ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE

BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

A Review of Energy Use and

Energy Efficiency Technologies for
the Textile Industry

Ali Hasanbeigi and Lynn Price

China Energy Group
Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Reprint version of journal article published in “Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews”, Volume 16 (2012), Pages 3648-
3665

June 2012

This work was supported by the China Sustainable Energy Program of the Energy
Foundation through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-
05CH11231.
 Disclaimer

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Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is an equal opportunity employer.

 This article was originally published in “Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews”, Volume 16 (2012)

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in HVAC & R Research. Changes resulting
from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control
mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for
publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews”, Volume 16
(2012), Pages 3648-3665.

Review of Energy Use and Energy Efficiency Technologies for

the Textile Industry

Ali Hasanbeigi a 1, Lynn Price a

a
China Energy Group, Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory. 1 Cyclotron Rd. MS 90R4000, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Abstract
The textile industry is a complicated manufacturing industry because it is a fragmented and
heterogeneous sector dominated by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). There are various energy-
efficiency opportunities that exist in every textile plant. However, even cost-effective options often are
not implemented in textile plants mostly because of limited information on how to implement energy-
efficiency measures. Know-how on energy-efficiency technologies and practices should, therefore, be
prepared and disseminated to textile plants. This paper provides information on the energy use and
energy-efficiency technologies and measures applicable to the textile industry. The paper includes case
studies from textile plants around the world and includes energy savings and cost information when
available. A total of 184 energy efficiency measures applicable to the textile industry are introduced in
this paper. Also, the paper gives a brief overview of the textile industry around the world. An analysis of
the type and the share of energy used in different textile processes is also included in the paper.
Subsequently, energy-efficiency improvement opportunities available within some of the major textile
sub-sectors are given with a brief explanation of each measure. This paper shows that a large number of
energy efficiency measures exist for the textile industry and most of them have a low simple payback
period.

Keywords: Energy use; Energy-efficiency technology; Textile industry

1. Introduction
The textile industry is one of the most complicated manufacturing industries because it is a fragmented
and heterogeneous sector dominated by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Characterizing the
1
Corresponding author. Address: 1 Cyclotron Rd. MS 90R4000, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Tel.: +1-510 495 2479, Fax: +1-510 486 6996, e-mail address: AHasanbeigi@lbl.gov

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 This article was originally published in “Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews”, Volume 16 (2012)

textile manufacturing industry is complex because of the wide variety of substrates, processes,
machinery and components used, and finishing steps undertaken. Different types of fibers or yarns,
methods of fabric production, and finishing processes (preparation, printing, dyeing,
chemical/mechanical finishing, and coating), all interrelate in producing a finished fabric.

Energy is one of the main cost factors in the textile industry. Especially in times of high energy price
volatility, improving energy-efficiency should be a primary concern for textile plants. There are various
energy-efficiency opportunities that exist in every textile plant, many of which are cost-effective.
However, even cost-effective options are not often implemented in textile plants mostly because of
limited information on how to implement such energy-efficiency measures, especially given the fact that
a majority of textile plants are categorized as SMEs and hence they have limited resources to acquire
this information. Know-how on energy-efficiency technologies and practices should, therefore, be
prepared and disseminated to textile plants. An extensive literature review was conducted in this study
to collect information on the energy use in and energy efficiency measures/technologies for the textile
industry. More than 140 references were reviewed [1-142].

Although the textile sector has significant energy consumption, there are not many scientific papers
published to address the energy issues in the textile industry. Ozturk [94] reports on energy use and
energy cost in the Turkish textile industry based on conducted surveys. Martinez [90] analyzes the
development of energy-efficiency measures in the German and Colombian textile industries, using three
alternative indicators to measure energy-efficiency performance between 1998 and 2005. A recent
study in Taiwan summarizes the energy savings implemented by 303 firms in Taiwan’s textile industry
from the on-line energy Declaration System in 2008. It was found that the total implemented energy
savings amounted to 1929 terajoules (TJ) [76]. Palanichamy and Sundar Babu [96] studied energy use in
the Indian textile industry and present the energy-efficiency potential availability, as well as suggesting
some energy policies suitable in the Indian context to achieve the estimated energy-savings potential.

In addition to these research papers, there are also several reports and guides for energy-efficiency in
the textile industry. Carbon Trust’s report [14] serves as a guide for the textile dyeing and finishing
industry. The Hasanbeigi [73] report is a comprehensive collection of around 190 sector-specific and
cross-cutting energy-efficiency measures and technologies for the textile industry. The Canadian
Industry Program for Energy Conservation (CIPEC) has also published a report on benchmarking and best
practices in Canadian textile wet-processing [21]. The Energy Conservation Center of Japan also
published a report on energy-efficiency technologies for the textile industry [41].

The work presented in this paper is a unique study for the textile industry, as it provides a clear image of
the energy use in the textile industry and presents a long list of 184 energy efficiency measures for the
textile industry, from which around 114 measures are textile sector-specific measures and the other 70
measures are cross-cutting measures found in all textile sub-sectors. This paper is based on Hasanbeigi
[73], which includes around 190 sector-specific and cross-cutting energy-efficiency measures and
technologies for the textile industry. For a detailed explanation of each energy efficiency
technology/measure given in this paper, we refer the readers to this report [73].

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2. Overview of the textile industry

The textile industry has played an important role in the development of human civilization over several
millennia. Coal, iron and steel, and cotton were the principal materials upon which the industrial
revolution was based. Technological developments from the second part of the eighteenth century
onwards led to an exponential growth of cotton output, first starting in the U.K., and later spreading to
other European countries. The production of synthetic fibers that started at the beginning of the
twentieth century also grew exponentially [106].

The textile industry is traditionally regarded as a labor-intensive industry developed on the basis of an
abundant labor supply. The number of persons employed in the textile and clothing industry was around
2.45 million in the European Union (EU) in 2006 [68], around 500,000 in the U.S. in 2008 [133], and
about 8 million in China in 2005 [101].

