PROSPECTS

Of

EM TECHNOLOGY
in

AGRICULTURE

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd.

1. Introduction
Increase in agriculture production is the priority need to meet the food
requirements of population. The excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and
herbicides & insecticides for maximizing crop yield resulted in deterioration of
physical and biological health of the agricultural lands. This necessitated the
inclusion of legume-cereal rotations & green manuring, use of organic manures,
leaving fallow lands for the recuperation of physical properties and desirable soil
microorganisms for nutrient mobilization and uptake. The situation has been
further aggravated with the accumulation of salts in the plough layer in the
cultivated lands, reducing the crop yield reasonably. The adaptation of
mechanized cultivation reduced the production of farmyard manure as the animals
at the farm have been minimized. Generally the farming community is not
practicing the cultivation of green manure crops just because of shortage of
irrigation water and time interval available between two crops.

The situation has become alarming and it is now imperative to understand the role
of soil micro-flora and fauna in maintaining sustainable crop productivity.

Recently the work done by Prof. Dr. Teruo Higa, University of Ryukyus,
Okinawa, Japan is commendable and worth mentioning. He developed the 1st
batch of Effective Microorganisms, which eventually called EM in 1980. EM is a
combination of aerobic and anaerobic species from three main genera:
phototrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The application of EM
Technology in agriculture has brought revolution in the field of floriculture,
horticulture, crop husbandry and land reclamation. Recently the use of EM
Technology has helped to control pollution caused by the sewage as well as
industrial wastes.

The research carried out in the field of agriculture by using EM Technology is

compiled in this document.

2. EM Technology
Prof. Dr. Teruo Higa, Okinawa, Japan wrote two books on “An Earth Saving
Revolution” vol–I, vol–II & vol–III in the year 1993 and 1994 to resolve our
world’s problems through Effective Microorganisms (EM). The material given
below has been extracted from these two books.

Prof. Dr. Teruo Higa, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan developed the first
batch of Effective Microorganism, which eventually called EM in 1980. It is
available in the liquid form. It is produced through a natural process of
fermentation and not chemically synthesized or genetically engineered. EM is a
combination of various beneficial, naturally occurring microorganisms mostly
used for or found in food. EM is a liquid concentrate. It is produced in vats from
cultivations of over 80 varieties of microorganisms. The microorganisms are
drawn from 10 genera belonging to 5 different families. The most outstanding
characteristic of EM is this that it includes both aerobic and anaerobic species

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 1

coexisting symbiotically in a most beneficially productive manner. EM contains
beneficial tiny anabiotic microorganisms form 3 main genera: phototrophic
bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, fungi and effective
actinomycetes.

Photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomeonas spp):

The photosynthetic or phototrophic bacteria are a group of independent, self-
supporting microbes. These bacteria synthesize useful substances from secretions
of roots, organic matter and / or harmful gases (hydrogen sulphide), by using
sunlight and the heat of soil as source of energy. The useful substances developed
by these microbes include amino acids, nucleic acid, bioactive substance and
sugars, all of which promote plant growth and development. The metabolites
developed by these microorganisms are absorbed directly by the plants and act as
substrates for increasing beneficial microbial populations. For example, Vesicular
Arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae in the rhizosphere are increased due to the
availability of nitrogenous compounds (amino acid) which are secreted by the
phototrophic bacteria. The VA mycorrhizae in turn enhance the solubility of
phosphates in soils, thereby supplying unavailable phosphorus to plants. VA
mycorrhizae can also coexist with Azotobactor and Rhizobium, thereby
increasing the capacity of plants to fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus spp):

Lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid from sugars and other carbohydrates,
developed by photosynthetic bacteria and yeast. Lactic acid is a strong sterilizing
compound and suppresses harmful microorganisms and enhances decomposition
of organic matter. Moreover, Lactic acid bacteria promote the fermentation and
decomposition of material such as lignin and cellulose, thereby removing
undesirable effects of undecomposed organic matter. Lactic acid bacteria have the
ability to suppress disease-inducing microorganisms such as Fusarium, which
occurring continuous cropping programmes. Under normal circumstances, species
such as Fusarium weakens crop plants, thereby exposing them to diseases and
increased pest population such as nematodes. The use of lactic acid bacteria
reduces nematode populations and controls propagation and spread of Fusarium,
thereby inducing a better environment for crop growth.

2 -Yeast (Saccharomyces spp)

Yeasts synthesize ant microbial and other useful substances required for plant
growth from amino acid and sugars secreted by photosynthetic bacteria, organic
matter and plant roots. The bioactive substances such as hormones and enzymes
produced by yeasts promote active cell and root division. These secretions are
also useful substrates for Effective Microorganisms such as Lactic acid bacteria
and Actinomycetes.

EM as “co existence and co prosperity”

The difference species of Effective Microorganism (Photosynthetic and lactic acid
bacteria and yeast) have their respective function. However, photosynthetic

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 2

bacteria could be considered the pivot of EM activity. Photosynthetic bacteria
support the activities of other microorganisms in EM. However, the
photosynthetic bacteria also utilize substances produced by other microbes. This
phenomenon is termed “Co existence and Co prosperity”. The enhancement of
population of EM in soils by application promotes the development of existing
beneficial soil microorganisms. Thus, the micro flora of the soil becomes
abundant; thereby the soil develops a well-balanced microbial system. In this
process soil specific microbes (especially harmful species) are suppressed,
thereby reducing microbial diseases that cause soil borne diseases. In contrast, in
these developed soil, the Effective Microorganisms maintain a symbiotic process
with the roots of plants within the rhizosphere.

Plant roots also secrete substances such as carbohydrates, amino and organic acids
and active enzymes. Effective microorganisms use these secretions for growth.
During this process, they also secrete and provide amino and nucleic acids, a
variety of vitamins and hormones to plants. Further more, EM in the rhizosphere
co exist with plants. Therefore, plants grow exceptionally well in soils, which are
dominated by Effective Microorganisms.

EM is a living entity containing active microbes. Manufacturing of EM requires

good quality water free of pollutants or chemicals. EM can be stored in a closed
container for a period up to 6 months if kept in a dark cool place (Refrigeration is
not required). EM always has a sweet sour smell. One may notice a white film on
the surface of EM solution when it is stored. This is yeast and does not cause any
harm to the EM.

The soils having a high population of disease causing microbes (Fusarium) are
called Disease inducing soils. These are generally hard and physical
characteristics are not conducive for crop growth. The soils having organisms
such as Pencillium, Trichaderma, Aspergillus and Sterptomyces, which produce
antibiotics, are called disease suppressive soils. These soils have very good
physical characteristics. The soils containing zymogenic organisms such as Lactic
acid bacteria and yeast are called zymogenic soils. When raw organic matter with
high nitrogen contents is applied, the soil develops an aromatic smell, the
population of fermenting fungi such as Aspergillus and Rhizopus increases. These
soils have very good physical characteristics with a high water holding capacity.

EM is a versatile product that uses microorganisms found in all ecosystems. The

principle of EM is the conversion of a degraded ecosystem full of harmful
microbes to one that is productive and contains useful microorganisms. This
simple principle is the foundation of EM Technology in agriculture and
environmental management.

3. Research completed on various aspects of Agriculture

The research work done by various scientists in different countries in the field of
agriculture using EM Technology is summarized below.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 3

1. Ahmad, R. T. Hussain, G. Jilani, S.A. Shahid, S. Naheed Akhtar, and
M.A. Abbas,:
Use of effective microorganisms for sustainable crop production in Pakistan. Proc.
2nd Conf. On Effective microorganisms (EM). Nov. 17-19, 1993, Saraburi
Thailand, pp 15-27.

Laboratory and field studies were conducted to study the role of EM for sustained
crop production in Pakistan. In preliminary studies on rice, wheat, cotton, maize
and vegetable, it was found that EM could not produce crop yield at par with
chemical fertilizers. However, EM treated plots showed much higher yields than
non-EM treated plots in all crops. Application of EM caused 9.5% increase in the
yield of paddy and 27.7% increase in the yield of seed cotton. Relatively higher
yield of the maize was obtained when EM 2 and EM 4 were applied in
combination. A positive response of EM in solubilization of organic phosphorus
was also observed in a laboratory study. The root growth enhanced as the
availability of P was increased. These studies proved a definite role of EM in
enhancing the fertility and quality of soil.

2. Filho, S.Z., R.R. Medeiros, and S. Kinjo:

Influence of EM on organic matter decomposition in soil under controlled
conditions. Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. on Kyusei Nature Farming. Oct. 5-7 1993, Santa
Barbara, California U.S.A., pp 242 – 243.

