People

Austria
Charles V
- Background of Charles V
- Austrian emperor, Holy Roman emperor, Spanish ruler (Carlos I)
o 1519-1556
o Catholic
- Empire of Charles V
o LARGEST Hapsburg Empire
 Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Netherlands, parts of Italy,
Spanish America
- Problems for Charles V:
o Turks – invaded (recurring)
o Protestants – resented Hapsburg
 War on the League of Schmalkald
 Charles V vs. Protestant states
 1547-1555
 Peace of Augsburg, 1555
o Cuius regio eius religio
 Ruler determines religion
 Ecclesiastical Reservation
 Can’t take anymore church property
- France – felt surrounded (both Catholic) (recurring)
 End of Charles V:
- Did not die as king. He RETIRED
o Eastern = Brother; Holy Roman Emperor
o Western = Philip II (son) (+ he got Spanish America)
 Better deal
o Charles V went to a monastery

Maria Theresa
- r. 1740-1780
o Very cautious
 “baby steps”
- Built up; centralized bureaucracy
o Appointed able ministers
 Really good at picking good people
- Increased taxes
o Maintained flow of soldiers
- Broke control of local diets (assembly)
- Left Hungary alone
o Didn’t force Hungary to conform
- Wanted to increase production
o Set up tariff union, of Bohemia, Moravia, Austria
 Area of free trade
o Limited guilds
o Suppressed brigands
o Reformed abuses of serfdom
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Joseph II
- r. 1780-1790
o Impatient, wanted total abolition of bad conditions
 Fast to act
- Total opposite of her mother
o Abolished serfdom
o Economic reform
o Built up port of Trieste
 Established an E. India Co.
o Equality of taxation
o Equal punishment for equal crimes
o Freedom of the press and religion
- Religion
o Improved civil rights for Jews including granting nobility
o Allowed protestants to become civil servants
o Supported Febronianism
 Freedom from Roman control of the church
o Increased control over bishops
o Suppressed monasteries
 Took some of their wealth
o Set up specular hospitals
- Administrative reforms
o Centralized the state
 Included Hungary under controls
o Est. German as single language of gov’t
o Civil servant
 Arranged for training courses
 Provided retirement pensions
 Established efficiency reports and inspections
 Secret police
 Established education system (primary through University)
- F A I L E D; could not due it all by himself
o Opposition from nobles, church, Hungary, and Bel
o Too few middle class to help support
o Leopold (brother) undid most of the Joseph’s reforms

Francis Joseph
- Last emperor
o Young emperor
o 1848
- Opposed to nationalism
o Knew that he had to make reforms
 Wanted to save the empire
- Reforms:
o Dual monarchy
 Purpose = save empire
 Divided into Austria and Hungary
 Domestic = two separate countries
 Foreign policy = acted like one country
o Worked from 1867 through WWI
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Prince Klemens von Metternich
- Leader of the Congress of Vienna
o Austrian foreign minister
o Dominated European politics for 30 years
 Age of Metternich
- Principles
o Status Quo
o Legitimacy balance of power
 Opposed nationalism
- Issues Carlsbad Decrees
o Censorship that controlled universities
- The voice of the conservatives

Great Britain
Henry VII
- Tudor
- Father of Henry the VIII
o Ruled 1485-1509
- War of the Roses
o Henry VII won the Battle of Bosworth Field
 Against Richard III
 Became king

Henry VIII
- Tudor
o Ruled 1509-1547
- Wanted a divorce, but the church would not grant it
o Established Anglican Church
 Act of Supremacy
 Became head of Anglican Church

Mary I
- r. 1553-1558
- Bloody Mary
o 300 executed
- Married Philip II of Spain
o Because both Catholic

Elizabeth I
- Ruled 1558-1603
o Long successful reign
- Did not pry into men’s souls
- Politique
o Political Unity more important than religion
- Loyalty to the monarchy
o Never married
 Virgin Queen
- Took advantage of men
- Last Tudor monarch
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 o Succeeded by Stuarts

