Annexure – 4

Periyar university
Salem-636011.

Periyar Institute of Distance Education (PRIDE)

B.Sc., DEGREE
BRANCH -GEOGRAPHY
(Non-Semester Pattern)

REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS

FOR
Students admitted during
2014-2015 onwards

1
 Periyar institute of distance education (pride)
B.Sc. DEGREE
BRANCH -GEOGRAPHY
REGULATIONS
1. Objectives of the course :

The main objective of geography is to acquaint the pupils with the

living conditions of men in different parts of the globe. Geography is
related to other social sciences and studies them better with a
background of geography. Knowledge of geography is essential for
business, trade, commerce, agriculture, industry, navigation and
administration etc. Geography plays an important role to develop
scientific attitude and to develop the ability to draw valid conclusions
and independent thinking. The subject is also plays a major role in the
context of global resources, space technology and information
technology. This syllabus is aimed at preparing the students to cope
with the latest developments and compete with students from other
universities and put them on the right track.

2. Condition for Admission :

A pass in the Higher secondary Examination (10+2 Pattern) of
Tamil Nadu Higher Secondary Board or some other Board accepted as
equivalent there to by the syndicate of the Periyar University. (Copy
Enclosed)

3. Duration of the course :

2
 The course of the study shall be based on Non-Semester pattern and
consist of total period of three years and shall comprise of the
following subjects according to the syllabus and books prescribed
from time to time.

4. Course of study :
The course of study for the B.Sc. Degree in the Branch-
Geography shall consist of the following.
i) Foundation Courses ( Language and English )
ii) Core Courses: ( Major and Allied subjects )
Major : Geography
Allied I- Geography of Travel and Tourism
Allied II- Basis of Cartography

5. Examinations :
There shall be three examinations- one in the first year, one in the
second year and one in the third year. Candidates failing in any
subject/subjects will be permitted to appear for such failed
subject/subjects at subsequent examinations.
The Syllabus has been divided into three parts. Examinations for
I, II and III Parts will be held in April/May.
The practical examinations will be held at the end of I year. II
year and III year.
AOS – There are Three Papers has been included syllabus, in
which the candidates has to choose any one of papers as
AOS Subjects.
3
6. Scheme of Examination :
First year Title of the paper Suggested Hours Marks
Paper Code
Paper I Language I 3 100
Paper I English I 3 100
Climatology and 14PUGE01
Major Paper I 3 100
Oceanography
Major Practical I Maps and Scales 14PUGEP01 3 100
Geography of 14PUGEA01
Allied I 3 100
Travel and Tourism

Second year Title of the paper Suggested Hours Marks

Paper Code
Paper II Language II 3 100
Paper II English II 3 100
Major Paper II Geomorphology 14PUGE02 3 100
Representation of 14PUGEP02
Practical II Climatic and 3 100
Economic Data
Basics of 14PUGEA02
Allied II 3 100
Cartography

Third year Title of the paper Suggested Hours Marks

Paper Code
Major Paper III Geography of India 14PUGE03 3 100
Natural regions of 14PUGE04
Major Paper IV 3 100
the World
Major Paper V Human Geography 14PUGE05 3 100
Major Paper VI Geography of Asia 14PUGE06 3 100
Remote Sensing 14PUGE07
Major Paper VII 3 100
and GIS
Map interpretation
Practical III 14PUGEP03 3 100
and projections
Application Oriented Subjects: (Any one of the following)
1. Geography of Tamil Nadu
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2. Geography of Resources
3. Bio-Geography
7. Passing Minimum :
A candidate shall be declared to have passed the examination if
he/she secures not less than 40% of the marks in each paper/practical.
Candidates who do not secure the required minimum marks for a pass
in a paper/practical shall be required to appear for and pass the same at
a subsequent appearance.

8. Classification of successful candidates :

Candidates who secure not less than 60% of the aggregate marks
in Part III – Core Course (Main and Allied subjects) shall be declared
to have passed the Examination in the First Class. Candidates who
secure not less than 50% of the aggregate marks in Part III core course
(Main and Allied subjects) but below 60% shall be declared to have
passed the examination in the Second Class. All other successful
candidates shall be declared to have passed in Third class.

9. Ranking :
Candidates who pass all the Examinations prescribed for the
course in the first appearance only are eligible for ranking.

