Integrated Solid Waste Management
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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a
comprehensive waste prevention,
recycling, composting, and disposal program.
An effective ISWM system considers how to
prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways
that most effectively protect human health and the
environment.
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ISWM
ISWM involves evaluating local needs and
conditions, and then selecting and combining the
most appropriate waste management activities for
those conditions.
The major ISWM activities are waste prevention,
recycling and composting, and combustion and
disposal in properly designed, constructed, and
managed landfills.
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ISWM
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INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Segregation at source MSW waste minimization
Waste collection from source to segregation centers
Waste segregation into degradable to non- degradable
Non degradable wastes organic waste size reduction
Recycling plant Composting
Agricultural land, gardens etc
Waste Prevention
Waste prevention—also called “source
reduction”—seeks to prevent waste from being
generated.
Waste prevention strategies include using less
packaging, designing products to last longer,
and reusing products and materials.
Waste prevention helps reduce handling,
treatment, and disposal costs.
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WASTE MINIMISATION
Prevention of waste being created is known as waste
reduction which is an important method of waste
management.
The modern concepts based on the three ‘R’s are: Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle.
Methods of avoidance include reuse of second hand
products, designing products to be refillable or reusable,
repairing broken items instead of buying new etc.
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Waste Prevention
Waste prevention—also called “source
reduction”—seeks to prevent waste from being
generated.
Waste prevention strategies include using less
packaging, designing products to last longer,
and reusing products and materials.
Waste prevention helps reduce handling,
treatment, and disposal costs.
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SEGREGATION
Segregation of wastes into degradable and non-
degradable wastes is to be done to recover or divert
non-degradable wastes (electric items, plastics, tyres
etc.) and degradable items (wood, textiles etc.)
This process will help in reducing the amounts of
waste going for composting and also earns money
(through selling wastes to recycling plant.
Recycling and composting
Recycling is a process that involves collecting,
reprocessing, and/or recovering certain waste
materials (e.g. glass, metal, and plastics, paper) to
make new materials or products.
Some recycled organic materials are rich in nutrients
and can be used to improve soils. The conversion of
waste materials into soil additives is called composting.
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Recycling
SHREDDING OR PULVERIZING
This process involves in size reduction of
organic wastes before it goes for composting.
This process reduces the overall volume by
40%.
ADVANTAGES:
It will increase surface area availability for
bacterial activity (decomposition).
Facilitates easy handling of moisture content
and aeration.
Shredding
Disposal
These activities are used
to manage waste that
cannot be prevented or
recycled.
One way to dispose of
waste is to place it in
properly designed,
constructed, and
managed landfills, where
it is safely contained.
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Landfil site at Multan
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Grass & plants covers a landfill site
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Solid Waste
Transportation
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Transport and SWM
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Transport and SWM
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Transfer Methods
Direct Discharge: The wastes in the
collection vehicles are emptied
directly into the vehicle to be used
to transport them to a place of final
disposal area. Used normally in the
small communities.
Storage Discharge: the wastes are
emptied into storage area from
which they are loaded into
transport vehicles by auxiliary
equipments. Then will be transfer to
the final disposal sites. It is useful
for the large communities.
Combined of storage and direct
Discharge: in some transfer station
both methods are used to serve a
broad range of users.. 2
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SW collection
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On site handling & sorting
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Types of containers
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Types of containers
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Limitations and constraints
Labor and capital intensive
Poor building layouts - e.g.
squatters
Road congestion - time cost,
leachate, transport costs.
Physical infrastructure
Old containers used (leaky/
damaged)
Lack of systematic methods
(especially at apartments,
markets with large waste /
volume). 2
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Collection
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Commercial collection services
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Collection frequency
Residential Areas
everyday/ once in 2 days
Communal/ Commercial
Daily
Important: Food Waste - Max. Period Should Not Exceed
The normal time for the accumulation of waste to fill
a container
The time for fresh garbage to putrify and emit
fouls odor
Length of fly-breeding cycle < 7 days
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Collection Transportation
System
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HAULED Container system
Conventional
A round trip starting from the time the truck arrives at
a waste generation site would be:
pickup the container
drive to the disposal site with the used container
empty the container at the disposal site
drive to the generation site with the empty container .
return the empty container to the pickup location
drive to the next pickup location with an empty truck
(no container)
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HAULED Container system
Swap Container
The service vehicle arrives at a
service location with an empty
container.