James I
- Problems with parliament
o 1603-1625
- Very smart… Book smart but not street smart… had no idea what was going on
- Scottish = not popular
- Divine Right – not popular with parliament
o Persecuted Puritans
 Many Puritans in the House of Commons
 Puritans wanted to “purify the church”
- Foreign Policy
o Tried to ally with Spain
o Tried to marry off children to Spanish royalty

Charles I
- Continued problems with parliament
o 1625-1649
- Forced to sign Petition of Rights
o Provisions
 No tax without consent of parliament
 No quartering soldiers during peace
 No martial law in peace
 No imprisonment without a charge
 Foundation of English liberty
- Tried to rule without the Parliament
o Forced to recall Parliament in 1640
 Did not meet unless called by king
o Long Parliament
 Regular meetings
 At least once in 3 years
 Trialed some of king’s advisors
 Abolished special courts
 No taxation without consent
- Executed

Oliver Cromwell
- Commonwealth
o 1st half of interregnum
o Republic
 Cromwell = leader
 Commonwealth didn’t work
 Tried to be too dramatic
- Protectorate
o 2nd half of interregnum
o Dictatorship
 Cromwell = Lord Protector
 1653-1658
o Beliefs:
 Supported religious toleration for ALL Protestants
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  Wanted peace and democracy
o Unable to accomplish goals
 Dissolved the Parliament
 Imposed Puritan regulations
 Harsh on Irish and Scots

Charles II
- Ruled 1660-1685
o “The Merry Monarch”
- Careful with parliament
o Very timid
o Secretly Catholic… doesn’t say anything
 Appointed some Catholic to public office
- Secret Treaty with Louis XIV
o Louis XIV will give money if Charles II helps with war against Dutch and converted
- Test Act of 1673
o Required all office holders to be ANGLICAN
- Habeas Corpus Act of 1679
o Arbitrary Arrest illegal
o Illegal to imprisonment twice for same crime
o Illegal to hold in prison without trial
 Significance one of the basic guarantees of individual rights

James II
- Originally Anglican but converted to Catholicism
o Ruled 1685-1689
- Parliament didn’t like James
o Parliament willing to wait till crown passes to James’ daughter Mary
 Mary = Protestant
 James had a son late in life
 James III
o Baptized Catholic
 Parliament feared of Catholic line of kings
- Offered crown to William and Mary
o James II fled

William III and Mary II

- Glorious Revolution – bringing back Mary and William
o Established concept of Parliament supremacy
 Parliament gave power not god
- Set up limited monarchy
o Right to rule comes from the people
- Bill of Rights of 1689:
o Monarch could not suspend the law
o No taxation without consent of Parliament
o Parliament had to be summoned frequency
o Guarantee right to trial by jury
o Outlawed cruel and unusual punishment
o Limited bail

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Queen Victoria
- Morals
- Prosperity
- Slow reforms
- Crimean War
- Generally in consensus
- Chartism
o Petition movement of 1840s
o UMS, salary to MP’s, new voting districts, annual parliament, etc.
- Army suppressed Irish nationalism
- Social harmony
o Repeal of Corn Laws 1846
o Hard work and savings would be rewarded
- Victorians Consensus
o Capitalist/ self reliant/ positive ideals

Joseph Chamberlain
- British statesman
o 1836-1914
- Part of “Liberal Split”
o Home rule = would cause chain reaction
- Never became PM, but very important
o President of the Board of Trade

Gladstone and Disraeli

- Gladstone
o Ruled alternating 1860’s-1890’s
o Leader of Whigs
 Morals; Victorian Christianity
 Laissez-Faire
 Against waste and corruption
 Reduce role of monarch
 Against tax income
 Opposed colonization
 Too expensive
o Against government waste
 Queen Victory = hated him
- Benjamin Disraeli
o 1874-1880
o Leader of Conservatives
 Imperialist
 Construction of Suez Canal
 Congress of Berlin
 Education
o Get along well with the Queen