10. Maximum Duration for the completion for the UG

Programme:
The maximum duration for the completion of the UG Programme
shall not exceed six years.

11. Commencement of this Regulation :

5
 These regulations shall take effect from the academic year 2014-
2015, i.e. for students who are to be admitted to the first year of the
course during the academic year 2014-2015 and thereafter.

12. Pattern of Question Paper for THEORY and ALLIED paper :

Time : 3 Hours Maximum : 100 Marks
Passing Min : 40
Part A : (10 x 2 = 20)
(Answer all questions)
(Two questions from each unit)
Part B : (5 x 4 = 20)
(Answer all questions)
(Two questions from each unit with internal choice (either or type))
Part C :(5 x 12 = 60)
(Answer all questions)
(Two questions from each unit with internal choice (either or type))

Pattern of Question Paper for PRACTICAL :

Time : 3 Hours Maximum : 100
For Practical : 75
*For Record : 25
Answer all questions
(5 x 15 = 75)
(Two questions from each unit with internal choice (either or type))

*A separate practical record note book must be submitted at the time

of practical examinations, which carries 25 marks in the practical
examinations.

6
 I - YEAR

CLIMATOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Unit- I: Definition and Significances of Climatology - Elements of Weather and

Climate, Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere, Heat budget, Horizontal
and Vertical Distribution of Temperature and factors affecting them.

Unit-II: Atmospheric Pressure: Vertical and Horizontal distribution and factors

affecting –– Corialies force and Deflection. Winds: Causes and Types - Jet
stream, planetary winds, Monsoon and Local winds.

Unit-III: Atmospheric moisture and Precipitation: Humidity types -

Condensation – Cloud types – Precipitation and Rainfall: Types and
measurements. Air Masses and Fronts: types, classification and properties –:
Tropical and Temperate Cyclones,

Unit-IV: Oceanography: Distribution of Land and Sea – Hypsometric Curve,

Surface Configuration of the Ocean Floor: Continental Shelf, Continental Slope,
Deep Sea Plain, Oceanic Deeps and Submarine Canyons.

Unit-V: Relief Features of the Major Oceans: Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean
–Salinity: Factors Affecting Salinity and Distribution – Waves and Tides –
Ocean deposits and coral reefs.
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Critchfield, H., (1975): General Climatology, Prentice-Hall, New York.
2. Das, R. K., (1968): The Monsoons, National Book Trust, New Delhi.
3. Mather, J. R., (1974): Climatology, McGraw Hill, New York..
4. Stringer, E. T., (1982): Foundation of Climatology, Surjeet Publications,
New Delhi.
5. Trewartha, G. T., (198): An Introduction to Climate, International
Students Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.. York.
6. Ramasamy, G., (1970): Oceanography (Tamil Edition), Tamil Nadu
Text Book Society, Chennai.

7. Sharma, R. C. and Vatel, M., (1970): Oceanography for Geographers,

Cheytanya Publishing House, Allahabad.

7
 PRACTICAL I

MAPS AND SCALES

Unit-I: Map: Definition and types-Geo co-ordinate system: Latitude and

Longitude. Time Zone and International date line.

Unit-II: Scales: Meaning and types – Construction of linear, Comparative and

Diagonal scale – Conversion of scales.

Unit-III: Measurement of distance: Thread, divider and Rotometer method.

Measurement of Area: Square and Strip methods. Enlargement and reduction of
Map: Square and Similar Triangle method.

Unit-IV: Representation of climatic data: climatic graphs, Climograph,

Hythergraph and Ergo graph-Wind rose diagram.

Unit-V: Representation of Relief features-Interpolation of Contours- Contour

diagrams with Cross-section.
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Gopal Singh (1996): Map Work and Practical Geography, Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Khan Z.A. (1998): Text Book of Practical Geography, Concept Publishing
Co., New Delhi.
3. Khullar D.R. (2004): Essentials of Practical Geography, New Academic
Publishing Co., Jalandhar.
4. Monkhouse F.J., and Wilkinson H.R., (1961): Maps and Diagrams,
Methuen & Co., New York.
5. Negi B.S. (1995): Practical Geography, Kedar Nath, Meerut.

8
 ALLIED - I

GEOGRAPHY OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM

Unit-I: Tourism: Scope and Content-Basic components of tourism: Attraction,

Accessibility and Accommodation -Factors affecting tourism activities-Types of
tourism.