A laboratory study was conducted under controlled conditions to determine if EM

could accelerate the decomposition of organic amendments (organic fertilizer)
and enhance the recycling and availability of plant nutrients. The soil was a
lithosol of medium texture. The organic fertilizer / amendment was a mixture of
Bengal velvet bean (3.84 gm), Gunea grass (1.97 gm), and a mixture of rice bran,
castor bean oil cake, soybean oil cake, and fish meal (0.81 gm). The moisture
level was maintained near the maximum water holding capacity of the soil.
The results indicated that EM accelerated the decomposition rate of organic
amendments applied to soils, improved certain soil chemical and physical
properties and enhanced the mineralization and availability of plant nutrients. The
organic fertilizer + EM resulted in the highest concentration of soluble organic
matter and soluble sugar such as glucose compared with organic fertilizer alone.
This indicates a rapid rate decomposition with EM. The organic matter + EM
improved soil aggregation, drainage, and water holding capacity compared with
organic fertilizer alone. This suggests that EM enhanced the production of
polysaccharides, which are the “binding materials” needed to promote aggregate
formation. The CO2 production in the organic matter + EM treatment was the
highest as compared to chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer (4545, 316, 4158
mg). This indicates that EM enhanced the extent of organic matter decomposition
and the decomposition was completed at a rapid rate.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 4

3. Higa, T. and S. Kinjo, 1989:
Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation Bacteria on Plant Growth and Soil Humus
Formation. First International Conference, Kyusei Nature Farming pp 140 – 147,
Oct 17-21, 1989.

A study was conducted to determine if lactic acid bacteria, when inoculated in soil
amended with organic materials, could enhance decomposition and the release of
plant nutrients, and increase soil humus formation. For this purpose a green house
pot experiment was conducted in 11/1988. Soil was mixed with chopped sore
grass at a rate of 40 Mg ha-1. Mustard seeds were sown at 0,1,2,3 & 5 weeks after
the addition of organic amendment. A culture of Lactobacillus plantarum was
applied to the pots each week at dilutions of 1:500, 1: 1000 and 1:2000. Microbial
were made at the time of harvest and expressed as number per gram of dry soil.
EM 4 dilutions were made form liquid stock culture that contained 1.2 x 109
bacteria per ml.

Populations of fungi, lactobacilli, aerobic bacteria, and actinomycetes were

generally higher in soil treated with EM 4 as compare to control. Results indicated
that EM 4 accelerated the decomposition of organic amendment in soils and
increased the release of nutrients for plant growth. The soil humus contents were
also increased considerably with EM 4 treatment.

4. Higa, T. and G.N. Wididana, 1989:

Changes in the Soil Microflora Induced by Effective Microorganisms. First
ternational Conference, Kyusei Nature Farming pp 153 – 162, Oct 17-21, 1989.

The study was undertaken to know which combination of EM cultures changes

specific problem soils into healthier and more productive soils and which
combinations of EM can favorably interact with soil microbial communities and
promote beneficial relationships between biotic and abiotic factors which enhance
the health and growth of plants.

EM 2, EM 3 and EM 4 cultures were classified:

EM 2 is a mixture of more than 10 genera and 80 species of coexisting
microorganisms (photosynthetic bacteria, ray fungus, yeast, molds, etc). these
were cultured in a liquid medium at pH 7.0 and stored at pH 8.5. the number of
microorganisms was 109 g-1.

EM 3 consists of 90% photosynthetic bacteria, cultured in a liquid medium and

stored at pH 8.5. The number of microorganisms was 109 g-1.

EM 4 consists of 90% lactobacillus spp. and microorganisms producing lactic

acid, cultured in a liquid medium at pH 4.5. The number of microorganisms in the
solution was 109 g-1.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 5

The soil was gray upland soil with a pH of 8.3 and was not cultivated for many
years. EM cultures were diluted to concentrations of 0.1% from liquid stock
media and watered into the soil at two-week intervals. The microorganisms were
estimated with standard methods.

The generic analysis of the bacterial flora showed that the number of fermentative
bacteria such as Enterobacter, starch-digesting bacteria e.g. Azotobacter and
Clostridia, were increased in the EM treated soil. A combination of EM
2.3.4.markedly suppressed the number of Verticillium, Thielaviopsis, and
Fusarium fungal species that are destructive soil born plant pathogens. Some the
EM cultures significantly increased the population of Trchoderma and Penicillium
species that are known to suppress plant pathogenic fungi in soils. Soil physical
properties were generally improved with EM treatment. Fungi can bind soil
particles into more stable aggregates. Bacteria can synthesize cementing agents in
the form of gums and polysaccharides that also help to promote good aggregation
Lynch (1981, found that Azotobator Chroococcum, Lipomyces starkeyi, and
Pseudomonas spp can promote the stabilization of soil aggregates. Fungal species
of the genera Pseudomonas, Mycobacter, Micrococcus, Flavobacterium,
Penicillium, Sclerotium, Aspergillus, and other are also known to solubilising
insoluble phosphates to plant-available forms.

5. Hong-Gon, R.: EM Technology:

The concept, development and option in DPR of Korea Research Center for
Effective Microorganisms, Pyongyang, DPK Korea.

The agricultural sector of DPR Korea has utilized conventional systems of

chemical agriculture for a long period of time. The use of toxic chemical and with
problems of climate experienced over the past few years has resulted in reduced
productivity of once sustainable systems of agriculture. Furthermore, the lack of
sufficient organic matter for compost making has also resulted in the loss of soil
quality with time. The DPR Korea thus adopted the technology of effective
Microorganisms as a means of reducing the problems of agriculture and
enhancing soil fertility.

6. Hussain, T.:
Effect of EM and without organic amendments on the electrical conductivity and
PH of brackish water soil science department, Univ. of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

It was a pot experiment. The organic materials used were farmyard manure, green
grass, and filter cake of sugar industry, poultry manure, EM and brackish water.
Brackish water of EC 2.25dSm-1 and EM of 1% was used. After 3rd, 7th and 15th
days of incubation period, extract s were taken and filtered and analyzed for EC
and pH.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 6

It was concluded that there was a general trend of decrease in EC. The EC was
decreased more where organic material with EM was used. Similarly pH was
generally decreased.

7. Hussain, T., G.Jillani, and T.Javaid:

Development of nature farming for sustainable crop production with EM
Technology in Pakistan. Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Kyusei Nature Farming. June, 19-
21, 1995, Paris, France, pp 71-78.

A large number of field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in Pakistan

since 1990 to evaluate the use of EM as an alternative to chemical fertilizer in
crop production. One such study was a long term field experiment conducted for 5
years on a rice-wheat rotation with the treatments: control, chemical fertilizer
(NPK), green manure (GM), and farmyard manure (FYM), all with and without
the application of EM. Results showed that EM increased crop yield and
improved soil physical properties, especially when applied with organic
amendments.

8. Hussain, T, 2001:
Imperatives for Reorienting Agricultural Production System of Pakistan with
Nature Farming and Technology of Effective Microorganisms (Innovations,
Results and Technology Transfer) 1993 –2001.

The research work carried out by T. Akbar 1996 and by G. Qasim 1997 on
“recycling of municipal liquid waste using EM Technology for domestic use” and
on “Recycling of sewage water and industrial effluent using EM Technology” for
their MSc Thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan has been
referred. EM treatments @ 0.1% were given to 5 samples, one municipal liquid
waste, 4 different local industries for four days. The treated samples were
analyzed for odor, turbidity, pH, EC, BOD, COD heavy metals concentrations,
TDS & TSS. These parameters were reduced with EM treatment. The same was
confirmed by G. Qasim 1997. It is reported that EM has the potential to deoxidize
the heavy metals and convert it into organo-metallic compounds, which are not
harmful for human animal health.

9. Jamal, T., H. Hasruman, A. R. Anwer, M.S. Saad and H.A.H.

Shariffuddin:
Effect of EM and fertilization on soil physical properties under sweet potato
cultivation. Paper presented at the 6th EM Technology Conf. Nov. 24-26 1997,
Saraburi, Thailand.

A study was conducted to observe changes in soil physical characteristics namely

soil texture, bulk density, soil moisture retention and aggregate stability as a result
of adding EM to an acid soil (Ultisols) at different fertilization under sweet potato
cultivation. The fertilization treatment include inorganic, organic and mixture of
organic and inorganic fertilizer each with EM and without EM. Fertilization

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 7

improved soil aggregate stability and EM inoculation further enhanced this
property. The increase in aggregate stability was greatest with EM and organic
fertilizer and lowest without EM in inorganic fertilizer.

10. Jamil, M., T. Husain, G. Jilani, and T. Javaid:

Mechanisms of plant nutrient supply through technology and its reflection in crop
production. Proc. 4th Conf. on Effective Microorganisms (EM). Nov. 19-22, 1995
Saraburi, Thailand. pp 8-15.

