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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT

By: JOHNNY REY DAGASUHAN CAILING, RC, CSP

LESSON 1
AREAS OF SECURITY

SECURITY
ETYMOLOGY: from Latin word Securitas – condition of being secured.
MEANING: Is a state or condition of being secured; freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction or damages.

Are those methods that promote a safe and protected environment so people can pursue their daily activities.

Is a state or condition of being secured; freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction or damages.

Primary Purpose of Security:

Protect people and properties.
Areas of Security
1. Physical Security – this is the broadest branch of security which concerned with the physical measures adopted to
prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard them against espionage,
sabotage, damage, loss and theft.
2. Personnel Security – this is as important as physical security. Personnel security stats even before the hiring of an
employee and remains to be maintained for as long as the person is employed. Its purpose is to insure that a firm hires those
best suited to assist the firm in achieving its goals and objectives and once hired assist in providing necessary security to the
work force while carrying out their functions.
3. Document and Information Security – this involves the protection of documents and classified papers from loss, access
by unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise through disclosure. Classified documents need special handling.
Lack of indoctrination and orientation among the personal handling them can result in the leakage, loss, theft and unauthorized
disclosure of the documents.

Types of Security
1. Industrial A type of security applied to business groups engaged in industries like manufacturing,
Security assembling, research and development, processing, warehousing and even agriculture.
2. Operational Deals with primarily with the protection of process, formulas, patents, and other operational
Security activities of an installation.
3. Communication The application of various measures which prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized persons in
Security gaining information through the communication system. It includes transmission security and
crypto security.
4. Document It encompasses the protection of documents and other classified papers from loss, unauthorized
Security access and avoidance of disclosures.
5. Hotel Security a type of security applied to hotels where its properties are protected from pilferage, loss, damage
and the function in the hotel restaurants are not disturbed and troubled by outsiders or the guest
themselves. This type of security employs house detectives, uniforms guard and supervisor and
insures that hotel guests and their personal effects safeguarded.
6. Bank Security This type of security is concern with bank operations. Its main objective is the protection of bank
cash and assets, its personnel and clientele. Security personnel are trained to safeguard bank and
assets while in storage, in transit and during transactions.
7. Personal or VIP A type of security applied for the protection of top-ranking officials of the government or private
Security entity, visiting persons of illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
8. Crisis Security Specialized field which allied if not part of VIP security which involved in the kidnapping of VIP’s
such as political leaders and the like. Motives can be economic, political, emotional, nationalistic,
religious and their combinations.
9. School Security A type of security that is concern with the protection of students, faculty members, and school
properties. Security personnel are trained to protect the school property from theft, vandals,
handling campus riots and detecting the use of intoxicated drugs and alcohol by the students.
10. Supermarket or A type of security which is concern with the protection of the stores, warehouses, storage, its
Mall Security immediate premises and properties as well as the supermarket personnel and customers. Security
personnel are trained to detect “shoplifter”, robbery, and bomb detection and customer relation.
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LESSON 2
PHYSICAL SECURITY

Physical security are measures being used to define, protect, and monitor property rights and assets. These measures consist
of barriers that would detect, impede, and prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to
safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
Principles involved Physical Security
1. The type of access necessary depends upon the number of variable factors and therefore maybe achieved in number of ways.
2. There is no impenetrable barrier
3. Defense-in-depth is barrier after barrier.
4. Delay is provided against surreptitious and non-surreptitious entry.
5. Each installation is different.
Three Lines of Physical Defense
1. First line of defense perimeter barriers like fences
2. Second line of defense doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs and grills and other entries to the buildings
3. Third line of defense storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files

BARRIERS
Refers to any physical structure whether natural or man–made capable or restricting, deterring, delaying or preventing illegal
and unauthorized access to an installation.
Purpose of Barrier:
1. Outline the physical limits of an area.
2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry.
3. Prevent penetration therein or delay intrusion, thus, facilitating apprehension of intruders.
4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards.
5. Facilitate and improve the control and vehicular traffic.
Two general types of Barriers:
1. Natural Barriers Such as rivers, cliffs, and ravines, etc. which delay or make more difficult the entry of
the intruder.
2. Man-made Barriers Structural construction like fences walls, floors, roofs, grills, bars, road blocks, or
other physical means to deter or impede penetration.
Types of Barriers
1. Natural It includes bodies of waters, mountains, marshes, ravines, deserts or other terrain that are difficult
Barriers to traverse.
2. Structural These are features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tends to delay the
barriers intruder. Examples are walls, doors, windows, locks, fences, safe, cabinets or containers etc.
3. Human Persons being used in providing a guarding system or by the nature of their employment and
barriers location, fulfill security functions. Examples are guards, office personnel, shop workers, etc.
4. Animal Animals are used in partially providing a guarding system. Dogs are usually trained and utilized to
barriers serve as guard dogs. German shepherds are best suited for security functions. Goose and turkeys
could also be included.
5. Energy It is the employment of mechanical, electrical, electronic energy imposes a deterrent to entry by
barriers the potential intruder or to provide warning to guard personnel. These are protective lighting,
alarm system and any electronic devices used as barriers.

Specific Types of Barrier

1. PERIMETER BARRIER
2. SECURITY GUARDS
3. LIGHTING
4. ALARM
5. LOCKS AND KEYS CONTROL
6. SECURITY CABINETS
7. ACCESS CONTROL
8. MOVEMENT CONTROL
9. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
10. K-9
11. SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

PERIMETER BARRIER
o A medium or structure which defines the physical limits of an installation or area to restrict or impede access thereto.
o It is any physical barrier used to supplement the protection of an inside or outside perimeter.
o The main purpose of perimeter barrier is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized person.
o It is the first line of defense of an Installation.
o The function and location of the facility itself usually determine the perimeter of the installation.
Types of Perimeter Barrier
1. Fences
2. Walls
3. Bodies of Water

Fences
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Barriers that serves to enclose an area
Types of Fences
1. Solid fence Advantage of Solid fence
o Denies visual access of the installation to the intruders
o Denies the intruder the opportunity to become familiar with the personnel, activities, and
time scheduled of the movement of the guards on the installation.
Disadvantage of solid fence
o It prevents the installation guards from observing the area around the installation.
o A solid fence creates shadows which may be used by the intruder for cover and
concealment.
2. Full-View Advantage of Full-view fence:
Fence/ Open o Roving patrols and stationary guards are able to keep the area surrounding the installation
Fence under observation.
o It does not create shadows which would provide cover and concealment for the intruder.
Disadvantage of full-view fence:
o It’s allowing visual access to the installation, its personnel, its guards; and its activities.
o It allows the intruder to become familiar with the movements and the time schedule of the
guards patrol; there after allowing him to pick the time for attempting penetration which
would be most advantageous to him.

Types of Full-View Fence

a. Chain link fence
1. It must be constructed of 7 feet material excluding top guard.
2. It must be of 9 gauges or heavier.
3. The mesh openings are not to be larger than 2 inches per side.
4. It should be twisted and barbed salvage at top and bottom.
5. It must be securely fastened to rigid metal or reinforced concrete.
6. It must reach within 2 inches of hard ground or paving.
7. On soft ground, it must reach below surface deep enough to compensate for shifting
soil or sand.
b. Barbed wire fence
1. Standard barbed wire is twisted, double-strand, 12-gauge wire with 4 point barbs
spaces on equal distance apart.
2. Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 feet high excluding top guard.
3. Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to post high excluding top guard.
4. The distance between strands will not exceed 6 inches and midway between parts.
c. Concertina wire fence
1. Standard concertina barbed wire is commercially manufactured wire coil of high
strength steel barbed wire clipped together at intervals to form a cylinder.
2. Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet in diameter.

3. Combinatio Partly solid and partly full view.

n Fence

Minimum Acceptable Requirements for fence used as Security Barrier:

1. Height: Eight feet at minimum.
2. Slack at the bottom: Not to exceed two inches, if the fence is not taut then it should extend even closer to the ground.
3. Wooden fence post: Minimum horizontal dimension of four inches by four inches.
4. Steel fence post: The round type should be at least two inches in diameter and the H-beam type must measurable no less
than two inches at the smallest diameter.
5. Fence posts: Fence post should be set in concrete or in firm soil using commercial drive anchors, to a depth of three feet;
Maximum distance between posts is ten feet.
6. Fence top: There should be something on the top of the fence to deter persons attempting to go over the fence good example
would be the use of barbed wire overhang, holding the stands of barbed – wire should be two feet long and should be
extended at 45 degree angle in the direction of the expected approach.
7. Fence area: The area surrounding the fence should be clear of trees and vegetation and debris or other materials which
would offer concealment to the intruder or would aid him in scaling.
8. Fence Gate: Gates should be limited to the number necessary for efficient and safe operation of the installation.
9. Fence opening: all opening in the fence in excess of 96 inches must be lock, barred, or screened in such a way that they may
only be unlocked and opened from the inside and only by selected personnel.
10. Multiple fence: If used, multiple fence should be at least ten feet apart and the overhang on the top of the inner fence should
point inward rather than away from the installation maximum distance any two parallel fences should not exceed 150 feet.

Building Walls
Walls, Floors, roof or their combination serve also as barriers and they should be of such construction to provide uniform protection
just like the wire fencing. Masonry walls as perimeter barrier should have the same heights as the chain link and surmounted by the
barbed wire top guards; if the height of the masonry is less than the prescribed, additional chain link as “topping”. Wall can be made
of stone slabs like adobe or hollow bound by concrete with post at regular intervals to prevent the wall from toppling due to wind, or
scouring facilities, security must sit down with design engineers so that area where sensitive activity will be done should be given
special emphasis in protective walls.

Bodies of Water
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Bodies of water like river, lake, marsh, cataract, sea pond or any other bodies of water forming a part of the wall, building or fencing
should never be considered adequate natural perimeter barrier. Additional security measures like wire fence, concrete walling, security
patrolling and floodlighting at night may be necessary for the portions of the perimeter.

