Lexicon : berasal dari kata “latin” lexeme,atau lexix yang berarti “word”, atau kata dan kata adalah

kumpulan suara yang mempunyai arti atau ma’na.

Dalam menebak vocab yang belum diketahui artinya, ada 3 tiga cara yang bisa dipakai,yaitu :
1. Synonym ,atau persama’an kata,
2. Antonym, atau lawan kata,biasanya disertai kalimat “but,yet,however “dan sejenisnya,
3. Example, atau contoh,biasanya disertai oleh kalimat “including,such,as”,dan sejenisnya,
Dalam kata bahasa inggris,ada 3 pembagian jenis kata,menurut segi asal dan tambahan suatu kata
bahasa ingris,yaitu :
1. Root, yaitu kata dasar,seperti contoh : happy,comfort,dan lainnya,
2. Prefix,yaitu kata yang sudah diberi imbuhan didepannya,seperti contoh : unhappy,uncomfort,
3. Seffix,yaitu kata yang sudah diberi imbuhan diakhiranya,seperti contoh : happiness,comfortness.

Derivational Affixes

An affix can be either derivational or inflectional. "Derivational affixes"

serve to alter the meaning of a word by building on a base. In the
examples of words with prefixes and suffixes above, the addition of the
prefix un- to healthy alters the meaning of healthy. The resulting word
means "not healthy." The addition of the suffix -er to garden changes
the meaning of garden, which is a place where plants, flowers, etc., grow,
to a word that refers to 'a person who tends a garden.' It should be noted
that ALL prefixes in English are derivational. However, suffixes may be
either derivational or inflectional.

Inflectional Affixes

There are a large number of derivational affixes in English. In contrast,

there are only eight "inflectional affixes" in English, and these are all
suffixes. English has the following inflectional suffixes, which serve a
variety of grammatical functions when added to specific types of words.
These grammatical functions are shown to the right of each suffix.

-s noun plural
-'s noun possessive
-s verb present tense third person singular
-ing verb present participle/gerund
-ed verb simple past tense
-en verb past perfect participle
-er adjective comparative
-est adjective superlative
The process of creating a new word out of one or more old words, either by adding a prefix or suffix or by
compounding. Adjective: derivational.

Examples and Observations:

 "Morphology may be divided into derivation--rules that form a new word out of old words, like
duckfeathers and unkissable--and inflection--rules that modify a word to fit its role in a sentence,
what language teachers call conjugation and declension."
(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. Basic Books, 1999)

 "Derivational morphology studies the principles governing the construction of new words,
without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play in a sentence. In the
formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from infect, for example, we see the formation of
new words, each with its own grammatical properties."
(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2005)

 "Derivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the base word; that is, a prefix is
added to a noun to form a new noun with a different meaning:

o patient: outpatient
o group: subgroup
o trial: retrial

Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually change both the meaning and the word class;
that is, a suffix is often added to a verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different
meaning:

o adjective--dark: darkness
o verb--agree: agreement
o noun--friend: friendship"

(Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and
Written English. Longman, 2002)

DERIVATIONAL morpheme changes the root’s class of words OR its meaning, OR BOTH. The
word ‘unhappy’ derives from the root HAPPY added with a prefix UN. Both ‘happy’ and
‘unhappy’ are adjectives. The meaning, however, is totally different. “I am unhappy” is totally
different from “I am happy”. In this case, the prefix UN is called DERIVATIONAL
MORPHEME.
INFLECTIONAL morpheme, on the other hand, does not change either the root’s class of words
or the meaning. The word ‘books’, for example, derives from the root BOOK added with a suffix
–S. Both ‘book’ and ‘books’ are NOUN. The meaning is still the same. The suffix –S only
indicates the plural form. In this case, the suffix –S is INFLECTIONAL

Derivation (linguistics)
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In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word,
e.g. happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Derivation stands
in contrast to the process of inflection, which uses another kind of affix in order to form
grammatical variants of the same word, as with determine/determine-s/determin-ing/determin-
ed.[1] Generally speaking, inflection applies to all members of a part of speech (e.g., every
English verb has a past-tense form), while derivation applies only to some members of a part of
speech (e.g., the nominalizing suffix -ity can be used with the adjectives modern and dense, but
not with open or strong).

