respect to the values it embodies. Rather
a tradition operates in and through the stakes it constructs — what is to count and
what is not to count among its satisfactions, what the goods and excellences and
virtues are that ought to be valued... On this view... if tradition presupposes 'a
common possession' it does not presuppose uniformity or plain consensus. Rather
it depends upon a play of conflict and contention. It is a space of dispute as much
as of consensus, of discord as much as accord.5

The Heritage is also a classic example of the operation of what Raymond

Williams called the 'selective tradition':
Theoretically" a period is recorded; in practice, this record is absorbed into a
selective tradition; and both are different from the culture as lived... To some extent
the selection begins within the period itself... though that does not mean that the
4 Norman Davies, 'But We values and emphases will later be confirmed. '
Never Stand Quite Alone',
The Guardian, 13
November, 1999. Like personal memory, social memory is also highly selective, it highlights and
5 David Scott, Re-fashioning foregrounds, imposes beginnings, middles and ends on the random and
Futures: Criticism After contingent. Equally, it foreshortens, silences, disavows, forgets and elides
Post-Coloniality, Princeton,
New Jersey, 1999. many episodes which — from another perspective — could be the start of a
different narrative. This process of selective 'canonisation' confers authority
6 Raymond Williams, The
Long Revolution, Pelican, and a material and institutional facticity on the selective tradition, making it
Harmondsworth, 1963. extremely difficult to shift or revise. The institutions responsible for making the
 6

'selective tradition' work develop a deep investment in their own 'truth'.

The Heritage inevitably reflects the governing assumptions of its time and
context. It is always inflected by the power and authority of those who have
colonised the past, whose versions of history matter. These assumptions and
co-ordinates of power are inhabited as natural — given, timeless, true and
inevitable. But it takes only the passage of time, the shift of circumstances, or
the reversals of history, to reveal those assumptions as time- and context-
bound, historically specific, and thus open to contestation, re-negotiation, and
revision.
This is therefore an appropriate moment to ask, then, who is the Heritage
for? In the British case the answer is clear. It is intended for those who 'belong'
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

— a society which is imagined as, in broad terms, culturally homogeneous and

unified.
It is long past time to radically question this foundational assumption.
It is, of course, undeniable that Britain has been in recent times a relatively
settled society and 'culture'. But as something approaching a nation-state, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (subsequently 'and Northern
Ireland') is in fact a relatively recent historical construct, a product of the
eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Britain itself was formed out of
a series of earlier invasions, conquests and settlements — Celts, Romans,
Saxons, Vikings, Normans, Angevins — whose 'traces' are evident in the
palimpsest of the national language. The Act of Union linked Scotland,
England and Wales into a united kingdom, but never on terms of cultural
equality — a fact constantly obscured by the covert oscillations and surrep-
titious substitutions between the terms 'Britishness' and 'EnglishnessV
The Act of Settlement (1701) secured a Protestant ascendancy, drawing the
critical symbolic boundary between the Celtic/Catholic and the Anglo-
Saxon/Protestant traditions. Between 1801 (the date of the Act of Union which
brokered Ireland into the Union) and Partition in 1922, the national story
proved incapable of incorporation 'Irishness' into 'Britishness' or of integrating
Irish Catholic migrants into an imagined 'Englishness'. Their culture and
presence remains marginalised today.
Though relatively stable, English society has always contained within it
profound differences. There were always different ways of being 'English'. It
was always fissured along class, gender and regional lines. What came to be
known, misleadingly, as 'the British way of life' is really another name for a
particular settlement of structured social inequalities. Many of the great
achievements which have been retrospectively written into the national lexicon
as primordial English virtues — the rule of law, free speech, a fully-represen-
tative franchise, the rights of combination, the National Health Service, the
welfare state itself — were struggled for by some of the English and bitterly
resisted by others. Where, one asks, is this deeply ruptured and fractured
history, with its interweaving of stability and conflict, in the Heritage's version
of the dominant national narrative?
The British Empire was the largest imperium of the modern world. The very
notion of 'greatness' in Great Britain is inextricably bound up with its imperial
destiny. For centuries, its wealth was underpinned, its urban development
driven, its agriculture and industry revolutionised, its fortunes as a nation
settled, its maritime and commercial hegemony secured, its thirst quenched, its
7 On this whole question,
see Norman Davies, The
teeth sweetened, its cloth spun, its food spiced, its carriages rubber-wheeled, its
Isles: A History, Macmillan, bodies adorned, through the imperial connection. Anyone who has been
Basingstoke, 1999. watching the Channel 4 series on The Slave Trade or the 'hidden history' of the
 7