Perimeter Barrier Opening

1. Gates and Doors – When not in use and controlled by guards, gates and doors in the perimeter should be locked and
frequently inspected by guards. Lock should be changed from time to time and should be covered under protective locks
and key control.
2. Side-walk-elevators – These provide access to areas within the perimeter barrier and should be locked and guarded.
3. Utilities Opening – sewers, air intakes, exhaust tunnels and other utility openings which penetrate the barrier and which have
cross sectional areas of 96 square inches or more should be protected by bars, grills, water filled traps or other structural
means providing equivalent protection to that portion of the perimeter barriers.
4. Clear Zones – an obstructed area or a “clear zone” should be maintained on both sides of the perimeter barrier. A clear zone
of 20 feet or more is desirable between the barriers and exterior structures and natural covers that may provide concealment
for assistance to a person seeking unauthorized entry.
Specification on clear zones:
 Clear zones of 20 feet or more should exist between the perimeter barriers and exterior structures, parking areas and
natural or man-made features.
 A clear zone of 50 feet or more should exist between the perimeter barrier and structure within the protected areas
except when a building wall constitutes part of the perimeter barrier.

Security Specification for windows or opening:

Windows or opening less than 18 feet above ground, roof, ledges, etc. or less than 14 feet directly or diagonally, opposite
uncontrolled windows in other walls, fire, escapes or other opening of 96 square inches or larger should be grilled or have steel bar
protections.

Additional Protective Measures

1. Top Guard – additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences upward and outward with a 45 degree
angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6 inches apart. This increases the protective height and prevents easy access.
2. Guard Control Stations – this is normally provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas located out-of-doors, and
manned by guards on full-time basis. Sentry station should be near a perimeter for surveillance at the entrance.
3. Tower Guard – this is a house-like structure above the perimeter barriers. The higher the tower, the more visibility it provides.
It gives a psychological unswerving effect to violators. By and large guard towers, whether permanent or temporary, must
have a corresponding support force in the event of need. Towers as well as guard control stations should have telephones,
intercoms, and if possible two-way radios connected to security headquarters or office to call for reserves in the event of need.
4. Barrier Maintenance – Fencing barriers and protective walls should always be regularly inspected by security. Any sign or
attempts to break in should be reported for investigation. Destruction of fence or sections thereof should be repaired
immediately and guard vigilance should be increased.
5. Protection in Depth – in large open areas or ground where fencing or walling is impractical and expensive, warning signs
should be conspicuously placed. The depth itself is protection reduction of access roads, and sufficient notices to warn
intruders should be done. Use of animals as guards and intrusion device can also be good as barriers.
6. Signs and notices – “Control signs” should be erected where necessary in the management of unauthorized ingress to preclude
accidental entry. Signs should be plainly visible and legible from any approach and in an understood language or dialect.

GUARD AND GUARD SYSTEM

Function that must be accomplished by this guard System
1.
Detect intruders
2.
Sound Alarm
3.
Apprehend unauthorized personnel
4.
Identify authorized personnel
Guard Procurement: Selection criteria
1.
Must eligible for security clearance;
2.
Vigorous and physically able to serve in the capacity of a guard;
3.
Intelligence necessary to accomplished the guard function;
4.
The ability to make rapid decisions and react in a calm way to emergencies:
5.
Loyalty and discretion are required attributes; and
6.
Experience is highly desirable although not usually mandatory.
Guard training: Programs of training should include
1.
General orientation
2.
Instruction in security procedures of the installation, first aid, and communication
3.
Instruction in traffic control, riot control, self-defense.
4.
Weapons qualifications to include maintenance and safety.
5.
Refresher course and advance training in specific subjects.
Guard employment: Two basic techniques of guard employment
1.
Fixed post
2.
Patrols
Guard supervision
1.
Personal supervision: Personal inspection of all guards prior to their starting tour of duty. Periodic checks of guards during
their tour by the senior member of each relief or his representative.
2.
Artificial Supervision:
a.
Recorded tour – guard takes with him on his tour of duty a form which must have the time punched on it at each
station.
b.
Supervisory Tour – This is where the guard sends signals to guard headquarters from each station that he checks.
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LIGHTING
The idea that lighting can provide improve protection for people and facilities is as old as civilization. Protective lighting is
the single most cost-effective deterrent to crime because it creates a psychological deterrent to the intruders.
Purpose of Protective Lighting
1. It provides sufficient illumination to the areas during hours of darkness.
2. Lighting can help improve visibility so that intruder can be seen and identified and, if possible, apprehended.
3. It serves as deterrent to would-be thieves.
Types of Protective Lighting
1. Continuous Lighting – the most familiar type of outdoor security lighting, this is designed to provide two specific results:
glare projection or controlled lighting. It consists of a series of fixed luminaries at range to flood a given area continuously
during the hours of darkness.
a. Glare projection type –The intensity is focused to the intruder while the observer or guard remained in the
comparative darkness, the lighting is toward of the approach of an entrance to an installation.
b. Controlled lighting – the lighting is focused on the pile of items, rather than the background. The width of the lighted
strip can be controlled and adjusted to suit the security needs.
2. Standby lighting – it is designed for reserve or standby use or to supplement continuous systems. A standby system can be
most useful to selectively light a particular area in an occasional basis.
3. Movable or Portable lighting – this system is manually operated and is usually made up of movable search or floodlights
that can be located in selected or special locations which will require lighting only for short period of time.
4. Emergency lighting – this system is used in times of power failure or other emergencies when other system are inoperative.
General Types of Lighting Sources
1. Incandescent Lamp – it is the least expensive in terms of energy consumed and has the advantage of providing instant
illumination when the switch is on.
2. Mercury Vapor lamp – it is considered more efficient that he incandescent and used widespread in exterior lighting. This
emits a purplish-white color, caused by an electric current passing through a tube of conducting and luminous gas.
3. Metal halide – it has similar physical appearance to mercury vapor but provides a light source of higher luminous efficiency
and better color rendition.
4. Fluorescent – this provides good color rendition, high lamp efficiency as well as long life. However, it cannot project light
over long distance and thus are not desirable as flood type lights.
5. High pressure sodium vapor – this has gained acceptance for exterior lighting of parking areas, roadways, buildings and
commercial interior installations. Constructed on the same principle as mercury vapor lamps, they emit a golden white to
light pink color and this provide high lumen efficiency and relatively good color rendition.
Types of Lighting Equipment
1. Floodlights – these can be used to accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs, including the illumination of
boundaries, fences and buildings and for the emphasis of vital areas or particular buildings.
2. Street lights – this lighting equipment received the most widespread notoriety for its value in reducing crime.
3. Search lights – these are highly focused incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint potential trouble spots.
4. Fresnel lights – these are wide beam units, primary used to extend the illumination in long, horizontal strips to protect the
approaches to the perimeter barrier. Fresnel projects a narrow, horizontal beam that is approximately 180 degrees in the
horizontal and from 15 to 30 degrees in the vertical plane.
Protective Lighting Requirement
1. Protective lighting needs at installation and facilities depend on each situation and the areas to be protected. Each situation
requires careful study to provide the best visibility practicable for security duties identification of badges and people at gate,
inspection of vehicles, prevention of illegal entry, and detection of intruders inside or outside the buildings and other
structures and inspection of unusual or suspicious circumstances.
2. When such lighting provisions are impractical, additional security posts, patrols, sentry dog patrols, or other security means
will be necessary.
3. Protective lighting should not be used as a psychological deterrent only. It should be used on a perimeter fence line only
where the perimeter fence is under continuous or periodic observation.
4. Protective lighting may be desirable for those sensitive areas or structures within the perimeter, which are under specific
observation. Such areas include vital buildings, storage, and vulnerable control points in communication, power and water
distribution system. In interior areas where night operations are conducted, adequate lighting on the area facilitates
detection of unauthorized persons approaching or attempting malicious acts within the area.
General Consideration in Protective lighting
1. The determination of lighting needs must be dependent upon the threat, perimeter extremities, surveillance capabilities, and
available guard forces.
2. Protective lighting must be designed to discourage unauthorized entry and to facilitate detection of intruders approaching or
attempting to gain entry into protected areas.
3. The protective lighting must be continuously operates during periods of reduced visibility, and that standby lighting is
maintained and periodically tested for use during times of emergency and mobilization alerts.
4. Cleaning and replacement of lamps and luminaries, particularly with respect to costs and means required an available.
5. The effects of local weather conditions may be a problem in cases where fluorescent units are used.
6. Fluctuating or erratic voltages in the primary power sources.
7. Requirements for grounding of fixtures and use of common ground on an entire line to provide a stable ground potential.
Areas to be lighted
1. Perimeter fence
2. Building face perimeter
3. Pedestrian Gate – Should be lighted about 25 feet on either side of the gate if possible and the range for vehicular gates
should be twice that of street lighting is recommended in these application, but floodlights can also be used if glare is strictly
controlled.
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4. Vehicular Gate – Normally manned by guards inspecting credentials, as well as inspecting for contraband or stolen
property, it is critical that the area to be lighted to at least one foot candle.
5. Parking area – This include vital building, storage depots, and vulnerable control points in communication power, light and
were distribution system.
6. Thoroughfare – Used for pedestrian, vehicles or forklift should be lighted to 0.01 candles for security purpose.
7. Storage, large opened working areas, piers, docks, and other sensitive areas.

