Bitcoin PDF
Bitcoin PDF
been reached. Because bitcoins are not generated out of thin air, nor issued by a bank or government, they are generated through
solving complex mathematical equations. Without the bitcoin miners, no new coins would be brought into circulation. Though this might
not be an immediate problem for most people, it would also mean that no further transactions could be confirmed on the network,
which would be a much bigger worry. Without blocks being solved on the network, transactions would remain unconfirmed and could
not be spent by the recipient. But bitcoin mining is not just about generating additional bitcoins. Mining also adds transaction records to
the public ledger, called the blockchain (see Chapter 7 for more on the blockchain). Every bitcoin transaction needs to be recorded in a
block of data, and that block of data needs to be discovered by bitcoin miners. Once a transaction is included in a bitcoin block, the
transaction gains one network confirmation. Bitcoin mining has become a resource‐intensive and difficult process over the quite
substantial these days. Mining at home has become next to impossible, unless there is access to cheap or free electricity. This is the main
reason why most bitcoin miners host hardware in China, where the bulk electricity rates are far cheaper than most places in the world.
Heading Down the Mine No canary or gas lamp is necessary for bitcoin mining. Mining’s main purpose is to create a consensus
ecosystem for bitcoin nodes to determine whether or not a broadcasted transaction is valid. As mentioned elsewhere, a minimum of six
network confirmations is required to “officially” deem a bitcoin transaction spendable. The main reason why bitcoin mining has grown
increasingly resource‐intensive and difficult over time is because the implemented SHA‐256 algorithm makes it very difficult to calculate
a block’s hash. Every block hash needs to start with a certain number of zeros, meaning that quite a few attempts have to made to find
the correct solution. Additionally, the mining difficulty is recalculated by the network every 2,016 bitcoin blocks, and the difficulty hardly
ever decreases. The difficulty factor depends o n the total amount of computational power used to solve the previous 2,016 blocks on
the network within a two‐week period, and compensates for a rise or decline in the amount of mining power. In the early days of bitcoin
, every mined block rewarded users with the sum of 50 bitcoin.
As more and more miners joined the fray, that block reward got split over miners of the pool that mined the next network block
successfully. At the time of writing, the current bitcoin block reward is 25 BTC, which will be halved to 12.5 BTC a few years from now.
Bitcoin transactions are subject to a transaction fee, paid ou t to the miners for including that transaction in the next mined block.
Although the majority of mining income is presently made up of the current block reward, those transaction fees will play a bigger role in
future earnings. Over the years, the bitcoin mining ecosystem has undergone some drastic changes. Mining now requires dedicated
mining hardware to be even somewhat profitable. As mentioned, bitcoin mining is subject to high electricity fees, and the mining
hardware used needs to be maintained at all times. Addressing the variance in mining income had to take place sooner or later, which
led to the creation of mining pools. Individual miners have all but disappeared from the bitcoin world, since mining through a bitcoin
pool is now far more preferable. Uniting the computational power of multiple miners increases the chances of finding the next bitcoin
block, and rewards are split according to the amount of computational power contributed by the individual miners.
Understanding How Bitcoin Mining Works
A recap: Unlike traditional fiat currencies, in which governments around the world can simply print more bills and mint more coins
whenever they want, bitcoin has a limited supply of coins. That limit is set at 21 million, and will not be reached until 2140. Until that
time, bitcoin miners use dedicated computer hardware to mine new bitcoins on the network. As soon as bitcoin transactions are
broadcasted to the network they are picked up by miners and formed into a bitcoin block That bitcoin block needs to be verified by the
broadcasted to the network, they are picked up by miners and formed into a bitcoin block. That bitcoin block needs to be verified by the
miners, and once the block has been “solved,” all the included transactions are recorded in the blockchain. Every additional block
discovered on the network after that stamps these transactions with one extra network confirmation.
Bitcoin miners play a key role in ensuring that the blockchain is accurate, as they take the information of a bitcoin block and verify its
integrity. Afterwards, a complicated mathematical formula is applied to this block of bitcoin data, which turns the block into something
different.
The “different” block consists of shorter, seemingly random sequences of letters and numbers, known in the bitcoin world as a hash.