West India Regiment or the BBC's The Boer War will not need reminding how
deeply intertwined were the facts of colonisation, slavery and empire with the
everyday daily life of all classes and conditions of English men and women.
The emblems of Empire do, of course, fitfully appear in the Heritage. However,
in general, 'Empire' is increasingly subject to a widespread selective amnesia
and disavowal. And when it does appear, it is largely narrated from the
viewpoint of the colonisers. Its master narrative is sustained in the scenes,
images and the artefacts which testify to Britain's success in imposing its will,
culture and institutions, and inscribing its civilising mission across the world.
This formative strand in the national culture is now re-presented as an external
appendage, extrinsic and inorganic to the domestic history and culture of the
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

English social formation.

Despite all this, the idea of Heritage has had to respond to at least two major
challenges. The first we may call the démocratisation process. Increasingly, the
lives, artefacts, houses, work-places, tools, customs and oral memories of
ordinary everyday British folk have slowly taken their subordinate place
alongside the hegemonic presence of the great and the good. The inclusion of
domestic vernacular architecture and the agrarian and industrial revolutions,
together with the explosion of interest in 'history from below', the spread of
local and family history, of personal memorabilia and the collection of oral
histories — activities witnessed to in, for example, Raphael Samuel's
memorable celebration of the 'popular heritage', Theatres of Memory,' — have
shifted and democratised our conception of value, of what is and is not worth
preserving. A few courageous if controversial steps have been taken in our
direction — the Liverpool Museum on the Slave Trade, the Maritime Museum's
re-hang. However, by and large, this process has so far stopped short at the
frontier defined by that great unspoken British value — 'whiteness'.
The second 'revolution' arises from the critique of the Enlightenment ideal
of dispassionate universal knowledge, which drove and inspired so much of
Heritage activity in the past. This has to be coupled with a rising cultural
relativism which is part of the growing de-centring of the West and western-
oriented or Eurocentric grand-narratives. From the 'Magiciens de la Terre'
exhibition at the Pompidou Centre in Paris in the 1980s, on through the 'Te
Maori' exhibition from New Zealand at the Metropolitan Museum of New
York, the 'Paradise' exhibition from New Guinea at the Museum of Mankind,
'The Spirit Sings' exhibition of Canada's 'first peoples' at Calgary, the
'Perspectives: Angles on African Art' at the Centre for African Art in New
York, and on and on, the exhibiting of 'other cultures' — often performed with
the best of liberal intentions has proved controversial. The questions — 'Who
should control the power to represent?' 'Who has the authority to re-present
the culture of others?' — have resounded through the museum corridors of the
world, provoking a crisis of authority.
These two developments mark a major transformation in our relation to the
activity of constructing a 'Heritage'. They in turn reflect a number of
conceptual shifts in what we might loosely call the intellectual culture. A list of
these shifts would have to include — a radical awareness by the marginalised
of the symbolic power involved in the activity of representation; a growing
sense of the centrality of culture and its relation to identity; the rise amongst the
excluded of a 'politics of recognition' alongside the older politics of equality; a
growing reflexivity about the constructed and thus contestable nature of the
8 Raphael Samuel Theatres
of Memory, Routledge, authority which some people acquire to 'write the culture' of others; a decline
London, 1997. in the acceptance of the traditional authorities in authenticating the interpre-
 8

tative and analytic frameworks which classify, place, compare and evaluate
culture; and the concomitant rise in the demand to re-appropriate control over
the 'writing of one's own story' as part of a wider process of cultural liberation,
or — as Frantz Fanon and Amilcar Cabrai once put it — 'the decolonization of
the mind'. In short, a general relativisation of 'truth', 'reason' and other abstract
Enlightenment values, and an increasingly perspectival and context-related
conception of truth-as-interpretation — of 'truth' as an aspect of what Michel
Foucault calls the 'will to power'...
Each of these developments would take a whole lecture on their own to
elaborate. But I take them here as together marking an unsettling and
subversion of the foundational ground on which the process of Heritage-
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