The study was undertaken to test the benefits of effective microorganisms in pots
and micro plots with maize and rice as test crops respectively. The effect of
different treatments on bacterial population in the soil was also studied. In pot
experiment, NPK, FYM and EM 3 were applied alone and in combination.
Application of EM 3 significantly improved the plant growth parameter and
counts of beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere. The highest response was
obtained with NPK fertilizer followed non-significantly by EM3 + FYM
treatment giving 67% and 60% more fresh biomass weights than control
respectively. Rice in micro plots was maximum again with NPK fertilizers;
however, it was not statistically different to that of EM Bokashi treatment.
Application of EM Bokashi increased the number of Azotobacter, Azossprillium,
Bacillus and Lactobacillus in the soil that ultimately influenced the plant growth.
All these studies revealed a significantly positive effect of EM cultures,
particularly when some organic material was incorporated into the soil.

11. Javaid, T., T. Hussain, G. Jilani, and M.A. Abbas:

Research and extension activities for the development of EM-Technology in
Pakistan. Proc. 4th Conf. on Effective Microorganisms (EM). Nov. 19-22, 1995
Saraburi, Thailand. pp 119-131.

The research on the use of EM for crop production in Pakistan is being carried out
since 1990. The recent studies include a long-term experiment on rice-wheat
rotation. The results showed enhanced crop yield and improved physical
characteristics of soil with EM in combination with organic manures.

12. Jilani, G:
Utilization of organic amendments and effective microorganisms (EM) to
enhance soil quality for sustainable crop production. A thesis submitted to the
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to fulfill the requirements of Ph.D., 1997.

The research carried out and reported in the Ph.D thesis was initiated in 1990 and
completed in 1998. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory, green
house and in the field. The experiments were statistically designed with CRD or
RCBD triplicated, and the data means were compared by LSD at 5% probability
level. The results and conclusions drawn from the experiments are summarized
below:

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 8

 1. The microbiological composition of the EM1 culture was very complex, and the
microbes belonged to the groups: aerobic and microaerophilic N-fixing bacteria
(Azotobacter, Azospirillum,

Pseudomonas); photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas),

Rhodospirillum, Rhodobacter), P-solubilizers (Bacillus, Aerobacter, Xanthomonas,
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, Streptomyces);
fermenting microbes (Lactobacillus, Mucor, Saccharomyes, Trichoderma).
2. The EM1 has the capacity to fix atmospheric N, solubilize P, decompose organic
matter (OM) and produce plant growth promoting substances in a significant amount.
3. More organic C and N were conserved in soil during OM decomposition with EM
although the C:N ratio was also lower.
4. Application of EM4 improved the growth and yield of rice and wheat, and NPK
uptake in these crops.
5. The amount/availability of NPK nutrients and OM content in the soil was improved
significantly by EM application.
6. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil were rendered with EM
in favor of sustainable crop growth.
7. Soil pH, ECe, bulk density and resistance to root penetration were reduced with EM
treatments.
8. Application of EM increased the efficiency of GM and FYM, and this combination
produced crops yield statistically equal to that with NPK fertilizer alone.
9. Supplementation of EM3 and EM4 to half dose of N and P fertilizer respectively,
produced similar wheat yield as with their full dose.
10. In EM treated soil the number of N-fixing, P-solubilizing and OM fermenting
microorganisms were statistically higher that in no EM respective treatments.
11. In continuous experiments, the EM application showed a liner increase in crop yield
and soil improvement with time.
12. The overall value of soil quality index (SQI) was considerably higher with OM +
EM treatment as compared to only OM or chemical fertilizer treatments.

13. Lee, K.H:

Effect of Organic Amendments and EM on the Growth and Yield of Crops and on
Soil Properties. Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. On Kyusei Nature Farming. Oct. 7-11, 1991
pp 142-147.

Several crops were studied in field plots to determine the effect of compost and
EM on growth and yield, and on soil chemical properties. Rice yields in the EM +
compost treated plots were similar to those in the NPK plots; the EM + compost
treatment may have supplied the nutrients for equivalent productivity. During the
growing season with red pepper, both EM solution and EM + compost increased
the levels of available P2O5, Ca, and Mg in the soil. After rice harvest, soil in the
EM treated plots was found to have a higher P2O5 concentration compared with
other treatments.

14. Minsk, 1998:

EM: Effect on plant growth and development, effect on radio nuclide transfer
from soil to plants, effect on biological consequences of irradiation in organism.
Institute of radiobiology, national academy of the republic of Belarus.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 9

EM-1 introduction into soil before and after sowing plants (Gramineae-oats,
Leguminosae-Soya) leads to the activation of photosynthetical processes (which
increases the formation of chlorophyll, protein and of activity of number of
enzymes, in particular, increase of peroxidase activity with insignificant change
all decrease of chlorophyllase activity) in plants. This is an important factor
promoting growth and development of plants. EM-1 is able to increase the
formation in plants of chlorophyll-green pigment, which takes part in processes of
absorption of solar energy, carbon dioxide and other substances and provides the
growth and developments of plants. EM-1 increased the formation of protein.
EM-1 promotes the activation of peroxidase, which participates in energy related,
and protective processes in plants.

15. Minsk 1998:

Effective Microorganisms: effect on plant growth and development, effect on
radionuclide transfer from soil to plants, effect on biological consequences of
irradiation in organism. Institute of Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences
of the Republic of Belarus.

In order to estimate the effect of EM on the growth and development of plants the
germination, height of plants were studied as well as the length of root and leaf,
photosynthetic processes in plants, antioxidant and plastic abilities of plant, crop
qualitative and other characteristics. The majority of experiments were held on
Gramineae representative–oats, and Leguminosae–soya. Various soils and
cultivation conditions were used. The experiments were held in the conditions
similar to phytotron (taking into account the presence of winter period in Belarus),
in field condition of biological experimental station of NASB, in 30-Km zone of
Chernobyl NPP accident (on the territory of Palesse State Radioecological
Reserve, Khojniki district, Gomel region), in the economies of Minsk region
(Kletsk district). The soil free from radionuclides and the soil brought from 30-
Km zone of Chernobyl NPP accident were used in the experiments in phytotron
and at the Biological Experimental Station. Different doses and schemes of EM-1
introduction were used in all experiments.

1. E-M -1 introduction into the soil before and after sowing plants (Gramineae – oats,
Leguminosae – soya) increased germination and improved root system, promoted
growth of oats and soya. It leads to the activation of photosynthetical processes in
plants. This is an important factor promoting growth and development of plants.

2. EM-1 is able to increase in plant the formation of chlorophyll (green pigment which
takes part in processes of absorption of solar energy, carbon dioxide and other
substances and provides the growth and developments of plants), protein and activity
of a number of enzymes, in particular, increase of peroxidase activity.

3. Increase of plastic processes takes under the EM-1 effect, in particular – protein
formation.

4. EM-1 introduction promotes the activation of peroxides, which participates in

energy-related and protective processes of plants.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 10

16. Paar, J.F., and S.B. Hornic:
Transition from conventional agriculture to nature farming systems: the role of
microbial inoculants and organic fertilizers. Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Kyusei Nature
Farming. June, 19-21, 1995, Paris, France, pp 57-63.

In 1980 “USDA Report and recommendation on organic farming” documented

the experiences of farmers who had shifted abruptly from conventional, chemical
based agricultural to organic or nature farming systems without chemical
fertilizers and pesticides. Among the most serious problems cited were weed and
insect infections, and reduced yields. The authors have argued that the successful
transition from conventional to organic/nature farming is possible with an
improvement in soil quality which can be achieved through the proper and regular
addition of organic amendments to optimize soil tilth, fertility and productivity.
Through natural processes and selection, these amendments also tend to increase
the numbers and diversity of beneficial soils microorganisms, which are vital to
the growth, nutrition, and protection of plants. Use of beneficial and effective
microorganisms (EM) as microbial inoculants in agriculture was found to be a
promising new technology that can improve soil quality and health and increase
the growth, yield and quality of crops.

17. Pairintra, C. and Pakdee:

Population dynamics of Effective Microorganisms under Saline Soil condition in
Thailand. Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. On Kyusei Nature Farming. Oct. 7-11, 1991 pp
164-170.