Neville Chamberlain
- British PM
- Conservative
o Appeasement of German
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  “We have achieved peace in our time”
o Bad reputation
 1937-1940

Winston Churchill
- British PM
o 1940-1945
o 1951-1955
- Led Britain through World War II
o Moderate (conservative and liberal) politics
o Very successful

France
Francis I
- r. 1515-1547
o Valois family
- Concordat of Bologna
o Challenged church
o Gave king power of appoint clergy

Henry II
- r. 1547-1559
o Valois family
- Wanted to stop the Calvinists
o Calvinists strengthened and were against the king
o Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis
 Ended ongoing religious war

Henry IV
- r. 1589-1610
o “Bourbon King” – Henry Navarre
- VERY POPULAR
- Politique
o New monarch  Absolute Monarch
o Religious Reforms:
 Switched to Catholicism to unify the country
 “Paris is worth the mass”
 Edict of Nantes, 1598
 Catholicism was official religion
 Freedom of worship
 Right to est. protestant churches
o Came civil rights
 Rights to fortify towns
o Protection
o Economic Reforms:
 Duke of Sully – economic advisor
 First colony (Quebec)
 Built up bureaucracy
 Increased royal treasury (taxes)

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  Reduced waste and corruption
 Mercantilist
 Alliance with Protestant nations
 Against the Hapsburgs
o Significance:
 Ended religious wars
 Restored stability
 Strengthened the monarchy
 Built up foundation of the strongest nation

Cardinal Richelieu
- Advisor of Louis XIII
- Made all decisions
o Took over in 1624
 Ruled for 18 years
o Reforms:
 Restored power of king
 Weakened nobles
 Destroyed fortified castles
 Outlawed dueling
o Great statesman
 Built up the state
o Mercantilism
 Built up overseas trading companies
o Sold titles of nobility
o Amended the Edict of Nantes
 Forced Huguenots to give up fortified towns
o Got France involved in 30 Years War
- Died 1642
o Louis XIII died the next year

Louis XIV
- VERY LONG REIGN
o (1643-1715)
 Ruled for 72 years
 Since 5
- MADE France the STRONGEST COUNTRY IN EUROPE
o Largest population
o Most fertile soil
o Most self-sufficient
o Center of art and culture
o Wealthiest nation
- Political principles:
o Absolutist
o Divine right
 “I am the state”
 L’etat est moi
o Strong centralized GOVERNMENT
 Relied on bourgeoisie = middle class
 Took over in 1661 when Mazzarin (chief, minister, regent) died
 Fronde
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  Rebellion by nobles, but lost trust with Louis
- Wars:
o War of Devolution
o Dutch War
o War on the League of Augsburg
o War of Spanish Succession
- Mercantilist
- Built Versailles

Robespierre
- Jacobin
- Republic of Virtue
o Equality, Utopia
- Reign of terror (Grand Terror)
o To achieve Republic of Virtue
 Killed all who didn’t agree with him or Republic of Virtue
 40,000-60,000 killed
- Revolutionary tribunals
o Due process flew out the window
 “2 minute trials”
- Law of Suspects
o People suspected of being anti-revolutionary were arrested and imprisoned
 Without good evidence
 Similar to (Star Chamber and the Spanish inquisition)
- Levee en Masse
o All men are eligible for draft
- Law of Maximum
o Set wage and price controls
- Revolutionary Calendar
- Worship of the Supreme Being
o Similar to Deism
o To weaken the church
- Subsistence Commission
o State could confiscate food, clothing, war, supplies
- Ventose Laws
o To weaken nobles and help the peasants
o Confiscated property of anti-revolutionaries and gave it to the poor
- Abolished Slavery
o Abolished inside France already, but now in colonies

