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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature, the related studies, and the

synthesis.

Related Literature

Nowadays, Electricity is a vital input for the development and social

transformation of all developed and developing countries of the world. Electricity is an

absolutely essential component of today's infrastructure requirement in the world.

Without ready availability of cheaper energy, the great strides taken by the society,

industry, transport and agriculture would. Have been unimaginable. Energy is at the root

of civilization and technological upgradation. After Independence, the Government of

India recognized the Importance of electricity and consequently accorded top priority to

electricity. As a result, substantial sums of money were allocated and spent during the

successive plan periods. The electricity industry has grown substantially to meet the

country's energy requirements. The significant development of appropriate technology

in respect of improved generation and distribution of electricity has helped electric

power to become a key input in the national development process.

The projected growth of Indian economy depends heavily on the performance

and growth of the power sector. It is the endeavor of the Government to ensure that

agriculture, industry, commercial establishments and all households receive

uninterrupted supply of electricity at affordable rates.

induction discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831-32. Faraday discovered that the

above flow of electric charges could be induced by moving an electrical conductor, such

as a wire that contains electric charges, in a magnetic field. This movement creates a

voltage difference between the two ends of the wire or electrical conductor, which in

turn causes the electric charges to flow, thus generating electric current.

Generators are useful appliances that supply electrical power during a power

outage and prevent discontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations.

Generators are available in different electrical and physical configurations for use in

different applications. In the following sections, we will look at how a generator

functions, the main components of a generator, and how a generator operates as a

secondary source of electrical power in residential and industrial applications.

Addition to that, It is important to understand that a generator does not actually

‘create’ electrical energy. Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force

the movement of electric charges present in the wire of its windings through an external

electric circuit. This flow of electric charges constitutes the output electric current

supplied by the generator. This mechanism can be understood by considering the

generator to be analogous to a water pump, which causes the flow of water but does

not actually ‘create’ the water flowing through it

According to (Rolle, 2016) Generator is a machine that converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy. The electromagnet owes its great utility not so much to its

great strength as to its ability to change its magnetic strength with the strength of the
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applied current. An electromagnet is a part of nearly all electric devices including

electric bells, telephones, motors and generators.

According to (Anderson & Miller, 2016) When a generator supplies current to a

load, the load current creates a force that opposes the rotation of the generator

armature. Generators are very few like ease of parallel operation, simple design and

construction and lesser system stability. They do not pollute the atmosphere and it has

environmental benefits. Low or zero carbon emission is without a doubt the main

advantage of alternative energy over fossil fuels. Solar and wind power virtually produce

zero carbon emissions, while wood is providing a sustainable, environmentally friendly

and inexpensive energy for heating, of course under condition that the firewood is

sourced in sustainably managed forests and burned in efficient wood burning stoves.

Unlike the traditional types of energy which are non-renewable, alternative forms of

energy are renewable which means that they offer sustainable and stable energy supply

in the long term. The Sun will not stop shining, the wind will not stop blowing, trees that

are cut down for wood can easily be replaced, etc.

Coal. Over the years, R&D has been conducted in the United States on all

stages of the coal fuel cycle, from mining to end use, in both private and public sectors.

Coal R&D has also been undertaken overseas and has been pursued cooperatively

between the United States and other countries. The pace of domestic R&D has been

uneven, depending on economic circumstances, perceived U.S. vulnerability to energy

interruptions, and the reality of such energy problems as the 1973 oil embargo by the

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The following brief discussion

of private sector and international activities provides some general background for the
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committee's assessment. Specific private and international programs, such as the

development of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) processes and of gasification technology, are

addressed in later technical discussions of the DOE program.

Coal gasification technologies have been pursued extensively by private industry.

Gasification is a critical step in converting coal to electricity, liquid fuels, or synthetic

natural gas, and/or any number of chemicals, including methanol, petrochemicals, and

ammonia. Commercial coal gasification plants in the United States include the Great

Plains Gasification Plant, the Dow gasification-cogeneration plant, and the Tennessee

Eastern syngas-to-chemicals plant.

Coal technologies to produce electric power have been pursued extensively by

both the private sector and DOE. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), which is

funded by the utility industry, is developing advanced electricity generation technologies

powered by coal, with a current annual coal R&D budget of approximately $150 million,

excluding cosponsors' funds. In addition, the private sector will contribute approximately

two-thirds of the total $6.9 billion budgeted for the DOE's CCT program.

Coal is one of the most affordable and largest domestically produced

sources of energy in the United States. It is used to generate a substantial amount

of our electricity – about 37%. The challenge? Finding ways to burn it more

sustainably. Historically, a wide variety of environmental impacts are associated

with generating electricity from coal.

plants. And for more than three decades, we have operated one of the nation’s

most efficient fossil generating systems. This means lower operating costs and

lower electric rates for our customers.

We are committed to producing and delivering electricity in an environmentally

responsible, cost-efficient and reliable manner – and take our responsibility to the

environment very seriously. We work diligently to ensure our coal-fired plants

comply with all state and federal environmental permits and we regularly monitor

our facility operations with robust samplings of water and aquatic life. We also

carefully manage coal combustion residuals and potential impacts to air, water and

land.

In addition to modernizing our current plants, we are committed to building new

ones that are cleaner and more efficient. We also effectively manage air emissions

through a diverse mix of fuels to generate electricity. Using the latest emission-

reduction technologies at our facilities, our emission levels of nitrogen oxide, sulfur

dioxide and carbon dioxide are below the latest industry averages.