A study was conducted to examine the microbial populations in EM stock

solutions, to evaluate the properties of EM treated composts and to elucidate the
dynamics of EM under saline soil conditions. The results indicated that the
prominent feature of EM 2, EM 3, and EM 4 is the presence of significant
numbers of actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi respectively. Total microbial
populations were highest at the first sampling date and the majority of activities
were in the order of magnitude: first > third > second sampling dates. By
cumulative summation, EM (1:500) treated compost gave the highest over all
microbial populations. Compost amendments alleviated some effects on pH and
EC of saline soil. The beneficial interaction is attributed to the release of organic
substances and soluble nutrients. Similar results were also found by (Nishio and
Kusano, 1980: Fluctuation patterns of microbial numbers in soil applied with
compost. (Soil Sci Plant Nutri. 26(4):581-593). Higa (Soil environment and
microorganisms, and health of crops. Report by the International Nature Farming
Research Center, Atami, Japan, pp 133) found that when EC exceeds 0.4 dSm-1 ,
the micro flora in the rhizosphere begin to change; in particular, the mycorrhizal
fungi start to disappear and the activity of microorganisms decline. When EC
exceeds 1.0, harmful anaerobic microorganisms become dominants, and various
disorders such as the discoloration of plant leaves begin to appear. It is suggested

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 11

that EM treated compost can be recommended as an efficient soil amendment in
ameliorating a slightly saline soil.

18. Piyadasa, E.R., K.B. Attanayake, A.D.A. Ratnayake and U.R.

Sangakkara.:
The role of Effective microorganisms in releasing nutrients from organic matter.
Proc. 2nd Conf. On effective microorganisms (EM). Nov. 17-19, 1993, Saraburi,
Thailand.pp 7-14.

A study was done to evaluate the effect of solutions of EM 2,4 and deionized
water in extracting important plant nutrients from 5 organic materials commonly
found in the humid tropics. Extracts were analyzed after incubation for N, P and
K. The quantities of N & P released from the organic materials were higher when
compared to P. The solution of EM 4 extracted a significantly greater quantity of
all nutrients from all organic fertilizer tested. In addition greater proportions of all
nutrients were extracted from the organic material with low C:N ratios. The
results are presented in terms of the possible benefits of using solutions of EM 4
in organic farming system.

19. Sangakkara, U.R.:

Impact of Kyusei Nature Farming with Effective Microorganisms on soil property,
physiological parameters and yield of selected corp. Univ. of Peradniya, Sri
Lanka.
The use of EM with organic matter, especially those with a low C:N ratio
improved soil physical and chemical parameters. There was a greater availability
of nutrients and also a residual value over a period of two years EM enhanced
germination, plant growth and leaf area indices and plant water retention in the
organic systems. This culminated in increased yield components and yields.

20. Sangakkara, U.R.:

The technology of Effective Microorganisms case studied application. Royal
Agricultural College Cirencester, UK.

After giving brief history of EM Technology development, it is cited that EM

includes lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes and yeast. For
the time being EM Technology is being used in agriculture and environmental
management. It has been reported that the EM application increases the release of
nutrients from organic matter, enhances photosynthesis and protein activity and
better penetration of roots by improving physical properties of soils. Crop
residues and animal wastes can effectively be composted with EM Technology;
even the city garbage has been composted and converted into biofertilizer. In
environments EM application has helped in reducing odor and cleaning sewage
water.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 12

21. Sangakkara, U.R.
Research on the technology effective Microorganisms in Sri Lanka. Proc. 3rd Intl.
Conf. on Kyusei Nature arming. Oct. 5-7 1993, Santa Barbara, California U.S.A.,
pp 138 – 144.

A comprehensive research program was initiated in 1990 and completed in 1993

at two selected locations in Sri Lanka to test the efficacy of EM on four important
food crops selected on the basis of their diversity in growth habit and duration,
harvested product and response to dry and wet seasons. During the experiments
two sources of organic matters were used to study the effect on some soil physical
properties with and without EM. Leaves of Gliricidia sepium and rice straw,
which have different C:N ratio and are commonly available, were used as source
of organic matter. In addition, suitable controls were maintained in order to
determine the beneficial effect of EM. Yields of legumes were enhanced with EM
to a greater extent than non-legumes. The beneficial impact of EM was also
greater with Gliricidia which had a lower C:N ratio. EM applied to the bare soil
also produced some yield stability. The benefits of EM were greater in a wet
season, which provided abundant moisture for microbial activity in the soil. EM
and organic matter improved the water holding capacity and reduced the bulk
density in all the plots. The impact of EM with Gliricidia leaves used as organic
amendment was most prominent in increasing water holding capacity of the soil.
The impact of Gliricidia leaves was greater than rice etc. EM applied with organic
matter changes the plant rhizosphere into more conducive conditions for
supporting plant growth. The benefits became clear over time with changes in the
rhizosphere. The organic matter with low C:N ratio increased the efficacy of EM.

22. Sharifuddin, H.A.H., et al:

Nature farming research in Malaysia: effect of organic amendment and EM on
crop production. Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. on Kyusei Nature Farming. Oct. 5-7 1993,
Santa Barbara, California U.S.A., pp 145 – 150.
In 1990, research on nature farming using EM was started in Malaysia. For the
past three years research efforts have compared nature farming using organic
amendment and EM with conventional farming using chemical fertilizers in the
production of sweet corn and leaf mustard. Results indicate that the use of organic
amendments, particularly chicken dung, with EM can significantly increase the
yield of both crops.

23. Tokeshi, H., M.J.A. Jorge, A.B. Sanches and D.Y. Harada:
Interaction between microorganisms, soil physical structure and plant diseases.
Paper presented at the 6th EM Technology Conf. Nov. 24-26 1997, Saraburi,
Thailand.

The areas where the farmers were using green manure and effective
microorganisms technology and maintaining their agriculture profitability by
controlling erosion with reduced irrigation and suppressed attack by soil
pathogens such as sclerotinia sclerotiroum, without using pesticides were selected

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 13

for study. Soil compaction, basic water infiltration rate, paint infiltration, porosity,
and effect of moisture on the production of apothecia of S. scliertiorum were
evaluated in such areas. The application of green manure + EM decreased the soil
compaction, increased the basic water infiltration rate and porosity of the soil and
with this drastically reduced the production of apothecia of sclerotiorum.

24. Van den ham, F.:

Effect of EM in crop production-case studied from Holland. Agriton, Noordwelde
Zuid, Holland.

The use of EM increased productivity of sugar beet significantly. The supply of

EM alone to soils generated income from sugar beet, which was similar to that
obtained with 50 Kg N/ha and EM Bokashi. The photosynthetic capacity of plants
was increased with the application of EM and that resulted in greater yields.

25. Yamada, K., S. Dato, M. Fujita, H.L. Xu, K. Katase, and H.

Umemura:
Investigations on the properties of EM Bokashi and development of its
application technology. Proc. 5th Conf. on effective microorganisms (EM). Dec,
08-12, 1996. Sara Buri, Thailand.

Studies were initiated to examine the properties of Bokashi and the mechanisms
of its effectiveness in promoting soil quality and crop yields. The results highlight
that Lactobacilli and yeasts were present in higher concentration for a longer
period when organic matter was mixed with EM rather than with water. A
moisture contents of 30% increased lactobacilli and lactic acid, while reducing the
pH. Evaluation of the nutritive values showed that Bokashi had a pH of 5.5,
conductivity of 4.3 mS, 900 mg/Kg available N in the form of NH4 and 10 g/Kg P.
The addition of organic matter affected the ratio between Actinomycetes and
fungi, while EM influenced the ratio between bacteria and fungi. EM promoted
yields of sweet corn and photosynthesis by enhancing root development and
activity. The significant beneficial effects of EM could be due to the interactions
between beneficial organisms, organic matter and metabolic substances included
in EM or its capacity to produce these growth promoters subsequently.

26. Yamada, K., S.K.M. Fujita, H.L. Xu, K. Katase, and H. Umemura:
Investigation on the properties of EM Bokashi and Development of its application
technology. 11th IFOAM Intl. Scientific Conf. Aug. 11-15, 1996, Copenhagen,
Denmark.

It is known from analytic results that EM Bokashi contains a large amount of

propagated Lactobacillus and yeast, intermediate substances like organic and
amino acids at high concentrations, and 0.1% of mineral N mainly in NH4 state,
and 1% of available phosphorus with a C/N ratio of 10. Effects of EM Bokashi on
soil fertility and crop growth might result form two different factors, the organic
materials and EM microbes with the produced substances. EM application

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 14

promotes plant growth, grain yield and the photosynthetic activity of sweet corn
by increasing root development and root activity.

27. Yong Chol, Ko.:

Enhancing EM activity on low fertility soils-A case study Packam farm, South
Pyongan Province, DPR Korea.

EM with organic matter increase soil fertility. Field studies on soil with low
humus contents and Ph values highlighted that EM along with 350 Kg of
chemical fertilizers increased yields when compared to that with EM alone,
further more, yields of rice, corn and wheat were increased by over 100 % when
EM was used with 20MT of organic matter / ha.

28. Zacharia, P.P:

Studies on the application of Effective Microorganisms in paddy, sugar cane and
vegetable in India. Proc. 2nd Conf. On Effective microorganisms (EM). Nov. 17-
19, 1993, Saraburi Thailand, pp 31-41.