construction has until very recently proceeded. We see it reflected in different

ways: in how the texts supporting art works and framing exhibits are written
by museums; in the attempts to make explicit the 'perspective' which has
governed the selection and the interpretative contextualisation, so as to make it
more open to challenge and re-interpretation; in the exposing of underlying
assumptions of value, meaning and connection as part of a more dialogic
relationship between the cultural institutions and their audiences; and in the
tentative efforts to involve the 'subjects' themselves in the exhibiting process
which objectifies them. These are only some of the manifest signs of a deep
slow-motion revolution in progress in the practices of cultural representation.
They have taken hold, but are certainly not yet extensively or ubiquitously
deployed in the institutional complex of the British Heritage 'industry' as a
whole. Their appearance is at best patchy, more honoured in the breach — in
profession of good intentions — than actual practice. Nevertheless, the
question 'Whose Heritage?', posed in the context of the current 'drift' towards
a more multicultural Britain, has to be mounted on the back of this emerging
'turn'. I take the appearance of 'cultural diversity' as a key policy priority of the
newly restructured Arts Council, its greater visibility in statements of intent by
the government and the Ministry of Culture, Media and Sport, the recent
efforts by the British Council to project a more 'diverse' image of British culture
abroad, and even the much-delayed declaration of a 'Year of cultural diversity'
— two years after Amsterdam, but much to be welcomed nevertheless — as
potential but uncertain harbingers of change.
Suppose this were to turn out to be a propitious moment. What would those
new constituencies who feel themselves woefully inadequately represented in
the mirror of culture which the Heritage holds up to British society want out of
it?
It goes without saying that we would need more money specifically
targeted at this objective. The corners of the government's mouth tend to droop
significantly when the money and material resources required to meet
objectives are mentioned, and the weary muttering about 'not simply throwing
money at the problem' rises to a quiet crescendo. However, the idea that a
major culture-change — nothing short of a cultural revolution — could take
place in the way the nation represents the diversity of itself and its 'subject-
citizens' without a major redirection of resources is to reveal oneself as vacantly
trivial about the whole question.
In fact, however, money really is not enough. For if my arguments are
correct, then an equally powerful obstacle to change is the deep institutional
investment which the key organisations have in going on doing things in the
ways in which they have always been done; and the operational inertia
militating against key professionals re-examining their criteria of judgement
 9

and their gate-keeping practices from scratch and faying to shift the habits of a
professional lifetime. It will require a substantially enhanced programme of
training and recruitment for curators, professionals and artists from the
'minority' communities, so that they can bring their knowledge and expertise
to bear on transforming dominant curatorial and exhibitory habits. It also will
take the massive leverage of a state and government committed to producing,
in reality rather than in name, a more culturally diverse, socially just, equal and
inclusive society and culture, and holding its cultural institutions to account.
There are some straws in the wind and a lot of wordage, but so far no consistent
sign of this.
Nevertheless, it seems to me that we have here an opportunity to clarify our
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

own minds and to refine our agendas so that we can seize every opportunity to
challenge institutions, shift resources, change priorities, move practices strate-
gically in the right direction. The rest of my talk is devoted to this task of clarifi-
cation.
First we need a better idea of who the 'we' are in whose name these changes
are being articulated. Principally, we have in mind the so-called 'ethnic
minority communities' from the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent, whose
presence in large numbers since the 1950s have transformed Britain into a
multicultural society, together with the smaller groups of non-European
minorities from Africa, the Middle East, China and the Far East and Latin
America. Their impact on diversifying British society and culture has been
immediate and significant. It may therefore surprise you to hear me say that it
is really very complex to understand how appropriately these communities
should now be culturally represented in mainstream British cultural and
artistic institutions. Our picture of them is defined primarily by their
'otherness' — their minority relationship to something vaguely identified as
'the majority', their cultural difference from European norms, their non-
whiteness, their 'marking' by ethnicity, religion and 'race'. This is a negative
figuration, reductive and simplistic.
These are people who have formed communities in Britain which are both
distinctively marked, culturally, and yet have never been separatist or
exclusive. Some traditional cultural practices are maintained — in varied ways
— and carry respect. At the same time, the degrees and forms of attachment are
fluid and changing — constantly negotiated, especially between men and
women, within and across groups, and above all, across the generations.
Traditions coexist with the emergence of new, hybrid and crossover cultural
forms of tremendous vitality and innovation. These communities are in touch
with their differences, without being saturated by tradition. They are actively
involved with every aspect of life around them, without the illusion of assimi-
lation and identity. This is a new kind of difference — the difference which is
not binary (either-or) but whose 'differances' (as Jacques Derrida has put it) will
not be erased, or traded.'
Their lives and experiences have been shaped by traditions of thought,
religious and moral values, very different from the Judeo-Christian and
classical traditions whose 'traces' still shape 'western' culture; and by the
historical experience of oppression and marginalisation. Many are in touch
with cultures and languages which pre-date those of "The West'. Nevertheless,
colonisation long ago convened these cultural differences under the 'canopy' of
9 Jacques Derrida, Margins
a sort of imperial empty 'global' time, without ever effectively erasing the
of Philosophy, Harvester, disjunctures and dislocations of time, place and culture by its ruptural
Brighton, 1982. intrusion into their 'worlds'. This is the palimpsest of the postcolonial world.
 10