Hashes are easier to calculate for bitcoin miners than the full block of data, because new blocks have to be generated and mined roughly
every ten minutes, and as we’ve said, these hashes are extremely computationally complex to solve and require expensive hardware.
Once the hash is solved, it is stored on the bitcoin blockchain, along with the block it was derived from. That process validates all
transactions recorded in this bitcoin block and labels them with one network confirmation. Although the hashes are easier to solve for
miners than full blocks, the increasing bitcoin mining difficulty counterbalances the scales and ensures blocks are not generated faster
than ten minutes apart.
Using hashes is quite an interesting decision in its own right. This cryptographic solution is completely tamper‐proof and acts as a “seal
of confirmation” for the previous network block. Every hash is based on the previous block’s hash, and confirms the validity of the
previous block, as well as every bitcoin block coming behind it. Given the current dedicated mining hardware being used by individuals,
companies, and even hardware manufacturers, it is nearly impossible to tell how many people are actively mining right now. There is a
lot of competition, as the 25 BTC reward per block is plenty of incentive to attract miners from all over the world. Despite the increasing
mining difficulty, more computational power is pointed at the bitcoin network at r egular intervals. Strengthening the network not only
gives mine rs a better chance of finding the next block — and earnin g bitcoin based on their share of the hard work — but also makes
the bitcoin network even more secure than it already was.
Starting Your Own Mine Getting involved in the bitcoin mining game is now more difficult than it used to be. Mining hardware has
evolved at an accelerated rate in recent years, as the mining difficulty ramped up and demanded more intensive computational
hardware to solve blocks. But there are still ample opportunities to get involved with bitcoin mining, assuming you have substantial
resources and carefully do some calculations beforehand. Getting the right hardware When bitcoin was released in 2009, the mining
process was quite simple. All a user had to do was install the bitcoin software client, let it synchronize with the bitcoin network, and
make sure the checkbox on the Mining tab was checked. Any type of CPU inside a computer — even laptops — could be used to mine
bitcoins, because there was next to no competition on the network. In fact, during the first few weeks, there were only a handful of
miners.
The difference in mining speed between CPU mining and GPU mining is simply astonishing. Productivity increases exponentially, and the
first GPU miners started strengthening the bitcoin network tenfold. Despite all that extra mining power, new blocks were still ten
minutes apart, thanks to the change in mining difficulty. A few years ago, CPU and GPU mining became completely obsolete when FPGAs
came around. An FPGA is a Field Programmable Gate Array, which can produce computational power similar to most GPUs around 2013,
came around. An FPGA is a Field Programmable Gate Array, which can produce computational power similar to most GPUs around 2013,
while being far more energy‐efficient than graphics cards. Needless to say, quite a few miners switched from CPU mining to GPU mining
and then to FPGA mining within a few years.
But the mining hardware business keeps evolving even now, and FPGAs were only useful for a short amount of time. Bitcoin ASICs were
introduced to the scene in 2013, and these Application‐Specific Integrated Cir cuits cut down electricity requirements even further, while
outperforming GPU and FPGA mining by quite a margin. That said, there are some downsides associated with bitcoin ASIC mining.
Although the energy consumption is far lower than graphics cards, the noise production goes up exponentially, as these machines are far
from quiet. Additionally, ASIC bitcoin miners produce a ton of heat and are all air‐cooled, with temperatures exceeding 150 degrees F.
Buying a bitcoin ASIC miner also involves some hefty shipping fees — these machines are quite heavy. Plus, you are guaranteed to pay
import duty on a bitcoin ASIC shipment as well, due to the size and weight. All in all, ASICs today are a very costly investment with
absolutely no guarantee of the customer ever breaking even, let alone making a profit.
Last but not least, bitcoin ASICs can only produce so much computational power until they hit an invisible wall. Most devices are not
capable of producing more than 1.5 TH/s (terrahash) of computational power, forcing customers to buy these machines in bulk if they
want to start a somewhat serious bitcoin mining business. It should come as no surprise to find out that most people have moved away
from bitcoin mining hardware themselves and switched over to cloud mining (even though there are a lot of risks associated with bitcoin
cloud mining companies, as most of them are far from legitimate.) And the low bitcoin price is not helping matters either. See the earlier
section on cloud mining to find out about the measures you can take to protect yourself.