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of EM 4 on yield

components of paddy, sugar cane and Bhendi and also on the soil nutrient status
during 1993 in the union territory of Pondicherry (India). In experiment 1 EM 4 +
FYM + NBK gave the maximum yield. It was followed by EM 4 + NPK and
FYM + NPK. In experiment 2 EM 4 + NPK gave the maximum yield, followed
by NPK alone and EM 4 + FYM.

Available nutrient content of the soil was found to be influenced by the

application of EM 4. Nearly 2.2% increase in available N was noticed in the plot
treated with NPK + EM 4 when compared to the plot treated with NPK alone.
Similar increasing trend was noticed in available P status also. Similarly available
N and P contents were found to be more in the plot treated with EM 4 + FYM,
when compared to the control. With regards to K contents, a reverse trend was
observed.

29. Zhao, Q:
Effect of EM on peanut production and soil fertility in the red soil region of China.
Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. on Kyusei Nature Farming. June, 19-21, 1995, Paris, France,
pp 99-102.

Peanut is one of the most important crops in the red soil region of China.
However, yield are relatively low, averaging about 1500 Kg/ ha. A three-year
study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of EM on soil nutrient
transformations, changes in the type and numbers of soil microorganisms,
germination percentage, and yield of peanuts. Two treatments were applied : A)
organic manure (OM) and B) organic manure and EM (OM + EM).

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 15

Application of EM significantly increased the level of soil available nutrients, soil
organic matters, total N, and lowered the C:N ratio. Soil microbial populations
were 1.5 times higher in the OM + EM treatment than for OM alone. The
numbers of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and N-fixing microorganisms were
higher for the OM + EM treatment compared with OM alone; the application of
EM increased peanut germination, yield and total biomass as compared to control.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 16

4. Experiments on the reclamation of saline-alkali soils using EM
Technology in Pakistan
4.1 Necessity to take-up trial on salt affected lands
The major part of Pakistan experiences dry climate and agriculturally important
area receives less than 250 mm rain fall. Agriculture is only possible on the level
plain with artificial irrigation with canals and tube-wells. The total geographical
area is 79.61 million hectares, of which 43.69 m ha possesses potential for
agriculture. About 16.84 m ha is canal commanded. About 6.7 m ha has been
found affected by salinity and alkalinity.

The effectiveness of EM on marginal, medium and good agricultural lands has

been established through experiments by growing various crops. Agriculture is
not possible on salt affected soils because of the accumulation of salts in the root
zone, even on the soil surface, high pH and high exchangeable sodium. The
reclamation takes about 2 – 3 years under conventional methods to amend
chemical properties and to enrich with microbial population as per requirements
of good agriculture lands. Saline soils are reclaimed with excessive use of
irrigation water and alkali soils with the application of gypsum. Generally both
the types exist in complex form, meaning thereby that income can only be
generated after their complete reclamation. Keeping in view the financial
constraint faced by the farmers it was planned to carried out experiments on salt
affected lands. The field experiments were conducted on loamy and silty clay
soils by growing rice crop during the year 2000 and 2003.

4.2 Material used during the trials

On experimental site arrangements for farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry
manure (PM), preparation of EM solutions and Bokashi (rice bran fermented with
EM solution) were made before the start of the experiments. Two tones of air
dried FYM + PM composted with EM extended per acre (1 acre = 0.4047 ha) applied
at the time of preparation of land, 800 lit EM extended made from 40 lit EM-1
(1:1:18; EM-1 : sugarcane molasses : water) per acre applied in 10 equal dozes, 100 kg
Bokashi per acre applied 60% at the time of preparation of land, 20% during the
tillering stage and 20% at the earing stage, and biweekly sprayings with thousand
times diluted EM extended were used for the reclamation of saline-alkali land to
obtain reasonable yield during the 1st year. Recommendations with respect to
quantity of seed (6–7 kg), growing period (20th May to 7th June), (transplantation
period (20th June to 7th July), number of plants per acre (80,000) and depth of
irrigation water at the time of nursery transplantation (2.5 cm to 3.8 cm) of Rice
Research Institute, Kalashah Kaku, Agriculture Department, Govt. of the Punjab
were followed strictly. Before sowing of nursery the seed was treated with EM
extended solution. Neither chemicals for the treatment of seed nor commercial
fertilizer were used during the experiment. Seed treatment with EM and EM
sprayings substituted the chemical treatment of seeds and insecticides.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 17

4.3 Investigations / analytical work carried out
The investigations with respect to physical & chemical characteristics, and
microbiological activity of the soil reclaimed with conventional method of
reclamation (CR) and with EM Technology (EM) are detailed below to
understand the mechanism of EM.

4.3.1 Characteristics of original soil, CR soil, EM soil, tube-well water and

other materials used in the experiment
The properties of the original saline-alkali, CR and EM-soil are given in table–1.
The soil was loam in texture.

4.3.1.1 pH
pH of the original soil from 9.8 was reduce to 8.8 with CR and to 6.8 with EM
indicating that EM has reduce the salts significantly and with that the nutrients
up-take by the plants was enhanced as reflected in the crop performance.

4.3.1.2 ECe
Electrical conductivity of the saturated paste of the soil was also reduced
drastically with the application of EM i.e. from 67.0 to 5.0 dSm-1.

4.3.1.3 SAR
Sodium adsorption ratio was 10.7 in case of EM soil while it was 79.0 in the
original soil.

4.3.1.4 Tube-well water

Tube-well water was used for irrigation. Its composition was pH 8.1, EC x 106
1446, CO3 nil, HCO3 9.16 meq/l, Na 11.62 meq/l, Ca + Mg 2.84 meq/l, SAR 9.8
and RSC 6.32.

4.3.1.5 FYM and Bokashi

Animal’s dung + urine (cow, bull, buffalo, goat, sheep and poultry manure)
contain on an average N 3.62%, P2O5 1.33% and K2O 2.67%. Bokashi had pH 4.6,
N 1.8%, P 210 ppm, K 960 meq/l, Mg 40 meq/l, Ca 72 meq/l, S 251 ppm, Cu 10
ppm, Zn 55 ppm, Mn 80 ppm, B 41 ppm, Fe 45 ppm and organic mater 84.54%.

4.3.2 Determination of micronutrients (trace elements), heavy metals and

Na in the CR-soil and EM-soil.
The plants take thirteen mineral elements from the soil. Six elements
{N, P, S (anion) and K, Ca, Mg (cation)} are classified as
macronutrients, and 7 {Cl, B, Mo (anion) and Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu
(cation)} are termed as micronutrients. This classification has been
made according to the quantity of the elements taken by the plants.
According to the chemical characters Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo are heavy
metals. The heavy metals were determined to see the effect of EM on
the bio remediation of these metals as the soil on which the

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 18

experiment was carried out contained some quantity of waste material
of Himont Chemicals Pharmaceuticals.
Heavy metals and trace elements were determined with two methods
i.e. 0.1 N-HCl leaching and inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the results are given in table-2. The
results of the two methods are almost identical. The perusal of the
data indicates that the EM treated soil have less contents indicating
that the EM with all its products have reduced the elements in the soil.
The effect on the reduction of Na 49.2% and Cl 55.7% is specifically
to be noted indicating that NaCl has been eliminated up to 50%. Al,
Cr, Cd, and Fe have been reduced by 36%, 25%, 43%, and 45 %
respectively. Boron has been reduced by 50%.

TABLE – 1: Chemical analyses of original, CR- and EM Soil.

Parameters original soil* CR soil** EM soil**
pH 9.8 8.8 6.8
-1
ECe dSm 67.0 53.0 5.0
OM % 0.41 0.48 2.10
Na meq/l 485 335 25
Ca+Mg meq/l 75 165 11
N % 0.02 0.02 0.45
Zn mg/kg 0.65 0.97 30.6
Cu mg/kg 0.3 1.01 1.58
Fe mg/kg 6.4 19.1 22.5
Mn mg/kg 9.3 10.0 12.5
SAR 79.1 36.9 10.7
Texture loam loam loam
* samples taken during first week of april 2000
** samples taken during last week of october 2000 at the maturity of the rice crop.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 19

TABLE-2: Contents of trace elements, heavy metals and Na in the original and EM
treated soil

Name of the Methods Original untreated EM treated

elements soil ( ppb) Soil ( ppb)
Na 0.1 N HCl leaching 3200
ICP-MS 2900 1600
Cl 0.1 N HCl leaching 5560 2800
ICP-MS 5500 2100
Al 0.1 N HCl leaching 130 95
ICP-MS 130 70
Cr 0.1 N HCl leaching 25 26
ICP-MS 35 19
Cd 0.1 N HCl leaching 35 18
ICP-MS 28 18
Fe 0.1 N HCl leaching 520 300
ICP-MS 520 270
B 0.1 N HCl leaching 2000 1000
ICP-MS 1900 980

4.3.3 Detection of anions, cations, and C & O in CR-soil and EM-soil.

Anions were determined with neutral salt leaching method using leaching
solutions M NaOH and 0.01 M Na2 HPO4. The measured values were expressed
in CgKg-1. Five typical kinds of negative ions that were found in the soil solution
were Cl, SO4, HCO3, H2PO4 and NO3. The measured value for the CR-soil and
EM treated soil was 80 CgKg-1 and 210 CgKg-1 respectively indicating that
eliminations / removal effect was higher (2.625 times) in EM treated soil as
compared to CR-soil.

