CONCENTRATE DS-1

C E M E N T I T I O U S C RY S TA L L I N E
Concrete Waterproofing

Description Coverage
Xypex Concentrate is a unique chemical treatment for Under normal conditions, the coverage rate for Xypex
the waterproofing and protection of concrete. XYPEX Concentrate DS-1 is 0.95 kg/m2.
CONCENTRATE DS-1 is a special formulation designed
specifically for a dry-shake application on horizontal Test Data
concrete surfaces. Packaged in the form of a dry pow- PERMEABILITY
der compound, Concentrate DS-1 consists of Portland
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) CRD C48,
cement, various active proprietary chemicals, and an “Permeability of Concrete”, Pacific Testing Labs,
aggregate which has been crushed and graded to par- Seattle, USA
ticle sizes suitable for concrete floors. DS-1 becomes an Two in. (51 mm) thick, 2000 psi (13.8 MPa) Xypex-treat-
integral part of the concrete surface thereby eliminating ed concrete samples were pressure tested up to a 405
problems normally associated with coatings (e.g. scaling, ft. (124 m) water head (175 psi/1.2 MPa), the limit of
dusting, flaking and delamination). The active chemicals the testing apparatus. While untreated samples showed
react with the moisture of the fresh concrete causing a marked leakage, the Xypex-treated samples (as a result
catalytic reaction which generates a non-soluble crystal- of the crystallization process) became totally sealed and
line formation within the pores and capillary tracts of the exhibited no measurable leakage.
concrete.
DIN 1048 (equivalent to EN 12390-8),
Recommended for: “Water Impermeability of Concrete”, Bautest –
• Sewage and Water Treatment Plants Corporation for Research & Testing of Building
Materials, Augsburg, Germany
• Reservoirs
• Foundation Slabs Twenty cm thick Xypex-treated concrete samples were
• Bridge Decks pressure tested up to 7 bars (230 ft./70 m water head)
• Below-grade Parking Structures for 24 hours to determine water impermeability. While
the reference specimens measured water penetration up
NOTE: For concrete surfaces that are subject to heavy to a depth of 92 mm, Xypex-treated samples measured
traffic conditions or that require increased resistance water penetration of zero to an average of 4 mm.
to impact and abrasion, please consult with a Xypex
Technical Services Representative regarding the use of EN 12390-8, “Depth of Water Penetration on
Xypex Concentrate DS-2. Samples Treated with Concentrate Coating”, OL-123,
Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
Advantages Three replicate 150 mm concrete cubes from four dif-
• Resists extreme hydrostatic pressure from either ferent mix designs (strength classes) were coated with
positive or negative surface of the concrete slab Xypex Concentrate at a thickness of 0.8 mm to 1 mm.
• Becomes an integral part of the substrate Controls for each of the different mix designs were also
• Highly resistant to aggressive chemicals cast for comparison purposes. All samples were exposed
• Can seal static hairline cracks up to 0.4 mm to 0.5 MPa (73 psi) of water pressure for 72 hours from
• Allows concrete to breathe the opposite side of the treated surface. Specimens from
• Non-toxic / no VOCs each set were split transversely from the treated surface
• Less costly to apply than most other methods at 28 and 91 days to measure depth of water penetration
• Permanent from the exposed surface. After 28 days, the Xypex coat-
• Increases flexibility in the construction schedule ing reduced the depth of water penetration by 90 to 94%
compared to the control mixes for the four mix types. At
Packaging 91 days all Xypex-treated samples measured <1 mm of
Xypex Concentrate DS-1 is available in 27.2 kg pails. water penetration.

Storage
Xypex products must be stored dry at a minimum tem-
perature of 7ºC. Shelf life is one year when stored under
proper conditions.