Calculating your costs Regardless of whether you want to buy hardware or sign up for a bitcoin cloud‐mining contract, you need to do
some homework to determine costs, earnings, and the expected time until you receive your investment back to start making a profit.
Bitcoin mining costs go far beyond the or iginal investment in the hardware, logistics costs, and import duty fees. One of the main
factors to keep in consideration is power usage, as electricity costs fluctuate greatly from country to country. In most countries, the price
per kilowatt hour (kWh) makes bitcoin mining unprofitable. Make sure to check a recent electricity bill and determine the price per kWh
and then calculate how much kWh your bitcoin mining hardware will use on a daily basis. For example, a bitcoin miner drawing 600
watts from the wall will consume 12.4 kWh per day. Calculations for this are simple: 600W × 24 hours in a day = 12,400W or 12.4 kWh. If
you pay $0.10 per kWh, your daily electricity bill will be $1.24.
This cost has to be weighed against the daily income you can e arn from bitcoin mining. These daily earnings will heavily depend on the
current bitcoin price, which is fairly low at the time of writing. A higher bitcoin price would drastically improve earnings, while electricity
costs remain the same (unless your supplier decides to make a price change). Electricity is not the only cost. Owning bitcoin mining
hardwa re means maintaining it at all times and repairing it if something breaks down. Some bitcoin ASIC miners don’t come with a
power supply, which you have to purchase as well. The biggest and most important cost is investing time and effort to optimize mining
earnings. Most bitcoin mining hardware will perform at its highest rate out of the box, but there are always tweaks that can be made.
Most manufacturers release new firmware for the mining hardware at regular intervals to fix any bugs and squeeze out that extra bit of
computational power. Using a profitability calculator Luckily, calculating your costs and potential earnings doesn’t require a math
p p g p y y gy p g q
degree, or even a pen and paper. Several websites specialize in providing accurate mining profitability calculations. You simply enter
various hardware information and electricity costs. Keep an eye on these mining‐profitability calculation websites. They will not only give
you an estimate for mining today, but also for the foreseeable future. The bitcoin mining difficulty adjusts every 2,016 blocks, which
affects your mining earnings as well. If the difficulty increases, your earnings will go down slightly, whereas earnings increase if the
mining difficulty decreases. To find bitcoin mining profitability calculators, simply search online for “bitcoin mining profitability
calculator.”
Ten (or So) Other Crypto‐Currencies
In This Chapter Trading between crypto‐currencies Peeking inside the coin community Gambling and crowdfunding The world of digital
currencies is teeming with eager developers who feel they can create the “next bitcoin.” Over the years, a few thousand altcoins have
been released, and most have disappeared into obscurity because they were nothing more than pump‐and‐dump schemes to make a
quick profit. But there are a few altcoins besides bitcoin in existence that are of some importance, even though they will not dethrone
bitcoin any time soon. This chapter looks at the eight digital currencies that have different twists. (To build this up to a full list of ten, we
wanted to add bitcoin twice, because we think it’s twice as good, but our editor wouldn’t allow it. So we’ll stick with eight.)
Litecoin:
The Silver to Bitcoin’s Gold Perhaps the most widely known altcoin is Litecoin ( https://litecoin.org ), which uses an entirely different
algorithm (Scrypt) from bitcoin’s (SHA‐256). Litecoin was the first altcoin to use the Scrypt algorithm, which gave bitcoin miners a reason
to hold onto their outdated GPU hardware and generate income by pointing their hardware to mine Litecoin instead.
Litecoin has managed to stay relevant for an extended period of time, simply because it was the first of its kind to try and do something
new. That initial ideology led to the creation of a significant Litecoin community, which has remained loyal and faithful throughout the
years.