It replaces the used container with
the empty one and then hauls the
used one to the disposal site.
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Hauled Container system
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Stationary container
system
The container used to store waste remain at the point of
generation; except when moved to curb or other location
to be emptied.
Types include:
Mechanically-loaded system
Manually-loaded collection vehicle (more common).
Used for residential/commercial sites.
Vehicle
Internal compaction mechanism
Un-compacted
Open top lorry
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Side loaded 7
Stationary container
system
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Nature of Municipal Solid Waste
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Organic
Inorganic
Putrescible
Recyclable
Hazardous
Infectious
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Definition of some types of solid wastes
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Refuse: It is a general
name given to all wastes
except liquid waste. It
includes all putrescible
(decompose rapidly by
bacteria) and non
putrescible (non
decomposable) wastes.
Definition of some types of solid wastes
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Rubbish: represents all non-
putrescible wastes except ash.
There are two categories of rubbish:
Combustible; - organic in nature and
includes items such as paper,
cardboard, wood, yard clippings,
plastics etc.
Non-combustible: - are inorganic
materials, which include metals,
glass, ceramics, and other minerals.
Ashes: an incombustible material
that remains after a fuel or solid
waste has been burnt.
Definition of some types of solid wastes
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Infectious wastes: are wastes that contain or carry pathogenic
organisms in
part or in whole such as wastes from hospitals and biological
laboratories.
Special wastes: are wastes from residential and commercial sources
that includes.
Bulky items Large worn out or broken household, commercial,
and industrial items like, Furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing
cabinets, etc.
Consumer electronics (includes worn-out, broken, and other
no- longer wanted items such as radios, stereos, TV sets.
White goods (large worn – out a broken household, commercial,
and industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers,
clothes washers and dryers)
TYPICAL PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF RESIDENTIAL MSW
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Percent by Weight Moisture percent
Component
Range Typical Range
Organic Typical
Food wastes 6 – 26 15 50 – 80 70
Paper 25 – 45 40 4 – 10 6
Cardboard 3 – 15 4 4–8 5
Plastics 2– 3 1–4 2
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Textiles 0– 2 6 – 15 10
4
Rubber 0– 0.5 1–4 2
2
Leather 0– 0.5 8 – 12 10
2
Yard 0 – 20 12 30 – 80 60
wastes
Wood 1– 2 15 – 40 20
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Misc. organics
Inorganics
Glass 4 – 16 8 1– 4 2
Tin cans 2– 8 6 2–4 3
Moisture Content
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M.C of S.W depends on
Composition of the
waste
The season of the
year
Humidity
Moisture Content (% by wt)
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No Components % by wt M.C (%) Dry wt. (Kg)
1 Food wastes 9 70 2.7
2 Paper 34 6 32
3 Card board 6 5 5.7
4 Plastics 7 2 6.9
5 Textiles 2 10 1.8
6 Rubber 0.5 2 0.5
7 Leather 0.5 10 0.4
8 Yard wastes 18.5 60 7.4
9 Wood 2 20 1.6
10 Glass 8 2 7.8
11 Tin cans 6 3 5.8
12 Aluminum 0.5 2 0.5
13 Other metals 3 3 2.9
14 Dirt, ash, etc 3 8 2.8
Total 100 78.8
Determining dry wt. and M.C
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The dry weight of solid waste components can be
determined
using the following relation ship.
Dry weight in kg = 100 – moisture content X % as
delivered weight of 100 Kg sample.
E.g. For food(9/100)x30
waste = 100 – 70 = 30 (Refer slide 11)
=2.7
2. Determine the moisture content using the
equation.
Example
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Estimate the M.C of a S.W sample based on
a 100 Kg of sample.
Component Percent by wt.