Unit-II: Travel documents. Passport and Visa –types-Tourist facilities and

services: Transport facilities – Accommodation, catering and Hospitality-
Entertainment, Trade, fairs, festival, sports and games.

Unit-III: Accommodation: Significance and role in tourism industry - Hotel

types, Motels, Chou tries, Guest Houses, Youth Hostels, tour operators.

Unit-IV: tourism and Travel agencies-functions- role of trade fairs and festivals-
National and International Sports and Games as Promoters-Tourism in Tamil
Nadu-Impact on Economy.

Unit-V: Major Tourist Centers of India- Selected centers only (Jaipur, Agra,
Shimla, Ajanta and Ellora) – A Geographical study of tourist centers: -
Udgamandalam, Kodaikanal, Yercaud, Bangalore and Mysore.
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Pran Nath seth and Sushama seth bhat-an introduction to Travel and
Tourism
2. Biswanth Ghosh-Tourism and Travel Management.
3. A.P Singh-Himalayan Environment and tourism.
4. R.W. Kanl-dynamics if Tourism a Triology-Vol-I
5. Bhatia-Tourism Development.
6. S.N Singh-Geography of Tourism.
7. Manoj Doa-India: A Tourist Paradise

9
 II - YEAR

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Unit-I: Meaning – scope - content and significance of Geomorphology – Internal

structure of the earth – Rock Types: Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Unit-II: Geomorphic Processes: Internal and external processes – Diastrophism

and Denudation, Internal Process - Faults, Folds and Cracks, Volcanism and
Earthquakes: types and distribution.

Unit-III: External processes: Weathering: Physical, Chemical and Biological.

Mass wasting: Soil creep, landslide, rock fall, rock slip and mud flow.

Unit-IV: Landforms produced due to erosion and deposition with reference to:
a. Running water, and b. Underground water.

Unit-V: Landforms produced due to erosion and deposition with reference to: a)
Glaciers, b) Winds, and c) Waves.
-----------------------

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Dayal, P. A., (1996): Text book of Geomorphology, Shukla Book Depot,
Patna.
2. Kale, V. and Gupta, A., (2001): Elements of Geomorphology, Oxford
University Press, Calcutta.
3. Monkhouse, F. J., (1960): Principles of Physical Geography, Hodder and
Stoughton, London.
4. Pitty, A., (1974): Introduction to Geomorphology, Methuen, London.
5. Singh, S., (1998): Geomorphology, Prayag Pustakalaya, Allahabad.
6. Sparks, B. W., (1960): Geomorphology, Longmans, London.
7. Strahler, A. N. and Strahler, A. H., (1992): Modern Physical Geography,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
8. Sivamoorthy, A., (1964): Geomorphology (Tamil Edition), Tamil Nadu
Text Book Society, Chennai

10
 PRACTICAL II: REPRESENTATION OF CLIMATIC AND
ECONOMIC DATA

Unit-I: Weather map and Synoptic chart – Beaufort scales for wind speed -–
Station model.

Unit-II: Interpretation of Weather map (Indian Daily Weather Report: January.

July, May and November only)

Unit-III: Representation of economic data: One dimensional diagrams – Bars:

Two dimensional diagram: Rectangular, Squares and Circles – Three
Dimensional diagrams: Curbs and spheres.

Unit-IV: Pyramidal Diagrams – Pictorial – Flow. Line and Pie diagrams

Unit-V: Methods of Representing distribution of Data – Drawing of Isopleths,

Choropleths, Chorochromatic and Choroschematic Maps.
-----------------------

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. F.J. Monkhose and H.R. Wilkinson – Maps and Diagrams.
2. Gopal Singh – Map work and Practical Geography
3. Zamir Ali – Text book of Practical Geography
4. Misra. R.P and Ramesh.A – Fundamentals of Cartography.
5. B.S Nagi – Practical Geography.
6. Pijushkanti saha and Partha Basu – Advanced Practical Geography.

11
 ALLIED – II

BASICS OF CARTOGRAPHY

Unit –I: Cartography – Nature, Scope and Content of Cartography – Arts and
Science of Cartography – Cartography as a system of communication – Maps –
Classification and their uses – Growth, development and modern trends in
cartography.

