BLIND BAND

PRESENTED BY
ALI HUSSEIN, MUHAMMAD BASIM, ADEL MAHDI
2ND STAGE (EVENING STUDY)
DR. OMAR YOUSSEF
 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………2-5

DESCRIPTION ………………………………………………………6

Components ……………………………………………………7 -8

MATERIAL …………………………………………8

ORGANIZE THE COMPONENTS…………………………9

ASSEMBLING ………………………10-12

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………12-14

PROGRAM THE CODE………………………………………14-18

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 THIRD EYE FOR THE BLIND

INTRODUCTION:

Blindness is a term that used to describe people that

cannot use the ability to see. Human beings receive around

80% of the information from the environment via sight.

Therefore, for blind people, it became difficult for them to fit

in natural life. That’s why they used either the ordinary white

cane, a dog, or the help of other human beings. Recently,

many studies have dealt with smart stick design. used

Arduino NANO with one Ultrasonic sensor and buzzer to

detect obstacles. Using raspberry pi microcontroller to

control ultrasonic sensor and IR sensor to detect obstacles.

proposed a work to operate a smart stick using pic16f877a

microcontroller and one ultrasonic sensor to detect

obstacles. Then send the signal to an ISD1932 recorder/

playback and connect this recorder to a speaker. In addition

to what mentioned before, have used MPLAB software to

program the microcontroller and ultrasonic to detect the

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obstacles. Beside the ultrasonic sensor, used a water sensor

to detect the existence of the water regardless of its level.

The purpose was to awaken the person about it. added

beside the ultrasonic sensor, water sensor, IR and heat

sensors to detect the environment. Another design has used

one ultrasonic sensor and moisture sensor with

microcontroller of pic 16F87a. When the sensor detects an

obstacle, the microcontroller sends a signal to the actuator

which is the buzzer in this case to alert the person. have

planned device that will discover obstacles yet as water

within the user's path. It also has a further feature which will

simply be set by the user just in case it's lost or misplaced.

This feature is done using radio frequency waves wherever

there's a radio frequency receiver circuit on the stick and a

separate radio frequency transmitter circuit that triggers an

alarm on pressing a pushbutton. A traditional walking cane

forms the main frame of the device. That based on which

ultrasonic sensors are mounted at applicable locations to

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discover obstacles. Furthermore, it has water sensors to

detect water within the path of the user. The mentioned

sensors send a signal to an Arduino programmed chip that

communicates with the alarm unit. The alarm unit comprises

a buzzer and vibrator that give notice the user of the obstacle

or water in their path. The device is light-weight and is

power-driven by electric battery. The design of the device

ensures accuracy. used GORE method (Goal Oriented

Requirements Engineering Methodology) to design a smart

stick. The device developed based on radio frequency

Identification (RFID) that operates within the Low Frequency

(LF) band. The envisioned device is a combination of a RFID

low-frequency reader module and a microcontroller unit to

convey all the knowledge pertaining to the product into the

user, thereby enhancing their shopping expertise. used

ultrasonic sensor with Arduino, then they added another

feature in case of the person gets lost. They added GPRS and

GSM modules; therefore, the person`s family can track the

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person. used simple circuit for the smart stick. The stick

consists of one ultrasonic sensor and one water sensor with

Arduino.

Technologies are growing very fast, which helps people to

get a better and easier life. The smart stick is a technique to

help sightless people to recognize their way. Sightless People

suffer from the lack of ability to do their daily activities, from

walking in the street to visiting friends or relative or any daily

things. Therefore, the solution for this major problem is

proposed by designing a stick that can aid the person to walk

safely without having fear of hitting someone on the way or

any solid objects. The stick has been designed using Solid

Work software. The electric circuit was simulated using

Proteus software for designing and simulating electrical

circuits. In this paper, we have used three ultrasonic sensors.

One sensor has been placed in front of the stick and the other

two have been placed on both sides, left and right. To detect

the motion from almost every side.

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DESCRIPTION:

Blind-band consists of a headband provided with ultrasonic

sensors and micro-vibration motors that activate when

objects are at certain distances to warn the user. It is

designed to blind persons, as a sense magnifier to provide

them an alternative way to move and travel around their

environments.