The only additional advantage to Litecoin , besides utilizing GPU for mining, is that the mining time between blocks is five minutes,
compared to ten minutes for bitcoin. Most of Litecoin’s success can also be attributed to all the crypto‐currency exchanges listing
Litecoin trading pairs, and effectively creating secondary trading markets. In fact, Litecoin can be traded on pretty much all crypto‐
currency exchanges in existence today, although only a handful of exchanges offer a Litecoin/fiat currency trading option. Various
payment processors have added Litecoin to their repertoire of coins as well, giving the community a way to spend LTC in most places
where bitcoin is accepted as well. Many of the altcoins available today are based on Litecoin’s Scrypt algorithm.
Dogecoin: Such Wow, Much Fun, Very Coin When Dogecoin ( http://dogecoin.com ) was launched, it seemed to be a “meme” coin, as it
was presented in a very cartoonish way. With no hard coin supply cap, and taking a page from Litecoin’s book by using the Scrypt
algorithm, no one expected Dogecoin to become a major crypto‐currency. Lo and behold, the third largest crypto‐currency community in
the world will gladly tell you otherwise.
Dogecoin prides itself upon being a community crypto‐currency , which resulted in various community efforts to raise funds for good
causes.
Two achievements of raising funds with Dogecoin have included getting the Jamaican bobsled team to the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics
and raising funds for Josh Wise to participate in the numb er 98 car in Talladega Superspeedway NASCAR May 2014 race. Dash: Formerly
Known as Darkcoin Throughout this book, you may notice how the topic of anonymity keeps coming back. Bitcoin in itself does not offer
anonymity per se, but rather pseudonymity , as users can mask their identities with a wallet address. This lack of anonymity has allowed
various altcoin developers to come up with potential solutions to this problem, and features have been developed that may, or may not,
make their way to bitcoin software in the future.
Darkcoin, or Dash
( https://dash.org ) as it is called these days, is one of the frontrunners on the topic of developing anonymity features. Evan Duffield, the
main Dash developer, has come up with several creative solutions to create fully autonomous and anonymous transactions over the
Dash network. Dash continues to be one of the more popular anonymity altcoins.
Ripple: A Different Type of Crypto‐Currency with Potential Nearly every crypto‐currency you will ever encounter embraces the ideology
of decentralizing life as we know it.
Ripple
( https://ripple.com ) is slightly different, as it was created and is maintained by Ripple Labs. Based on market capitalization, Ripple is
one of the largest crypto‐currencies in existence today. Ripple is getting quite a lot of media attention at the time of writing. Its protocol
has been implemented by Fidor Bank and other payment networks as settlement infrastructure technology. According to some banks,
Ripple’s technology of distributed ledgers has a number of advantages over bitcoin’s blockchain technology, including security and price.
Peercoin:
Introducing Proof‐of‐Stake Bitcoin and Litecoin have one thing in common: New coins can only be generated through the mining process
. Peercoin ( https://peercoin.net ) was one of the first “bitcoin clones” to offer a new system to generate coins, called proof‐of‐stake .
The way proof‐of‐stake works is by having an amount of coins sitting in your wallet for a certain period, without spending them. Once
these coins reach a certain age — a period during which they have not been moved — they generate a small interest percentage. The
whole principle works in the same way as a bank’s savings account, but in a completely decentralized manner, with the user being in full
contr ol of their funds at all times. Allowing the generation of additional Peercoins through proof‐ of‐stake also provides an additional
layer of network stability, as the numbers of miners may decline over time, but there will always be users staking their PPC. Additionally,
Peercoin developers have implemented a steady inflation rate of 1 percent per year, with no hard coin supply cap put in place.
StartCOIN:
Crowdfunding StartCOIN is all about crowdfunding and is reward‐based. The coin rewards users who pledge, share, and hold StartCOIN
on a dedicated website titled StartJOIN ( https://startjoin.com ). Crowdfunding has gained popularity, which StartCOIN has taken
advantage of by allowing communities to fund ideas, concepts, and projects. Those who pledge or gain funding via the website then are
also rewarded with StartCOINs as an additional incentive.