Unit – II: Map drawing and Measuring Techniques – Map Setting – The Earth
and System of Co-ordinates – Base Map – Compilation and Generalization of
Maps.

Unit – III: Symbolization: Types of Cartographic symbols – Point, line, and

Area symbols – Qualitative and Quantitative data generalization.

Unit – IV: Map Design and Layout: General design problems – Principles of
Cartographic design and design of map symbols – Lettering – Lettering methods,
Positioning of letters – Geographical names.

Unit – V: Map Reproduction – Process of Map production –Photographic

systems – Multiple Reproduction Processes – Computer application in
Cartography – Computer mapping – Remote Sensing and Cartography – Uses of
Air photographs and Satellite images in Cartography.
-----------------------

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Misra R.P. and A.P. Ramesh – Fundamentals of Cartography
2. Robinson – Elements of Cartography
3. Keats J.S – Cartographic Design and Production.
4. Raiz – Principles of Cartography.

12
 III YEAR

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

Unit–I: Location – Structure and relief – Drainage – Physiographic divisions –

Climate – Rainfall – Climatic types – Soils – Natural Vegetation.

Unit–II: Agriculture – Salient features – Factors affecting, agriculture in India –

Green revolution – Major crops – Rice, wheat, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, sugarcane
and tobacco only – Irrigation – Need and types – Multipurpose river valley
projects.

Unit–III: Power resources – Hydel, thermal and nuclear – Non conventional

sources of energy – Mineral resources – Iron ore, manganese, bauxite and mica
only – Fuel minerals – Coal and Petroleum – Major industries – Iron and steel,
Cotton textile, Cement, Sugar and Jute industries only – Industrial regions of
India.

Unit–IV: Population Growth and Distribution of Population – Population

migration – Urbanisation in India.

Unit–V: Transport and communication – Land transport – Road and Railways –

Water transport – Inland waterways – Ports – Air transport – Foreign trade –
Exports and Imports.
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Geography of India – Tirtha,R. – Rawat Publications, 2002
2. Geography of India – Nag,P., and Sengupta,S., Concept of publishing
Company, New Delhi, 1992.
3. Economic and Commercial Geography of India – Sharma T.C., and
Cutchino, O., ViKas Publications, 1980.
4. A Geography of India – Gopal Singh, ATMA Ram Sons, Delhi, 1977
5. India and Pakistan, Spat O.H.K., and Learmonth, A.T.A., .I. Publications,
Maras, 1972.
6. Regional geography of India – Singh R.L., NGSI, Varanasi, 1971.
7. Economic and Commercial Geography of India – Mamoria, C.B. Kitab
Mahal, Allahabad.
8. Government of Tamilnadu Publication – Tecno – economic Survey of
India.

13
 NATURAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD

Unit-I: Definition – Natural Regions of the World – Equatorial Region:

Situation and extent, Climate, Natural Vegetation, Animal life, Human life and
Economic Development

Unit-II: Tropical Region – Tropical Monsoon Region – Tropical Savanna –

Climate – Soil – Vegetation – Life in tropics – Economic Activity

Unit-III: Arid Region – World Deserts – Hot Deserts – Cold Deserts – Climate
– Soil – Vegetation – Life in Deserts – Economic Activity

Unit-IV: Temperate Region – World Grasslands – ( Prairies – Pampas – Downs

– Valdes – Canterbury ) Climate – Soils – Life in Temperate Regions –
Economic activity

Unit-V: Tundra region – Arctic region – Climate – Vegetation – Life in Tundra

Region – Economic Activity.
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Heintzelman H. et. Al., (1985) World Regional Geography, Prentice Hall
Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Hussain Majid (2004) World Geography, Rawat Publication, New Delhi.
3. Robinson H. (1977) Monsoon Asia Mac Donald and
Evans Ltd., Plymouth
4. Stamp L.D. )1967) Asia: A Regional and Economic Geography, B.I.
Publication Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Tirth Ranjit (2005) Geography of Asia, Rawat Publication, New Delhi.
6. Wheeler J. et, al., (1975) Regional geography of the world, Holt Rionchart
and Winston, New Delhi.

14
 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Unit-I: Basics: Scope and Content of Human Geography-Interrelationship

between Man and Environment-Concepts-Determinism, Possibilism, Neo-
Determinism and Probablism.

Unit-II: Race-Major Races:-Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid-Distribution-

Racial Conflicts and Racial Prejudice.