The cations were determined with surface scanning of the soil (XPS-X ray photo
electron spectrometer) with which quantitative analysis and chemical bonding
phase analysis of the specimen were conducted. As a result of wide scan Na, Fe,
Ca, Si, Al, C and O were detected. The results in atomic % for CR-soil and EM
treated soil are given in table –3. The perusal of the data indicates that Na, Ca, Fe
is removed / reduced more in the EM treated soil compared to CR-soil. Both the
cations and anions were removed more in EM treated soil as compared to the CR-
soil. The presence of C & O in greater quantities in EM treated soil as compared
to CR-soil (Table –3) suggests that the addition of materials (FYM, PM- compost,
Bokashi) to the original saline-alkali soil for reclamation served as food to
Effective Microorganisms contained in the EM and with that biomass and
bacterial population increased tremendously and they secreted beneficial

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 22

substances such as vitamins, organic acids, chelated minerals and anti oxidants
into the soil solution.

4.3.4 Determination of Enzymes in CR-soil and EM-soil.

Enzymes activity in the CR-soil and EM-soil was examined. The enzymes extract
in the respective soil was extracted with phosphoric acid buffer solution and the
enzymes were estimated by an oxygen electro method. Enzymes activity was the
least (on an average 229 U/L) in the CR-soil as compared to 2583 U/L on an
average in the EM-soil (table 4).

4.3.5 Determination of bacterial population in the CR-soil and EM-soil.

The bacterial population in the CR-soil and EM-soil was determined by “YG-
culture-media method” and bacteriological analysis by “dilution incubation of
bacteria” (table –5 and fig –2 & 3). The data in table –5 indicate that the bacteria
in the EM-soil are abundant than in the CR-soil, on an average the bacteria are
more by 5.3 x 104. The bacteriological analysis (fig 2 & 3) showed that in EM-
soil small colonies were of lactic acid bacteria as confirmed by the formation of
air bubbles with the drops of hydrogen peroxide solution, and larger gray colonies
were of bacillus group as presumed from the observations made on characteristics
of colonies and identification of colors. The identification of various types of
bacteria was made by ribo-printer system applying molecular biology technology
and the bacteria identified are tabulated in table –6.

Table –3 Detection of cations and C & O in atomic % in the CR-soil and

EM-soil.

Type of Soil Na Fe Ca Si Al C O
CR-soil 1.0 0.1 0.1 14.6 15.6 10.5 48.0
EM-soil 2.5 1.7 5.5 14.2 16.6 17.0 56.8

Table –4. Enzymes activity (U/L) in the CR-soil and EM-soil.

Type of soil 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Average

CR-soil 230 229 228 229
EM-soil 2643 2650 2456 2583

Table –5. Measurement of bacteria in 10YG culture media.

Type of soil 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Average

CR-soil 16 x 104 12 x 104 12 x 104 13.3 x 104
EM- soil 20 x 104 18 x 104 18 x 104 18.6 x 104

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 23

Table –6. Types of bacteria in CR-soil and EM-soil

Sr. Salt affected soil Sr. EM treated soil

No (control) No
1 Bacillus-sp 1 Azotobacter-sp
2 Entrobacter-sp 2 Bacillus -sp1
3 E. coli group 3 Bacillus-subtile
4 Fungi 4 Clostridium-treponema
5 Pseudomonas-sp 5 Corymebacerium-sp
6 Streptococcus-sp 6 Furabacterum
7 Seratia-sp 7 Gluconobacter-sp
8 Lactobacillus- cassei
9 Lactobacillus-sake
10 Lactobacillus-sp
11 Lactobacillus-sp1
12 Lactobacillus-sp2
13 Micrococcus-sp
14 Micrococcus-sp1
15 Micrococcus-sp2
16 Pseudomonas- aeruginosa
17 Pseudomonas- fluorescens
18 Pseudomonas- putida
19 Pseudomonas- Q1
20 Pseudomonas- type –1
21 Pseudomonas- type –2
22 Pseudomonas-sp
23 Rhodobacter-capsulatus
24 Rhodoseubodomonas-sp
25 Rhodospirillum-sp
26 Streptococcus-sp
27 Treponema-sp

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 24

Fig -2. Dilution incubation of CR-soil and EM-soil

CR-soil EM Soil

Fig –3. Isolation of colony of bacteria in CR-soil and EM-soil

CR-soil EM soil

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 24

4.3.6 Determination of chemical bonding of elements especially Si & Al
The photoelectrons energy emitted from a very shallow depth (10-9mm) of soil is
dependent on the peculiar bonding of elements. This can be measured by XPS (X-
ray Photoelectron Spectrometry) techniques. Si & Al were observed at each
waves-peek. The values for Al2O3 and SiO2, and Al-O-Si and Si-O-Al are given
in table –7.

The study on C-bonding revealed that C is better bonded with H & O in the EM
treated soil than in the CR-soil. This means that the absorption and elimination of
salts in the CR lands is easy by using EM Technology in which abundant organic
matter is used.

The perusal of the data shows that the concentration of Al2O3 and SiO2 in CR-salt
is abundant than in the EM-soil. On the other hand the Al-O-Si and Si-O-Al is
more in the EM treated soil. The presence of oxides of Al & Si is considered to be
not favorable for bacterial nourishment and growth, while complexes / chelates
formed by Al & Si are not harmful to the microorganisms. More complexes were
formed in EM treated soil as compared to the CR-soil (table –8). The formation of
complexes / chelates helps to increase aggregation of soil particles and enhance
the soil structures.

Table –7: Elements waves-peek separation analysis

i) Al2p
Peak position (eV) Intensity (CPS) Belonging to Persistence (%)
CR-soil EM-soil CR-soil EM-soil CR-soil EM-soil
75.64 7528 418.1 419.9 Al (OH) 24.4 25.7
74.95 74.69 865.8 595.9 Al2O3 50.5 36.4
74.10 73.97 358.6 507.9 Al-O-Si 20.9 31.0

ii) Si2p
Peak position (eV) Intensity (CPS) Belonging to Persistence (%)
CR-soil EM-soil CR-soil EM-soil CR-soil EM-soil
103.60 103.60 1346.3 380.6 SiO2 49.8 16.7
102.85 102.85 1110.7 1482.6 Si-O-Al 36.4 65.8
101.81 101.79 1521.8 151.8 Si-O-Na 31.0 12.8
100.50 100.60 113.5 94.1 SiC 6.9 4.4

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 25

 Table –8: Complexes / chelates formed in CR-soil and EM-soil

CR-soil EM-soil
SiO2 KalSi2O8
(NaK) (Si2Al)O8 r-Al2O3
KalSiO3O8 PbTiO3
KalSiO3O8 (SiO2)X
(Ca.Na) (Si.Al)4O8 C4.4H12.85Al2Nil.1508.
(NaK) (Si.Al)4O8 (Hoshimura et al.1999
(Al2O3) 05P1.80.22H2O
(Ca.Na) (Al.Si)2SiO8C 55C(C4H9)2NH
SiO2)X 0.3(NH4)20.Al2O3
0.95P2O8.O.20.Al2O3
SiO2
KalSi3O8
KalSi3O8
(Fe2O3)100M
(NaK)AlSi3O4.1/2(NaK)3O.
Al2O3.6SiO2
NaO.61KO.39AlSi3O8
(Na.Ca)Al.Si)4O8
Ca7Na3Al1.7Si2.3O8
Al2O3
1/2(N,K)2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
Ca.7Na.3Al.Si2.3O8

4.3.7 Determination of organic acids in the CR-soil and EM-soil

The organic acids from the CR-soil and EM-soil were determined using solvent-
extraction liquid with a high-speed liquid chromatograph (table –9).

The perusal of the data shows that the acetic acid and citric acid are abundant in
the EM-soil while it could not be detected in the CR-soil. The lactic acid is more
in the EM-soil (65.2 %) as compared to the CR-soil where it is only 0.39 %. The
decay related butyric acid was not detected in the EM-soil while it was 0.45 % in
the CR-soil.