ALARMS
o Aural or visual signal given by the annunciator to security when intruder actuates device in a protected area.
o Designed to alert security personnel to consummated or attempted intrusions into an area, building or compound.
o It assists the security in detecting, impeding or deterring potential security threat in the installation.
o Intrusion alarms can be electrical, mechanical or electronics.
Three Basic Parts of Alarm System
1. Sensor or trigger device – sensitive part of an alarm system that detects motion, sound, vibrations, or any other changes in
the condition of the environment.
2. Transmission line – a circuit which transmit the message to the signaling apparatus.
3. Annunciator – activates the alarm; it is visual or audible signaling device.
Types of Protective Alarm System
1. Central Station System – a type of alarm where the control station is located outside the plant or installation. When the
alarm is sounded or actuated by subscriber, the central station notifies the police and other public safety agencies.
2. Proprietary system – centralized monitor of the proprietary alarm system is located in the industrial firm itself with a duty
operator. In case of alarm, the duty operator calls whatever is the primary need; firefighters, police, an ambulance or a
bomb disposal unit.
3. Local Alarm – this system consist of ringing up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected.
4. Auxiliary alarm – company-owned alarm systems with a unit in the nearest police station so that in case of need, direct call
is possible. The company maintains the equipment and lines both for the company and those in the police, fire and other
emergency agencies by special arrangement. The auxiliary system can be availed of by radio, landlines, or cell phones.
Kinds of Alarms
1. Audio Detection Device – it will detect any sound caused by attempted force entry. A supersonic microphone speaker
sensor is installed in walls, ceilings and floors of the protected area.
2. Vibration Detection Device – it will detect any vibration caused by attempted force entry. A vibration sensitive sensor is
attached to walls, ceilings or floors of the protected area.
3. Metallic foil or wire – it will detect any action that moves that foil or wire. An electrically charge strips of tinfoil or wire is
used in the doors, windows or glass surfaces of the protected area.
4. Laser Beam Alarm – a laser emitter floods a wall or fencing with a beam so that when this beam is disturbed by a physical
object, an alarm is activated.
5. Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device – an invisible/visible beam is emitted and when this is disturbed or when an intruder
break contact with the beam, it will activate the alarm.
6. Microwave Motion Detection Device – A pattern of radio waves is transmitted and partially reflected back to an antenna. If
they strike a moving object, they return at a different frequency which results in initiating an alarm signal. This has a good
coverage, and not affected by air currents noise sound.
7. Types of Protective Alarm System
Utilization of Alarm Devices
1. Nature of the area or installation
2. Critically of the area or complex
3. Vulnerability of the area or complex
4. Accessibility
5. Location of installation and areas to be protected
6. Constructions and types of buildings
7. Hours of normal operations
8. Availability of other types of protection
9. Initial and recurring cost of installed alarm system
10. Design and salvage value of desired equipment
11. Response time of the security force and local police
12. Savings in manpower and money for a period of time if alarm is used
Desirable Characteristics of Intrusion Alarm System
1. A detection unit should initiate the alarm upon intrusion of a human being in the area or vicinity upon intrusion of a human
being in the area or vicinity to the protected area or object.
2. Panel board central annunciator operating console – monitoring activities should be manned at all times.
3. An annunciator console indicating the audible and/or aural signal and the specific location of incident so that proper action
can be made by security and other units.
4. Fail-safe features which give alarm in the annunciator when something is wrong with the system.
5. System should be difficult to tamper or render ineffective by outsiders, competitors or saboteurs.
Summing up Protective Alarm Devices
1. Alarm devices are physical safeguards used to assist security but not a replacement in the protection of assets and lives in
the installation.
2. It assist the guards to extend their hearing and vision even in areas where they are not physically present.
3. The alarm system whether a local, a central, proprietary, or an auxiliary type are to inform the guard either visually or
aurally of an attempt or a break-in within the premises being protected.
4. Maintenance of alarm system must be regularly made, the signal line must be protected, and there must be alternate source
of power.
5. New and improve intrusion hardwires are being developed and placed in the market but again, the human guard is
irreplaceable in spite of computerization and the arrival of super sophisticated devices in security alarm systems.
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LOCKS AND KEY CONTROL

Lock
A lock is defined as a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry into a building, room, container
or hiding place.
Peterman
A term in England for lock picker, safecracker, and penetrator of restricted areas or room.
Statutory Prohibition of Key:
ART. 304. Possession of Picklocks or similar tools
Any person who shall without lawful cause have in possession of picklocks or similar tools especially to the commission of the
crime or robbery , shall be punished by arresto mayor in its maximum period to prison correctional in its minimum period
The same penalty shall be imposed upon any person who shall make such tool. If the offender is a locksmith, shall suffer the
penalty of prison correctional in its medium and maximum period.
ART. 305. False Key: The term “False Key” shall be deemed to include:
1. The tool mentioned in the next proceeding articles.
2. Genuine keys stolen from the owner.
3. Any key other than those intended by the owner
Types of Locks
1. Key operated It uses some sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers (wards tumblers) which prevent the
mechanical lock lock from operating unless they are properly aligned.
The key is the device used to align these internal barriers so that the lock may be operated.
1. Disc tumbler lock – Designed for the use of the automobile industry and are in general use
in car doors today, because this lock is easy and cheap to be manufactured, its use has
expanded to other areas such as desk, files and padlocks. The delay afforded is
approximately ten minutes.
2. Pin tumbler lock - is a lock mechanism that uses pins of varying lengths to prevent the lock
from opening without the correct key.
3. Lever tumbler lock – uses a set of levers to prevent the bolt from moving in the lock. In the
simplest of these, lifting the tumbler above a certain height will allow the bolt to slide past.
These locks are used in safe deposit boxes and are for all practical purposes, pick proof. The
least of these locks are used in desk, lockers and cabinets and are generally less secure than
pin tumbler lock.
4. The warded lock – offer very little security, this type of lock must therefore be use only to
have privacy, but not to provide a degree of security.
2. Padlock A portable and detachable lock having a sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring and is
then made fasten or secured.
3. Combination lock Instead of using the key to align the tumblers, the combination mechanism uses numbers, letters
or other symbols as reference point which enables an operator to align them manually.
4. Code-operated A type of lock that can be opened by pressing a series of numbered button in the proper
lock sequence.
5. Electrical lock A type of lock that can be opened and closed remotely by electrical means.
6. Card-operated A type of lock operated by coded card.
lock

Type of Keys
1.
Change key – a specific key, which operates the lock and has a particular combination of cuts, or biting, which match the
arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.
2.
Sub-master Key – a key that will open all the lock within a particular area or grouping in a given facility.
3.
Master Key – a special key capable of opening a series of lock.
4.
Grand Master key – a key that will open everything in a system involving two or more master key groups.
Key Control
Once an effective key control has been installed, positive control of all keys must be gained and maintained. This can be
accomplished only if it is established in conjunction with the installation of new locking devices. The following methods can be used
to maintain effective key control;
1. Key Cabinet – a well-constructed cabinet will have to be procured. The cabinet will have to be of sufficient size to hold the
original key to every lock in the system. It should be secured at all times.
2. Key record – some administrative means must be set up to record code numbers and indicates to whom keys to specific
locks have been issued.
3. Inventories – periodic inventories will have to be made of all duplicate and original keys in the hands of eh employees
whom they have been issued.
4. Audits – in addition to periodic inventory, an unannounced audit should be made of all key control records and procedures
by a member of management.
5. Daily report – a daily report should be made to the person responsible for key control from the personnel department
indicating all persons who have left or will be leaving the company. In the event that a key has been issued, steps should be
initiated to insure that the key is recovered.
Principle of Key Control
1. A key depositor for securing keys during non-working should be centrally located, locked and kept under supervision of
security personnel.
2. Key issued on daily basis, or this issued for a specific on time purpose, should be accounted for daily.
3. Key should be counted and signed for by security supervisor at the beginning of each working day.
4. When the key is lost, the circumstances should be investigated and set forth in writing. In some instance, if the lost key
provides access to sensitive area, lock should be change.
 8
5. All keys should be physically inspected periodically to ensure that they have not been lost though unreported as such.
6. Careful record should be kept of such instance. The list should be reviewed periodically to determine whether all those
authorized should continue to hold such key.
7. Master key should be in minimum. If possible, sub-master key should be used, and they should be issued only to limited list
of personnel especially selected by management.
8. Key should not be marked or should not identify doors of locks they open. Code should be made to this effect.
9. Master key should not be mark identifying them as a master key.
10. Key and locks should be change at least once in 12 months.

SECURITY CABINET
High security storage where papers, records, plans or cashable instrument, precious metals or other especially valuable assets are
protected.
Types of Security Cabinet
1. Safe A metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items in an office or installation.
Safe can be classified as either robbery or burglary resistance depending upon the use and need.
1. At least 750 lbs.
2. Anchored if less than 750 lbs.
3. Its body should at least 1 inch thick steel or equal
4. Door is made of steel and at least 1 ½ thick.
2. Vault Heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually a part of the building structure used to
keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
Vaults are bigger than safe but smaller than a file room.
1.
6 inches, steel – door
2.
12 inches, reinforced concrete – walls, ceiling, floor
3.
1 ½ inches – diameter of electrical conduits
4.
4 inches – the elevation of its floor compared to the floor outside.
5.
5,000 cubic feet – its minimum dimension
6.
6 hours – fire resistance
7.
Vault should not be made part of the wall due to moisture and condensation caused by
temperature.
3. File room A cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but of bigger size to accommodate
limited people to work on the records inside.
1. 12 feet – height
2. 10,000 cubic feet – dimension
3. Ventilation is through the door.
4. Door must be watertight.
5. Door must also be fire proof for 1 hour.
6. The supporting structures such as the wall, floor and roofs should be fire proof as well

ACCESS CONTROL
Types of Personnel Identification
Personal Recognition Guards provide access to key personnel.
Unique Biometrics fingerprints, iris, face, voice etc.
Unique Possessions identification cards, passes, badges
Unique knowledge password, code
Types of Restricted Areas
1. Controlled Areas – portion of a restricted area usually near or surrounding a limited or exclusion area. Entry to the
controlled area is restricted to personnel with a need for access. Movement of authorized personnel within this area is not
necessarily controlled since mere entry to the area does not provide access to the security interest. The controlled area is
provided for administrative control, for safety, or as a buffer zone for in-depth security for the limited or exclusion area.
The commander establishes the control of movement.
1. Limited Areas – Restricted areas within close proximity of a security interest. Uncontrolled movement may permit access
to the item. Escorts and other internal restrictions may prevent access within limited areas.
2. Exclusion Areas – Restricted areas containing a security interest. Uncontrolled movement permits direct access to the item.
Are used only for handling and storage of high value cargo and classified documents. The number of people authorized
to enter this area should be strictly limited, and the area should be under surveillance at all times.

Pass System
Types of Pass System
1. Single pass system – the badge or pass coded for authorization to enter specific areas is issued to an employee who
keeps it in his possession until his authorization is terminates.
2. Pass exchange system – an exchange takes place at the entrance of each controlled area. Upon leaving the personnel
surrenders his badge or passes and retrieve back his basic identification. In this system the badge never leaves the
controlled area, thus reducing the possibility of switching, forging or alteration.
3. Multiple pass system – this provides an extra measure of security by requiring that an exchange take place at the entrance
of each restricted area.