Unit-III: Religion: Distribution of world religion: Hinduism, Christianity, Islam,

Buddhism and Judaism.

Unit-IV: Languages: Major world Languages and their distribution-

Geographical factors-Significances.

Unit-V: Population: World population distribution – factors affecting

distribution - growth and its trends –Population theories: Malthusian theory,
Optimum population, over population and under population – Population
problems.
-----------------------
REFERNCE BOOKS:
1. Majid Husian-Human Geography.
2. G.T. Trewarta-Geography of Population.
3. Goh Chenleong and Gilan C.Morgan-Economic and Human Geography.

15
 GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA

Unit-I: Significance of Geographical Location – Physiographic – Climate –

Drainage systems

Unit-II: Soil types and Classification – Agricultural Production – Rice and

Wheat – Rubber, Tea and coffee, Sugar cane and Jute

Unit-III: Mineral and Energy Resources – Iron ore, Manganese, Tin, Bauxite,
Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas

Unit-IV: Industrial Production and Distribution – Iron and Steel, Cotton and
textile, Sugar cane and Automobile

Unit-V: Population- Transport and Trade and Commerce

-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Human and Economic Geography by co-chang leoang, Oxford press
2. World Geography – Hembridge
3. Geography of Asia- Dobby
4. A Regional Geography of the world – D. S. Manku

16
 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Unit-I: Remote Sensing: Definition and Types: Aerial, Satellite and Radar,
Development of Space Programmes - History and Organization Associated
with Remote Sensing in India and in other Countries.

Unit-II: Remote Sensing: Sources of Energy, Electromagnetic Radiations

(EMR) Atmospheric Windows, Energy Interaction with Atmosphere and Earth,
Types of Platforms, Active and Passive Remote Sensing Methods, Ideal Remote
Sensing Systems.

Unit-III: Fundamentals of Aerial Remote Sensing: Components of Aerial

Camera, Types of Aerial Photographs, Marginal Information of Aerial
Photographs, elements of Photo Interpretation.

Unit-IV: Fundamentals of Satellite Remote Sensing: Types of Satellites: Geo-

stationary and Sun-synchronous Satellites, Resolution: Spatial, Spectral,
Radiometric and Temporal, Types of Data Products, Marginal Information of
Satellite Images.

Unit-V: Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Meaning-Developments-

Raster and Vector data-Data integration-Global positioning system (GPS)
Advantages and Limitations of GIS and GPS.
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Barret, E.C. and Curtie L.F. (1990): Introduction to Environmental
Remote Sensing, Chapman and Hall, London.
2. Cambell, James B. (1987): Introduction to Remote Sensing, The Guilford
Press, New York.
3. Lillesand, T. M. and Kieper (1987): Remote Sensing and Image
Interpretation, John Willy and Sons, New York.
4. Lueder, D.R. (1959): Aerial Photographic Interpretation, McGraw Hill
Book, Co., New York.
5. Wolf, P.R. (1974): Elements of Photogrammetry, McGraw Hill, New
York.

17
 PRACTICAL-III

MAP INTERPRETATION AND PROJECTIONS

Unit–I: Conventional signs and Symbols in Indian topographical maps -

Appreciation of Indian topographical sheet.

Unit–II: Interpretation of Indian topographical maps – (Plain, Plateaus, Hills and

Mountains only)

Unit-III: Map projections: Definition, significance and classification-

construction of Zenithal projections: Equidistant, Equal area, Gnomonic and
orthographic (or) Stereographic projection.

Unit-IV: Construction of Cylindrical projection: Equidistant, Equal area and

Mercator Projection.

Unit-V: Simple Conical Projections with one and two standard parallel’s-
Bonne’s and Polyconic projections.
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Jayachandaran.S., (1964): Practical Geography (Tamil Edition), Tamil
Nadu Text Book Society Chennai.
2. Khan.Z.A., (1998): Text Book of Practical Geography, Concept
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
3. Negi, B.S., (1995): Text Book of Practical Geography. Kedar Nath,
Meerut.
4. Gopal Singh (1996): Map works Practical Geography, Vikas Publishing
House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Mankhouse, F.J., and Wilkinson, H.R., (1980): Maps and Diagrams, B.I.
Publication, New Delhi.