A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and changes them into
words of another syntactic category. For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes
adjectives into adverbs (slow → slowly).

Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:

 adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)

 adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) in British English or -ize (archaic → archaicize) in
American English and Oxford spelling
 adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
 adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
 noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
 noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
 verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
 verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
 verb-to-noun (concrete): -er (write → writer)

Although derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the syntactic category, they do change the
meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic category and
the meaning: modern → modernize ("to make modern"). The change of meaning is sometimes
predictable: Adjective + ness → the state of being (Adjective); (white→ whiteness).

A prefix (write → re-write; lord → over-lord) will rarely change syntactic category in English. The
inflectional prefix un- applies to adjectives (healthy → unhealthy)and some verbs (do → undo),
but rarely to nouns. A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes en- and be-. En- (em- before
labials) is usually used as a transitive marker on verbs, but can also be applied to adjectives and
nouns to form transitive verbs: circle (verb) → encircle (verb); but rich (adj) → enrich (verb),
large (adj) → enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) → enrapture (verb), slave (noun) → enslave (verb).

Note that derivational affixes are bound morphemes. In that respect, derivation differs from
compounding by which free morphemes are combined (lawsuit, Latin professor). It also differs
from inflection in that inflection does not create new lexemes but new word forms (table →
tables; open → opened).

Derivation can occur without any change of form, for example telephone (noun) and to
telephone. This is known as conversion or zero derivation.

References

Bentuk Derivasi Kata Benda (Derivational Form of Nouns)

Alfaqih Warsono

Bentuk derivasi kata benda umumnya memiliki akhiran yg spesial yang mungkin:

 mengubah satu part of speech kepada yang lain. Jenis akhiran ini dibubuhkan pada kata
yang telah ada. Mislnya:
~ ment. -engage + ment menjadi : engagement
part of speech : engage (kata kerja/verb), menjadi : engagement (kata benda /noun)
Ada pula yg dengan melakukan sedikit perubahan, Misalnya:
~ tion. destroy = tion, menjadi : destruction
Ada pula yang memilki beberapa akhiran derivasi. Misalnya:
~ ation. nation + al +ize+ation, menjadi : nationalization
Perubahan part of speech-nya adalah : nation (noun/kata benda), national (adjective/kata
sifat), nationalize (verb/kata kerja), dan nationalization (noun/kata benda)

 membedakan satu part of speech dari yang lain, tanpa ditambahkan kepada kata yang
sudah ada. Misalnya:
distant (adjective/kata sifat), menjadi : distance (noun/kata benda)

Secara umum, suffix akhiran) untuk derivasi bentuk kata benda adalah:

1. Suffix (Akhiran) yang mengubah verb(kata kerja) kepada noun (kata benda)
o mengindikasikan "keadaan"
~ing; ~age; ~al; ~ance atau ~ence; ~(e)ry; ~ment; ~t; ~tion atau ~sion; ~ure.
contoh: write, menjadi: writing (tulisan); marry, menjadi : marriage (pernikahan)
arrive, menjadi : arrival (kedatangan); allow, menjadi : allowance
(pemberian/upah);
persist, menjadi persistence (keadaan terus menerus/ketekunan); arrange,
menjadi : arrangement (susunan/rangkaian); weigh, menjadi : weight (berat);
 deviate, menjadi: deviation (penyimpangan); decide, menjadi : decision (putusan);
fail, menjadi: failure (kegagalan)
o mengindikasikan "orang yang me~", "orang yang aktif dalam~", atau "orang yang
berasal dari ~".
~ant atau ~ent; ~er atau ~or atau ~eer; ~(i)an atau ~arian; ~ist.
Contoh: defend, menjadi : defendant (terdakwa/terbela dlm pengadilan); menjadi:
defender (pembela); manage, menjadi: manager (pengelola/manajer); govern,
menjadi : governor (pemerintah/gubernur); auction, menjadi: auctioneer
(pelelang/juru lelang); library, menjadi: librarian (pustakawan); Indonesia,
menjadi: Indonesian (orang Indonesia); magic, menjadi : magician (tukang sulap);
type, menjadi: typist (juru ketik).
o akhiran "~ing" mengungkapkan beberapa kekuatan verbal dari sebuah kata yang
diimbuhi. Kata benda (noun) dengan akhiran derivasi "~ing" biasanya merujuk
pada "bidang usaha" atau "aktivitas rekreasi. Misalnya:
fish, menjadi fishing (kegiatan memancing); mine, menjadi : mining
(pertambangan/aktivitas menambang); engineer, menjadi engineering
(permesinan);
Beberapa kata dengan "~ing", misalnya:
a good cleaning (pembersihan yg bagus);
excellent hunting (perburuan yang sangat bagus);
Kadang-kadang dalam bentuk jamak (plural), seperti:
bless, menjadi : blessings (berkah); wed, menjadi :weddings (perkawinan).