MOVEMENT/ TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

Scope
 9
1. Employees and Visitors
2. Packages (incoming, outgoing)
3. Vehicle
Visitors’ Movement Control
1. Visitor’s logbook – all visitors to any facility should be required to identify them and should be given a visitor’s ID by the
security. Visitor’s logbook should be filled up with the named of visitors, nature and duration of visit.
2. Photograph – taking of photographs should also be considered. Extreme caution must be exercised in areas where classified
information is displayed to preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the installation. If a visitor has camera and it is
prohibited to take picture, said camera should be left in the care of security with corresponding receipt.
3. Escort – if possible visitors should be escorted by the security to monitor their activity within the establishment and guide
them where to go.
4. Visitor entrances – separate access for visitors and employees of the establishment should be provided.
5. Time traveled – if there is a long delay or time lapse between the departure and arrival, the visitors may be required to show
cause for the delay.
Packages’ Movement Control
1. No packages shall be authorized to be brought inside the industrial installation, offices and work area without proper
authority.
2. Outgoing packages carried by personnel should be closely inspected and those in vehicles should also be checked as many
pilfered items are hidden in the surface of the vehicles leaving the compound.
3. Any personnel/Visitor entering the installation with a package should deposit the same to the security and in return receives
a numbered tag, which he/she will use in claiming his/her package upon departing.
Vehicles’ Movement Control and Identification
1. Privately owned vehicle of personnel/visitor should be registered and are subject to the identification and admittance
procedure.
2. Vehicles should be subjected for search at the entrance and exit of the installation.
3. All visitors with vehicle should provide the security as to the complete details of their duration of stay, person to be visited,
and other information.
4. All vehicles of visitors should be given a sign/sticker to be placed on the windshield.
5. Traffic warning signs should be installed in all entrances in order to guide the visitors in their destination as well to provide
them with the necessary safety precautions while they are inside the installation.
6. Security personnel must constantly supervise parking areas and make frequent spots searches of vehicles found there.

Communication System
Communication – is the process of sending and receiving messages to achieve understanding.
Channel of Communication – refers to the equipment being used to transfer thoughts or ideas.

The following are the common equipment being used for communication:
1.
Local telephone exchange
2.
Commercial telephone service
3.
Intercommunication
4.
Two-way radios
5.
Paging and recall systems
6.
Bullhorns and megaphones
7.
Amplifier or loud speaker systems
8.
Cellular or mobile phones

K-9
K-9 Team
1. Handler – Certified by PNP SOSIA - Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agencies.
2. Dog - Has certification either on narcotics, explosive scent, patrol/ attack.
K – 9 skills
1. Narcotics detection dogs – to detect illegal drugs
2. Explosive detection dogs – to detect explosives and explosive components
3. Patrol/ Attack dogs – to subdue
Breeds:
1. German Shepherd
2. Belgian Sheep Dogs
3. Doberman Pinschers
4. Farm Collies
5. Giant Schnauzers
6. Akita Inu

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Most Commonly Used Surveillance System
CCTV Also known as video surveillance.
Closed-Circuit Television The use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.

IP Camera A type of digital video camera which can send and receive data via a computer network and
Internet Protocol Camera the Internet.
 10

LESSON 3
PERSONNEL SECURITY
Of the three major aspects of security, personnel security is considered as the most important for the simple reason that
security involves people, both an assets to be protected and as source of security threats. It is an acknowledge fact that losses are
attributed mainly to negligence or active participation of employees, either through theft and sabotage. This emphasizes the need to
set up a system of hiring the people for the company.
Personnel Security (Definition from http://www.cpni.gov.uk/advice/Personnel-security1/#sthash.qHUuAbNU.dpuf)
Is a system of policies and procedures which seek to manage the risk of staff (permanent, temporary or contract staff) exploiting, or
intending to exploit, their legitimate access to an organization’s assets or premises for unauthorized purposes.

Purpose of Personnel Security

1. To insure that a firm hires those employees best suited for the firm;
2. Once hired, to assist in providing the necessary security to these employees while they are carrying out them functions.
3. Employ reliable people;
4. Minimize the chances of staff becoming unreliable once they have been employed;
5. Detect suspicious behavior and resolve security concerns once they emerge.

Scope of Personnel Security

1. Personnel Security Investigation (PSI)
2. Security Education
Key Functions of Personnel Security
1.
It serves as a screening device in hiring suitable employees.
2.
It provides background investigation services of both potential and present employees, for possible assignment to sensitive
position.
3.
It handles investigation of employees suspected of wrong doing.
4.
It develops security awareness among employees.
5.
It attempts to ensure the protection of employees from discriminatory hiring or terminating procedures as well as unfounded
allegations of illegal or unethical activities and conduct.

Personnel Security Investigation

Personnel Security Investigation (PSI) is a process of inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals and
loyalty of an individual to determine the suitability for appointment or access to classified matter.

General Techniques of PSI

1. Background This technique is very expensive but necessary in personnel security.
Investigation (BI)
It serves to verify information on the application form and to obtain other information pertinent to
the decision to employ.
Factors to consider in the conduct of BI Types of Local Agency Check (LAC)
1. Loyalty 1. Barangay Clearance
2. Integrity 2. City of Municipal Clearance
 11
3. Discretion 3. Local Police Clearance
4. Morals 4. Court Clearance
5. Character
6. Reputation
Types of National Agency Check (NAC)
Components of Complete BI 1. National bureau of Investigation (NBI)
1. Applicants Name Clearance
2. Date of birth 2. PNP Directorate for Intelligence (DI)
3. Present residence address Clearance
4. Personal History 3. Intelligence Service, AFP (ISAFP) Clearance
5. Marital History
6. Residence History
7. Citizenship
8. Physical Data
9. Educational History
10. Organization membership
11. Neighborhood investigation
12. Character reference
13. Employment History
14. Military History
15. Foreign travel history
16. Criminal record
17. Credit records
18. Applicant’s signature
19. Date of application
3. Positive Vetting Is the process of inspecting or examining with careful thoroughness.
The essence of vetting is a personal interview conducted under stress.
It is based on information previously given by the applicant.
Other information issued during the interview, such as those discovered in the BI, which confirms
or denies which given by the applicant.
4. Prowling Is the process whereby a subject’s reaction in a future critical situation is predicted by observing
his behavior, or by interviewing him, or analyzing his responses to a questionnaire, such as an
honesty test. The Reid Report is an example of honesty test.
5. Deception This process of using devices in detecting deception during the interview stage. This includes the
Detection use of a Polygraph, Psychological Stress Evaluator and Voice Analyzer.
Techniques
6. Financial and This type of investigation seeks to gather information on income and mode of living, sometimes
Lifestyle inquiry referred to as the earning-to-debt ratio.
7. Undercover This is the placement of an agent in a role in which the agent’s true identity and role remains
Investigation unknown, in order to obtain information for criminal prosecution or for recovery or limitation of
asset losses.
8. Exit Interview This is a valuable tool because it gives departing employees an opportunity to list grievances.
It offers security managers an opportunity to learn of problems not previously known.
Incorporating a checklist of company-issued property and confronting a departing employee of
this has resulted in reducing losses of company property.
Debriefing an employee is also incorporated into the exit Interview to remind employees of their
continuing legal obligation to safeguard confidential company information.

Security Education
Security Education is conducted to develop security awareness among employees of the company. It should cover all employees,
regardless of rank or position.

Security Education Program

The basic goal of security education program is to acquaint all the employees the rationale behind the security measures and to insure
their cooperation at all times.

Objectives of Security Education

1. Guidance for all supervisory and executive levels of the organization.
2. A mandatory indoctrination on security for all new personnel before their assignment to their respective jobs.
3. Development of a high degree of security consciousness among the selected supervisors and other key personnel in a
program that should be continuing and supported by top management.
4. A down-the-line security program aimed at instilling consciousness and dedication through demonstration, lectures,
motivations and suggestions.
5. To let all employee force be informed that they all belong to the organization and that non-awareness to the security
program is tantamount to disloyalty.
6. That the program is also to develop discipline, loyalty and belongingness.
 12
Phases of Security Education Program
1. Initial Interview – it is the first contact of the prospective employee wherein the interviewer determines the suitability of the
applicant for employment through his given answers on the different type of questions being conducted. It is in this stage
where, the interviewer may start providing the necessary information as to the overview of company security policies and at
the same time on the employee accountability and corresponding penalties that could result from violation there from.
2. Orientation and Training – it is in this stage where new employees receive detailed presentation of personnel security policy.
Usually handouts or employees manual are being distributed for reference. New employees also requested to sign
acknowledgement that they have been aware of the existing company policies and will abide the same.
3. Refresher conference – it is design to remind employees of the company about their responsibilities, review the guidelines
and policies, introduction of new policies and regulations and a movement of getting employees feedback about the
company policies that is being implemented.
4. Security Reminders – This employed as an indirect approach of educating the employees, such as posting security posters
and distributing fliers.
5. Security promotion – it is the act of emphasizing the importance and role of security achieving the company goals and
objectives. It involves security employee cooperation and support.

LESSON 4

DOCUMENT/ INFORMATION SECURITY

Document Security covers the different measures in the classification, handling, care, and proper disposition of classified documents
and information must be a primary concern in order to preserve the confidentiality and integrity of document and information
throughout all phases of its existence.

Three Security Concepts

1. Personnel are the weakest link in the security chain.
2. Training is important to make security personnel conscious and realize the value of document.
3. Training is necessary for the practice of “Need to Know” principle. Access to classified matter may only be given to those
persons to whom it is necessary for the fulfillment of their duties.

Purpose of Protecting Classified Materials

1. Deter and impede potential spy
2. Assist in security investigations by keeping accurate records of the moments of classified materials.
3. Enforce the use of “Need to Know” principle.

Proprietary Information
Anything that an enterprise considers relevant to its status or operations and it is not meant to be disclosed publicly.

Types of Proprietary Information

Trade Secrets This consist of any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is used in one’s business
and which gives him an opportunity to gain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it.
It may be a formula for a chemical compound a process of manufacturing, treating or preserving materials,
a pattern for machine or device, or a list of customers.
It differs from other secret information as to single or ephemeral events in the conduct of the business.
A trade secret is a process or device for continuous use in the protection of the business.
Patents This is a grant made by the government to an inventor, conveying or securing to him the exclusive right to
make, use, or sell his invention for term of years.