18
 APPLICATION ORIENTED SUBJECT

GEOGRAPHY OF TAMIL NADU

Unit-I: Location and Extend – Administrative units – Major relief features

Major rivers – Climate: temperature, Seasonal and Annual rainfall distribution,
Soil: types and their distribution.

Unit-II: Forest, livestock and fisheries - types and distribution, forest products,
Livestock: cattle, sheep, dairying and fisheries-inland and deep-sea fishing.

Unit-III: Irrigation and Agriculture Resources: types and distribution – canal,

tank and well irrigation, Agriculture: distribution and production of rice, cotton,
sugarcane, and rain fed crops, oil seeds, tea and coffee.

Unit-IV: Mineral and Industrial Resources: General distribution and production.

Power resources: Hydel, thermal, atomic and wind power, Industries:
distribution and production of – cement, sugar, cotton, automobile and paper.

Unit-V: Transport: Development and distribution of roads, railways, air and sea
transportation - Important ports, Population – growth and distribution of rural
and urban population.
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Sakthi Venkata Kumaraswamy, (2002): Geography of Tamil Nadu (Tamil
edition), Sakthi Abirami Pathipagam, Kumbakonam.
2. Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu, (2004): Special Commissioner and
Director Department of Economics and Statistics Government of Tamil
Nadu, Chennai.
3. Tamil Nadu – An Economic Appraisal 1999-2000, Director, Department
of Evaluation and Applied Research, Chennai.
4. Season and Crop Report of Tamil Nadu for the Agricultural year 2003-
2004, Commissioner, Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai.

19
 GEOGRAPHY OF RESOURCES

Unit-I: Resources: Meaning – Nature and significance in Resources –

Classification and Types – Need for Conservation and Sustainable Development,

Unit-II: Water Resources – Importance – Classification – Continent wise

Distribution and Utilization of Water Resources – Problems and Issues.

Unit-III: Biotic Resources – Major Forest types and Distribution – Live stock-
Fisheries – Major fishing grounds of the world.

Unit-IV: Minerals Resources – Classification and Distribution of major

Minerals: Iron and Copper – Energy Resources – Coal, Petroleum, Hydro
Electric and Atomic power – Major industrial zones of the world.

Unit-V: Transportation and Trade – Different Modes of Transport – Trade –

Types, Factors affecting Trade – Multi-lateral and Bilateral – Agreements of
trade – WTO – GATT
-----------------------
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. John. W. Alexander- Economic Geography.
2. Gohcheng Leong and Morgan- Economic and Human Geography.
3. Von Royan and Bergsten- Fundamentals of Economic Geography
4. R.S. Thoman- Geography of Economic Activities.

20
 BIO GEOGRAPHY

Unit-I: Bio–Geography: Definition , Scope and significance – Basic Ecological

Principles - Bio- Energy cycle in the Terrestrials Eco-system- Tropical level and
food chain.

Unit-II: Evolution of life on Earth: Origin of Fauna and Flora- plants and
Animal evolution throughout the geological times- distribution of plant life on
the earth- concepts of Biome, Eco-tone and community.

Unit-III: Bio- Diversity: Problems of Extinction of plant and animal life-

Habitat decay and need for conservation- Process of Desertification and its
Consequences- Industrial Effluents and their affects on fresh water Biology.

Unit-IV: World Biomes: Major Biomes- Tropical forest- Tropical Grasslands-

Temperate Grassland and Tropical Deserts.

Unit-V: Ecological and Environmental Managements: Study of Ecological

regions of Himalayas and the Western –Ghats-Conservation and Management-
Major Global Environmental Problems- International Co- Operation.
-----------------------

REFERENCE BOOKS:-
1. Ssvindra singh- Environmental Geography,
2. Robinson- H. Biogeography.
3. Nigel Pears- Basin Biogeography,
4. Newbegin.I.- Plant and anima, Geography

21
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER

PERIYAR UNIVERSITY, SALEM – 11

PERIYAR INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION (PRIDE)

B.Sc., DEGREE EXAMINATION

Name of the course: B.Sc., GEOGRAPHY

Title of the Paper: BASICS OF CARTOGRAPHY

Time: 3 Hours Max: 100 Marks

Section – A (10 X 2 =20)

Answer ALL Questions

1. Cartography
Gtpg;gltpay;

2. Visual perception
ghu;it mDkhdk;

3. Large scale map

ngupa msit Gtpg;glk;