China is the world’s largest textile exporter with 40% of world textile and clothing exports [69]. The
textile industry is the largest manufacturing industry in China with about 32,400 enterprises above
designated size 2 in 2009. The gross industrial output value of the textile enterprises above designated
size was 2,291 billion Yuan in 2009 (US$336.9 billion) [143]. This does not include the clothing industry.
In 2008, the total export value of China’s textile industry was US $65.4 billion, an increase of 16.6%
compared to 2007. With the rising living standard of the Chinese people, local demand for high quality
textiles and apparel goods continues to increase [25]. China is also the largest importer of textile
machinery and Germany is the largest exporter of textile machinery [111]. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show
the leading exporters and importers of textiles in 2003 with the amount of exports and imports in billion
U.S. dollars. It should be noted that the graphs are just for textiles and do not include clothing. As can be
seen in the figures, the EU, China, and the U.S. are the three largest textile importers and exporters.

The EU textile and clothing sector represents 29% of the world textile and clothing exports, not including
trade between EU Member countries, which places the EU second after China [69]. In 2006 there were
220,000 textile companies in EU employing 2.5 million people and generated a turnover of €190 billion.
The textile and clothing sector accounts for around 3% of total manufacturing value added in Europe
[67].

2 Industrial enterprises above designated size are those with annual revenue from principal business over 5 million Yuan
(around US$581,000 using the exchange rate of 6.8 Yuan/US$).

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60.0
50.0

Billion US dollars
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0

Figure 1. Leading Exporters of Textiles in 2003 [140]

60.0
50.0
Billion US dollars

40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0

Figure 2. Leading Importers of Textiles in 2003 [140]

3. Textile processes
Figure 3 is a generalized flow diagram depicting the various textile processes that are involved in
converting raw materials in to a finished product. All of these processes do not occur at a single facility,
although there are some vertically-integrated plants that have several steps of the process all in one
plant. There are also several niche areas and specialized products that have developed in the textile
industry which may entail the use of special processing steps that are not shown in Figure 3.
Due to the variety of the processes involved in the textile industry, there are too many processes to be
explained within the space constraints of this paper. Thus, brief descriptions only for the major textile
processes for which the energy-efficiency measures are given here can be found in [73]. The major
textile processes that are discussed in the paper are presented below. These are the most important and
account for the largest share of textile industry energy use.
 Spun Yarn Spinning
 Weaving
 Wet-processing (preparation, dyeing, printing, and finishing)
 Man-made fiber production

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4. Energy use in the textile industry

The textile industry, in general, is not considered an energy-intensive industry. However, the textile
industry comprises a large number of plants which together consume a significant amount of energy.
The share of total manufacturing energy consumed by the textile industry in a particular country
depends upon the structure of the manufacturing sector in that country. For example, the textile
industry accounts for about 4% of the final energy use in manufacturing in China [88], while this share is
less than 2% in the U.S. [122].

The share of the total product cost expended on energy in the textile industry also varies by country.
Table 1 shows the general shares of cost factors for 20 Tex3 combed cotton yarn in several countries.
Energy cost is often the third or fourth highest share of total product cost.

Table 1. Share of Manufacturing Cost Factors for 20 Tex Combed Cotton Yarn in Several
Countries in 2003 (Koç and Kaplan, 2007)
Cost factors Brazil China India Italy Korea Turkey USA
Raw material 50% 61% 51% 40% 53% 49% 44%
Waste 7% 11% 7% 6% 8% 8% 6%
Labor 2% 2% 2% 24% 8% 4% 19%
Energy 5% 8% 12% 10% 6% 9% 6%
Auxiliary material 4% 4% 5% 3% 4% 4% 4%
Capital 32% 14% 23% 17% 21% 26% 21%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3 The Tex is one of the several systems to measure the yarn count (fineness). The Tex count represents the weight in grams per
1 kilometer (1000 meters) of yarn. For example, a yarn numbered 20 Tex weighs 20 grams per kilometer. The Tex number
increases with the size of the yarn.

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Agriculture Chemical
industry

Corp shearing Spinning

Fiber Fiber dyeing

Spinning/twisting/t
Nonwovens exturizing

Yarn Yarn dyeing

Weaving/knitting/t
ufting/nonwoven

Grey fabric

Fabric finishing
(Pretreatment,
dyeing, printing,
coating, finishing)

Finished good

Garment dyeing
Making-up

Ready-made
textiles

Wholesale/retail
sale/consumer use

Figure 3. The Textile Chain [106]

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The textile industry uses large quantities of both electricity and fuels. The share of electricity and fuels
within the total final energy use of any one country’s textile sector depends on the structure of the
textile industry in that country. For example, in spun yarn spinning, electricity is the dominant energy
source, whereas in wet-processing the major energy source is fuels. Manufacturing census data from
2002 in the U.S. shows that 61% of the final energy used in the U.S. textile industry was fuel energy and
39% was electricity. The U.S. textile industry is also ranked the 5th largest steam consumer among 16
major industrial sectors studied in the U.S. The same study showed that around 36% of the energy input
to the textile industry is lost onsite (e.g. in boilers, motor systems, distribution, etc.) [120].

4.1. Breakdown of energy use by end-use

In a textile plant, energy is used in different end-uses for different purposes. Figure 4 shows the
breakdown of final energy use by end use in the U.S. textile industry [120]. Although the percentages
shown in the graph can vary from one country to another, this figure gives an indication of final energy
end-use in the textile industry.4 However, it should be noted that it is more likely that the textile industry
in the U.S. does not include as many labor-intensive processes (e.g. spinning and weaving) as it does in
some developing countries like China and India where the cost of labor is lower. As is shown in the figure
below, in the U.S. textile industry steam and motor-driven systems (pumps, fans, compressed air,
material handling, material processing, etc.) have the highest share of end-use energy use and each one
accounts for 28% of total final energy use in the U.S. textile industry.

Other Fired heater

Facilities
2% 20%
18% Process
cooling
4%

Steam
28% Motor
driven
systems
28%

Figure 4. Final Energy End-Use in the U.S. Textile Industry [120]

As indicated, there are significant losses of energy within textile plants. Figure 5 shows the onsite energy
loss profile for the U.S. textile industry [120]. Around 36% of the energy input to the U.S. textile industry
is lost onsite. Motor driven systems have the highest share of onsite energy waste (13%) followed by
distribution5 and boiler losses (8% and 7% respectively). The share of losses could vary for the textile
industry in other countries depending on the structure of the industry in those countries. However,

4 The reason why this breakdown is presented for the U.S. is that we could only find the data for such a breakdown at the
aggregate country level for the U.S.
5 Energy distribution losses are for both inside and outside of the plant boundary.