Concrete Waterproofing By Crystallization™ DAT-DS1-A4

REV-07-16
DEPTH OF PENETRATION crystalline structure had reduced the width of the cracks
dramatically.
“Measurement of Mass Concrete Humidity”,
Czech Technical University, (CVUT) Faculty of Civil CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic
A coating of Xypex Concentrate was applied to one face ASTM C 267, “Chemical Resistance to Mortars”,
of a 300 mm x 300 mm x 220 mm set of concrete blocks; Pacific Testing Labs, Seattle, USA
two replicate sets of blocks were left untreated. Water Xypex-treated cylinders and untreated cylinders were
filled containers were tightly sealed onto the opposite exposed to hydrochloric acid, caustic soda, toluene,
face of the treated blocks and one set of the untreated mineral oil, ethelyne glycol, pool chlorine, brake fluid and
blocks while the third untreated block set was kept in the other chemicals. Results indicated that chemical expo-
laboratory as a control. Humidity probes were installed in sure did not have any detrimental effects on the Xypex
6 mm diameter holes that were drilled to within 30 - 40 coating. Tests following chemical exposure measured an
mm of the water exposed surface. Mass humidity was average 17% higher compressive strength in the Xypex-
recorded at intervals of 28, 45, 90, 125 and 132 days. treated specimens over the untreated control samples.
Final results showed that the Xypex-treated specimens IWATE University Technical Report,
had an average humidity reading of 4.6%, the untreated “Resistance to Acid Attack”, Tokyo, Japan
sample measured 7.9% and the control block with no
water exposure was 4.4%, essentially equivalent to the
Xypex specimens’ results. The Xypex reactive chemicals
had diffused at least 190 mm in 132 days.

“An Enhancement in the Nature of Concrete with a Before Immersion After 5 Weeks After 10 Weeks
Multiplicative Cement Crystal-Type Concrete Material”,
Central Research Laboratory of Nikki Shoji in Xypex-treated mortar and untreated mortar were mea-
Association with Hosei University, Japan sured for acid resistance after exposure to a 5% H2SO4
A 60 cm x 70 cm x 40 cm concrete solution for 100 days. Xypex suppressed concrete ero-
block was cast and a Concentrate sion to 1/8 of the reference samples.
coating was applied to the surface ASTM C876 “Influence of Xypex Coating System
and cured. The block was left out- on Residual Service Life of Concrete Structures”
doors for approximately 1 year. Durability Assessment Section, Xypex Australia
Subsequently, a 40 cm (15.75 in.) A bridge pier exposed to seawater in a tidal splash zone
long cylinder was then cored perpendicular to the Xypex for over 40 years experienced different types of deteriora-
treatment and cut into 18 slices of equal length. SEM tion mechanisms including surface abrasion (skin loss),
photographs utilizing a 1000x magnification were taken cracking, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Corrosion
of slices from various depths from the treated surface monitoring was conducted before and six months after
to determine the extent of crystalline growth. While the application of Xypex Concentrate. This non-destructive
crystalline structure was most dense in specimens lo- testing (NDT) included a measurement of the corrosion
cated closest to the treated surface, there was evidence rate, corrosion potential, and concrete resistivity. Results
of the crystalline structure at 30 cm (12 inches) from the indicated a reduction of corrosion rate and corrosion po-
treated surface. tential up to 50% and 40% respectively, and significant
enhancement of the concrete resistivity.
CRACK SEALING
RILEM CPC-18 “Carbonation Resistance of Samples
ASTM C856 “Standard Practice for Petrographic Treated with a Xypex Concentrate Coating”,
Examination of Hardened Concrete”, Setsco Services Construction and Maintenance Technology Research
Pte, Ltd., Singapore Center (CONTEC), Sirindhorn International Institute
A coat of Xypex Concentrate was applied to a slab that of Technology (SIIT) – Thammasat University,
had developed numerous hairline cracks. To determine Bangkok, Thailand
the crack sealing ability of the Xypex treatment, cores Control and Xypex Concentrate coated samples were
were extracted from a slab at 3, 10, 14 and 20 days fol- carbonated in an accelerated carbonation chamber. The
lowing application. Thin sections were taken from each average depths of carbonation were measured at 28, 56,
core in order to examine hairline cracks utilizing a polar- 77 and 91 days. The depth of carbonation of these Xypex
izing and fluorescent microscope (PFM). In each case, Concentrate coated samples was reduced by 35 - 40%
there was evidence of the Xypex crystalline structure compared to the controls. Following initial carbonation,
in the cracks to a depth of about 20 mm. Photographs one set of samples was coated with Xypex Concentrate
taken this depth at 100x magnification showed the Xypex to model old concrete already damaged by carbonation.