4. Base map
mbg;gil Gtpg;glk;

5. Area symbol
Gug;G FwPaPL

6. Spot heights
caug; Gs;sp

7. Style of lettering
vOj;J eil

22
 8. Quantitative data
vz;zpf;if juT

9. Computer cartography
fzpdp tiuglfiyapay;

10.Types of aerial photographs

thd;epow;glq;fspd; tiffs;

Section – B (5 X 4 = 20)

Answer ALL Questions

11.a) Cartography is a communication system – explain

Gtpg;gltpay; xU jfty; njhlu;G rhjdk; - tpsf;Ff.

OR

b) Write a note about map design and layout.

Nkg;Gfis tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; ,Wjp mikj;jy; gw;wp xU
Fwpg;G voJf.

12.a) Briefly explain the various visual perception of map design

Nkg;Gfspd; gytifahd mDkhdq;fis RUq;f tpsf;Ff.

OR

b) Mention the drawing instruments used to draw maps

Nkg;Gfs; tiutjw;F gad;gLk; cgfuzq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

13.a) Write a note about the size and shape of lettering in maps
Nkg;Gfspy; vOj;Jf;fspd; msT kw;Wk; tbtk; gw;wp xU
rpWFwpg;G vOJf.

OR
23
b) Differentiate the qualitative and quantitative data in cartography
juj;juTfs; kw;Wk; vz;zpf;if juTfis NtWgLj;Jf.

14.a) Give a short note on the development of lettering methods in a map.

xU Nkg;gpy; vOj;Jf;fiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kiwfisg; gw;wp xU
rpWFwpg;G jUf.

OR

b) Describe the short note on position of letters in maps

Nkg;Gfspy; vKj;Jf;fisg; nghUj;Jk; Kiwiag; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

15.a) What is meant by map reproduction?

Nkg;G gpujpfs; jahupj;jy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?

OR

b) Explain the method of map printing process.

Nkg;G gpujpfs; cUthf;fypd; nray;Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.

Section – C (5 X 12 = 60)

Answer any THREE Questions

16.a) cartography is not only the art but also science of its kind – Explain.

Gtpg;gltpay; xU fiy kl;Lk; my;;y. mwptpay; rhu;e;jJ –

tpsf;Ff.

OR

24
 b) Discuss the modern trends in the cartography.
etPd Gtpg;gltpaypd; Nghf;fpid tpthjp.

17.a) Give a detailed account on latitude and longitude coordinate system

used for the preparation of maps.
Nkg;Gfs; jahupg;gjpy; ml;r kw;Wk; jPu;f;fNuif ,izgghaq;fspd
gq;fpidg; gw;wp xU tpupthd njhFg;G jUf.

OR

b) What are the problems faced by the cartographer during map compilation
and generalization processes?
Gtpg;glq;fis njhFj;jypYk; nghJikg;gLj;jypYk; Gtpg;gl
tiuthsu; re;jpf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; ahit?

18.a) Explain the characteristics of quantitative point, line and area symbol.
Gs;sp> NfhL kw;Wk; gug;G vz;zpf;if FwPaPLfspd; gz;Gfis
tpsf;Ff.

OR

b) Discuss the symbols used to make maps for socio-economic data.

R%f, nghUshjhu juTfis Nkg;Gfshf;fg; gad;gLk; FwPaPLfis

tpthjp.

19.a) Explain the advantages of computer cartography.

fzpdp Gtpg;gltpaypd; rhjfq;fis tptup.

OR

b) Elaborate the methods, characteristics and uses of lettering on maps.

Nkg;Gfspy; voj;Jfspd; Kiwfs;.gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; gad;fis
tpupthf;Ff.

25
 20.a) Describe the various methods of map reproduction techniques in
cartography.
Gtpg;gltpaypy; gytifahd Nkg;Gfis gpujpapLj;jypd;
Kiwfisg gw;wp tptup.

OR

b) Elaborately discuss the role of remote sensing in the data collection of

cartography.
Gtpg;gltpaYf;F juTfs; Nrupg;gjw;F njhiy czu;tpd; gq;fpid
tpupthf tpthjp.