Napoleon
- 1804-1815
- Ambitious absolute ruler
o Concordat of 1801 – split with church
- Battles
o Trafalgar, Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena
 Trafalgar = French navy destroyed
- Confederation of the Rhine – buffer
- Legion of Honor – to reward merit
- Peninsular War – Spain; huge drain
- Grand Army – against Russia, lost
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 - Elba – 1st exile
o 100 Days – Napoleon came back
- Waterloo – Napoleon’s final defeat
o St. Helena – Napoleon’s final exile

Louis XVIII
- Constitutional Charter of 1814
o Constitutional monarch
 Bicameral legislature
 Equality
 Accept Code Napoleon and Concordat 1802
- Suffrage limited to land owners
- Amnesty to regicides
o Bourbon
o Restored after Napoleon
 Cautious and moderate
- Brother of previous king
o Very old
o Conservative
o 1814-1824

Charles X
- 1824-1830
- Unpopular with urban workers and bourgeoisie
o Abdicated because he did not want to become a constitutional monarch
 Brother of Louis XVIII
o More conservative
 Censorship
 Church control education
 Give land back to the nobles
o July Ordinances
 Disenfranchised ¾ of the voters
 Censorship
 More conservative legislature
 Led to July Revolution
o July Revolution of 1830
 Public outbreak
 Fighting in the streets
 Charles X scared and left
- Louis Philippe became ruler

Louis Philippe
- 1830-1848
- Not an immediate relative
o “July Monarch”
 Businessman king
 Wore a business suit, carried and umbrella
o Accepted charter
 Relatively liberal
 Double the vote
- Opposition
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 o Republicans (no king at all)
o UMS supporters
o The poor
- Victory for the liberals
o “Dike and the Flood”
 France = dike
 Flood = liberals in other nations

Louis Napoleon III

- 1849-1870
- Elected because name is “Napoleon”
- President of the 2nd French Republic
o 1852 became emperor of 2nd empire
o Rebuilding of Paris
o Economic growth
o Crimean War
- Franco – Prussian War
o Huge Defeat
rd
- 3 Republic established
o Died in exile

Leon Blum
- Socialist
- Prime Minister of France
o 1936-1937, 1946-1947
- Opposed to Fascism
o Won majority in 1936
- Problems:
o Strikes
o Capital flight
o Compromise program
o Tax reform
o Shorter work week
o Pay raises
o Unemployment benefits
o Supported L of N
o Disarmament
o Resigned
- Coalition broke up

Charles DeGaulle
- President of France
o 1959-1969
- Free French
o Plotted against Nazis from Britain
o Leader
o Gained political influence
- Elected president during Algerian Crisis
o Gave Algeria independence

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Francois Mitterand
- French president
o 1981-1995
 Longest serving French president (14 years)
 POW during WWII
o Abolished death penalty
o Pro-west/ European Union
 Supported construction of Channel Tunnel
o Cohabitation – Jacques Chirac

Jacques Chirac
- French president
o Since 1995
- Nuclear energy
o Against George W. Bush

Prussia/Germany
Fredrick William, The Great Elector
- One of the electors of HRE
o Created a unified Prussian state
 Built up Prussia by strengthening the army

Fredrick II “The Great”

- r. 1740-1786
- Enlightened Monarch
o Background/ Beliefs
 Didn’t get along with father
 Invaded Silesia (War of Austrian Succession)
 Broke Pragmatic Sanction
 Very ill (porphyria)
o Studied and argued with philosophes
 Protestant/ Lutheran
- Devoted to his subjects
o His job to make people happy, without giving up power
 Against rapid change
 Wise, moderate, reasonable
- Administrative reforms
o “1st servant of the state”
o Codified laws
o Abolished capital punishment
o Civil service exams
o Intolerance of Jews
- Social reforms
o Did little for serfs
o Freed serfs on his own estates, but needed supports of Junkers
 Junkers free to deal with serfs in the their own way
o Rigid class structure
 Small middle class
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 o Power of Junkers checked but not abolished
o Believed in freedom of speech
o No successors

