THE NANO WORLD
By
Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz
Nano World
• the global market
leader for tips for
Scanning Probe
Microscopy and
Atomic Force
Microscopy.
• sphere of influence
of nanotechnology
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
• a branch of microscopy
that forms images of
surfaces using a
physical probe that
scans the specimen.
• founded in 1981, with
the invention of the
scanning tunneling
microscope, an
instrument for imaging
surfaces at the atomic
level.
Atomic Force Microscopy.
• is a type of scanning
probe microscopy
(SPM), with
demonstrated resolution
on the order of fractions
of a nanometer, more
than 1000 times better
than the optical
diffraction limit. The
information is gathered
by "feeling" or "touching"
the surface with a
mechanical probe.
Origin of Nanoscience
• in 1959 it was discussed by the renowned physicist
Richard Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at
the Bottom, in which he described the possibility of
synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms.
• in 1960, Egyptian engineer Mohamed Atalla and
Korean engineer Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs fabricated
the first MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-
effect transistor) with a gate oxide thickness of 100
nm, along with a gate length of 20 µm.
• in 1962, Atalla and Kahng fabricated a nanolayer-
base metal–semiconductor junction (M–S junction)
transistor that used gold (Au) thin films with a
thickness of 10 nm.
Origin of nanotechnology
• the term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio
Taniguchi in 1974.
• In 1986, K. Eric Drexler used the term "nanotechnology"
in his book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a
nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a
copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity
with atomic control.
• In 1980, the emergence of nanotechnology as a field in
occurred through convergence of Drexler's theoretical
and public work
• in 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight Institute to
help increase public awareness and understanding of
nanotechnology concepts and implications.
Nanoscience and technology
• branch of science that studies systems
and manipulates matter on atomic,
molecular and supramolecular
scales/ultra-small scale (the nanometre
scale).
Nanotechnology
• study of what happens when
things get very, very small – only
a few atoms in size.
• refers to the science,
engineering, and technology
conducted at the nanoscale,
which is about 1 to 100
nanometers.
• employs the study and
application of exceptionally small
things in materials science,
engineering, physics, biology
and chemistry.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUDWK4MGcr0
Nanotechnology is a very diverse field that is
having bigger and bigger impacts on the world.
• has applications in medicine, cars, spacecrafts,
food, electronics, and materials science just to
name a few.
• refers broadly to a field of applied science and
technology whose unifying theme is the control
of matter on the molecular level in scales
smaller than 1 micrometer, normally 1 to 100
nanometers, and the fabrication of devices
within that size range.
nanometer
• a unit of spatial measurement that is 10-9
meter, or one billionth of a meter.
• commonly used in nanotechnology, the
building of extremely small machines.
Nanoscale and nanostructures
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES USED IN
NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Electron microscope
• a microscope that
uses a beam of
accelerated electrons
as a source of
illumination.
• In 1930, German
engineers Ernst
Ruska and Max Knoll
built the first electron
microscope.
Atomic Force Microscope
• a type of high resolution
scanning probe
microscope that has a
resolution that you can
measure in fractions of a
nanometer.
• was pioneered in 1986
by Nobel Prize Winner
Gerd Binnig along with
Calvin Quate and
Christoph Gerber.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
• an instrument for
imaging surfaces at
the atomic level.
• its development in
1981 earned its
inventors, Gerd
Binnig and Heinrich
Rohrer (at IBM
Zürich), the Nobel
Prize in Physics in
1986.
Possible Applications of
Nanotechnology in the Philippines:
• Information and Communication
Technologies and semiconductors
• Health and medicine
• Energy
• Food and agriculture
• Environment
Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines
• Information and Communication
Technologies and semiconductors
• Health and biomedical
• Energy
• Agriculture and food
• Environment
• Health and environmental risk
• Nano-metrology
• Education and public awareness
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Nanotechnology
Advantages Disadvantages
• offers the • economic
potential for new
disruption
and faster kinds
of computers • possible threats to
• more efficient security, privacy,
power sources: health and the
• and life-saving environment.
medical
treatments.
Nanotechnology and Environment
Benefits Concerns
• improved • High reactivity and
detection and toxicity
removal of • Pervasive distribution
contaminants in the environment
• development of • No nano-specific EPA
benign industrial regulation
processes and
materials
Nanotechnology and Health
Benefits Concerns
• improved medicine • ability to cross cell
• could save lives by membranes and
making diagnosis translocate in the body.
and treatment far • No FDA approval needed
more effective. for cosmetics and
supplements
Nanotechnology and Economy
Benefits Concerns
• better products • redistribution of
• new jobs wealth
• potential costs of
clean-ups anf health
care
• accessibility to all
income levels
On 22 November 2018, ten eminent scientists and scientific
institutions received the UNESCO Medals for contributions to
the development of nanoscience and nanotechnologies during
a ceremony held at UNESCO headquarters, Paris. The medal
is awarded each year by the Director-General of UNESCO to
prominent scientists, public figures and organizations that
contributed to the development of nanoscience and
nanotechnologies in the spirit of UNESCO’s priorities.
• https://en.unesco.org/news/eighth-
unesco-medals-contributions-
development-nanoscience-and-
nanotechnologies
TOP TEN USES AND APPLICATIONS
OF NANOTECHNOLOGY by UNESCO
1. Energy storage, productions and conversion.
2. Agricultural productivity enhancement.
3. Water treatment and remediation.
4. Disease diagnosis and screening.
5. Drug delivery systems.
6. Food processing and storage.
7. Air pollution and remediation.
8. Construction.
9. Health monitoring
10. Vector and pest detector and control.
Assignment
1. What are other examples of nanostructures?
2. What tools can manipulate nanostructures?
3. How can nanotechnology address problems in
the environment?
4. How can nanotechnology be used in the
prevention and treatment of illnesses?
5. What is another example of nanotechnology
and how does it works?
References:
• http://www.emm-nano.org/what-is-nanoscience-
nanotechnology/
• https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/0
90610192431.htm
• https://www.ntnu.edu/nano/nanostructured-
materials
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30672766
• https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-
disadvantages-nanotechnology-37398.html
• https://en.unesco.org/news/eighth-unesco-
medals-contributions-development-nanoscience-
and-nanotechnologies