The functioning is quite simple; two ranges of distances are

established. The smallest goes from 10 to 40 centimeters

and the larger 40 to 80 centimeters. When an object enters

the larger range, a soft vibration is produced. As it moves

towards the user (and enters the smallest range), it is

produced a harder vibration. Depending on the direction

where the object comes from one motor or another is

activated. These parameters are defined at the code.

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Components:

Blind-band consists of four ultrasonic sensors and eight

micro-vibration motors. It also has all the necessary

components to assemble the circuit such as jumpers,

Arduino board, and a PCB board.

The PCB board is a test plate with holes in which electronic

elements and cables are welded to build circuits.

The Arduino board is a micro-controller that enables the

performance of different actions through programming a

code. In this case, it assesses the intensity of light and does

the order of moving the wings and lighting the eyes.

Jumpers are the conductor cables used to connect the

different parts of the electronic circuit.

The ultrasonic sensors measure distances by using

ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave

(with the trigger) and receives the wave reflected from the

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target (with the echo). The distance to the object is calculated

by measuring the time between the emission and reception.

Finally, the micro-vibration motors are motors that vibrate

when given sufficient energy.

ALL MATERIAL

The materials needed to carry out the project are listed

below.

1-Jumpers 2-4 Ultrasonic Sensors

3-8 micro-vibration motors 4-Arduino Board

5-PCB board 6-owel headband

7-Tin wire 8-Thread and needle

9-Soldering machine 10-Scissors

11-Wire stripper

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ORGANIZE THE COMPONENTS:

First of all, you have to measure the head diameter of the

user. Then, you decide how to distribute the ultrasonic

sensors and the vibration motors. In this project, we have

decided to use four ultrasonic sensors and eight micro-

vibrators. They are placed as it is shown in the image (left,

right, front and back). Two motors are put between each

sensor.

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ASSEMBLING:

The following step is mounting the circuit. The connections

are detailed in the image. All the components have to be

correctly weld. The welding is done with tin wire and a

soldering machine.

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The last step to develop the project is assembling the

circuit on the headband. To carry out this, it is necessary to

unpick one lateral of the band. Then, you can insert the

welded electronic components. With hot glue, instant glue

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or needlework it can be fixed to the inside fabric. Then, the

headband is closed and sewn again.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION:

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As conclusions of the project, we observe that one HC-SR04

ultrasonic sensor does not encompass a range of 360

degrees of the environment. For this reason, the headband

incorporates four sensors, distributed ninety degrees from

each other to cover all the range up. However, if an

ultrasonic sensor that covered 360º was available, we might

have used it. It is simplest to assemble, occupies less space

and enables more possibilities of design.

We have based the prototype on a headband, but the

system could be integrated into a cap, glasses or other

components placed in the head.

Another thing to take into account is the vibration hardness

of the motors. For this project, we have set two types of

vibration: soft and hard with values of 50 and 100

respectively. These measures have been tested on a non-

blind person. However, if the motors were tested in a

different person, the intensity of the vibration could be

insufficient or too high. Thus, during the redesign phase,

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the model could include a potentiometer to regulate the

intensity.

We think that this project could be more investigated to

develop a better solution and implement it to improve the

lives of blind people. Our goal is that they can stop using

the cane that limits their mobility and makes them depend

on a totally disintegrated object in their body. Blind-band

could be an accessory to facilitate and improve their daily

lifestyle.

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PROGRAM THE CODE:

After establishing the idea, you have to program the code

with the desired parameters. The hardness of the vibration

can adapt to the user, the distances stipulated can change,

etc. In other words, the code can change according to user

preferences.