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Figure 5 gives an illustration of where the losses happen and the relative importance of each loss in the
U.S. textile industry.

Distribution Equipment
Losses Losses
8% 7% Motor Losses
1%
Motor
System
Losses
13%

Energy to Boiler Losses

process 7%
64%

Figure 5. Onsite Energy Loss Profile for the U.S. Textile Industry [120]

As shown above, motor driven systems are one of the major sources of waste of end-use energy waster
in the textile industry. Figure 6 shows the breakdown of energy used by motor systems in different
processes in the U.S. textile industry. As can be seen, material processing is responsible for the highest
share of energy used by motor driven systems (31%) followed by pumps, compressed air, and fan
systems (19%, 15%, and 14% respectively). Again, these percentages in other countries will highly
depend on the structure of the textile industry in those countries. For example, if the weaving industry
in a country has a significantly higher share of air-jet weaving machines (which consume high amounts
of compressed air) than in the U.S., the share of total motor driven system energy consumed by
compressed air energy systems would probably be higher than indicated in Figure 6.

Other Pump
Materials
Systems 19%
Processing 3%
31%
Fan
14%

Materials
Handling Compressed
11% Refrigeration air
7% 15%

Figure 6. Breakdown of Motor Systems Energy Use in the U.S. Textile Industry [120]

4.2. Breakdown of energy use by textile processes

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4.2.1. Energy use in the spinning process

Electricity is the major type of energy used in spinning plants, especially in cotton spinning systems. If
the spinning plant just produces raw yarn in a cotton spinning system, and does not dye or fix the
produced yarn, the fuel may just be used to provide steam for the humidification system in the cold
seasons for preheating the fibers before spinning them together. Therefore, the fuel used by a cotton
spinning plant highly depends on the geographical location and climate in the area where the plant is
located. Figure 7 shows the breakdown of final energy use in a sample spinning plant that has both ring
and open-end spinning machines.

Lighting Compressors Winding Blow room

3% 3% 7% 11% Carding
Open-end 12%
Humidification
machines
plant Drawing
20%
16% 5%

Combing
1%

Sinplex(Roving)
Machines Ring machines 7%
78% 37%

Figure 7. Breakdown of the Final Energy use in a Spinning Plant that has both Ring and Open-End
Spinning Machines [120]
Note: The graph on the right shows the breakdown of the energy use by the category “Machines” that is shown in
the graph on the left.

Koç and Kaplan [86] calculated the energy consumption for spinning different types and counts of yarn
and the results are shown in Table 2. For all types of fibers, finer yarn spinning consumes more energy.
Yarns used for weaving involve more twisting than yarns used for knitting. Also, production speed is low
for weaving yarn compared to that of knitting yarn. As a result, with the same yarn count, more energy
is consumed for weaving yarn. Also, for the same yarn count, the energy consumption for combed yarn
is higher because of the additional production step (combing).

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Table 2. Typical Specific Energy Consumption (kWh/100kg) for Yarns with Different Yarn Counts
and Final Use (Weaving vs. Knitting) [86]
Combed Yarn Carded yarn
Yarn Count (Tex)
Knitting Weaving Knitting Weaving
37 138 163 134 162
33 158 188 154 186
30 179 212 173 209
25 219 260 211 255
20 306 364 296 357
17 389 462 374 453
15 442 525 423 512
12 552 681 552 672

4.2.2. Energy use in wet-processing

Wet-processing is the major energy consumer in the textile industry because it uses a high amount of
thermal energy in the forms of both steam and heat. The energy used in wet-processing depends on
various factors such as the form of the product being processed (fiber, yarn, fabric, cloth), the machine
type, the specific process type, the state of the final product, etc. Table 3 shows the typical energy
requirements for textile wet-processing by the product form, machine type, and process. Table 4 gives a
breakdown of thermal energy use in a dyeing plant (with all dyeing processes included). Although the
values in this table are the average values for dyeing plants in Japan, it provides a good example of
where the thermal energy is used, allowing the discovery of opportunities for energy-efficiency
improvement. It can be seen that a significant share of thermal energy in a dyeing plant is lost through
wastewater loss, heat released from equipment, exhaust gas loss, idling, evaporation from liquid
surfaces, un-recovered condensate, loss during condensate recovery, and during product drying (e.g. by
over-drying). These losses can be reduced by different energy-efficiency measures explained in the next
section of this paper.

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Table 3. Typical Energy Requirements for Textile Wet- Processes, by Product Form, Machine Type
and Process [14]
Product form/machine type Process Energy requirement
Desize unit Desizing (GJ/tonne
1.0 - 3.5 output)
Kier Scouring/bleaching 6.0 - 7.5
J-box Scouring 6.5 - 10.0
Open width range Scouring/bleaching 3.0 - 7.0
Low energy steam purge Scouring/bleaching 1.5 - 5.0
Jig/winch Scouring 5.0 - 7.0
Jig/winch Bleaching 3.0 - 6.5
Jig Dyeing 1.5 - 7.0
Winch Dyeing 6.0 - 17.0
Jet Dyeing 3.5 - 16.0
Beam Dyeing 7.5 - 12.5
Pad/batch Dyeing 1.5 - 4.5
Continuous/thermosol Dyeing 7.0 - 20.0
Rotary Screen Printing 2.5 - 8.5
Steam cylinders Drying 2.5 - 4.5
Stenter Drying 2.5 - 7.5
Stenter Heat setting 4.0 - 9.0
Package/yarn Preparation/dyeing 5.0 - 18.0
Package/yarn (cotton)
Preparation/dyeing 9.0 - 12.5
Continuous hank (polyester)
Scouring 3.0 - 5.0
Hank Dyeing 10.0 - 16.0
Hank Drying 4.5 - 6.5

Table 4. Breakdown of Thermal Energy Use in a Dyeing Plant (Average in Japan) [40]

Item Share of total thermal energy use

Product heating 16.6 %
Product drying 17.2 %
Waste water loss 24.9 %
Heat released from equipment 12.3 %
Exhaust gas loss 9.3 %
Idling 3.7 %
Evaporation from liquid surfaces 4.7 %
Un-recovered condensate 4.1 %
Loss during condensate recovery 0.6 %
Others 6.6 %
Total 100%

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4.2.3. Breakdown of energy use in composite textile plants (spinning-weaving-wet

processing)
A composite textile plant is a plant that has spinning, weaving/knitting, and wet-processing (preparation,
dyeing/printing, finishing) all on the same site. Figure 8 shows the breakdown of the typical electricity
and thermal energy use in a composite textile plant [105]. As can be seen, spinning consumes the
greatest share of electricity (41%) followed by weaving (weaving preparation and weaving) (18%). Wet-
processing preparation (desizing, bleaching, etc) and finishing together consume the greatest share of
thermal energy (35%). A significant amount of thermal energy is also lost during steam generation and
distribution (35%). These percentages will vary by plant.