Food waste 15
Paper 45
Card board 10
Plastic 10
Garden trimming 10
Wood 5
Tin Cans 5
Miscellanoeous 100
Determine the dry wt. of S.W sample
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Components % by M.C (%) Dry wt (Kg)
wt.
Food waste 15 70 4.5
Paper 45 6 42.3
Card board 10 5 9.5
Plastic 10 2 9.8
Garden 10 60 4
trimming
Wood 5 20 4
Tin Cans 5 3 4.9
Miscellanoeous 100 79
Determine the M.C
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Density
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Density is defined as
wt per unit volume
Density of SW is important in
order to assess the total mass
and volume of waste that must
be managed.
Density of solid waste vary with
1. Geographic location.
2. Season of the year.
3. Length of the time in storage.
Typical value
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The density of M.S.W as
delivered in compaction
vehicles have been found
to vary from 178 to 415
Kg/m3.
A typical value is 297
Kg/m3.
Typical density values MSW
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Table 3 Typical Densities of Municipal Solid Wastes by Source
Density, Kg/m3
Source Range
Typical
Residential (uncompacted)
Rubbish 150-300 130
Garden trimmings 100-250 100
Ashes 1,100-1,400 750
Residential (compacted)
In compactor truck 300-750 300
In landfill (normally compact) 600-850 450
In landfill (well compacted) 1,000-1,250 600
Residential (after processing)
Baled 1,000-1,800 700
Shredded, uncompacted 200-450 200
Shredded, compacted 1,100-1,800 750
Commercial- industrial (uncompacted)
Food waste (wet) 800-1,600 550
Combustion rubbish 80-300 120
Noncombustion rubbish 300-600 300
Energy content of a M.S.W sample
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No Components % by wt Energy KJ/Kg Total Energy (Kg)
Based on a 100
Kg sample
1 Food wastes 15 4,650 69,750
2 Paper 45 16,750 753,750
3 Card board 10 16,300 163,000
4 Plastics 10 32,600 326,000
5 Yard wastes 10 6,500 65,000
6 Wood 5 18,600 93,000
7 Tin cans 5 700 3,500
Total 100 1,474,000
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Example Problem
Calculating the generation rate
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Given: On a single day you observe the
following at a landfill:
10-16 yd 3 compactor trucks.
18-3 yd 3 pickup trucks hauling loose and dry leaves.
56-1 yd 3 private cars.
2-45 yd 3 trucks with broken concrete.
Find: If there are 3.82 lb/cap/day with 2.7 cap/home
and all the waste comes from the town, estimate the
number of homes in the town?
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Item Number Avg. Volume Specifi Total
of yd3 c Weight lb
loads Weight col.2x3x4
lb/yd3
Compactor truck 10 16 500 80,000
Pickup trucks 18 3 100 5,400
with leaves
loose and
dry
Private cars 56 1 220 12,320
Broken concrete 2 45 2595 233,550
Total
lb/day 331,270
Solution step 1
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Determine the number of homes
number of residence =
331270 X (lb/day) X
(capita/day/3.82 lb) X residence /
2.7 cap
number of residence = 32,118
What's wrong with the answer?
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The demolition load, broken concrete may
not be representative; calculate the number
of houses with the concrete.
Solution step 1
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number of residence =
(331,270-233,550) X (lb/day) X
(capita/day/3.82 lb) X residence /
2.7 cap
number of residence =
9,475 vs. 32,118 with the broken
concrete.
Boring?/?
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No more
mathemati
cs
Lets move
to the
Northern
areas …..
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Topography of Pakistan
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Landscape Diversity of Pakistan
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We have rich biodiversity
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We have rich cultural diversity
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God has given us majestic mountains
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But we have made them high
altitude garbage dumping
sites!
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God has given us gift of beautiful nature
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But we have ruined it!
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We are blessed with crystal clear waters
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But we have poisoned them!
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What a dumping site…
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There was a fairytale lake
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But what we have done with it!
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There was a misty Jungle
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But now there is a concrete Jungle over
75 there!
There were beautiful valleys
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Careless development of tourism
infrastructure has ruined their beauty!
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Questions
!