NXT:
Using Proof‐of‐Stake for Transaction Consensus Unlike bitcoin’s consensus through mining, NXT ( http://nxt.org ) uses proof‐of‐stake to
h t ti Additi ll NXT i f th f t i th t h i i ll i
reach a transaction consensus. Additionally, NXT is one of the very few crypto‐currencies that has no mining process — all coins were
distributed during the launch of this altcoin. Having a steady suppl y of coins, available at any given time, created a new ecosystem in the
world of crypto‐currency. What makes NXT truly interesting is the f act that any user can create their own crypto‐currency within the
NXT ecosystem. All newly created coins are backed by NXT currency and can be distributed in a variety of ways. In more recent times,
NXT has gradually introduced new features such as smart contracts, an arbitrary messaging service, and a proper decentralized peer‐to‐
peer exchange platform called MultiGateWay.
CasinoCoin:
Branding for Casino Users One coin that is now starting to see the benefit of having a good name behind it is CasinoCoin (
http://casinocoin.org ). Given the name, it should be obvious that it is related to the casino marketplace. CasinoCoin has positioned itself
using the same technology as Litecoin (the Scrypt algorithm), but by having a brand name, it allows the public to understand
immediately the affiliation of the coin and where its target user is.
The Bitcoin Wiki Having an unbiased and independent source of bitcoin information is a valuable asset to the virtual currency
community, because there are constant changes, updates, and new services popping up. One of the most commonly used sources for
information on the Internet is Wikipedia, and bitcoin has its own subsection explaining all of the terminology in finer detail. On the
bitcoin wiki, you can find all sorts of information, ranging from info about creator Satoshi Nakamoto — even though he remains quite a
mystery — to mining, running a bitcoin node, and much, much more. Definitely a source to keep an eye on, as there is always something
to learn about bitcoin you didn’t know yet. Check it out here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin
BitcoinTalk Forums One of the most popular places for bitcoin debates and service reviews is bitcointalk.org. These forums, dedicated to
bitcoin and created many years ago, are home to breaking news, project development, services and goods, and much more. If there is
anything regarding bitcoin you want to have a healthy discussion about, the BitcoinTalk forums are a must‐visit. That being said, not
everything posted on the BitcoinTalk forums is bitcoin‐related, mind you. A dedicated section for alternate virtual currencies, including
Litecoin, Dogecoin, and others, is available as well. Plus, there are special subforums for specific popular languages, including Dutch,
French, Russian, and Chinese. Check it out here: http://bitcointalk.org .
Bitcoin subReddit Avid users of Reddit may already have stumbled upon the bitcoin subReddit at some point in their online browsing
careers. The bitcoin subReddit is home to many discussions that can touch upon a variety of subjects: taking bitcoin to space and why
payment processors are charging so few fees on transactions. Many more debates are opened and closed on a daily basis there. There is
a downside to the bitcoin subReddit as well. At the time of writing, censorship is plaguing this platform at an alarming rate, and
moderators often ban people and remove topics. However, all in all, the bitcoin subReddit is still a good place from an information point
of view, even if the overall community reaches toxic levels every now and then. Check it out here: http://reddit.com/r/bitcoin .
Bitcoin.org (and bitcoin.com) For the most part, bitcoin.org has been the “home page” of bitcoin on the Internet. A brief explanation of
bitcoin, along with a few demo videos and wallet software download links, is what this portal is all about. Providing information in a
useful and convenient manner, without overwhelming novice users, this website is a great way to present bitcoin to the outside world.
One of the most common searched terms when it comes to finding out more information about bitcoin on Google and Bing is
One of the most common searched terms — when it comes to finding out more information about bitcoin on Google and Bing — is
“bitcoin.com”. Until a few months ago (at the time of writing), bitcoin.com was a domain redirecting to an entirely different website and
only recently became a portal for all things bitcoin. In addition, and unlike bitcoin.org, bitcoin.com has added a news section, which is
updated daily with fresh content and opinionated pieces. Check them out here: http://bitcoin.org and http://bitcoin.com .