2. Suffix (Akhiran) yang membedakan noun (kata benda) dari verb (kata kerja)
~f, believe menjadi : belief (kepercayaan); prove, menjadi : proof (bukti)
~fe, live menjadi : life (kehidupan)
~se, defend menjadi : defense (pertahanan)
~t, receive menjadi: receipt (kwitansi/tanda terima); descend, menjadi : descent
(turunnya);
~ce, advise, menjadi : advice (nasihat)

3. Suffix (akhiran) yang mengubah adjective (kata sifat) menjadi noun (kata benda) untuk
mengindikasikan "keadaan menjadi ~".
~ity, active, menjadi : activity (aktivitas); steril, menjadi : sterility (sterilitas); difficult,
menjadi : difficulty (kesulitan)
~ness, happy, menjadi: happiness (kebahagiaan); useful, menjadi usefulness
(kebergunaan)
~th, warm, menjadi : warmth (kehangatan); strong, menjadi : strength (kekuatan)

4. Suffix (akhiran) yang membedakan Noun (kata benda) dari Adjective (kata sifat)
~ant atau ~ent (adjective) menjadi : ~ance atau ~ence (noun)
o intelligent (cerdas), menjadi : intelligence (kecerdasan)
o distant (jauh), menjadi : distance (jarah jauh)
o brilliant (cemerlang), menjadi : brilliance (keadaan cemerlang/kecemerlangan)
 o radiant (bersinar-sinar/ berseri-seri), menjadi : radiance (sinar)

5. Suffix (akhiran) yang mengubah kata benda konkrit menjadi kata benda abstrak, untuk
mengindikasikan "keadaan menjadi ~"
~hood, brother (saudara), menjadi brotherhood (persaudaraan); child (anak), menjadi :
childhood (masa kanak-kanak)
~ism, hero (pahlawan), menajdi : heroism (kepahlawanan); Muhammad, menajdi :
Muhammadism (Muhammadisme/Muhammadiyah)
~ship, fellow (teman), menjadi : fellowship (pertemanan/persahabatan); statesman
(negarawan), menjadi : statesmanship (kenegarawanan)

6. Suffix (akhiran) yang mengubah noun (kata benda) menjadi Kata benda lain untuk
mengindikasikan :
o doktrin, teori, faham. (~ism)
o pengikut atau advokat dari doktrin, teori, faham tersebut. (~ist)
Contoh:
capital (modal), menjadi : capitalism (paham kapitalisme), menjadi : capitalist
(kapitalis/pengikut paham kapitalism)
commune (kelompok yang hidup bersama), menjadi: communism (paham/doktrin
komune, komunisme), menjadi : communist (komunist/ pengikut paham
komunisme)
terror (rasa ngeri, teror), menjadi: terrorism (doktrin teror), menjadi : terrorist
(pengikut/pelaku teror)

7. Suffix (akhiran) "~ess" untuk membedakan orang perempuan dari orang laki-laki.
o waiter (palayan pria), menjadi : waitress (pelayan wanita)
o actor (aktor pria), menjadi: actress (aktris, aktor wanita)
o steward (pramugara), menjadi: stewardess (pramugari)
o beberapa menggunakan akhiran :
~ine, seperti: hero (pahlawan) , menjadi : heroine (pahlawan wanita)
~ette, seperti: suffragist (pemegang hak pilih pria), menjadi: suffragette
(pemegang hak pilih wanita)
~ix, seperti: aviator (penerbang pria), menjadi: aviatrix (penerbang wanita)