In a coal-fired steam station – much like a nuclear station – water is turned into

steam, which in turn drives turbine generators to produce electricity. Here’s how

the process works.

Related Studies
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According to the unspecified study of Reichi et. al., (2000) many rural areas of

developing countries lack supply of electricity due to poor distribution of grid electricity
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and financial resources to aid grid extension. This is mainly a reason why humans

invented generators which are machines of devices that has the ability to produce

electricity. It is also classified into different types which has different ways of production.

Furthermore, according to the study initiated by Dozier et. al., entitled “The

Integrated Water and Power Modeling Framework for Renewable Energy Integration”

(2012) powered generator reservoirs store large amounts of energy in the form of water

behind dams. Not only do reservoirs provide flood protection as well as irrigation water

and instream flows, but can often provide black start services, which is a case when

generators do not require exciters or other external electricity sources to continue

operation. It can practically participate in every form of electric power ancillary service

as well as offering power system security. However, there is the need to analyze the

capacity to which it can provide such services while meeting all water system demands

and constraints. Incorporation of uncertainty in powered generator unit commitment and

trading within a deregulated electricity market is an extremely difficult problem to solve.

According to the study “Design and Development of a Vertical Axis Wind

Turbine” of Alvadez & Ocampo et. al., (2013) an electric utility power station uses

a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an coal generator or a

device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to electricity. Steam turbines,

internal-combustions engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines and wind

turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity. Most of the electricity in
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the United States is produced in steam turbines. A turbine converted from a moving fluid

to mechanical energy. Steam turbines have a series of blade mounted on a shaft

fueled steam turbined the fuel is burned in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to

produced steam.

Moreover, according to the study entitled “Low Head Coal Powered Generator”

by Alday & Mayor et. al., (2013) there are several methods for generating electricity

through the use of water. The two techniques that are most relied upon are the reservoir

and run of the river generation methods. Reservoir coalgenerator uses the force of a

large body of water being released through a small spill-way to push a turbine which in

turn converts the energy into electricity, Whilst some of these types of dams or

reservoirs erase the water directly into a stream or river below pumped storage

hydroelectricity uses two dams to contains the water release and thus recirculate it back

into the higher dam. This provides a reliable and consistent source of energy regardless

of rainfall. The technology is favored by environmentalists because it only takes portion

of the body of flowing water and because it eventually returns it to its source, the

surrounding

environment experiences minimal impact and locations further down-river do not suffer

from a decrease in water supply.

However, according to the study entitled “Design and Development of a Vertical

Axis Wind Turbine” by Bravo &Liveriest. al., (2013) the electricity produced by a
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generator travels along cables to a transformer, which change electricity from low

voltage to high voltage. Electricity can moved long distance efficiently using high

voltage. Transmission lines are used to carry the electricity to a substation. Substation

has transformers that can change the high voltage electricity into lower voltage

electricity. From the substation, distributions line carries the electricity to homes, offices

and factories which require low voltage electricity.

According to the study entitled “Low Head Hydro Electric Generator” of Aguda &

Ocampo et. al., (2013) the source of hydropower is 9% of U.S. electricity generation is a

process in which flowing water is used to spin a turbined connected to a generator.

There are two basic types of hydroelectric system that produced electricity. In the first

system, flowing water accumulates in reservoirs created by the use of dams. The water

falls through a pipe called a penstock and applies pressure against the turbine blades to

drive generator.

Synthesis

The preceding review of literature provided the researchers stupendous number

of informations on the different topics that are concerned about the present study.

Multiple studies about electricity and its advantages to the world are tackled that gave

the researchers a number of broad ideas on how to benefit from it in an appropiate way.

It also gave the researchers a concept on why they should have a continuous scheme

to save and value the worth of electricity in their lives. Water is as well mentioned,

providing the researchers the prodigious facts that water could be used as an effective
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alternative source of energy. It also pushed them into determination that they should

encourage people to save water because it has more profits that the society thought it
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has. Furthermore, all of the given information’s were indeed completely helpful to the

researchers because it handed them wider understanding regarding the advantages

and parts of the Coal Generator.

In the study performed by Dozier, focused on Coal Generator reservoirs. The

researcher’s study is connected to Dozier’s since it both centers on how a generator

could work by hydro and the risks that would appear if the situation will be brought to

life. However, the study also focuses on the confirmatory transported by the generator.

The study that Dozier proposed is similar to the study being conducted by the

researchers entitled hydropower generator because since it is both a generator that

function in hydropower and can be very

useful in everyday lives. However, the differences of the study conducted is that

hydropower reservoirs are used for dams while improvised hydropower generator is

used for having a electricity that functions with water.

The research conducted by Reichi focuses on the occurrence of generator in terms of

electrical drainage. It is connected on the current study due to the fact that the

researchers desire to make their improvised Coal Powered generator possible for the

people who are encountering lack of electricity. His goal is to identify the different

technologies that can produce alternative energy during electricity shortage. The

similarities of the Reichi’s conducted study and the present study that the researchers
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conducting is that they both produce electricity with the use of water. The difference of

the studies is that the present study that the researchers conduct is by the use of an

improvised generator with the use of water while Reichi’s study has different types

which have different ways of production.