Break-down of typical electricity use in a composite

textile plant
Others Spinning
Lighting (Ring
Wet- 8%
4% spinning)
processing
10% 41%

Humidification
19%
Weaving Weaving
preparation preparation
13% 5%

Break-down of typical thermal energy use in a composite

Steam textile plant
distribution
losses
Bleaching and
10%
finishing
Boiler plant 35%
losses
25%

Humidification Dyeing and

, sizing, others printing
15% 15%

Figure 8. Breakdown of Typical Electricity and Thermal Energy Used in a Composite Textile Plant
[105]

5. Energy-efficiency improvement opportunities in the textile industry

This analysis of energy-efficiency improvement opportunities in the textile industry includes both
opportunities for retrofit/process optimization as well as the complete replacement of the current
machinery with state-of-the-art new technology. However, special attention is paid to retrofit measures
since state-of-the-art new technologies have high upfront capital costs, and therefore the energy

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savings which result from the replacement of current equipment with new equipment alone in many
cases may not justify the cost. However, if all the benefits received from the installation of the new
technologies, such as water savings, material saving, reduced waste and waste water, reduced redoing,
higher product quality, etc. are taken into account, the new technologies are more justifiable
economically.

Furthermore, we have tried to present measures for which we could find quantitative values for energy
savings and cost. However, in some cases we could not find such quantitative values, yet since some
measures are already well-known for their energy-saving value, we decided to include them in the paper
despite lacking quantitative metrics of their potential. We believe that the knowledge about the
existence of these technologies/measures can help the textile plants engineers to identify available
opportunities for energy-efficiency improvements.

Also, it should be noted that the energy saving and cost data provided in this paper are either typical
saving/cost or plant/case-specific data. The savings from and cost of the measures can vary depending
on various factors such as plant and process-specific factors, the type of fiber, yarn, or fabric, the quality
of raw materials, the specifications of the final product as well as raw materials (e.g. fineness of fiber or
yarn, width or specific weight of fabric g/m2, etc), the plant’s geographical location, etc. For instance, for
some of the energy-efficiency measures, a significant portion of the cost is the labor cost; thus, the cost
of these measures in the developed and developing countries may vary significantly.

5.1. Energy-efficiency technologies and measures in the spun yarn spinning

process
Table 5 provides the list of measures/technologies included in this paper for the spun yarn spinning
process. The energy efficiency measures are given for five sub-categories for spinning process:
preparatory process; ring frame; windings, doubling, and finishing process; air conditioning and
humidification system; and general measures for spinning plants. A detailed explanation of each energy
efficiency technology/measure given in this paper can be found in [73].

5.2. Energy-efficiency technologies and measures in the weaving process

Weaving machines (looms) account for about 50-60% of total energy consumption in a weaving plant.
Humidification, compressor and lighting accounts for the rest of the energy used, depending on the
types of the looms and wet insertion techniques [108]. Since a loom is just one machine, there are not
many physical retrofits that can be done on existing looms to improve their efficiency. Of course the
looms differ in their energy intensity (energy use per unit of product). However, for a given type of the
loom, most of the opportunities for energy-efficiency improvements are related to the way the loom is
used (productivity), the auxiliary utility (humidification, compressed air system, lighting, etc), and the
maintenance of the looms.

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All measures mentioned in Table 5 which improve the efficiency of humidification and compressed air
systems used in spinning processes are also to a great extent applicable to weaving plants. In addition to
these, the following measures for efficiency improvements of the weaving process are also available
opportunities:

29. Loom utilization should be more than 90%. A 10% drop in utilization of loom machines will
increase specific energy consumption by 3- 4% [108].
30. The electric motor of the loom can be replaced by an energy-efficient motor.

29. The type of weaving machine can significantly influence the energy use per unit of product.
Therefore, when buying new looms, the energy efficiency of the loom should be kept in mind.
However, it should be noted that some looms can only produce fabrics with certain
specifications and not all looms can produce all types of fabrics. Hence, we cannot give a general
suggestion for the type of the loom that should be used; rather, analysis should be done for
each specific condition.
30. The quality of warp and weft yarn directly influences the productivity and hence efficiency of
the weaving process. Therefore, using yarns with higher quality that may have a higher cost will
result in less yarn breakage and stoppage in the weaving process and can eventually be more
cost-effective than using cheap, low quality yarns in weaving.

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Table 5. List of Energy-efficiency Measures and Technologies for the Spinning Process *
(Note: For the measures that energy saving and cost data are not given, no quantitative data were available)
No. Energy-efficiency Technologies and Measures in Spinning Fuel saving Electricity saving Capital Cost (US$) Payback References
Plants Period
(Year)**
5.1.1 Preparatory process

1 Installation of electronic Roving end-break stop-motion 3.2 MWh/year/machine 180/roving machine <1 [56]
detector instead of pneumatic system
2 High-speed carding machine 100,000/carding <2 [93]
machine
5.1.2 Ring Frame

3 Use of energy-efficient spindle oil 3% - 7% of ring frame energy use [82]

4 Optimum oil level in the spindle bolsters [82]

5 Replacement of lighter spindle in place of conventional 23 MWh/year/ring frame 13,500 /ring frame 8 [57]
spindle in Ring frame
6 Synthetic sandwich tapes for Ring frames 4.4 - 8 MWh/ring frame/year 540 -683/ring frame 1-2 [58], [96]