These communities are, as C. L. R. James once put it, 'in but not of Europe'10...
Nevertheless, they have known 'Europe' for three or four centuries as what
Ashis Nandy, in his unforgettable phrase, calls 'intimate enemies'." They are
what David Scott has called 'conscripts of modernity'. They have dwelled for
many years, and long before migration, in the double or triple time of coloni-
sation, and now occupy the multiple frames, the in-between or 'third' spaces —
the homes-away-from-homes — of the postcolortial metropolis.
No single programme or agenda could adequately represent this cultural
complexity — especially their 'impossible' desire to be treated and represented
with justice (that is, as 'the same') simultaneously with the demand for the
recognition of 'difference'. The agenda will itself have to be open and diverse,
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

representing a situation which is already cross-cut by new and old lateral

connections and reciprocal global influences and which refuses to stand still or
stabilise. We ourselves should recognise that there will be many comple-
mentary but different ways of being represented, just as there are many
different ways of 'being black'.
Without becoming too specific, what would be the basic elements or
building blocks of such an agenda?
First, there is the demand that the majority, mainstream versions of the
Heritage should revise their own self-conceptions and rewrite the margins into
the centre, the outside into the inside. This is not so much a matter of
representing 'us' as of representing more adequately the degree to which 'their'
history entails and has always implicated 'us', across the centuries, and vice
versa. The African presence in Britain since the sixteenth century, the Asian
since the seventeenth and the Chinese, Jewish and Irish in the nineteenth have
long required to be made the subjects of their own dedicated heritage spaces as
well as integrated into a much more 'global' version of 'our island story'.
Across the great cities and ports, in the making of fortunes, in the construction
of great houses and estates, across the lineages of families, across the plunder
and display of the wealth of the world as an adjunct to the imperial enterprise,
across the hidden histories of statued heroes, in the secrecy of private diaries,
even at the centre of the great master-narratives of 'Englishness' like the Two
World Wars, falls the unscripted shadow of the forgotten 'Other'. The first task,
then, is re-defining the nation, re-imagining 'Britishness' or 'Englishness' itself
in a more profoundly inclusive manner. The Brits owe this, not to only us, but
to themselves: for to prepare their own people for success in a global and de-
centred world by continuing to misrepresent Britain as a closed, embattled,
self-sufficient, defensive, 'tight little island' would be fatally to disable them.
This is not only a matter of history. London and other major cities have
been, throughout this century, 'world cities', drawing to themselves the
creative talents of nations far and wide, and standing at the centre of tremen-
dously varied cross-cultural flows and lateral artistic influences. Many distin-
guished practitioners who chose to live and work in Britain — Ronald Moody,
Aubrey Williams, Francis Souza, Avinash Chandra, Anwar Jalal Shemza,
David Medalla, Li Yuan Chia, Frank Bowling, and many others — have been
quietly written out of the record. Not British enough for the Täte, not
10 C L R James, 'Popular Art International enough for Bankside, I guess. The ways in which the 'modernist'
and The Cultural Tradition',
in Third Text, no 10, Spring
impulse in western art drew inspiration from what it defined as 'primitive' is
1990, pp 3-10. now an art-historical cliché. But the numbers of non-European artists who
11 Ashis Nandy, The Intimate
played a central part in European, and especially British, modernism, is far less
Emmy, Oxford, New Delhi, widely acknowledged. — what Rasheed Araeen called, in his historic
1983. retrospective, "The (Largely Untold) Other Story' (1989). The existence of major
 11