Bitcoin News Sites and Blogs Any type of trend or niche would not remain relevant without a few dedicated news sites covering
everything about the subject matter. In the case of bitcoin, quite a few news blogs are out there, most of which are run as hobby proj
ects and therefore are only updated every now and then. Bitcoin is still fairly new, and there is a lot of room for competition in the news
scene. That being said, there are also dedicated bitcoin news outlets. Bitcoin magazine, Inside Bitcoins, CoinDesk, Bitcoinist, bitcoin.com,
and CoinTelegraph are the most popular ones. Every news site tries to cover news in a completely different way, providing users with
multiple angles on the same stories quite regularly. The beautiful thing about bitcoin is that everyone who is an active writer has their
own take on things, and connecting seemingly random events makes the entire ecosystem so interesting.
Check them all out here: http://bitcoinmagazine.com http://insidebitcoins.com/news http://coindesk.com http://bitcoinist.net
http://bitcoin.com http://cointelegraph.com Mainstream Media Even though mainstream media have a habit of putting bitcoin in a
negative spotlight, there’s more coverage on the topic of virtual currencies than ever before. And it’s growing. The underlying
technology is of great value to financial institutions and innovative companies, whereas bitcoin as a currency can help citizens legally
bypass capital controls enforced by governments. Although most of the bitcoin focus remains negative, mainstream media is keeping a
close eye on the progression made by virtual currencies. More and more people are aware of bitcoin, and mainstream media outlets will
have to keep up with this trend if they want to remain relevant. Bitcoin Documentaries Over the years, multiple bitcoin documentaries
have been created, following the history of this disruptive virtual currency so far. Nearly all of these documentaries can be found online
and are free to watch. The main reason for putting together a bitcoin documentary seems to be not to make money, but to create a
visual medium for everyday consumers to see and experience how bitcoin can, and will, change the world, one step at a time. By the
time you are watching these documentaries, some of the information will be slightly out of date (sad but true, the same also applies to
sections of this book, but that’s why we’ve included this section, you see). However, these videos will likely withstand the test of time, as
they all document the struggles and uphill battles bitcoin enthusiasts had to overcome. Check out the best ones here:
http://bitcoinfilm.org/documentaries/ www.coindesk.com/six‐bitcoin‐documentaries‐watch/ Bitcoin Price Charts Bitcoin is about more
than just the current exchange price, but a lot of people want to focus their attention on keeping up to date with the current bitcoin
value. There are various sites where you can see the current bitcoin price, the average trading volume, and charts distinguishing
between buy and sell orders. BitcoinWisdom is one of the most often‐used sites. It aggregates data from various exchanges around the
world, broken down across major fiat currency trading pairs. All information is free to use and updated in real time (as far as the
exchange APIs allow for that update frequency). There is also
Coinmarketcap.com, which shows the current market capitalization for all virtual currencies in existence today. Check them out here:
http://bitcoinwisdom.com http://coinmarketcap.com FiatLeak For those who don’t like to look at boring financial charts all day,
FiatLeak.com is a fun way to see real time buying action.
FiatLeak
FiatLeak
gives a visual representation of live bitcoin buy orders. Bitcoin symbols fly all across the world map shown on this website, indicating
which country is responsible for the largest trading volume at any given moment. Watching this website is quite fun and mesmerizing at
the same time — there is a lot more bitcoin trading going on than you might expect. The amount of bitcoin being traded across the
world is simply amazing, and FiatLeak gives you a great visualization of where the funds are coming from and going to. Check it out here:
http://fiatleak.com .
CoinMap and CoinATMRadar
If you’re ever wondering where you can find a bitcoin ATM, to both buy and sell bitcoin in a convenient way in exchange for fiat
currency, look no further than CoinATMRadar. On this website you can see a frequently updated list of bitcoin ATMs all around the
world. In fact, there are more of these machines than one might think, even if they are far from being as common as regular bank ATMs.