Primary Distinctions between Patents and Trade Secrets

1. Requirements for obtaining a patent are specific; to qualify for a patent the invention must be more than novel and useful. It
must represent a positive contribution beyond the skill of the average person.
2. A much lower of novelty is required of a trade secret.
3. A trade secret remains secret as long as it continues to meet trade secret tests while the exclusive right to patent protection
expires after 20 years (INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES - Republic Act No. 8293)
Proprietary Information Protection Program
1. Policy and procedure statements regarding all sensitive information.
2. Pre and post-employment screening and review.
3. Non-disclosure agreements from employees, vendors, contractors and visitors.
4. Non-competitive agreements with selected employees.
5. Awareness programs.
6. Physical security measures
7. informed monitoring of routine activities

Types of Documents
 13
Class I – Vital In this category these are records that are irreplaceable, records of which reproduction does
Documents not have the same value as the original; records needed to recover cash, to replace building,
equipment, raw materials, finished products, and work in process and records needed to avoid
delay in restoration of production, sales and services.
Class II – Important This includes records the reproduction of which will close considerable expense and labor, or
Documents considerable delay.
Class III – Useful This includes records whose loss might cause inconvenience but could be readily replaced
Documents and which would not in the meantime present an insurmountable obstacle to the prompt
restoration of the business.
Class IV – Non– This records are daily files, routine in nature even if lost or destroyed, will not affect
essential Documents: operation or administration. This class represent the bulk of records which should not be even
attempted to be protected in the event of disasters, They should, however, be kept in ordinary
files ready for reference, if needed, and usually discarded after some period of time.

Basic Consideration in Document and Information Security:

1. Security of information is based on the premise that the government has the right and the duty to protect official papers
from unwarranted and indiscriminate disclosure;
2. The authority and responsibility for the preparation and classification of classified matters rest exclusively with the
originating office;
3. Classified matter shall be classified according to their contents and not to the classification of files in which they are held
or another document to which they are referred;
4. Classification shall made as soon as possible by placing appropriate marks on the matter to be classified;
5. Strict implementation of “need to know” principle - A security principle followed in security that no person is entitled to
the knowledge or possession of classified information solely by his rank, office, or position.

Security Clearance
Refers to the administrative determination that an individual is eligible for access to classified matter.

Certificate of Destruction
A certificate issued by a witnessing officer that the classified matter described therein has been disposed in his presence.

Transmission Security
Security is applied in relaying a message.

Cryptographic Security
It is a form of security that converts a plain text to a coded, crypted or ciphered text.
Examples of Cryptograph Technique
1. Transposition – changing the sequence of the letters in the message
2. Substitution – use an alternate character or symbol for each letter in the message.
3. Concealment – directly hides the message in an innocent text
 14

LESSON 5
SECURITY MANAGEMENT

SECURITY MANAGEMENT
The utilization of all available resources within a security organization in order to function and attain the organizational goals
and objectives. It is the managing of money, men, materials and methods with in security system.

SECURITY ASSESSMENT
An evaluation conducted in order to identify and address the weaknesses of the concerned facility and to equate its weakness with
mitigating system.
Objectives of Assessment
1. To establish a policy for the security of the facility or installation and assets.
2. Provide guidance and general procedures to enable security managers and directors the flexibility to address realistic
concerns for the protection of personnel, assets and facility from identified threats.
3. Minimize the loss, pilferage or diversion of company assets ensuring the company operations capability is maintained.
4. For any crisis contingency operations the facility security manager or director must provide for adequate protection of
employees and property.
Kinds of Assessment
1. Threat assessment
2. Vulnerability assessment
3. Physical security survey

Threat assessment
o Focuses on the dangers that may contribute to loss.
o Main goals:
1. Gather information that can help in perceiving the possible threats.
a. Threat from natural disasters
b. Threat from employees
c. Threat from criminals/outsiders
2. Evaluating the likelihood of their occurrence.
a. Historical data
b. Police record
3. For existing facilities, threat assessment must include identification and evaluation of existing security features.
4. For new facilities, threat assessment must be done prior to its construction in order to save money and resources.
5. For lease facilities, threat assessment should also include identification of security responsibilities of the occupant and
the owner.

Vulnerability Assessment
Focuses on the possible outcome of a successful attack from the identified threats/ calamity take place and how will the company be
affected by it.

1. devastating Damage beyond use.(most, cannot be repaired)

Visitors reduction of 75% at a certain period of time.
2. severe Partially damage. (some, cannot be repaired)
Visitors reduction of 50% at a certain period of time.
3. noticeable Temporary close/ halt in operation in a very short period of time.
Limited number of damage on asset, majority not affected. 25% reduction of visitors
4. minor No significant impact on operation. (less than 4 hours downtime)
No loss on major asset.

Physical Security Survey

Assessment of the organization’s/ installation’s physical security program.
 15
Scope
1. General information about the company for familiarity
a. annual reports
b. in-house newsletter
c. policy manuals
d. work rules
e. confidentiality agreement forms
f. applicant screening procedures
g. organizational chart
h. product information
2. Interview client for questions that concerns the survey as well as possible limitations. (Request access 24/7)

Steps in Conducting Physical Security Survey

1. Initial Survey – conducted before constructing, leasing, acquiring, modifying or occupying a facility or area. It describes any
modification required to raise the level of security commensurate with the levels of vulnerability and criticality.
2. Follow-up Survey – conducted to ensure the completion of the modification and should be conducted before the acceptance
of the property or occupancy.
3. Supplemental Survey – is conducted when changes in the organization, mission, facility, or the threat level of the facility
alter the security posture of an area. Conducted based on the discretion of the facility manager or senior security officer.
4. Special Survey – conducted to examine or resolve a specific issue such as assessment of damage resulting from an incident.
Physical Security (PHYSEC) Performance Goal
To deploy security resources to reduce the potential of sabotage, theft/ pilferage, trespass, espionage, criminal intrusion and terrorist attack.

1. Detect The security system should be able to alert an intrusion immediately when it happens.
2. Assessment The security system should be able to determine figures, location, and other facts about the intrusion.
3. Command and The security system should be able to provide a direct line of unobstructed communication among its
control personnel.
4. Delay The security system should be able to provide a longer period of delay.
5. Response The security system must have able personnel to be able to counter an intrusion and further apprehend the
perpetrators.

Physical Security Threat Matrix

A tool in determining the manner of response to security intrusion.

Threat Type Threat Description Threat Sample

Maximum • Trained group • Terrorist
• Alone with inside assistance • Organized criminal
• Armed and skilled • saboteurs
• Trained to penetrate with tools
Advance • Alone with inside assistance • Terrorist
• Skilled or semi-skilled without tools • Organized criminal
• Espionage agents
Intermediate • Outsider alone or insider alone/ small groups, with • Organized criminal
knowledge of security system • Career Criminals
• White collar
criminals
• Activist
• terrorist
Low Outsider alone or insider alone/ small groups • Intruders/ trespassers
• Pilferers
• Passive
demonstrators
• Disgruntled
employees

SECURITY INSPECTION
It is necessary to ensure the integrity of the overall security programs, is security inspection.
Security inspection is conducted for two reasons:
1. To check on the degree of compliance with the recommended countermeasures.
2. To determine the effectiveness and adequacy of the countermeasures which are in effect.
Types of Security Inspection

1. Continuous To keep pace with the constant changes in the organization, changes in our security terms of
Inspection attitudes, life-style and moral values, and the rapid advancement of technological modifications are
all around us, the inspection must be an on-going and never ending activity.

2. Formal or It is usually preceded by an announcement, and the unit under inspection “prepares” for events,
Informal including some extra housekeeping activities that would not otherwise happen at that point in time.

Informal Inspection is usually the result of a long and firmly entrenched inspection program,
understood by all and accepted as part of the organizational life. The inspection has been stripped of
 16
all external trappings of importance, but their functional importance has not been lessening in any
manner. They are seriously and quietly executed in a spirit of understanding and cooperation.
3. Structured or Structured Inspection is one that moves systematically from one area to the next and so on. There is
Unstructured a format or logical sequence to the process. For instance, the audit may start with the first line of
Inspection defense, then the second line, then the third line, etc.

Unstructured Inspection is conducted in a random manner. There is no format or logical sequencing.

For example, the inspection may start with countermeasures for proprietary information, then
emergency plan, followed by investigation and so forth.

SECURITY INVESTIGATION
A planned and organized determination of facts concerning specific loss or damage of assets due to threats, hazards or unsecured
conditions.

RISK ANALYSIS
Includes the examination of the vulnerability, probability and criticality of potential threat.
Asset Any information, facility, material or activity which has a positive value to its owner whether it is an
individual, private or government entity.
Risk The likelihood that something bad will happen that causes harm to an asset.
Vulnerability Is a weakness that can be used to endanger or cause harm to an asset.
Threat Is anything, man-made or act of nature, that has the potential to cause harm.
Probability It is the chance or likelihood that a loss will take place.
Criticality It is the impact of a loss as measured in financial terms.
Risk Management
It is the process of identifying vulnerabilities and threats from resources used by an organization in achieving business objectives, and
deciding what countermeasure to take in reducing risk to an acceptable level.

Risk Management Strategies

1.
Risk Avoidance – eliminating or removing the risk totally from the business, government, or industrial environment for
which the risk manager has responsibility.
2.
Risk Reduction – decreasing the risk by minimizing the probability of potential loss.
3.
Risk Spreading – spreading the risk through compartmentation or decentralization to limit the impact (criticality) of the
potential loss.
4.
Risk Transfer – moving the financial impact of the potential loss over to an insurance company.
5.
Risk Self-assumption – planned assumption and acceptance of the potential risk by making a deliberate managerial decision
of doing nothing about the threat, or setting aside the resources for use in case of a specific loss incident.