'other modernisms', with their own indigenous roots elsewhere, passes

without serious attention. The incontestable truth of the observation that 'The
search for a new identity expressed in modern forms has been the common
denominator of most contemporary art movements in Africa' is, for western
curators and art-historians, still a well-kept secret.12
Then, secondly, there is the enormous, unprecedented, creative explosion
by contemporary practitioners from the so-called 'minority' communities in all
the arts (painting, visual arts, photography, film, theatre, literature, dance,
music, multi-media) which has marked the last three decades. Unless this work
is funded and exhibited, young talent and promise will simply dribble away.
And it needs to be said loud and clear that this is not work which is likely
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

immediately to appeal to the new culture-heroes of the art world — the

corporate sponsors — who are already in search of their next Monet outing at
some prestigious venue. For a time the work of contemporary artists from the
minority communities was patronisingly secured within an 'ethnic' enclave, as
if only non-European work reflected the cultural idioms in which they were
composed — as if only 'we' had 'ethnicities'. However the movement has long
ago breached its boundaries and flooded — but only when permitted by the
cultural gate-keepers — into the mainstream. Its visibility has depended
largely on a few pioneering figures and the efforts of a whole fleet of small,
local and community based galleries.
Like the rainbow, this work comes and goes. Major practitioners surface
and pass quietly from view into an early and undeserved obscurity. Their work
occasionally surfaces in mainstream venues — and has an innovative vitality
which much 'indigenous' work lacks. But they cannot be properly 'heritaged'.
The critical records, catalogues and memorabilia of this great tide of creative
work in the visual arts since the 1980s, for example — from which, one day the
histories and critical studies of black diaspora visual culture will be written —
existed for many years in boxes in a filing cabinet in Eddie Chambers' bedroom
in Bristol before they found a resting place — in AAVAA, the Asian and
African Visual Arts Archive, courtesy of The University of East London. No
proper archive, no regular exhibitions, no critical apparatus (apart from a few
key journals like Third Text and the now-defunct Ten 8), no definitive histories,
no reference books, no comparative materials, no developing scholarship, no
passing-on of a tradition of work to younger practitioners and curators, no
recognition of achievement amongst the relevant communities... Heritage-less.
Thirdly, there is the record of the migrant experience itself. This is a
precious record of the historical formation of a black diaspora in the heart of
Europe — probably a once-in-a-life-time event — still just within living
memory of its participants. Anyone who watched the Windrush programmes
and listened to their moving and articulate interviews, or saw the images which
Autograph (The Association of Black Photographers) helped to research and
mount at the Pitshanger Gallery in Ealing or read the first-hand evidence of the
political struggles of the period 1940-90 being put together by the unfunded
George Padmore series edited by a veteran figure — John LaRose — whose
autobiography we await, will know the rich evidence in visual imagery and
12 Salah Hassan, in Reading
The Contemporary: African
oral testimonies which is waiting to be consolidated into a major archive.
Art From Theory to Market- It needs, of course, to be, supplemented by extensive oral histories, personal
Place, (eds) Olu Oguibe accounts, documents and artefacts, from which, alone, 'the black experience' in
and Okwui Enwezor,
Institute of International
Britain since the 1950s could be recreated. We know, from a few bold efforts to
Visual Arts (inIVA), build the everyday concerns of migrant people into 'daily life' local exhibitions
London, 1999. (for example by the adventurous Walsall Museum and Art Gallery) of the rich
 12

and complex details — customs, cuisine, daily habits, family photographs and
records, household and religious objects — which remain to be documented in
these domestic settings, poised as they are on the edge of and constantly
negotiating between different 'worlds'. There is no such systematic work in
progress though the Black Cultural Archives with its recent Lottery grant may
at last be able to make a small start on oral histories. Some selective attempts
have been made to do this for some Afro-Caribbean communities. So far as I
know, there is very little comparable work as yet on the Asian experience(s).
Heritage? Which Heritage?
Fourthly, there is the question of those 'traditions of origin', so often
deployed to represent minority communities as immured in their 'ethnicity' or
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

differentiated into another species altogether by their 'racialised difference'.