The organic acid are said to couple soil particles to form aggregates especially the
citric acid acts like a paste for joining the soil particles together. This
phenomenon suggests that aggregates structure is formed in the EM-soil as
compare to the CR-soil. The same was confirmed with surface scanning of the
soil using an electron microscope (Fig –3 & Fig –4).

Table –9: Organic acids in the CR-soil and in the EM-soil

Organic acids (%) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Average

rdg* rdg rdg rdg rdg (%)
Acetic acid EM soil 0.75 0.87 0.79 0.80 0.89 0.82
Control ND** ND ND ND ND -
Butyric acid EM Soil ND ND ND ND ND -

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 26

 Control 0.36 0.56 0.50 0.40 0.46 0.45
Lactic acid EM Soil 0.60 1.08 0.96 1.39 1.56 1.12
Control 0.45 0.70 0.54 0.14 0.14 0.39
Citric acid EM Soil 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.90 1.78 1.78
Control ND ND ND ND ND -
· rdg = reading
** ND = not detected

Fig -3. The image showing the aggregate structure in EM-soil

CR-soil EM soil

Fig –4. Presence of crystals of salt surrounded by black decayed

substances in the CR-soil.

CR-soil EM soil
4.3.8 Crop performance
Rice crop was grown in the CR-soil and EM-soil. Observations made on
mortality showed that it was 30.9 % more in the CR-salt as compare to EM-soil.
This affected also the number of tillers per plant, which were 10 in case of EM-
soil and 6 in case of CR-soil. There were on an average 55 – 64 grains more per
rice plant comprising of number of tillers in the EM-soil as compare to CR-soil.
The plants were on an average 10 –15 cm higher in the EM-soil than CR-soil.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 27

The crop was harvested during 10 – 20 November 2000. The yield per acre was
1490 Kg in the EM-soil while it was 1120 Kg in the CR-soil.

The contents of protein were 8.7 % in the EM-soil while it was 8.4 % in the CR-
soil. Similarly the fats were 0.8 % in the EM soils and 0.7 % in the CR-soil.
Carbohydrates were 77.5 % in the CR-soil while it was 77. % in the EM-soil.
There was no difference in the contents of cruds fiber, which was 0.4 % in both
the cases.

The occurring of diseases and attack of insects was more in the CR-soil than in
the EM-soil. The regular spraying of EM extended diluted by 1000 times helped
to 0control insects attack and occurring of diseases in the EM treated plots.

5. Mechanism of EM (Effective Microorganisms)

The application of EM in all possible forms (soaking of seeds, 2.0 tons / acres
composted FYM + PM, 100 Kg / acre Bokashi, EM irrigations and EM sprays)
played a pivotal role in reclaiming saline-alkali land in the 1st year and
consequently production of good yield of rice grain as compared to conventional
method of reclamation, which generally takes about 2-3 years to fully reclaim and
resuscitate the soil fauna and flora. In the presence of easily decomposable
organic matter, the overwhelming majority of Effective Microorganisms i.e.
phototrophic bacteria lactic acid bacteria and yeast being aerobic and anaerobic in
nature, coexisted symbiotically well with other soil microorganisms.

The soil microorganisms act also as decomposers of organic matter particularly

polysaccharides, lignin and chitin with the production of humus, initiators of C &
N cycles and producers of antibiotics and killers of pathogens. The distribution
and multiplication of microorganisms in soil is determined largely by the presence
of food supply in the surface soil. They, therefore, occur in the greatest number in
the upper soil horizon and had teeming mass of biological activity in the presence
of optimum food, moisture and temperature. Generally bacteria are present in
numbers of 108 to 109 organisms per gram of soil (300 to 3000 grams of biomass
per m3 of soil), actinomycetes are 107 to 108 organisms per gram of soil (300 to
3000 grams of biomass per m3 of soil) and fungi are 105 to 106 propagules per
gram of soil [600 to 10 000 grams of biomass per m3 of soil [Cinklin, Jr. A. R. soil
microorganisms contaminated soil sediment and water. The magazine
environmental assessment and remediation, Jan / Feb., 2002]. The number of
groups of microorganisms that commonly occur in top 0-15cm i.e. per hectare-
furrow slice may be for bacteria 1017-1018 with fresh biomass 450-4500 Kg, for
actinomycetes 1016-1017 with fresh biomass 450-4500 Kg, for fungi 1014-1015 with
fresh biomass 112-1120 Kg, for algae 1013-1014 with fresh biomass 56-500 Kg
and for protozoa 1013-1014 with fresh biomass 17-170 Kg. The microflora
(bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and algae together form 2076 to 20760 Kg fresh
biomass and 415-5190 Kg dry biomass (20-25% of fresh biomass) per HFS (Brady
1994). According to Alexander 1977 (introduction to soil microbiology. John Willey &
Sons. NY. 467p.) the microbial number in the top soil (3-8 cm) may be 12 million/g,

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 28

comprising live biomass of bacteria 100-4000 Kg/ha; while double of this
biomass for all the microbes (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and algae) forming 0.02-
0.8% of total soil biomass [referred by Sikandar, A., nuclear institute for agriculture and
biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan: Effect of organic and inorganic Fertilizers on the Dynamics of Soil
Microorganisms, Biomass, Composition and Activity.]

The photosynthetic bacteria (rhodopseudomonas spp) synthesize useful

substances such as amino acid, nucleic acid, bioactive substances (vitamins,
enzymes and hormones) and sugar. These are released into the soil solution. The
presence of amino acids (a nitrogenous compound) increase the population of
Vesicular Arbuscular micorrhiza in the rhizosphere, which in turn enhance the
solubility of phosphates in the soil and can coexist with Azotobacter and
Rhizobium, thus, increasing the capacity of plants to fix atmospheric N. the
photosynthetic bacteria is considered the pivot of EM Technology [Higa, Teruo
1993].

Lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus spp) produce lactic acid using sugars and
carbohydrates. Lactic acid is a strong sterilizing compound, suppresses harmful
microorganisms (Fusarium) thus reducing nematode population, enhances
decomposition of organic matter, promotes fermentation and decomposition of
material such as lignin and cellulose [Higa, Teruo 1993].

The yeast (saccharomyces spp) synthesizes anti microbial and other useful
bioactive substances such as hormones and enzymes, which are useful substrates
for effective microorganisms [Higa, Teruo 1993].

The fungi break down highly complex and resistant compounds such as cellulose,
starch, gums and lignin [Cinklin, Jr. A. R. 2002].

Actinomycetes produce and release in the soil solution antibiotics such as

streptomycin, actinomycin and neomycin, and are involved in the decomposition
of complex organic compounds such as phospholipids [Cinklin, Jr. A. R. 2002].

Chemistry and biology in soil environment (solids, liquids & gases) are
significantly different and more complex. Microorganisms produce a large variety
of byproducts, some of which are quite surprising. N containing compounds are
decomposed and ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4) are released into the soil
solution. This in turn is oxidized for energy by other bacteria producing nitrite and
nitrate. The rate of nitrate production is faster than nitrite production. Some free-
living and some symbiotic bacteria can take N from the air and combine it with
organic compound to produce amino acids. Humus is the material remaining after
decomposition of organic matter. It is made of three components: fluvic acid,
humic acid and humin. Its particles are colloidal in size. It has high sorptive
capacity for water and organic compound as well as high cation exchange
capacity (CEC). At basic pH, CEC increases, thus, both organic molecules and
cations, but not anions, are attracted to humus [Cinklin, Jr. A. R. 2002].

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 29

The decomposition of organic matter means that a diversity of bio-and organic
molecules (acid, alcohol, ether and aldehyde) are constantly being released into
the soil solution. Under aerobic soil the decomposition of organic matter /
molecules the main products are CO2 and H2O, e.g. [Cinklin, Jr. A. R. 2002].

R-CH2CH3 + O2 aerobic microorganisms CO2 + H2O + Energy + Mineral

+ Humus

Under anaerobic soil the microorganisms break down organic (C- containing)
compounds for energy and final products are:

R-CH2CH3 + O2 anaerobic microorganisms CH4 + H2O + Energy

+ Mineral + Humus

Methane is the simplest and reduced form of organic compounds in soil. It is

considered the basic unit from which all organic molecules are built [Cinklin, Jr. A.
R. 2002].

Summarizing it can be concluded that decomposition processes in soil release

minerals, macro-and-micro nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, etc)
and other by products such as amino acid, sugars, fatty acids, organic acids,
chelates, NH3, NH4, NO3, organic molecules (acid, alcohol, ether, aldehyde),
humus (fluvic acid, humic acid and humin), vitamins, hormones, enzymes and
antibiotic etc.