7 Optimization of Ring diameter with respect to yarn count 10% of ring frame energy use 1600 /ring frame 2 [17]
in ring frames
8 False ceiling in Ring spinning section 8 kWh/ year/spindle 0.7/spindle 1.2 [59]

9 Installation of energy-efficient motor in Ring frame 6.3 -18.83 MWh/year/motor 1950 - 2200 /motor 2-4 [57], [60]

10 Installation of energy-efficient excel fans in place of 5.8 - 40 MWh/year/fan 195 - 310 /fan <1 [54], [57]
conventional aluminum fans in the suction of Ring Frame
11 The use of light weight bobbins in Ring frame 10.8 MWh/year/ring frame 660 /ring frame <1 [58]

12 High-speed Ring spinning frame 10% - 20% of ring frame energy use [93]

13 Installation of a soft starter on motor drive of Ring frame 1 – 5.2 MWh/year/ring frame 2 [11], [135]

5.1.3 Windings, Doubling, and finishing process

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14 Installation of Variable Frequency Drive on Autoconer 331.2 MWh/year/plant 19500/plant <1 [61]
machine
15 Intermittent mode of movement of empty bobbin 49.4 MWh/year/plant 1100/plant <1 [61]
conveyor in the Autoconer/cone winding machines
16 Modified outer pot in Tow-For-One (TFO) machines 4% of TFO energy use [17], [107]

17 Optimization of balloon setting in Two-For-One (TFO) [54]

machines
18 Replacing the Electrical heating system with steam heating increased 31.7 19.5 MWh/year/machine 980/ humidification <1 [62]
system for the yarn polishing machine tonnes plant
steam/year/m
achine
5.1.4 Air conditioning and Humidification system

19 Replacement of nozzles with energy-efficient mist nozzles 31MWh/year/humidification plant 1700/ humidification <1 [60]
in yarn conditioning room plant
20 Installation of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) for washer 20 MWh/year/humidification plant 1100/ humidification <1 [40], [54]
pump motor in Humidification plant plant

21 Replacement of the existing Aluminium alloy fan impellers 55.5 MWh/year/fan 650/ fan <1 [43]
with high efficiency F.R.P (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic)
impellers in humidification fans and cooling tower fans

22 Installation of VFD on Humidification system fan motors 18 -105 MWh/year/fan 1900 -8660/ fan 1-2 [43], [121]
for the flow control
23 Installation of VFD on Humidification system pumps 35 MWh/year/ humidification plant 7100/ humidification 2.7 [43]
plant
24 Energy-efficient control system for humidification system 50 MWh/year/ humidification plant 7300 to 12,200/ 2 - 3.5 [81], [99]
humidification plant
5.1.5 General measures for Spinning plants

25 Energy conservation measures in Overhead Travelling 5.3 - 5.8 MWh/year/ OHTC 180 -980/ OHTC 0.5 - 2.5 [66]
Cleaner (OHTC)
26 Energy-efficient blower fans for Overhead Travelling 2 MWh/year/fan 100/fan <1 [66]
Cleaner (OHTC)
27 Improving the Power Factor of the plant (Reduction of 24.1 MWh/year/plant 3300/plant 1.8 [58]
reactive power)

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28 Replacement of Ordinary ‘V – Belts’ by Cogged ‘V – Belts’ 1.5 MWh/year/belt 12.2/belt <1 [58]

* The energy savings, costs, and payback periods given in the table are for the specific conditions cited. There are also some ancillary (non-energy) benefits
from the implementation of some measures. Read the explanation of each measure in the report [73] to get a complete understanding of the savings and costs.
**Wherever the payback period was not provided, but the energy and cost were given, the payback period is calculated assuming the price of electricity of
US$75/MWh (US$0.075/kWh).

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5.3. Energy-efficiency technologies and measures in wet-processing

Table 6 shows a snapshot of the average values for thermal energy use in dyeing plants in Japan. That
table provides a good example of the proportion of thermal energy use and losses for each purpose in a
dyeing plant, clearly indicating where the greatest energy-efficiency potential lies. Additionally, the table
gives useful information about where losses are most significant and therefore which losses should be
addressed first. It also presents the general ways of reducing the losses mentioned in the table.

Table 6. Thermal Energy Use in Dyeing Plants (Average of Japan) [40]

a
Item Share of total Way to reduce losses
thermal energy use
Product heating 16.6%
Product drying 17.2% Avoid over-drying
Losses through waste liquor 24.9% Recovery of waste heat
Heat released from equipment 12.3% Improved insulation
Exhaust losses 9.3% Reduction of exhaust gas
Equipment idling losses 3.7% Stop energy during idling
Evaporation from liquid surface 4.7% Install a cover
Un-recovered condensate 4.1% Condensate recovery
Loss during condensate recovery 0.6%
Others 6.6%
Total 100%
a
: This table provides a general example of methods of reducing thermal energy losses. More detail of these
methods and the related energy efficiency measures are given below for different process steps.

Table 7 provides a list of measures/technologies included in this paper for the wet-processing. The
energy efficiency measures are given for five sub-categories for wet-processing plants: preparatory
process; dyeing and printing process; drying; finishing process; and general measures for wet-processing.
A detailed explanation of each energy efficiency technology/measure given in this paper can be found in
[73].

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Table 7. List of Energy-Efficiency Measures and Technologies for the Wet-Processing6 *

(Note: For the measures that energy saving and cost data are not given, no quantitative data were available)
No. Energy-efficiency Technologies and Fuel saving Electricity saving Capital Cost (US$) Payback Period References
Measures in Wet-Processing (Year)***
5.3.1 Preparatory Process
33 Combine Preparatory Treatments in wet up to 80% of Preparatory [14]
processing Treatments energy use
34 Cold-Pad-Batch pretreatment up to 38% of pretreatment fuel use up to 50% of pretreatment [70]
electricity use
35 Bleach bath recovery system ** US$38,500 -US$118,400 saving 80000 -246,000 2.1 [14], [89]
36 Use of Counter-flow Current for washing 41% - 62% of washing energy use [14], [40-
41], [110]
37 Installing Covers on Nips and Tanks in [14]
continuous washing machine
38 Installing automatic valves in continuous < 0.5 [14]
washing machine
39 Installing heat recovery equipment in 5 GJ/tonne fabric [14]
continuous washing machine
40 Reduce live steam pressure in continuous [14]
washing machine
41 Introducing Point-of-Use water heating in up to 50% of washing energy use [14]
continuous washing machine
42 Interlocking the running of exhaust hood fans 12.3 MWh/year/machine < 0.5 [50]
with water tray movement in the yarn
mercerizing machine
43 Energy saving in cooling blower motor by 2.43 MWh/year/machine < 0.5 [45]
interlocking it with fabric gas singeing
machine's main motor
44 Energy saving in shearing machine's blower 2.43 MWh/year/machine < 0.5 [45]
motor by interlocking it with the main motor
45 Enzymatic removal of residual hydrogen 2,780 GJ/year/plant [3], [26]
peroxide after bleach

6
Typical Energy Requirements for Textile Wet- Processes, by Product Form, Machine Type and Process are given in Table 3.

