University of Duhok

College of Engineering
Department /water resources engineering
4th stage / Project report

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Student name:-
I-Sipan jalal issa II-Aras sabah ahmed III-Ahmed moayad jameel
IV-Awkar salah V-Hadar abdulrazaq

Supervisor:-
Sayran ahmed Ibrahim
 Table of Contents

Introduction 3

Project objective 4

Component of project 4
Collection ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
Transportation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….5

Processing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

Landfill ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6

Table calculation 7
Data collection and calculation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….11

Discussion and conclusion …………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………12

Reference ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… 13

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Introduction:-

A waste can be defined as any unwanted and useless material. The waste can be either
solid, liquid or gaseous. Solid Waste in general can be defined as ‘As a material which
has negligible value to the producer and there is no direct consumption of the generated
waste’. It is generated due to various activities that can be residual and commercial,
agricultural, etc. Whatever the origin, content or hazard potential is, solid waste must be
managed systematically to ensure environmental best practices.

Solid Waste Management is defined as the discipline associated with control of

generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid
waste materials. Solid waste management includes planning, administrative, financial,
engineering and legal functions in the process of solving problems arising from waste
materials. The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating
adverse impacts of waste materials on human health and environment to support
economic development and superior quality of life

figure (1):- solid waste factory

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Project objective:-

1- How to manage the solid waste in duhok city with good economy.

2- to protect the environment from pollution.

Figure (2):- 3R of solid waste

Component of waste solid management:-

Component of Waste solid management

Collection TransportationPage 4 of 13 Processing Landfilling

Collection:-
Waste collection is a part of the process of waste management. Waste collection also
includes the curbside collection of recyclable materials that technically are not waste, as
part of a municipal landfill diversion program, Proper solid-waste collection is important
for the protection of public health, safety, and environmental quality. It is a labor-
intensive activity, accounting for approximately three-quarters of the total cost of solid-
waste management.

Transportation:-

The transportation of waste is the movement of waste over a specific area by trains,
tankers, trucks, barges, or other vehicles. The types of wastes that may be transported
range from municipal garbage to radioactive or hazardous wastes.

Processing:-
Processing technic are used in solid waste management system, improve the efficiency
of solid waste disposal system and to recover resource and to prepare material for the
recovery of conversion product and energy

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Landfill:-
A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. Landfill is the oldest
form of waste treatment, although the burial of the waste is modern; historically, refuse
was simply left in piles or thrown into pits. Historically, landfills have been the most
common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the
world.

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 Figure(3):- landfill

Table calculation:-
 the most cost is used to collection and transportation of solid waste
Table ( 1 )
(Duhok city)
Analyse the current
Districtsituation of collection and transportation of the Solid waste in the
. Districts for year 2019
156000t/year
The annual Quantity of Solid waste (ton)

The daily Quantity of Solid waste (ton) 500 t/d

Total length of the Streets in the district
in Km 627 km

The average daily travel distance for the

collection of Garbage 5.2km

The average daily travel distance to the

Landfill and back to the main Location
26 km
The Diesel of each
The daily Consumptio type of truck in
List the Garbage fleet with their daily
distance ns per Km Quantity of (liter)per year
travel and fuel consumptions
travel in litre Vehicles

31.2*0.7*10*26*
- Garbage vehicles 12ton 12=68141lit
31.2 0.7 10
- Garbage vehicles 8ton 87610
31.2 0.5 18
221944
- Garbage vehicles 6ton
31.2 0.4 57
- truck 5ton 37964
- Medium to large trucks > 4ton 31.2 0.3 13
Truck 40ton 171325
- Medium to large trucks > 4ton 31.2 1.6 11
- truck20ton 61327
- Medium to large trucks > 4 tns 31.2 0.9 7
-heavy water 10ton 27256
- Medium to large trucks > 4ton 31.2 0.7 4
∑ = 675567liter

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 Diesel of each type of truck Cost of one liter of diesel ($) Total cost of diesel of each
in (liter)per year type of truck per year ($)
68141 0.5 34070.5
87610 0.5 43805
221944 0.5 110972
37964 0.5 18982
171325 0.5 85662.5
61327 0.5 30663.5
27256 0.5 13628
∑ =337783.5

