April 7, 1922

In Re MARCELINO LONTOK

The Attorney-General asks that an order issue for the removal of Marcelino Lontok from his office of lawyer in the
Philippine Islands, because of having been convicted of the crime of bigamy. The respondent lawyer, in answer, prays
that the charges be dismissed, and bases his plea principally on a pardon issued to him by former Governor-General
Harrison.

Marcelino Lontok was convicted by the Court of First Instance of Zambales of the crime of bigamy. This judgement was
affirmed on appeal to the Supreme Court, while a further attempt to get the case before the United States Supreme Court
was unsuccessful. On February 9, 1921, a pardon was issued by the Governor-General of the following tenor:

By virtue of the authority conferred upon me by the Philippine Organic Act on August 29, 1916, the sentence in
the case of Marcelino Lontok convicted by the Court of First Instance of Zambales of bigamy and sentenced on
February 27, 1918, to imprisonment for eight years, to suffer the accessory penalties prescribed by law, and to
pay the costs of the proceedings, which sentence was, on September 8, 1919, confirmed by the Supreme Court is
hereby remitted, on condition that he shall not again be guilty of any misconduct.

The particular provision of the Code of Civil Procedure, upon which the Attorney-General relies in asking for the
disbarment of Attorney Lontok, provides that a member of the bar may be removed or suspended form his office of lawyer
by the Supreme Court "by reason of his conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude." (Sec. 21) That conviction of the
crime of bigamy involves moral turpitude, within the meaning of the law, cannot be doubted. The debatable question
relates to the effect of the pardon by the Governor-General. On the one hand, it is contended by the Government that
while the pardon removes the legal infamy of the crime, it cannot wash out the moral stain; on the other hand, it is
contended by the respondent that the pardon reaches the offense for which he was convicted and blots it out so that he
may not be looked upon as guilty of it.

The cases are not altogether clear as to just what effect a pardon has on the right of a court of disbar an attorney for
conviction of a felony. On close examination, however, it will be found that the apparent conflict in the decisions is more
apparent than real, and arises from differences in the nature of the charges on which the proceedings to disbar are based.
Where preceedings to strike an attorney's name from the rolls are founded on, and depend alone, on a statute making the
fact of a conviction for a felony ground for disbarment, it has been held that a pardon operates to wipe out the conviction
and is a bar to any proceeding for the disbarment of the attorney after the pardon has been granted. (In re  Emmons
[1915], 29 Cal. App., 121; Scott vs. State [1894], 6 Tex. Civ. App., 343). But where proceedings to disbar an attorney are
founded on the professional misconduct involved in a transaction which has culminated in a conviction of felony, it has
been held that while the effect of the pardon is to relieve him of the penal consequences of his act, it does not operate as
a bar to the disbarment proceedings, inasmuch as the criminal acts may nevertheless constitute proof that the attorney
does not possess a good moral character and is not a fit or proper person to retain his license to practice law. (People vs.
Burton [1907], 39 Colo., 164; People vs. George [1900],186 Ill., 122; Nelson vs. Com. [1908],128 Ky., 779; Case of In
re  ———— [1881],86 N.Y., 563.)

The celebrated case of Ex parte Garland [1866], 4 Wall., 380, is directly in point. The petitioner in this case applied for a
license to practice law in the United States courts, without first taking an oath to the effect that he had never voluntarily
given aid to any government hostile to the United States, as required by statute. The petitioner, it seems, had been a
member of the Conferate Congress, during the secession of the South, but had been pardons by the President of the
United States. It was held, buy a divided court, that to exclude the petitioner from the practice of law for the offense
named would be to enforce a punishment for the offense, notwithstanding the pardon which the court had no right to do;
and the opinion of the court, in part, said:

A pardon reaches both the punishment prescribed for the offense and the guilt of the offender; and when the
pardon is full, it releases the punishment and blots out of existence the guilt, so that in the eye of the law the
offender is an innocent as if he had never committed the offense. If granted before conviction, it prevents any of
the penalties and disabilities, consequent upon conviction, from attaching; if granted after conviction, it removes
the penalties and disabilities, and restores him to all his civil rights; it makes him, as it were, a new man, and gives
him a new credit and capacity.

There is only this limitation to its operation; it does not restore offices forfeited, or property or interest vested in
others in consequence of the conviction and judgement.
Although much which is contained in the opinion of the four dissenting justices, in the Garland case, appeals powerfully to
the minds of the court, we feel ourselves under obligation to follow the rule laid down by the majority decision of the higher
court. We do this with the more grace when we recall that according to the article 130 of the Penal Code, one of the
different ways by which criminal liability is extinguished is by pardon. We must also remember that the motion for
disbarment is based solely on the judgement of conviction for a crime of which the respondent has been pardoned, We
must also remember that the motion for disbarment is based solely on the judgment of conviction for crime of which the
respondent has been pardoned, and that the language of the pardon is not such as to amount to a conditional pardon
similar in nature to a parole. It may be mentioned however, in this connection, that if Marcelino Lontok should again be
guilty of any misconduct, the condition of his pardon would be violated, and he would then become subject to disbarment.

It results, therefore, that the petition of the Attorney-General cannot be granted, and that the proceedings must be
dismissed. Costs shall be taxed as provided by section 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure. So ordered.