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46 Enzymatic scouring [27]

47 Use of integrated dirt removal/grease 2 MJ/kg of greasy wool 615,000 - 2-4 [67]
recovery loops in wool scouring plant 1,230,000/system
5.3.2 Dyeing and Printing Process
48 Installation of Variable Frequency Drive on 26.9 MWh/year/machine 3100 /machine 1.5 [63]
pump motor of Top dyeing machines
49 Heat Insulation of high temperature/ high 210 - 280 GJ/year/plant 9000 - 13,000 /plant 3.8 - 4.9 [14], [62],
pressure dyeing machines [67], [104]
50 Automated preparation and dispensing of Chemical Dispensing 1.3 - 6.2 ; [21], [67]
chemicals in dyeing plants System: 150,000 - 4 - 5.7 ;
890,000 ; 3.8 - 7.5
Dye Dissolving and
Distribution: 100,000
- 400,000;
Bulk Powder
Dissolution and
Distribution:76,000 -
600,000
51 Automated dyestuff preparation in fabric 23,100 - [28]
printing plants 2,308,000/system
52 Automatic dye machine controllers ** 57,000 - 1-5 [28], [51],
150,000/system [89]
53 Cooling water recovery in batch dyeing 1.6 - 2.1 GJ/tonne fabric 143,000 - 1.3 - 3.6 [14], [28],
machines (Jet, Beam, Package, Hank, Jig and 212,000/system [70], [89]
Winches)
54 Cold-Pad-Batch dyeing system 16.3 GJ/tonne of dyed fabric 1215000/ system 1.4 - 3.7 [89]
55 Discontinuous dyeing with airflow dyeing up to 60% of machine's fuel use 190500 - [29]
machine 362,000/machine
56 Installation of VFD on circulation pumps and 138 MWh/year/plant 2300/plant <1 [46]
color tank stirrers
57 Dyebath Reuse US$4500 saving/ dye machine 24,000 - 34,000/dye [142]
machine
58 Equipment optimization in winch beck dyeing 30% of machine's [67]
machine electricity use
59 Equipment optimization in jet dyeing 1.8 - 2.4 kg steam /kg fabric increased 0.07 - 0.12 221,000 /machine 1.4 - 3.1 [14], [67],

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machines kWh/kg fabric [89]

60 Single-rope flow dyeing machines 2.5 kg steam /kg fabric 0.16 - 0.20 kWh/kg fabric <1 [67]
61 Microwave dyeing equipment 96% reduction compared to beam 90% reduction compared 450000/ machine [40]
dyeing to beam dyeing
62 Reducing the process temperature in wet [14]
batch pressure-dyeing machines
63 Use of steam coil instead of direct steam 4580 GJ/year/plant 165500/plant [11]
heating in batch dyeing machines (Winch and
Jigger)
64 Reducing the process time in wet batch [14]
pressure-dyeing machines
65 Installation of covers or hoods in atmospheric [14]
wet batch machines
66 Careful control of temperature in 27 - 91 kg steam/hour [14]
atmospheric wet batch machines
67 Jiggers with a variable liquor ratio 26% reduction compared to [30]
conventional jigger
68 Heat recovery of hot waste water in 554 MJ/batch product [41]
Autoclave
69 Insulation of un-insulated surface of 15 MJ/batch product [41]
Autoclave
70 Reducing the need for re-processing in dyeing 10% -12% [14]
71 Recover heat from hot rinse water 1.4 - 7.5 GJ/tonne fabric rinsed 44,000 - 95,000 < 0.5 [70]
72 Reuse of washing and rinsing water [31]
73 Reduce rinse water temperature 10% 0 [124]
5.3.3 Drying
Energy-efficiency improvement in Cylinder
dryer
74 Introduce Mechanical Pre-drying [14]
75 Selection of Hybrid Systems 25% - 40% [14]
76 Recover Condensate and Flash Steam [14]
77 End Panel Insulation [14]
78 Select Processes for their Low Water Add-on [14]
Characteristics

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79 Avoid Intermediate Drying [14]

80 Avoid Overdrying [14], [41]
81 Reduce Idling Times and Use Multiple Fabric [14]
Drying
82 Operate Cylinders at Higher Steam Pressures [14]
83 Maintenance of the dryer [14]
84 The use of radio frequency dryer for drying US$45,000 saving/plant 200000/plant [11]
acrylic yarn
85 The use of Low Pressure Microwave drying 107 kWh/tonne yarn 500000/plant <3 [2]
machine for bobbin drying instead of dry-
steam heater
86 High-frequency reduced-pressure dryer for 200 kWh/tonne product 500000/machine [40]
bobbin drying after dyeing process
5.3.4 Finishing Process
Energy-efficiency improvement in Stenters
87 Conversion of Thermic Fluid heating system 11000 GJ/year/plant 120 MWh/year/plant 50000/plant 1 [32]
to Direct Gas Firing system in Stenters and
dryers
88 Introduce Mechanical De-watering or Contact 13% - 50% of stenter energy use [5], [33],
Drying Before Stenter [67]
89 Avoid Overdrying [14]
90 Close Exhaust Streams during Idling [67]
91 Drying at Higher Temperatures [14]
92 Close and Seal Side Panels [14]
93 Proper Insulation 20% of stenter energy use [67]
94 Optimize Exhaust Humidity 20 - 80% of stenter energy use [34], [41]
95 Install Heat Recovery Equipment 30% of stenter energy use 77,000 - 1.5-6.6 [9], [14],
460,000/system [35], [67]
96 Efficient burner technology in Direct Gas Fired [67]
systems
97 The Use of Sensors and Control Systems in 22% of stenter fuel use 11% of stenter electricity moisture humidity moisture [21], [36],
Stenter use controllers: 20,000 – humidity [98]
220,000 ; controllers: 1.5 -
dwell time controls: 5;
80,000 – 400,000 dwell time