Otto Von Bismarck

- Chancellor = chief minister
o “Iron Chancellor”
- Conservative
o Stressed duty, order, service, fear of god
o Didn’t trust the West
o Against:
 Powerful parliament
 Liberalism/ democracy
 Socialism
 Individualism
- Realpolitik
o Wanted a unified German state dominated by Prussia
 Not democratic
o Blood and Iron
 War and Industry
 Strong military
 Manipulated war
 Franco-Prussian War

William I
- r. 1861-1888
o German Kaiser “Emperor”
- Wanted to break reliance on Junkers
o Constitutional
o Less repressive
o Moderate
 Effective bureaucracy
 Strong economy
 Zollverein
- Coal and iron
o RR and telegraph
o Growing cities

Adolf Hitler
- Fascist dictator
o Third Reich
- Brownshirts
o Hitler’s private army
o “Hitler youth”
- Obedience to state
- Public works
o Building programs
o Provided jobs
- Nuremburg Laws
o Jews weren’t allowed to intermarry
o Jews had to wear Star of David on clothes
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 o Kristalnacht
 1938
 “Night of Broken Glass”
 German government orders to destroy Jewish property and abuse Jews
- National Labor Front
o Hitler’s economic plan
o Organized employers and employees
o Unions illegal
o Strikes illegal
o Controlled prices and wages
o Controlled productions

Italy
Count Cavour
- The Politician/ Fox
- Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia
o Goal: to unite Italy Sardinian dominance
o Crimean War
 To gain allies, realpolitik
o War with Austria
 Italy success, Napoleon III +ally
 Italy won territory, united

Victor Emmanuel II
- King of Sardinia 1849-1861
- King of Italy 1861-1878
- Problems between North and South
- Problems with Church

Mussolini
- Fascist dictator
o Charismatic, colorful personality
o Promised to restore greatness
- 2/3 Law
o Party with most votes given 2/3 of seats
 Guaranteed Fascist majority
- No self-government
o Elections from lists made up Fascists
o Parliament was powerless
o Mussolini ruled by decree
 “Mussolini is always right”
 Opposition parties outlawed
o Police state
 Censorship, Propaganda
- Corporative System/ Syndical State
o Economic policy
o GOAL: Self-sufficiency, increase output
o Unions abolished, strikes outlawed
o Economy divided into 22 corporation (syndicates)
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 - Lateran Treaty
o Settlement with church
o Pope given financial settlement
 Catholicism = state religion, church controlled education, pope given Vatican City
 Gave approval of the church to Mussolini
- Foreign Policy
o “Right to Empire”
 Fiume, 1924
 Albania, 1927
 Ethiopia, 1935
 Haile Selassie – leader of Ethiopia
o Begged League of Nations to help
- Allied with Hitler

Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella
- 1469-1519
- Aragon and Castile
o Still ran as separate states
- New Monarchs
o Religion
 Very Catholic
 Very devoted to their faith
 Inquisition against the Moors (Muslims) and Jews
o Economics
 Mercantilist
 Dependent on gold and silver from New World

Philip II
- 1556-1598
- Absolute monarch
o Spain at its height
o Background
 Palace = Escorial = palace/monastery/ mausoleum
- Very religious
o Battle of Lepanto
 Muslims vs. Catholics
 Expelled the moriscos and moranos
- Married Mary Tudor (Catholic)
- 3 Main Associates
o Dutch Revolt
o Spanish Armada
o Decline of Spain
- Dutch Revolt
o Religious war in the Spanish empire
o Did not like Duke of Alba (Spanish ruler)
- Council of Blood = inquisition
- Insurrection (1572) led by William of Orange

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 o Southern province backed out
o HUGE DRAIN ON SPANISH ECONOMY
 Dutch Independence: Peace of Westphalia, 1648
- Spanish Armada (1588)
o Hated England
 Because they were protestant
 Because England was helping Dutch
 Because of Sea dogs (Sir Francis Drake) (pirates)
- Economic Decline
o Spain at height under Philip II
o Price revolution = inflation
 Monarchy declared bankruptcy
 1557
 Defaulted on loans