The extent and degree of risk to security is dependent on the following:

1. Relative criticality of operation – is the importance of the firm with reference to the natural economy and security.
2. Relative vulnerability- is the susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage loss or disruption of operation due to
various hazards.
 17

LESSON 6
SECURITY HAZARD
SECURITY HAZARD
Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction of property or disruption of
the objective of the installation.
Types of Hazards
1. Natural Hazards – these are hazards which arise from natural phenomena. The following are types of natural hazards or
disasters:
a. Floods caused by typhoons
b. Earthquakes
c. Storms (typhoons, cyclones, tornado and hurricane)
d. Lighting storms
e. Extreme temperature and humidity
2. Man-made Hazards – These are hazards which are the result of a state of mind, attitude, weaknesses or character traits of
one or more persons. They can be acts of commission or omission, both overt and covert, which can disrupt operation of a plant
or installation. The following are types of human or man-made hazards:
a. Sabotage
b. Espionage
c. Subversive activities
d. Pilferage

SABOTAGE
Description of a Saboteur
1. He is the most dangerous for whom security will have to deal with while planning and implementing security measures
and techniques.
2. He is an ordinary looking as the next guy but in his mind, he has the training in deception, knowledgeable in
incendiaries, explosives, chemistry, bacteriology, mechanics and psychology.
3. He can work alone, in-groups, or simultaneously in several places.
Possible Targets of Saboteur
1. Armed Forces Installation
2. Natural resources – mines, forests, farms and farm products
3. Industries – buildings, power sources, machinery, fuel, etc.
4. Warehouses depots, communications, public utilities, etc.
Countermeasures against Sabotage
1. Use of an efficient, alert and trained guard force.
2. Use of Physical security aids like barriers, personnel and vehicular control, intrusion devices, communication systems, and
electric aids.
3. Proper screening of personnel.
4. Identification and movement control system.
5. Searches on incoming vehicles.
6. Safeguarding of classified information.
7. Designation of restricted areas.
8. Investigation of breaches of security.
9. Security education and indoctrination.
10. Good housekeeping methods.
11. Effective and compatible emergency planning.
12. Regular audit.
13. Continuing background checks.

ESPIONAGE
Description of an Espionage Agent
1. He is very dangerous adversary and his skills in deception ad his cunning should never be under estimated.
2. He is usually a person of extensive training and will be highly effective in gaining the confidence of people and of extracting
information of value to be relayed to his employer or handler.
3. Even how well-trained an espionage agent he might be, he is human like the saboteur and he can be defeated in his own
game if proper methods and techniques are undertaken.
Some methods Employed by Espionage Agent
1. Stealing or information from employees.
2. Stealing information from records or others sources.
3. Using various methods of reproducing documents products, equipment or working models.
 18
4. Using “front” as commercial concerns, travel agencies, associations, business groups and other organizations to obtain
confidential information or data.
5. Using various form or threats to obtain information.
6. Using blackmail techniques by exposing intimate and personal details concerning an individual or organization.
7. Picking or securing information in social and other gatherings.
8. Penetration and operational tactics.
Countermeasures against Industrial Espionage
1. Careful and complete pre-employment measures designed to control threats of industrial espionage.
2. Continuing personnel check on employees and particularly personnel on sensitive positions even already employed.
3. Prevention of unauthorized entry to the plant or industrial installation.
4. Restricting of movement of personnel in the premises of the plant.
5. Controlled disposal of waste papers including carbons in classified work.
6. Only properly cleared personnel should handle classified document.

SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITY
The lending of aid, comfort, and moral support to individuals, groups, or organizations that advocate the overthrow of incumbent
governments by force and violence.
All willful acts that are intended to be detrimental to the best interests of the government and that do not fall into the categories of
treason, sedition, sabotage, or espionage are placed in the category of subversive activity.
Refers to an attempt to transform the established social order and its structures of power, authority, and hierarchy.
Threats of Subversive Activity
1. It can be local or national in nature and their mission is to undermine the authority weaken the organization, and eventually
take over. This can be in business or any activity.
2. This can be in the form of rumor mongering, propaganda, undermining morale, and injecting defeatist attitudes, and other
emotional approaches.
3. It is an activity not easy to detect.

Countermeasures to Subversive Activity

1. The spreading of rumors, written materials, slogans or any other devices to confuse the work population and discredit the
government should be immediately reported.
2. Labor and other company unions can be infiltrated so that strikes and “slowdowns” can be called to disrupt the normal
operation of a plant or installation.
3. Security force should be alerted for person trying to recruit others in organizing movements for peace, anti-colonials, anti-
trade and anti-imperialism.
4. Employees or outside personnel seeking memberships in “paper organizations” should report this activity to security.
5. Other methods of subversion like untied fronts, mob action, terrorism and sabotage will do to gain the subversive ends.

PILFERAGE
Is the theft of part of the contents of a package.
It may also include theft of the contents but leaving the package, perhaps resealed with bogus contents.
Small packages can be pilfered from a larger package such as a shipping container.
Broader and related aspects of theft may include taking the entire package, pallet load, truck load, shoplifting, etc.
Types of Pilferers
1. Casual Pilferer – one who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has little fear of detection is no
plan or premeditation and he is usually a “loner” on the job. The temptation to pick up the article is basically due to poor
security measure. The implication of causal pilfering is the big cumulative cost if it remains unchecked.
2. Systematic Pilferer – one who steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of items or supplies for
economic gain. Pilferers of this kind can be employees or outsiders of the establishment.

Factors considered by a Pilferer to be Successful on his Act

1. Location of items to be pilfered – the systematic pilferer surveys shopping and store areas, or through contracts from the
firms.
2. Access to the items – techniques can be from fake documents, bribing of guards, outsmarting security, creating disturbance
and other methods to divert attention while pilferage goes on.
3. Removal of item – this can be done as wearing the stolen shoes or shorts, concealment in body or vehicles, use of false
documents, etc. Driver may conceal pilfered items in his vehicle.
4. Disposal of items – there is a need for “fences” “brokers” or “clearing houses” for these “hot” items.

Countermeasures for Casual Pilferage

1. “Spot” check on outgoing vehicles and persons.
2. An aggressive security education and indoctrination program with emphasis that “crime does not pay”.
3. Superiors should set example of integrity and desirable moral climate for employees in the establishment.
4. All employees must be enjoined to report or nay loss to security.
5. Inventory and control methods should be done especially to pilferable items.
6. Control of tools equipment and sets.

Countermeasures for Systematic Pilferage

1. Guards and electronic surveillance on all exits.
2. Package and material control system.
 19
3. Parking area outside perimeter fence of establishment.
4. Careful screening and background checks on applicants to weed out potential thieves.
5. Investigation of all losses quickly and efficiently to determine “modus operandi” or obtain clues.
6. Alert all patrols to check areas and buildings for possible concealment of stolen properties.
7. Install mechanical, electrical, electronic detection and alarm devices where needed and applicable.
8. Establish an effective lock and key control system.
9. Use of appropriate perimeter fencing and lighting for parking facilities and areas for vehicles and persons.
10. Store bulk quantities of pilferable items in enclosed security areas and distribute them to using section in limited quantities.
11. Establish accurate inventory and accounting methods for procurement, use and disposal.
12. Establish close liaison with governmental law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
 20

LESSON 7
VIP SECURITY

CLOSE PROTECTION/ EXECUTIVE/ PERSONAL/ VIP SECURITY

Is a type of security which protects a person or people — usually public, wealthy, or politically important figures — from danger:
generally theft, assault, kidnapping, assassination, harassment, loss of confidential information, threats, or other criminal offenses.

Principal
The VIP or person being protected.

VIP's Security Detail

The group of officers who protect a VIP.
Roles
1. planning routes
2. pre-searching rooms and buildings where the client will be visiting
3. researching the background of people that will have contact with the client
4. searching vehicles
5. attentively escorting the client on their day-to-day activities

AA (Advance Agent) – Guides the detail into the site thru radio communication; work covers planning and establishment of security
measures on site.
Bullet – catcher – The close-in protection of the VIP, such individual must be willing bullet catcher.
Driver-Bodyguard – in charge with the vehicle used by the VIP
Close-Protection Officer – the same as AA
Ancillary Unit – provides support such as IED detection, electronic "bug" detection, counter-sniper monitoring, pre-searches facilities,
and background-checks people who will have contact with the client.

Coverage
360 degrees – the coverage of 1 close – in security escort.
Wedge – Three-agent formation in VIP security, 1 agent at the front, 1 at the back and 1 at the side of VIP.

Security in VIP’s Office/ Quarters/ Residence

Defense-in-depth – concentric pattern of barriers, any attack will have to penetrate layer after layer of defense, the heaviest layer of
defense is the closest to the VIP.
1.
Outer Ring – sidewalks, stationed in front of the quarters/ residence/ office, covering all entrances, front, center, side and
rear.
2.
Middle Ring – inside of the quarters, office or residence, covering all the stairways and elevators.
3.
Inner Ring – immediately outside executive or VIP’s door, or close to executive if outside.

VIP Security Measures in all Areas

1.
Establish screening points to allow only authorized person’s access to the protected area/ person and to keep out those who
have no valid reasons to enter the same.
2.
Duty stations or post should be marked on a floor or ground plan.
3.
If an unusually large crowd is expected along a parade route, security men may call on the armed forces to station troops
along the line of march.
4.
If the VIP travels by train, a pilot engine must run the truck in advance of the VIP train.
5.
Every manhole and sewer along the route should be sealed.
6.
Every single building and all its occupants along the route should be checked.
7.
Bellboys, waiters, cooks should be cleared.
8.
Food to be cooked should be examined and samples be sent to laboratory for analysis.
9.
Inspect for time bombs, radio-active materials and fire hazard.
10.
Inspect closet and under the tables.
11.
Never allow the VIP to stop his car in a crowd if it can be avoided.
12.
Drivers for the VIP can be competent, reliable and well trained in protective driving and must be alert for dangers and to
take instant action.
13.
While walking, it is necessary to increase the number of guards because the VIP becomes an easy target.
14.
In case the VIP is going to speak at hasty made stage, its strength and capacity should be inspected to limit the persons going
up on the stage.
15.
During afternoon sessions, lighting facilities must be checked or installed especially when the program will reach up to night
time.
16.
An alternate generator for emergency use should be made available if source of electric power is from central source.
Designate qualified electrician to watch main source or switch.
17.
If traveling by air, close the door of the VIP’s plane when parked and place constant guard all the time.
18.
If traveling by watercraft, select boats of type and size capable of facing danger at the ocean. Thorough inspection is made
on the ship including the adequacy of the lifesavers and emergency facilities.
19.
21
All non-uniformed men must wear signs or countersigns for identification.
20.
Checklist of all security hazards noted in the course of security survey or inspection should be given to the OIC for reference
and planning.
21.
Security plans and specific duties of men assigned or details must be stated.
22.
All written instructions must be classified secret.