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controls: 4 - 6.7
5.3.5 General energy-efficiency measures for wet-
processing
98 Automatic steam control valves in Desizing, 3250 GJ/year/plant 5100/plant [64]
Dyeing, and Finishing
99 The recovery of condensate in wet processing 1.3 - 2 GJ/tonne fabric 1000 - 16,000 1-6 [21], [70],
plants [104]
100 Heat recovery from the air compressors for 7560 GJ/year/plant 8500/year/plant [15]
use in drying woven nylon nets
101 Utilization of heat exchanger for heat 1.1 – 1.4 GJ/tonne finished fabric 328820 / system [85], [100],
recovery from wet-processes wastewater [104], [41]

* The energy savings, costs, and payback periods given in the table are for the specific conditions. There are also some ancillary (non-energy) benefits from the
implementation of some measures. Please read the explanation of each measure in [73] to get a complete understanding of the savings and costs.
** Savings of this measure are the net annual operating savings (average per plant) which includes energy and non-energy savings.
***Wherever the payback period was not given while the energy and cost are given, the payback period is calculated assuming the price of electricity of
US$75/MWh (US$0.075/kWh).

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5.4. Energy-efficiency technologies and measures in man-made fiber

production
Table 8 provides a list of measures/technologies included in this paper for the man-made fiber
production. Detailed explanation of each energy efficiency technology/measure given in this paper can
be found in [73].

5.5. Cross-cutting energy-efficiency measures

Table 9 provides a list of cross-cutting energy-efficiency measures/technologies included in [73]. When
considering energy-efficiency improvements to a facility’s motor systems, a systems approach
incorporating pumps, compressors, and fans must be used in order to attain optimal savings and
performance. In the following, considerations with respect to energy use and energy saving
opportunities for a motor system are presented and in some cases illustrated by case studies. Pumping,
fan and compressed air systems are discussed in addition to the electric motors. Steam systems are
often found in textile plants and can account for a significant amount of end-use energy consumption.
Improving boiler efficiency and capturing excess heat can result in significant energy savings and
improved production. Common performance improvement opportunities for the generation and
distribution of industrial steam systems are given bellow. Detailed explanation of each energy efficiency
technology/measure given in this paper can be found at [73] and [139]7.

7
Cross-cutting energy efficiency measures are mostly obtained from [139]. However, the original sources of each individual
measure are also provided in Table 9 for further information.

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Table 8. List of Energy-efficiency Measures and Technologies for the Man-Made Fiber production *
(Note: For the measures that energy saving and cost data are not given, no quantitative data were available)
No. Energy-efficiency Technologies and Measures in Man-made fiber Fuel saving Electricity saving Capital Cost Payback References
Production (US$) period
(years)**
102 Installation of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) on hot air fans in 105 11,000/ dryer 1.3 [19], [53]
after treatment dryer in Viscose Filament production MWh/year/dryer
103 The use of light weight carbon reinforced spinning pot in place of 9.6 MWh/spinning 680/ machine <1 [114]
steel reinforced pot machine/year
104 Installation of Variable Frequency Drives in fresh air fans of 32.8 MWh/fan/year 5600/ fan 2.3 [65]
humidification system in man-made fiber spinning plants
105 Installation of Variable Frequency drives on motors of dissolvers 49.5 9500/ agitator 2.6 [53], [65]
MWh/agitator/year
106 Adoption of pressure control system with VFD on washing pumps 40.4 930/ pump <1 [55]
in After Treatment process MWh/pump/year
107 Installation of lead compartment plates between pots of spinning 7 < 0.5 [47]
machines MWh/machine/year
108 Energy-efficient High Pressure steam-based Vacuum Ejectors in 3800 29000/plant [44]
place of Low Pressure steam-based Vacuum Ejectors for Viscose GJ/year/plant
Deaeration
109 The use of heat exchanger in dryer in Viscose filament production 1 GJ/hour of 66700/system [6]
dryer
operation
110 Optimization of balloon setting in TFO machines 205 [71]
MWh/year/plant
111 Solution spinning high-speed yarn manufacturing equipment (for 500 MWh/machine 200000/machine 5.3 [93]
filament other than urethane polymer) (16 spindles)/year
112 High-speed multiple thread-line yarn manufacturing equipment 55% 320000/machine [93]
for producing nylon and polyester filament
113 Reduction in height of spinning halls of man-made fiber 788 190000/plant 3.2 [55]
production by installation of false ceiling MWh/year/plant
114 Improving motor efficiency in draw false-twist texturing machines 73 80,000/ machine 14.6 [93]
MWh/year/machine

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* The energy savings, costs, and payback periods given in the table are for the specific conditions. There are also some ancillary (non-energy) benefits from the
implementation of some measures. Please read the explanation of each measure in [73] to get the complete understanding of the savings and costs.
**Wherever the payback period was not given while the energy and cost are given, the payback period is calculated assuming the price of electricity of
US$75/MWh (US$0.075/kWh).