Charles II
- 1661-1700
- Absolute ruler, but bad at it…
o Habsburg
o “The bewitch”- suffered from insanity
o Economy slow
o Foreign (French) influence due to lack of leadership
o Courts gained power

Francisco Franco
- 1939-1975
o Dictator
o Fascist/ syndicalism
 Persecuted minorities (gypsies)
 Wanted to create a uniform nation

Russia
Ivan IV (The Terrible)
- 1533-1584
o Autocratic monarch
 First ruler to be called “tsar” (1547)
o Expanded borders
o Disregarded Boyars
o Paranoid
 Used terror v. enemies
 Thousands killed
 Including son

Michael Romanov
- 1613-1645
- First Romanov ruler
o Absolute monarch
- Time of Troubles
o 1604-1613
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 o No leadership, warlords fighting for power
 Ended when Michael Romanov became tsar
- Romanovs
o 1613-1917
o Mikhail I had 10 children

Peter the Great

- 1682-1725
- Westernization
o Built St. Petersburg
 “Window to the West”
- Absolutist
o Got rid of Old Believers (old customs)
o Appointed the Procurator of the Holy Synod
o Built up Navy
o State service for the Boyars
o Mercantilist
o Great Northern War
 Versus Sweden
 Gained warm water ports on Baltic

Catherine the Great

- 1762-1796
- Intelligent and ambitious
- Agreed with philosophes (Voltaire…)
o Invited Diderot to Russia
- Charter of Rights for nobles
o No taxation for nobles
o No government service
- Legislative Commission 1767
o Traveled around Russia and reported to Catherine
o Merchants received freedom to trade
- Expansionist
o Expanded territory (West and South)
o Expansion break down Balance of Power
- War with Ottoman Empire
o Won ports on Black Sea
o Annexed Crimea
- 3 partitions of Poland
o Won land in West
o 1772, 1773, 1795
o Austria, Russia, Prussia
 No Poland left… wiped off map
- Favored boyars
o Repressed serfs

Alexander I
- 1801-1825
- Napoleonic Wars
o Broke continental system
o Congress of Vienna
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  Wanted a Holy Alliance
- Liberal  conservative

Nicholas I
- 1825-1855
- Wanted to unify Russia and make it more powerful
o Problems
 Decembrist Revolt of 1815
 Polish Revolt of 1830
 Crimean War
o Policies
 Autocratic
 Crushed and killed Decembrists and Polish
 Started censorship and secret police
 Restrictions on universities
 VERY repressive
o Helped crush liberal revolt in Hungary
 Results
 Repression
 Led to backward political and economic system
 Growth of Opposition
- Ended Crimean War

Alexander II
- 1855-1881
o Reformer… almost an Enlightened monarch
- Problems:
o Inherits backward nation
o Lacks industry
o Serf rebellions
o Liberals demand reforms
- Reforms:
o Emancipation Edict of 1861
 Freed the serfs
o Eased up on censorship and restrictions on universities
o Introduced the jury system
o Created Zemstovs
 Local legislature
 Started local self-rule
o No national legislature
- Results
o Serfs free but not completely
 They lived on “Mirs” until they had paid of the redemption payments
- Populist revolts
o Rural peasants organize
 Mirs established but not better off
 Resent redemption payments
- Assassinated by People’s Will
o Liberal group
o Wanted faster/more reforms

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Alexander III
- 1881-1894
o Undid everything the father had done
- Actions:
o Ended reforms
o Reduced power of the zemstvos
o Censorship and secret police
- Russification
o Forced Russian culture on all non-Russian minorities
- Pogroms
o Attacks on Jews
o Formal attacks
- Reactionary
o Unrest continued but moved underground
o Large-scale emigration
o Many people in fear