These 'traditions' are occasionally on view in performances by visiting
companies, framed as an exotic entertainment. But in general terms, the public
is deeply uninformed about them. The complexities of practice, interpretation
and belief of Hinduism or Islam as world systems of religious belief are
virtually a closed book, even to the intelligentsia. The long, highly complex and
refined traditions of Indian music or dance, the key texts, poets and novelists,
of these great civilisations, the extraordinarily varied cultural history of the
Indian sub-continent itself, are beyond the reach of even the well-educated.
Equally obscure are the complexities of tribe, language and ethnicity in sub-
Saharan Africa.
These basic building blocks of the new global universe we inhabit confront
a blank and uncomprehending provincial 'Englishness' as if fitfully glimpsed
from outer space. Beyond sea, sun, sand, reggae and ganja, the fantastic
intricacies of the 'transculturation' of European, African and Indian elements
over centuries, which have produced the variety and vibrancy of Caribbean
'créole' cultures , is another Great Unknown. Latin America with its highly
evolved Hispanic and Amerindian cultures may well be less familiar than the
surface of Mars. The 'peculiarity' of Afro-Caribbeans — that they are simulta-
neously deeply familiar because they have lived with the British for so long,
and ineradicably different because they are black — is regarded by most of the
British (who have never been asked by their 'Heritage' to spare it a thought) as
culturally inexplicable. Here, the National Curriculum and the truncated
remnant of History as a discipline which remains, with only its most simplistic
relationship to notions of 'Heritage' intact, has done irreparable damage.
And yet many of the creative talents of these communities are still 'framed'
within a familiarity with the practices of these richly-traditional arts, so deeply
are they interwoven with the textures of a lived culture itself; and even new
and experimental work draws on their repertoires, idioms and languages of
representation. Unless the younger generation has access to these cultural
repertoires and can understand and practice them, to some extent at least, from
the inside, they will lack the resources — the cultural capital — of their own
'heritage', as a base from which to engage other traditions. They will in effect
be culturally 'monolingual' if not silenced — literally, deprived of the capacity
to speak — in a world which requires us all to be or become culturally bi- if not
multi-lingual.
There is no intrinsic contradiction between the preservation and presen-
tation of 'other cultures' and my fifth point — the engagement with the
production of new diasporic forms. The popular culture of our society
especially has been transformed by the rich profusion of contemporary hybrid
or 'cross-over' cultural forms — in music, dance, street-style, fashion, film,
 13

multi-media —which mark the production of 'the new' and the transgressive
alongside the traditional and the 'preservation of the past'. Here, 'modernity'
(or postmodernity) is not waiting on some authority to 'permit' or sanction this
exploration of creativity in contemporary media and form. This is the leading-
edge cultural phenomenon of our time — the 'multi' in multicultural, the 'Cool'
in 'Cool Britannia'. For a time, black Afro-Caribbeans were in the vanguard of
these avant-garde cultural practices, like cultural navigators crossing without
passports between ragga, jungle, scratch, rap and electro-funk. In recent years,
they have been decisively joined by the 'disorienting rhythms' of Asian youth.
Perhaps this aspect of cultural production needs no 'archive' or 'heritage'. But
it is proceeding unrecorded and unanalysed, consigned to the ephemera of its
Downloaded by [Mount Allison University 0Libraries] at 16:37 02 May 2013

day — expendable. Yet it represents one of the most important cultural

developments of our time: the stakes which 'the margins' have in modernity,
the local-in-the-global, the pioneering of a new cosmopolitan, vernacular, post-
national, global sensibility.
What I have offered is a wholly inadequate sketch — leaving out whole
tracts of activity and countless examples aside. The account is inevitably
skewed by my own interests and preoccupations. The detail does not matter.
What matters is some greater clarity about 'the big picture' . I have tried to
suggest not only what but why the question of The Heritage' is of such timely
and critical importance for our folks at this time. 'British' most of us were, at
one time, but that was long ago and, besides, as Shakespeare said, 'the wench
is dead'. 'English' we cannot be. But tied in our fates and fortunes with 'the
others' — while steadfastly refusing to have to become 'other' to belong — we
do, after all, have a stake, an investment, in this phase of globalisation, in what
I might call 'the post-nation'. But only if it can be re-imagined — re-invented to
include us. That is the bet, the wager, the gamble we are here to discuss.

This is the text of the keynote speech given on November 1st, 1999, at the
national conference 'Whose Heritage? The Impact of Cultural Diversity on
Britain's Living Heritage' that took place at G-Mex, Manchester, England.