The results obtained confirm the multiplication of useful bacterial population, the
production of enzymes and their activity, production of organic acids (lactic acid,
acetic acid, citric acid), formation of aggregates and chelates, removal of NaCl
and elimination of exchangeable Na+ and higher germination, less attack of
insects, minimum occurrence of diseases and higher yield of rice grain.

Now the question arises how EM has ameliorated saline-alkali sodic land and
what is the possible mechanism of Effective Microorganisms to reclaim such
lands. According to Agriculture Handbook No. 60, United States Department of
Agriculture a saline-Alkali Soils are characterized by their appreciable contents of
soluble salts (ECe > 4 mmhos/ cm) and exchangeable sodium percentage (> 15).
The pH may vary considerably. Cl & SO4 are the principal soluble anions, HCO3
content is relatively low, and CO3 is absent. The soluble Na contents exceed
those of Ca + Mg. This means that the problematic zone was the rhizosphere,
being saline-alkali in nature and has higher contents of Na in the soil solution and
exchangeable Na > 15. This is of major concern. If these are controlled and
brought to acceptable level, then the soils are said to be reclaimed and agricultural
crop can be grown. Now coming to the level of reclamation achieved, which is
reflected by the reduction in pH from 9.8 to 6.8, ECe from 67 to 5 dSm-1 and SAR
from 79 to 11. The formation of aggregate structure by the release of organic acid
and humus by the effective microorganisms in combination with organic manure

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 30

and Bokashi improved the structure of the upper soil and with that the
permeability of the rhizosphere. The tremendous activity of thousand billions of
Effective Microorganisms in the presence of composted FYM + PM and Bokashi,
released many byproducts inclusive of NH4+ and Ca++ oins (Bokashi contained
72 meq/L or 1442 ppm Ca) into the soil solution. These exchanged the
exchangeable Na from the clay complex and Na became a part of the soil solution.
Na present in the solution formed NaCl and Na2SO4. These being soluble in water,
leached from the upper most soil horizon (plough layer) to the moderate
permeable loamy lower layers of the soil profile. This is the possible mechanism
of EM in soil reclamation.

It has been tried to represent the properties of saline-alkali soils, reclamation

practices and mechanism of reclamation with canal water, sulfuric acid, gypsum
and EM in figures. For this purpose four figures have been prepared for better
understanding at a glance and the same are given as Fig -1, Fig -2, Fig -3 & Fig -4.

6. Conclusion
From the results of the field experiment of “reclamation of saline-alkali soil”, it
can be concluded that the reclamation and amelioration of saline-alkali soil can be
achieved most effectively with the application of EM Technology, which
comprises of soaking of seeds in EM solutions, applications as EM irrigations and
EM sprays to the crop, addition of farmyard manure + poultry manure composted
with EM solution and Bokashi (rice bran fermented with EM solution). The
overwhelming majority of Effective Microorganisms thousand billions in number
in the presence of easily decomposable organic matter co-exist symbiotically with
other bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and soil fauna and flora. They synthesize and
release useful substances organic acids (amino acids, nucleic acids, citric acids, acetic
acids, lactic acids), alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, bio active substances (vitamins,
enzymes, hormones), sugars, polysaccharides, and antibiotics (streptomycin, actinomycin,
neomycin). They enhance solubility of phosphates, fix atmospheric N forming NH4
and NO3, break down highly complex and resistant compounds (cellulose, starch,
gums, lignins). They produce humus (fluvic acid, humic acid, humic) and release macro-
and micro nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, etc) and other products like
fatty acids, chelates etc into the soil solution. The NH4 and Ca replace the Na+
from the clay complex. Na+ becomes the part of the soil solution and form NaCl
and Na2SO4 in the soil solution and these salts leach down to the lower layers of
the soil profile, making the upper zone of the rhizosphere free from harmful salts.
This part of the root zone becomes biologically extremely active releasing all
types of essential nutrients to the roots for uptake by the plants. The saline-sodic
soil is not only reclaimed in the 1st year without using any soil amendment such as
gypsum or sulphuric acid etc but it gives also good production. In short EM
Technology is effective, easy to prepare and use and leaves behind enhanced
bacteria population increasing soil fertility for all times to come.

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 31

 Fig -1. Properties of Saline-Sodic Soil

EC x 106 = 1446
3inch irrigation/acre
(285kg salts)

Root Zone
Saline Sodic Soil (loam): pH >9, ESP>15%,ECe> 50dSm

Unsaturated Zone

Saturated Zone
Ground water: SAR 9.8, RSC 6.3

Ref: Agriculture Handbook No. 60 United States Department of Agriculture

Fig -2. Saline-Sodic Soil Reclamation Practices

FYM+PM+GM
Bokashi
Seed trmt
Canal Irrigations
Water H2SO4 CaSO4 Spray

Root Zone
Saline-Sodic Soil (loam): pH> 9, ESP> 15% ECe,>3dSm

Unsaturated Zone

Saturated Zone
Groundwater SAR: 9.8 RSC 6.3

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 32

Fig -3.
Saline-Sodic Soil Reclamation Practices
FYM+PM+GM
Bokashi
Seed trnt
Irrigation
H2O H2SO4 CaSO4 Spray
-requirement of 3-4 -50-200 ｌit/acre -requirement of 6-10
ft/acre canal water -practicing GM beneficial to improve physical properties of soils
depending upon the tons/acre-ft gypsum
for irrigation alkalinity depending upon the -Requirement of OM (2 tons/acre)
- improvement of CEC, exchangeable (FYM. PM: N 178, P 28 & K 110 kg/ha, available after
-transportation
land with special Na and ESP mineralization)
difficult
management - solubility of
practices -application -EM solutions (40 lit/acre, 1:20 extended)
gypsum in water at
cumbersome, danger -Bokashi (100 kg/acre)
- retarded ordinary temperature
of burning, hence not
germination and about 0.25% - Spraying with diluted EM-extended
popular
emergence of - growing of salt
seedlings -presence of CaCO3 in - Preparation, handling and application easy and safe, and leaves
tolerant crops behind no harmful/residual effects
the soil essential
- ｇrowing of salt - application of
tolerant crops (rice, -growing of salt - No need of inorganic fertilizers
inorganic/organic
sugar beet, spinach, tolerant crops
fertilizers {12,192m 3 water}
clover, barley, - application of
wheat, sugarcane) -(N 100, P 22 & K
inorganic/organic
necessity of 50Kg/ha)
fertilizers - reclamation period 1 year, cost effective
inorganic/organic -reclamation period
fertilizers -(N 100, P 22 & K
2-3 years
50Kg/ha) FYM+PM: pH 6.5, N 3.6%, P2O5 1.3%, K2 O 2.7%
(N 100, P 22 & K
50 kg/ha) -reclamation period Bokashi: pH 5.6, N 1.8%, K 960, Mg 40 &
2-3 years Ca 72meq/l, OM 85%
{12,192m3 water} Ref: Hussain, T. et al: Brackish ground water use technology
- reclamation in salt affected soil through soil fertility management, Journal
period 3-5 years of drainage and reclamation, July-Dec, 1991, Vol. 3, No.2

Fig -4.
Mechanism of Reclamation of Saline-Sodic Soil
800lit of 3.5pH

FYM+PM+GM
Bokashi
Seed trnt
Irrigation
H2O H2SO4 CaSO4 Spray

- increase in microbial population, which helps to maintain fertility in the rhizosphere

- decomposition of organic matter
CaX + Na2SO4
CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

- release of energy and organic acids: amino, lactic, acetic, citric and butyric
CaX + Na2SO4

- availability of macro and micro nutrients: NPK, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, B, Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu
- Improvement of physical properties: water holding capacity, aggregation of soil particles & porosity
- exchange of ions: application of compost of FYM + PM, GM/Green leaves, Bokashi & EM Solutions
having pH 6.5, 5.0, 5.6 & 3.5 respectively decreases pH from alkalinity to neutrality in the
Canal water leaching

reclaimed soil. The organic acids in the presence of large quantity of irrigation water (acidic medium)
attain 100% disassociation (considerably weaker than N/10) producing not only large quantity of H-ions
but also releasing Ca from the CaCO3 of the soil and Bokashi, thus H and Ca ions replace Na from the
2NaX + CaSO4
H2SO4 + CaCO3
2NaX + CaSO4

clay complex forming leach able Na2SO4 .

Photosynthetic bacteria has the characteristics to accept Cl from NaCl and produce protein.
Yeast contains Apo-protein-A & B which can convert NaCl into protein and chelates.
Salt tolerant bacteria has the characteristics to de-ionize NaCl in the soil.

Ref: -Biochemistry in Agricultural Sciences Vol. II by S. S. Bhatia, pp 4

-Alfred R. Cunklin, Jr: Soil microorganisms. Contaminated Soil Sediment & Water, Jan/Feb 2002, pp 12-14

Sanko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 33