CODE:

//Define variables
const int EchoPin1 = 2; const int TriggerPin1 = 3;

const int EchoPin2 = 4; const int TriggerPin2 = 5;

const int EchoPin3 = 6; const int TriggerPin3 = 7;

const int EchoPin4 = 8; const int TriggerPin4 = 9;

int vibrator1 = A0; int vibrator2 = A1; int vibrator3 = A2; int vibrator4 = A3; int
vibrator5 = A4; int vibrator6 = A5;

int cm1, cm2, cm3, cm4;

void setup() { //initialize components Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(TriggerPin1, OUTPUT); pinMode(EchoPin1, INPUT);

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pinMode(TriggerPin2, OUTPUT); pinMode(EchoPin2, INPUT);

pinMode(TriggerPin3, OUTPUT); pinMode(EchoPin3, INPUT);

pinMode(TriggerPin4, OUTPUT); pinMode(EchoPin4, INPUT);

pinMode(vibrator1, OUTPUT); pinMode(vibrator2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(vibrator3, OUTPUT); pinMode(vibrator4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(vibrator5, OUTPUT); pinMode(vibrator6, OUTPUT);

void loop() { cm1 = ping(3, 2); //left cm2 = ping(5, 4); //front cm3 = ping(7, 6);
//right cm4 = ping(9,8); //back

/*Setting: 1. Activation ranges and micro-vibrators pins according to distance

and origin of the object. 2. Intensity of the motors according to the distance
between the object (it can be hard or soft)*/ if (cm1 > 40 && cm1 < 80) {
SoftVibration (vibrator1); SoftVibration (vibrator2); }

else if (cm1 > 10 && cm1 <= 40) { HardVibration (vibrator1); HardVibration
(vibrator2); }

if (cm2 > 40 && cm2 < 80) { SoftVibration (vibrator3); SoftVibration

(vibrator4); }

else if (cm2 > 10 && cm2 <= 40) { HardVibration (vibrator3); HardVibration
(vibrator4); }

if (cm3 > 40 && cm3 < 80) { SoftVibration (vibrator5); SoftVibration

(vibrator6); }

else if (cm3 > 10 && cm3 <= 40) { HardVibration (vibrator5); HardVibration
(vibrator6); }

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if (cm4 > 40 && cm4 < 80) { SoftVibration (vibrator6); SoftVibration
(vibrator1); }

else if (cm4 > 10 && cm4 <= 40) { HardVibration (vibrator6); HardVibration
(vibrator1); }

//Front-Left Diagonal if (cm1>40 && cm2>40 && cm1<80 && cm2<80) {

SoftVibration (vibrator2); SoftVibration (vibrator3); }

if (cm1>10 && cm2>10 && cm1<=40 && cm2<=40) { HardVibration

(vibrator2); HardVibration (vibrator3); }

//Front-Right Diagonal if (cm2>40 && cm3>40 && cm2<80 && cm3<80) {

SoftVibration (vibrator4); SoftVibration (vibrator5); }

if (cm2>10 && cm3>10 && cm2<=40 && cm3<=40) { HardVibration

(vibrator4); HardVibration (vibrator5); }

//Back-Right Diagonal if (cm3>40 && cm4>40 && cm3<80 && cm4<80) {

SoftVibration (vibrator6); }

if (cm3>10 && cm4>10 && cm3<=40 && cm4<=40) { HardVibration

(vibrator6); }

//Back-Left Diagonal if (cm1>40 && cm4>40 && cm1<80 && cm4<80) {

SoftVibration (vibrator1); }

if (cm1>10 && cm4>10 && cm1<=40 && cm4<=40) { HardVibration

(vibrator1); }

Serial.print("Distancia: "); Serial.println(cm1); Serial.println(cm2);

Serial.println(cm3); delay(1000); }

void SoftVibration (int pin) { //Set intensity of soft vibration analogWrite (pin,
150); delay(100); analogWrite (pin, 0); delay(100); }

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void HardVibration (int pin) { //Set intensity of hard vibration analogWrite (pin,
250); delay(100); analogWrite (pin, 0); delay(100); }

int ping(int TriggerPin, int EchoPin) { //Ultrasonic sensor function long

duration, distanceCm;

digitalWrite(TriggerPin, LOW); //to generate a clean trigger, we put it in LOW

for 4us (microseconds) delayMicroseconds(4); digitalWrite(TriggerPin,
HIGH); //generate the Trigger of 10us (microseconds)
delayMicroseconds(10); digitalWrite(TriggerPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(EchoPin, HIGH); //mesure the time between pulses, in

microseconds

distanceCm = ((duration * (10.0 / 292.0)) / 2); //convert the distance to cm

return distanceCm; }

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