__________

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

PERIYAR UNIVERSITY, SALEM – 11

26
 PERIYAR INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION (PRIDE)

B.Sc., DEGREE EXAMINATION

Name of the course: B.Sc., GEOGRAPHY

Title of the Paper - Practical-I: MAPS AND SCALES

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100

Practical: 5 x 15 = 75

Record = 25

Answer ALL question

(All Questions carry equal marks)

1. a) Define Time zone and International Date line.

Neuk; kz;lyk; kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L Njjpf;NfhL – tiuf.

b) If the time at 74º west longitude of New York is Monday 11.45 pm, then
what will be the day and time at the 0º longitude of London Greenwich.

74º Nkw;F jPu;f;ifNuifapy; cs;s epAahu;f;fpy; jpq;fs; fpoik ,uT 11.45

kzp vdpy; yz;ld; 0º fpupd;tpr; jPu;f;fNuifapy; Neuk; kw;Wk; ehs; vd;d?

OR

c) Define map and explain its various types.

Nkg;Gfis tiwaWj;J mjd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

d) If the time at the 0º longitude at London Greenwich is Saturday 7.35 am, then what will be
the day and time at 82º 30' E longitude of Allahabad in India.
0º yz;ld; fpuPd; tPr;rpy; Neuk; rdpf;fpoik fhiy 7.35 vdpy; ,e;jpahtpd; 82º30;’ E
fpof;F jPu;f;f Nuifapy; ehs; kw;Wk; Neuk; vd;d?

2. a) The R.F. is 1:1,26,720. Construct a simple scale to show miles.

1:1>26>720 vd;w gpupjpgpd;dj;ijf; nfhz;L> iky;fisf; fhl;Lk; xU

rhjhuz msitf; NfhL tiuf.

27
 OR

b) The given R.F. is 1:1,00,000. Draw a simple scale to show kilometer and meter.

1:1>00>000 vd;w gpupjpgpd;dj;ijf; nfhz;L> fPNyh kPl;lu;fisAk;> kPl;lu;fisAk;;

fhl;Lk; xU rhjhuz msitf; NfhL tiuf.

3. a) Calculate the length of the given road by the various measurement methods.
nfhLf;fg;gl;;l rhiyapd; ePsj;jijg; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; mstpl;L
Jhuj;ij fzf;fpLf.

OR

b) Enlarge the given Madhya Pradesh map scale of R.F 1:8,000,000 to 1:4,000,000.

nfhLf;fg;gl;l kj;jpag; gpuNjr khepy Nkg;gpid 1:8>000>000 vd;w

msitapy; ,Ue;J 1:4>000>000 vd;w msitf;Fg; ngupjhf;fpf; fhl;Lf.

4. a) Draw contour lines with 50 metres interval for the given spot height.

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s caug;Gs;spfSf;F 50 kPl.;lu; ,ilntspapy; rk

cauf;NfhLfs; tiuf.

OR

b) Draw contour lines with cross-sections for the given landforms.

nfhLf;fg;gl;l rk cauf; NfhLfSf;F FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

tiue;;J epyj;Njhw;wq;fis tiuf.

a) Conical Hill m) $k;G tbt Fd;W

b) Water Falls M) ePu; tPo;r;rp

c) Plateau ,) gPlg+kp

d) V-Shaped Valley <) V- tbt gs;sj;jhf;F

5. a) Draw a wind rose diagram for the given data.

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gs;sp tptuq;fSf;F fhw;W jpir tiuglk;

tiuf.

Station: Chennai

28
 Direction N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm

Days 36 41 55 79 19 20 91 22 62

epiyak; : nrd;id

jpirfs; t t.fp fp nj.fp nj Nj.Nk Nk t.Nk mikjp

ehl;fs; 36 41 55 79 19 20 91 22 62

OR

b) Draw a Hythergraph for the following data.

Station: Delhi

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temp. in ºF 58 62 74 86 92 92 86 85 84 68 67 60

Rainfall in cm 1 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 2.9 7.6 7.0 4.7 0.5 0.8 0.4

fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpw;F i`ju; fpuh/g; glk; tiuf.

epiyak;: nly;yp

khjq;fs; [ gp kh V Nk [Pd; [Piy M nr m e b

ntg;gepiy Fº 58 62 74 86 92 92 86 85 84 68 67 60

kiog;nghopT cm 1 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 2.9 7.6 7.0 4.7 0.5 0.8 0.4

__________

29