Table 9. List of Cross-Cutting Energy-Efficiency Measures and Technologies *

(Note: For the measures that energy saving and cost data are not given, no quantitative data were available)
No. Cross-cutting Energy-efficiency Technologies Fuel saving Electricity saving Capital Cost Payback References
and Measures (US$) Period
(years)
5.5.1 Electrical demand control
115 Electrical demand control [91], [103]
5.5.2 Energy-efficiency improvement opportunities
in electric motors
116 Motor management plan [24]
117 Maintenance 2% - 30% of motor system energy use [4], [42]
118 Energy-efficient motors [23]
119 Rewinding of motors [24], [37-
38]
120 Proper motor sizing [139]
121 Adjustable speed drives 7% - 60% <3 [72], [137]
122 Power factor correction [115]
123 Minimizing voltage unbalances <3 [123],
[130]
5.5.3 Energy-efficiency improvement opportunities
in compressed air systems
124 Reduction of demand [139]
125 Maintenance [139]
126 Monitoring [12]
127 Reduction of leaks (in pipes and equipment) up to 20% of compressed air system [80], [102]
energy use
128 Electronic condensate drain traps (ECDTs) [139]
129 Reduction of the inlet air temperature each 3°C reduction will save 1% <5 [12], [97]

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compressor energy use

130 Maximizing allowable pressure dew point at [80]
air intake
131 Optimizing the compressor to match its load [16]
132 Proper pipe sizing up to 3% of compressed air system [102]
energy use
133 Heat recovery up to 20% of compressed air system <1 [16], [97],
energy use [102],[116]
134 Adjustable speed drives (ASDs) up to 15% of compressed air system [74], [102]
energy use
5.5.4 Energy-efficiency improvement opportunities
in pumping systems
135 Maintenance 2% - 7% of pumping electricity use <1 [128],[141]
136 Monitoring [76]
137 Controls [139]
138 Reduction of demand 10% - 20% of pumping electricity use [39]
139 More efficient pumps 2% - 10% of pumping electricity use [78], [92],
[112]
140 Proper pump sizing 15% - 25% of pumping electricity use <1 [39], [128]
141 Multiple pumps for varying loads 10% - 50% of pumping electricity use [39]
142 Impeller trimming (or shaving sheaves) up to 75% of pumping electricity use [129],
[141]
143 Adjustable speed drives (ASDs) 20% - 50% of pumping electricity use [7], [141]
144 Avoiding throttling valves [76], [113]
145 Proper pipe sizing [129]
146 Replacement of belt drives up to 8% of pumping electricity use < 0.5 [109]
147 Precision castings, surface coatings or [139]
polishing
148 Improvement of sealing [79]
5.5.5 Energy-efficiency improvement opportunities
in fan systems
149 Minimizing pressure [87]
150 Control density [87]
151 Fan efficiency [87]

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152 Proper fan sizing [141]

153 Adjustable speed drives (ASDs) 14% - 49% of fan system electricity use [141]
154 High efficiency belts (cogged belts) 2% of fan system electricity use 1-3 [141]
5.5.6 Energy-efficiency improvement opportunities
in lighting system
155 Lighting controls <2 [139]
156 Replace T-12 tubes by T-8 tubes 114 MWh/year/1196 light bulbs 26800 for 1196 [65], [105]
light bulbs
157 Replace Mercury lights by Metal Halide or High 50% - 60% / bulb [139]
Pressure Sodium lights
158 Replace Metal Halide (HID) with High-Intensity 50% / bulb 185/ fixture [139]
Fluorescent lights
159 Replace Magnetic Ballasts with Electronic 936 kWh/ballast/year 8/ ballast [48], [139]
Ballasts
160 Optimization of plant lighting (Lux 31 – 182 MWh/year [49], [54-
optimization) in production and non- 55]
production departments
161 Optimum use of natural sunlight [54], [64]
5.5.7 Energy-efficiency improvement opportunities
in steam systems
162 Demand Matching <2 [123],[131]
163 Boiler allocation control [13]
164 Flue shut-off dampers [13]
165 Maintenance up to 10% of boiler energy < 0.5 [123],[127]
use
166 Insulation improvement 6% - 26% of boiler energy [10]
use
167 Reduce Fouling [20], [131]
168 Optimization of boiler blowdown rate 1-3 [123],[131]
169 Reduction of flue gas quantities [139]
170 Reduction of excess air <1 [131]
171 Flue gas monitoring <1 [123]
172 Preheating boiler feed water with heat from 5% - 10% of boiler energy <2 [131]
flue gas (economizer) use

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173 Recovery of heat from boiler blowdown <2 [13], [123]

174 Recovery of condensate 1 [123],[131]
175 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) [94]
176 Shutting off excess distribution lines [139]
177 Proper pipe sizing [134]
178 Insulation related measures 1.1 [123],[131]
179 Checking and monitoring steam traps up to 10% of boiler energy < 0.5 [8], [83],
use [123],[131]
180 Thermostatic steam traps [1]
181 Shutting of steam traps < 0.5 [123]
182 Reduction of distribution pipe leaks < 0.5 [123]
183 Recovery of flash steam [84], [131]
184 Prescreen coal 1.8 GJ/tonne finished fabric 35000 / system < 0.5 [70]
* The energy savings, costs, and payback periods given in the table are for the specific conditions. There are also some ancillary (non-energy) benefits from the
implementation of some measures. Please read the explanation of each measure in [73] to get a complete understanding of the savings and costs.

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6. Conclusions
Energy is one of the main cost factors in the textile industry. Especially in times of high energy price
volatility, improving energy efficiency should be one of the main concerns of textile plants. There are
various energy-efficiency opportunities in textile plants, many of which are cost-effective. However,
even cost-effective options often are not implemented in textile plants due mainly to limited
information on how to implement energy-efficiency measures, especially given the fact that the majority
of textile plants are categorized as small and medium enterprises (SMEs). These plants in particular have
limited resources to acquire this information. Know-how regarding energy-efficiency technologies and
practices should, therefore, be prepared and disseminated to textile plants.

This paper is a review of energy use and energy-efficiency technologies and measures applicable to the
textile industry. The paper includes case studies from textile plants from around the world with energy
savings and cost information when available. For some measures the paper provides a range of savings
and payback periods found under varying conditions. At all times, the reader must bear in mind that the
values presented in this paper are offered as guidelines. Actual cost and energy savings for the measures
will vary, depending on plant configuration and size, plant location, plant operating characteristics,
production and product characteristics, the local supply of raw materials and energy, and several other
factors. Therefore, for all energy-efficiency measures presented in this paper, individual plants should
pursue further research on the economics of the measures, as well as on the applicability of different
measures to their own unique production practices, in order to assess the feasibility of measure
implementation.

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the China Sustainable Energy Program of the Energy Foundation through
the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The authors are grateful to
Ernst Worrell from Utrecht University, Linda Greer from Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), and
Martin Adelaar and Henri Van Rensburg from Marbek Resource Consultants for their insightful
comments on this paper. The authors are also thankful to Christopher Williams for editing the English of
this paper and Hongyou Lu for assisting in the preparation of this paper.

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