Table ( 2 )

Cost of diesel of truck

Table ( 3 )

The quantity of sorting material

Other Organic Plastic Metal Glass Paper and
Waste Cardboard Solid waste composition

8% 55% 10% 5% 2% 20% Percentage

0 10% 2% 1% 0 0
Recycle percentage
0 50% 50% 60% 40% 40%
Sorting percentage

Sorting in the source:-

Paper and carton =20% * 500ton/day =100ton/day

Sorting percentage = 40% * 100 ton/day = 40ton/day

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Glass = 10ton/day

Sorting percentage = 4ton/day

Metal = 25ton/day

Sorting percentage = 15ton/day

Plastic = 50 ton/day

Sorting percentage = 25ton/day

Organic = 275 ton/day

Sorting percentage = 138ton/day

Table ( 4 )

Cost of sorting material

Cost of each Total cost of
ton of material
Type of material Weight of sorting (ton) material
($)
($)
Carton and paper 40 70 2800
glass 4 ------ ------
plastic 25 150 3750
metal 15 200 3000
organic 138 30 4140
∑ = 13690

Table ( 5 )

Number of workers Cost of each workers $ Total cost of workers $

Monthly Monthly
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 600 500 300000
Number of Employee Cost of each Employee $ Total cost of Employee $
Monthly
monthly
15 800 12000
Number of machine Cost of each machine Total cost of machine

$ $
120 -------------- 4500000
Maintenance of machine ------------- -----------
-------------- --------------- -------------

 The total cost that are used for solid waste yearly

= 337783.5 +( 300000*12 ) + (12000*12) + 4500000 = 8,581,783.5 $

The total cost that are used for solid waste yearly is more than 8,581,783.5 $ but
we don’t known the cost of Maintenance of machine

 The cost of sorting of material that company is selling

= 13690 $

Data collection and calculation:-

The total cost that are used for solid waste yearly is (8,581,783.5 $) and The cost of
sorting of material that company is selling is (13690 $ ), The most of waste in our city is
food it is about 40% this amount is more and we can in this quantity produce gas mithan
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(CH₄) this gas is using to produce electric energy but this serves in not available in our
country or using to create anesthetic this is useful in the medical field, and other waste is
about 60% this quantity include ( plastic, metal, carton, wood ………...etc), this waste is
collected at select place and then transport to kashe factory, in kashe factory the process
of sorting and landfilling is done, the total waste that is came to kasha every day is about
(600-650)ton per day, the company has capable to separating (250-300) tones per day.

But now in kashe factory the work is not done perfectly, the most important causes that
are make it work not done perfectly is, the waste is mixture, and the number of workers
is less, and there are many machine in kashe factory is broken or out of work, and the
quantity of money that government give the company is less

Discussion and Conclusion:-

Now in duhok city the most cost is used to cleaning the city, the aim of this project is to
reduce this cost and to (reduce, recycle, reuse ) the waste, if we reduced, recycled and
reused the waste the cost automatically will reduce, there are many way to reduce the
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cost, the first way if we give every house two or three container one for dry material and
the second for wet material, in this way we can reduce the problem of mixture waste,
this point is the most important point for kashe factory, in this way the process of sorting
will be done easily, we want to set a plane for next 10years to increase the sorting
percentage to 80% in this way the amount of money will increased

The second way is to Provide the number of development machine that are the factory is
needed and fix the machine that are out of work and provide the sufficient number of
workers for factory and provide the special budget annually for this purpose.

The third way Serious attention, along with awareness, started from the child, school,
education, through audio, video, and audio methods, and activating civil society
organizations for the purpose of moving forward in knowing how to deal with waste. As
we have noted, the economic situation in duhok is booming and the amount of waste
generation is increasing, so it must move quickly to This side.

Reference:-

 Director of the municipality of Duhok Governorate.

 Waste solid factory in Kashe .

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 Artosh company.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/waste_management.

 https://www.slideshare.net.

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