CoinMap, on the other hand, gives a worldwide overview of places where bitcoin can be spent in‐store. Depending on where you live,
the number of locations might be fairly limited, but more places will be added over time. CoinMap relies on information provided by the
community to keep these maps up to date, so if you know of places where bitcoin can be spent, make sure to submit them. Check them
out here: https://coinmap.org/#/map/ http://coinatmradar.com
1.BITCOIN FOR DUMMIES CHEAT SHEET
CHEAT SHEET
BITCOIN FOR DUMMIES CHEAT SHEET
From Bitcoin For Dummies
Bitcoin has gotten a lot of press, and not all of it good. So is it Internet money, an alternative currency, a parallel financial system, a new
way of life? The answer is yes, it’s all of those things and more. Start by finding out the basics of what it is, where it came from, what it
does. You can buy bitcoins just like you can buy ice cream and concert tickets. But you can’t really keep them under your mattress or in
your piggy bank — or your regular bank account, for that matter. In fact, you had better pay some extra attention to securing your
bitcoins once you get some. Bitcoins don’t come from any gothic‐columned mint, but from a complicated digital calculating process
known colorfully as mining.
BITCOIN BASICS
Bitcoin is an alternative type of payment system that is sometimes mentioned in the media. Is it “Internet” or “digital” money? Is it a
way to conduct business outside the mainstream financial infrastructure? Is it a new way of life that could transform multiple aspects of
society in the future? The answer is yes.
•Origins: Bitcoin was created by developer Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008.
•Purpose: Bitcoin provides a viable decentralized alternative to the current mainstream financial infrastructure.
•Method: Bitcoin enables spending with full transparency through a publicly available ledger known as the blockchain.
•Security: A bitcoin transaction involves both a public key, which is generally known to everyone, and a private key known only to the
bitcoin user. No coins can be spent without knowing the private key.
BUYING BITCOINS
To use bitcoins, at some point you actually have to acquire some bitcoins. Unfortunately, doing so is not quite as easy as sticking a card
into an ATM. The following are a few of the ways you can get your hands on some bitcoins.
•Establish that the platform you are using or the person you are buying from is legitimate, as you would with any other online
transaction.
•Use an exchange such as Gemini to purchase. You register your details through this trusted exchange, deposit your local currency such
as USD or GBP, and then purchase the bitcoin at the current rate of exchange.
•Buy in person by purchasing directly in the same way.
•Remember that once you have purchased your bitcoin, move them to a location that is in within your control. Don’t store them long‐
term on an exchange.
STORING BITCOINS
Don’t use exchanges to store your bitcoins for any length of time. Exchange storage is only as secure as the exchange’s security
infrastructure, so although many people do use this option, the coins are still not within your control. Storing on an exchange should not
be considered as anything other than a temporary option.
Instead, use a software wallet (such as the Bitcoin QT client) to store your bitcoins. A software wallet allows you to secure your bitcoins
on your own computer. Encrypt the wallet and make backups to ensure your bitcoins are safe. This option requires you to carry out virus
checks and have a good understanding of Internet security. Alternatively, you can try a popular online wallet such as the one offered at
Blockchain.info while you become familiar with the workings of a wallet. This can simplify the process for you.
Another option is to use a paper wallet to send your coins to a bitcoin address that is not connected to any online exchange nor to
software that is on your computer. This bitcoin can only be spent when you decide to manually redeem it through using your private
key.
SECURING BITCOINS
Security is as paramount with bitcoin as it is with your personal bank account. The more secure you make access to your bitcoins, the
less likely somebody will succeed in nabbing them. When asked to provide a password, for example, make sure it is unique. Don’t use
any password that you use on any other website, in case that website is compromised.
When using any online service, look out for additional security such as 2FA, which stands for two‐factor authentication. With 2FA, even if
somebody else discovers your password, they would also need to gain access to the second‐level password which normally is reset every
20–30 seconds using a device such as a smartphone. Always immediately enable this additional security feature if offered.
MINING BITCOINS
Bitcoin mining is accomplished with very fast computers solving complex equations, not with picks and shovels. It’s how bitcoins are
created. Without bitcoin miners, no transactions could be processed, and no confirmations could be given to validate your bitcoins were
genuine. And of course no new coins could be brought into circulation, because no rewards would be given.
The bitcoin network is only as strong and secure as the people and companies who are supporting it, either by running a bitcoin node or
by dedicating computational power to the mining process, which is what miners do.
You have the option of setting up your own “rig” by buying your own hardware (very expensive) or alternatively using a third‐party
cloud‐mining service such as Genesis Mining, which allows you to mine bitcoin without the hassles of maintaining your own hardware.
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