LESSON 8
EMERGENCY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Emergency Disaster
 22
Emergency is defined as an unforeseen combination of Disaster is defined as a sudden calamitous event bringing
circumstances or the resulting state that calls for immediate great damage, loss, or destruction; a sudden or great misfortune
action; an urgent need for assistance or relief. or failure.

An emergency can turn into a disaster but not all bad results of Disaster is inherently an emergency situation, if noticed ahead
an emergency will reach the level of disaster. An emergency is of time. A disaster does not have to be preceded by an
a situation that requires immediate attention, a situation that emergency. A disaster may come on quickly and without
could lead to disaster if left alone or unattended. warning.
A disaster is a done deal, in that the damage is done, while it
An emergency is a situation which may be an impending crisis, may leave behind countless emergencies as the damage unfolds
and is always something that requires quick or immediate into subordinate events which may themselves last for a long
attention. time until they are cleared up or written off.
Example:
Example:
You are at work and rioting has broken out in the streets outside A solar flare / CME event unleashes an EMP (electro-magnetic-
from an angry mob who smashing storefront windows and pulse) which takes down the electrical power grid of 2/3 the
lighting cars on fire in protest. United States.
You are awakened in the middle of the night as an intruder has
just invaded your home in search of valuables, or worse. Your
heart is pounding as you realize what is happening, and you The Hayward Fault in California rips a magnitude 7.5
reach for your firearm. earthquake which destroys tens of thousands of homes, injures
thousands, and kills hundreds in a highly populated area outside
of San Francisco. The electrical power, natural gas, and water
utilities are all damaged and offline in the region. A major
regional disaster affecting millions.

Crisis
Crisis is the turning point of a disaster or emergency, if not contained or controlled.

Emergency and Disaster Management

Is the systematic management of emergency and disaster from the initial stage to its termination using various tools to minimizes loss
of lives, damage to property and enhance rehabilitation.

Common Examples of Emergency and Disaster

1. Earthquake
2. Typhoon
3. Tsunamis
4. Volcanic eruption
5. Fire
6. Explosion (Bomb, flammable liquids, gases, etc.)
7. Building collapse
8. Leakage of gas or toxic fumes
9. Bomb threat
10. Strikes
11. Work accidents
12. Enemy attack/action
Key Steps in Emergency Planning
1. Get in touch with local civil authorities.
2. Visit neighboring plant/installation.
3. Survey the installation for possible hazard and take immediate action to lessen or eliminate them.
4. Call an organization meeting of heads of services, employee representatives and key personnel.
5. Establish an organization with specific task to function immediately before, during and following a disaster.
6. Define the disaster programs.
7. Establish a method for utilizing resources on hand and for obtaining additional resources at the time of disaster or
emergency. Provide a recognizable means for moving from normal operation to the emergency mode of operation.
Basic Considerations in Emergency Planning
1. Goals of the emergency plan.
2. Emergency plan should be in writing.
3. The plan should be precise and specific.
4. A separate plan should be prepared for each type of disaster, which has a probability of occurring.
5. Key elements of plan: what to do who will do it.)
6. General and individual awareness.
7. Checklist before formulating a detailed emergency plan.
Emergency Response Team
1. Leader - makes decisions and have final authority for the team as a whole.
2. Members – assigned to perform specific responsibilities?
3. Mission of the team
4. Tasks of the other agencies or individuals.
5. Training needed to prepare team members to operate in stressful situations.
6. Contingency planning
7. The unexpected – the incident will not take place as planned.
 23
Responding to Tactical Situation
1. Bombing – if the terrorist/adversary plant bombs, then you must assume other bombs have been planted. Remove everyone
from the scene to a safe area. Anyone near the scene at the time of the explosion must be interviewed. Keep in mind that
the people being interviewed may, in fact, be the terrorist/adversary who planted the bomb. Explosive Ordinance Division
(EOD) must further check suspected devices.
2. Ambush/Attack – always assumes the terrorist/adversary are still in the area. The initial response force renders aid to the
victims and
3. Establishes a defensive perimeter. Clearing of the area is conducted before crime scene investigation begins. All vehicles
and exits from the area must be controlled and inspected.
4. Kidnapping – in most cases of kidnapping, you will not be aware that a kidnapping has occurred until the terrorist has the
victim safely secured elsewhere. The immediate response is to dispatch teams to provide protection for other possible
targets, including members of the victim’s family. Then, the Emergency Response Team is activated. The team can
materially aid the commander in dealing with the kidnapping. They could recommend possible courses of action.
5. Hostage/Barricade situation – The worst possible scenario you could be confronted with is a prolonged hostage/barricade
situation. The initial response force secures and isolates the incident scene. No one must be allowed to enter or leave.
Witness’s names are recorded, and the witnesses are directed to a safe location to wait for further debriefing. The
Emergency Response Team is then activated.
6. Arson – Terrorist/Adversary use incendiary devices to commit arson. This is done during an organized civil disturbance
(throwing a firebomb) or against a specifically targeted building. They also use incendiary devices to destroy vehicles. As
with bombs, they often use time delay mechanisms to allow themselves time to leave the area before the fire occurs.

Security Measures against Bombs and Bomb Threats

Although it is very hard to detect the attack of a terrorist or adversary, an establishment can possibly minimize if not totally eliminate
the occurrence of bombing incident within its premises. The following measures are suggested.
1. Strictly implement the inspection procedures of all bags, knapsacks, boxes, merchandise etc. that will enter the
premises.
2. Suspicious locking package, paper bags, etc. left alone should be cautiously scrutinized as possible bomb(s).
3. When suspected bombs are noted, security personnel/employees to immediately contact the authorities.
4. Be observant of people roaming around your area doing nothing. Vendors with tricycles, knapsacks/bags should be
driven out. They may be used as couriers of bombs.
5. Security personnel must always observe people leaving behind bags/packages/boxes in the garbage cans/bins in the
premises.
6. Be observant of cars/motorcycles riding individually who are suspiciously observing constantly the establishment.
7. Be cautious in opening envelopes and packages sent by unknown individual and return address.
8. The greatest safeguard against the effect of bomb threats is to prevent entry of unauthorized persons into certain area,
whenever possible.
9. Restricted entry and positive identification of staff and visitors can be significant in assessing the seriousness of any
given threat.

Don’ts in Handling Suspected Bomb Packages

1. Don’t attempt to open package.
2. Do not submerge in water due to conductivity of electrical circuit and /or possible violent reaction of chemical agent.
3. Do not indiscriminately shake or jar suspected package due to the possibility of disturbing the trigger mechanism.
4. Do not cut the string or unwrapped package due to the possibility of pressure release type device.
5. Do not puncture or cut the box with metallic object as the possibility of electric power maybe employed.
6. Do not accept identifications markings on any suspected package as legitimate.
7. Do not allow radio transmission within the vicinity.
8. Do not switch on the lights or any electrical switches just to light up dark room/areas.
9. Do not use sirens, megaphone or any loud noise-emitting device.

Responding to Bomb Threats

Each threat received through any means of communications should be treated as real and must be forwarded immediately to the proper
authorities. Training is essential to deal properly with a bomb threat incident. Instruct all personnel, especially those at the telephone
switch board on what to do if a bomb threat is received. The receiving party must remain calm and courteous. Try to obtain as much
information as possible from the caller. Take note of the following procedures
1. Get the identity of the caller.
2. Take note of the following characteristics: male or female voice; young middle age, or old sounding voice; accent of voice;
speech impediments or peculiar voice characteristics; any background noise; does the voice sound familiar.
1. The exact words of the person placing the call.
2. Show no emotion on the phone.
3. Know the exact location of the bomb.
4. Ask for the description of the bomb/composition of the explosive.
5. Repeat the message to the caller whenever possible and ask for confirmation.
6. The receiving party should remain calm and courteous. He should listen carefully and write down accurately the
information the caller provides.
7. If possible, refer the caller to a supervisor in authority to extract more information.
8. Apply delaying tactics and engage the caller in prolonged conversation.
9. Take note of the exact time the caller hung up.
10. The person receiving the bomb threat should attempt to ask the caller certain questions: when is the bomb going to
explode? Where is the bomb right now? What type of bombs it is? What does the bomb looks like? What will cause the
bomb to explode? Why did you place the bomb?
11. Remember that the caller may not answer your question, but any additional information that he may relate will be helpful.
12. It may be advisable to inform the caller that the building is occupied and the detonation of a bomb could result in death or
serious injury to many innocent people.
 24
13. Once the telephone threat is received, notify your local police at once.

What to do if a suspected bomb is located

1. Evacuate personnel at least 300 feet away from the bomb.
2. Turn off the electrical and gas units.
3. Do not touch or move unknown objects.
4. Secure the area.

Person to Person or Direct Threat

1.
Notify security supervisor immediately.
2.
Keep the person making the threat or indicating knowledge of a threat under surveillance until relieved by the superior.
3.
Take note of the age, height, weight, sex, color of eyes/hair/skin, clothing, unusual characteristics such as lameness or any
peculiarities of the person under surveillance. Observe other personal behavior, if any.
4.
If the person leaves the scene, take note of the make, model, color, plate number and marking of the vehicle used.
5.
Do not underestimate the size of the package like just a pack of cigarette or lighter, it could be a powerful explosive.
6.
Above all, DON’T PANIC.

LESSON 9
SECURITY ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
PADPAO, Inc.
Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators, Incorporated
The umbrella organization for Private Detective Agencies (PDA) and Private Security Agency.
SAGSD
Security Agencies Guards Supervision Division
The government agency involved in the personal supervision of the internal affairs of the Private Detective Agencies (PDA), Private
Security Agency (PSA) and Government Security (GSU).
 25
R.A. 5487 Private Security Agency Law
An act to regulate the organization, operation of Private Detectives, Watchman and Security Guard Agencies
June 13, 1969 – date approved
June 21, 1969 – date enacted
P.D. 11 Amending certain provisions of R.A. 5487
Oct. 3, 1972 – date created
P.D. 100 Amending certain provisions of R.A. 5487
Jan. 17, 1973
P.D. 1919 Amending certain provisions of R.A. 5487
April 28,1984
March 31, 1985 – date of effectivity of Rules and Regulations Implementing R.A. 5487as amended by P.D.
1919 (IRR)

Definition of Terms
Watchman/ Any person who offers or renders personal service to watch or secure either residential or business
Security Guard establishment, or both or any building, compound or area, including, but not limited to, lodging
concessions, agricultural, mining or pasture lands, for hire or compensation, or as an employee thereof,
(P.D. 100) including any employee of the local or national governments or any agency or instrumentality thereof
and of government-owned or controlled firms or corporations, who is employed to watch or secure
government buildings, compounds, premises and other properties, other than members of the AFP,
Guards of the Bureau of Prisons, Provincial and City Jail Guards, and members of city and municipal
police forces.