X Y P E X C O N C E N T R A T E D S - 1 P R O D U C T D A T A
For these specimens, testing indicated that carbonation ii. It is common that edges of a slab wall will set up earlier
was arrested and in one specimen reduced. than the main body of concrete. Such edge areas can be
dry-shaked and finished with hand tools prior to proceed-
FREEZE/THAW DURABILITY
ing with application to the main body of concrete.
ASTM C 672, “Standard Test Method for Scaling
Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to De-Icing
Chemicals”, Twin City Testing Lab, St. Paul, USA
iii. Consult with Xypex’s Technical Services Department
Xypex-treated samples restricted chloride ion concen-
or your local Xypex Technical Services Representative
tration to below the level necessary to promote electro-
regarding the optimum concrete performance under a
lytic corrosion of reinforcing steel. Visual examination of
variety of conditions during application of DS-1.
untreated panels after 50 freeze/thaw cycles showed a
marked increase in surface deterioration compared to Curing
Xypex-treated samples. Curing is important and should begin as soon as final set
RADIATION RESISTANCE
has occurred but before surface starts to dry. Conven-
tional moist curing procedures such as water spray, wet
U.S.A. Standard No. N69, “Protective Coatings for the burlap or plastic covers may be used. Curing should
Nuclear Industry”, Pacific Testing Labs, Seattle, USA continue for at least 48 hours. In hot, dry, sunny condi-
After exposure to 5.76 x 104 rads of gamma radiation, tions, consult manufacturer for specific instructions. In
the Xypex treated specimens displayed no ill effects or lieu of moist curing, concrete sealers and curing com-
damage. pounds meeting ASTM C 309 may be used.

Application Procedures NOTE:

1. Fresh concrete is placed, consolidated and levelled. 1. For best results when applying dry shake materials,
the air content of the concrete should not exceed 3% (a
2. Wait until concrete can be walked on leaving an in-
high air content can make it difficult to achieve a proper
dentation of 6.5 - 9.5 mm. Concrete should be free of
application). If a higher entrained air content is specified
bleed water and be able to support the weight of a power
(e.g. for concrete that will be exposed to freezing and
trowel. Then, float open the surface.
thawing), contact the Technical Services Department
3. Immediately after floating open the surface, apply the of Xypex Chemical Corporation for further application
dry shake material by hand or mechanical spreader. The information.
dry shake material must be spread evenly.
2. Chronic moving cracks or joints will require a suitable
4. As soon as the dry shake material has absorbed flexible sealant.
moisture from the base slab, it must be floated into the
3. For certain concrete mix designs, we recommend a
surface. The DS-1 powder must be thoroughly worked
test panel be produced and evaluated for finishing. For
into the cement paste using a float (not a trowel). Failure
example, higher performance concrete with a low water/
to utilize a float for this process could result in damage to
cement ratio, air entrainment, superplasticizers, or silica
the hardened surface (i.e. flaking, blistering or peeling).
fume may reduce bleed water and make the concrete
5. When concrete has hardened sufficiently, power trowel more difficult to finish.
surface to the required finish.
4. For increased abrasion resistance, spray-apply Xypex
NOTE: Quickset following curing of the DS-1 application. The
i. Environmental conditions (e.g. hot or cold tempera- Xypex Quickset mix ratio is one part Quickset to one
tures) may affect the application and installation of part water by volume. The recommended coverage rate
the Dry Shake powder. In hot, dry or windy conditions is 14 m2/litre.
where evaporation of bleed water is occurring, the DS-1
Technical Services
powder should be applied immediately after Step 1
For more instructions, alternative application methods,
above (i.e. screeding). Keep top of slab from premature
or information concerning the compatibility of the Xypex
drying to ensure homogeneous mixture of DS-1 powder
treatment with other products or technologies, contact
into concrete paste. It is advisable to use an evaporation
the Technical Services Department of Xypex Chemi-
retardant on the fresh concrete.
cal Corporation or your local Xypex Technical Services
Representative.
Safe Handling Information
Xypex is alkaline. As a cementitious powder or mixture,
Xypex may cause significant skin and eye irritation. Direc-
tions for treating these problems are clearly detailed on
all Xypex pails and packaging. The Manufacturer also
maintains comprehensive and up-to-date Safety Data
Sheets on all its products. Each sheet contains health
and safety information for the protection of workers and
customers. The Manufacturer recommends you contact
Xypex Chemical Corporation or your local Xypex Techni-
cal Services Representative to obtain copies of Safety
Data Sheets prior to product storage or use.

Warranty
The Manufacturer warrants that the products manufac-
tured by it shall be free from material defects and will be
consistent with its normal high quality. Should any of the
products be proven defective, the liability to the Manu-
facturer shall be limited to replacement of the product
ex factory. The Manufacturer makes no warranty as to
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose and
this warranty is in lieu of all other warranties expressed
or implied. The user shall determine the suitability of the
product for his intended use and assume all risks and
liability in connection therewith.

13731 Mayfield Place, Richmond, BC, Canada V6V 2G9 Toll-free: 1.800.961.4477
Tel: 604.273.5265 Fax: 604.270.0451 E-mail: info@xypex.com Web: www.xypex.com ISO 9001:2008
XYPEX is a registered trademark of Xypex Chemical Corporation. Copyright © 1990-2020 Xypex Chemical Corporation. FM 63167