Nicholas II
- The last czar of Russia
- Problems
o Unindustrialized
o Peasants living under very bad conditions
 Middle class = no rights “Octobrists”
- Mistakes/ Actions
o Lost Russo-Japanese War
o Revolution of 1905
 Demonstrations outside palace
 Asking for a Duma/UMS
 Led by Father Gapon
 Bloody Sunday
 Soldier fired on protestors
 Started the Revolution of 1905
- October Manifesto
o Law issued by Nicolas II
o Gave them the Duma
o Middle class satisfied and dropped out of revolt
o Ended the Revolution of 1905
- Peter Stolypin
o Advisor
o Helped peasants own land
o Assassinated for being too liberal
- World War I
o Disastrous

Lenin
- 1917-1924
o Bolshevik party leader
- Leader of Revolutionary movement
o War Communism
 During the civil war
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  To increase production
 Government seized more power
 Took control of all industry
 Confiscated grain and war supplies
 Similar to “Total War”
- New Economic Policy
o After civil war
o Lenin agreed to compromise with pure communism
 NEP 1921
o Eliminated harsh measures of War Communism
 Permitted some capitalism
 NEP was successful
 People were satisfied
o Economy was improving

Stalin
- 1924-1953
o Dictator
- General Secretary of CPSU
- Collectivization of Agriculture
o Agriculture = weakest
o Nationalized by the state
o Kulaks (successful farmers) protest
o Failed policy
- Totalitarianism
o Government controls every aspect of life
- 5 year plan
o Economic plans
o Heavy industrial output
o Low level consumer goods
o Successful
- Purges
o Millions killed and exiled
o Most effective leaders put away, lack of leadership during WWII
- World War II
o Ultimately a success
o Stalin established sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
- Iron Curtain

Gorbachev
- 1985-1991
o More democratic
- Goals:
o Build stronger economy
o Civil freedoms
o Improve global relationships
- Perestroika
o To improve the standards of living
o Better worker conditions
o Law on Cooperatives (May 1987)
 Allowed private ownership of business
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  Had certain restrictions
- Glasnost
o Freedom of speech
 Very radical at the time
o Allowed moderate criticism
o Greatly eased control of the press
o Political prisoners released
- Democratization
o Multi candidate elections
o CPSU weakened
- Abandoned Brezhnev Doctrine
o Allowed non-communist gov. in satellite states
o Berlin Wall falls 1989

Yeltsin
- 1991-1999
o President Russian Federation
- Soviet coup
o Rejected Coup, but worked out for him
o Yeltsin turns back and forth on Gorbachev
- Commonwealth of independent states
o Alliance of former Soviet republics
o Economics partners
- Shock Therapy
o Economic reform
o Market economy
o Allows privatizations
o No regulation on prices
 Results = prices skyrocketed currency devalued
o Parliament and PM are opposed
- Parliament Sit-in
o Protest by members of parliament
o Because Yeltsin dissolved Parliament
o Yeltsin sent troops
 Hundreds dead
 Reputation hurt
- Invasion of Chechnya
o 1994
o Yeltsin sends troops
o Restore Russian control
- Unpredictable Behavior
o Downfall
o 1998 economic crisis
 Fired the entire cabinet and PM for the 4th time
o Lied about his health
 New Years Eve 1999
 Surprise resignation
o Appointed Putin

Misc. Rulers
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Gustavus Adolphus
- 1611-1632
o King of Sweden
 “Lion of the North”
- Well trained army
o Musketeers and mobile artillery
- One of the greatest generals of all time
o He died in battle
- 30 Years War

Woodrow Wilson
- 1913-1921
o American president
- “14 Points”
o Idealistic
o Wanted to make safe for democracy
o To prevent future warfare
 “Peace Without Victory” – Wilson’s speech
o Allies strongly opposed
o Provisions
 Self-determination
 Freedom of the seas
 No punishment
- League of Nations
o Organizations to prevent future war
o Only one that got passes, US never joined

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