Watchman/ Referred specifically as Private Security Guard, Company Guard, and Government Guard when
Security Guard employed by Private Security Agencies, Company Guard Forces of Private Firms and Government
Entities.
(P.D. 1919)
Private Security Agency Company Security Force Government Security Unit
Private Security Guard Company Guard Force Government Guard Unit

Private Any person who is not a member of the AFP or PNP but involved in detective work.
Detective

(R.A. 5487)

Security and Exchange

Private security agencies must be registered at what government agency?
Commission
A Regular License issued to a Private Security Agency is good for how many years? 2 years
It is the minimum guard requirements for the issuance of Temporary License. 100
A Private Security Agency with 100 guards must initially procure at least how many
30
firearms?
The Private Security Agency who have been applying for regular license to operate
70
must have at least mow many firearms?
It is the required minimum number of guards to operate Company Security Force. 30
A Private Security Agency with 200 – 499 guards shall pay how much amount of
100,000 pesos
surety bond to reputable insurance or bonding company.
It is the minimum capitalization for Private Security Agency 1,000,000 Pesos
What is the expiration of a Temporary License to Operate? 2 years
10. How many firearms are needed by an agency that is applying for a Regular License? 100

11. What is the ratio of Security guard to firearm? 2:1

12. How many high powered firearms are allowed in an agency with 674 guards? 67 (10% only)
13. What document should be carried by all guards who are carrying firearms? Duty Detail Order
14. What is the classification of guards who are directly hired by a government office? Government Guard Unit
15. Who may issue a License to Operate? Chief PNP
What is the minimum age prescribed by the law for the operators of a security
16. 25 years old
agency?
What document will be issued to a Private Security Agency if they cannot meet the
17. Cease Operation Order
minimum number of guards after the last grace period?
18. What is the minimum and maximum number of guards allowed in an agency? 200-1000
19. On the second year of operation how many firearms should be procured by an 220
 26
agency if they have 440 guards?
20. If an agency has 620 guards, how many rounds of ammunition are allowed? 15,500
When assigned indoors, what are the colors prescribed to an agency guard’s upper
21. White, light blue
uniform.
22. Who may issue a license certificate to a security guard? Chief PNP
What is the minimum number of guards for a company security force to be issued
23. 30
with a regular license?
24. What is the ratio of Ammunition to firearms? 50:1
What is the minimum guard requirement in the operation of branch offices of the
25. 30
Private Security Agency?
This personality in the Private Security Agency is in - charge with the directing the
26. Security Supervisor
work and observing the behavior performance of the men under his unit
It is the administrative sanctions that can be imposed to any applicant who failed to
27. cancellation
submit the complete requirements in the renewal of license.
The administrative penalty to be imposed to security guards found intoxicated while
28. Cancellation of license
on duty.
The administrative penalty to be imposed to security guards displaying rude
29. 5 days suspension
behavior on duty.
The administrative penalty to be imposed to security guards who are assisting
30. Cancellation of license
criminals or providing confidential information to unauthorized person.
The administrative penalty to be imposed to security guards involved in alarm and
31. 30 days suspension
scandal.
The administrative penalty to be imposed to security guards involved in
32. 30 days suspension
indiscriminate firing.
The administrative penalty to be imposed to security guards leaving his post without
33. 30 days suspension
being properly relieved.
34. Merged PSA and PDA is commonly known as? Kabit System
The City or Municipal Mayor has the power to __________ the security guards in muster or incorporate
35.
times of disasters and calamity.
36. Will give orders to the deputized security guard in times of disasters and calamities. Chief of Police
May deputize any security guard to assist the PNP in the performance of police Chief, PNP
37.
duties for the duration of such emergency, disaster or calamity

Issuance of Firearms
o Not higher than 45 caliber in a number
o Not exceeding one firearm for every two watchmen.
o Shall be carried by the watchman or security guard only during his tour of duty in proper uniform within the compound of
the establishment except when he escorts big amounts of cash or valuables in and out of said compound.
o Must have Duty Detail Order

The Use of High Powered Firearms by Security Guards (not allowed, except)
o Upsurge of lawlessness and criminality
o Will not exceed 10% of the Guard’s population

Basic Requirement of an Operator or Manager of Agency

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Not be less than twenty five (25) years of age;
3. College graduate and/or a commissioned officer in the inactive service or retired from the Armed Forces of the Philippines
or the Philippine National police;
4. Has taken a course/seminar on industrial Security Management and/or must have adequate training or experience in security
business; and,
5. Good moral character

Qualifications a Private Security Guard

1. Filipino citizen;
2. High school graduate;
3. Physically and mentally fit;
4. Not less than eighteen (18) years of age nor more than fifty (50) years of age (for new applicants and SGs in non-
supervisory position); and
5. Has undergone a pre-licensing training course or its equivalent.

Summary Power of the Chief, PNP

1. Suspension of license
2. Cancellation of license

Documents that Security Guards Must Carry during His Tour of duty
1. Private security Guards license (PSGL)
2. Identification Card
3. DUTY Detail Order
4. Firearms License
 27
5. His/ Her AGENCIES' LTO ( license to operate)
6. COMELEC- GUN BAN EXEMPTION – during elections

THINGS SECURITY PERSONNEL SHOULD KNOW

1. 11 GOS
2. 15 CODE OF CONDUCT
3. 12 CODE OF ETHICS

11 GENERAL ORDERS OF A SENTRY

1. To take charge of this post and all government property in view.
2. To walk my post in military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or
hearing.
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from posts more than distant from the guardhouse than my own.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive, obey, and pass on the sentry who relieves me, all orders from the Commanding Officer, Command Duty Officer,
Officer of the Deck and officers and Petty Officers of the Watch only.
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty.
8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
9. To call the Officer of the Deck in any case not covered by instructions.
10. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not case.
11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time for challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post, and to
allow no one to pass without proper authority.

CODE OF ETHICS
1. As a security agent, his fundamental duty is to serve the interest or mission of his agency in compliance with the contract
entered into with the clients of the agency he is supposed to serve.
2. He shall be honest in thoughts and deeds both in his personal and official actuations, obeying the law of the land and the
regulations prescribed by his agency and those established by the company he is supposed to protect.
3. He shall not reveal any confidential matter that is confided to him as security guard and such other matters imposed upon
him by law.
4. He shall act at all times with decorum and shall not permit personal feelings, prejudices and undue friendship to influence
his actuation in the performance of his official functions.
5. He shall not compromise with criminals and other lawless elements to the prejudice of the customer or his client but assist
government in its relentless drive against lawlessness and other forms of criminality.
6. He must carry his assigned duties as security guard or watchman as required by law to the best of his ability and safeguard
life and property to the establishment he is assigned.
7. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches and insignia properly as a symbol of public trust and confidence as an honest and
trustworthy security guard, watchman and private detective.
8. He must keep his allegiance first to the government, to the agency he is and to the establishment he is assigned to serve with
loyalty and dedicated service.
9. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize himself with the rules and regulations laid down by his agency and that of
the customer or clients.
10. He shall at all times be courteous, respectful and salute to his superior officers, government officials and officials of the
establishment where he is assigned and the company he is supposed to serve.
11. He shall report to perform his duties always in proper uniform and neat in his appearance.
12. He shall learn at heart or memorize and strictly observe the laws and regulations governing the use of firearms.

CODE OF CONDUCT
a. To carry with him at all times during his tour of duty his license and identification card and duty detail order with an
authority to carry firearms.
b. He shall not use his license and privileges to the prejudice of the public, clients or customers and his agency.
c. He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation with anybody except in discharge of his duties or sit down unless
required by the nature of his work and at all times keep himself alert during his tour of duty.
d. He shall not read newspapers, magazines, books, etc. while actually performing his duties.
e. He shall not drink intoxicating liquor immediately during or before his tour of duty.
f. He shall know the location of the alarm box near his post and to sound the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
g. He shall know to operate the fire extinguisher at his post.
 28
h. He shall know the location of the telephone / and the telephone number of the police precincts as well as the telephone
number of the fire stations in the locality.
i. He shall immediately notify the police in case of any sign of disorder, strikes, riot, or any serious violation of the life and
property.
j. He or his group of guards shall not participate or integrate in any disorder, strike, riot, or any serious violations of the law.
k. He shall assist the police in the preservation and maintenance of peace and order and in the protection of life and property
having in mind that the nature of his responsibilities is similar to that of the latter.
l. He shall familiarize himself with the Private Security Agency Law (RA No.5487) and the implementing rules and
regulations.
m. When issued a FA, he shall not lend his FA to anybody.
n. He shall always be in proper uniform and shall always carry with him his basic requirements, and equipment such as writing
notebook, ballpen, night stick (baton) and radio.
o. He shall endeavor at all time to merit and be worthy of the rust and confidence of the agency he represents and the client he
serve.

Offences and Penalty for Security Guards

Displaying discourteous or rude manner in the Suspension – 5 days
performance of his duty
Willful failure to notify the proper authority of Suspension – 15 days
signs of disorders, riots, demonstrations or any
violations of the law.
Leaving his post to expose the lives and Suspension – 30 days
properties he is supposed to protect in danger.
Leaving his post without properly relieved. Suspension – 30 days
Posted security guard apprehended elsewhere Suspension – 30 days
for alarm, scandal or disorderly conduct.
Security guard firing his firearm Suspension – 30 days
indiscriminately without connection on the
performance of his duty.
Assisting or protecting criminals during on or Cancellation of license
off duty status.
Providing confidential information to Cancellation of license
unauthorized person.

Security Guard Ranks