Purposive Communication
Communication Models of Communication
- It comes from the Latin word communicare, Linear
which was first used in 1529 and archaically
means “share” 1. Berlo’s
- The specific sense of the world is “to make
Source – Message – Channel – Receiver
common to many” or “to impart”
- It is a process of sharing and conveying 2. Aristotle’s
messages or information from one person to
another within and across channels, contexts, Invention – Arrangement – Style – Delivery
media, and cultures. 3. Shannon’s Model according to Berlo
- Your ability to communicate effectively enables
you to establish connections and rapport with the Source – Transmitter – Signal – Receiver
other people 4. Shannon-Weaver’s Mathematical Model
Definition of communication by different authors Message Received Received Message
- “Communication is defined as the process of Signals Signals
sending and receiving messages” (Satterwhite &
Olson-Sutton, 2007) Info – Transmitter – Channel – Receiver – Destruction
- “Communication is the process of using verbal
Noise
and non-verbal messages to generate meaning
within and across varied context, cultures, and Interactive
channels” (Engelberg &Wynn, 2008)
- Communication is the transactional process by 1. Schramm’s
which people, interacting in a particular context, Message
negotiate the meanings of verbal and non-verbal
symbols in order to achieve shared Encoder Decoder
understanding” ( Hamilton & Creel, 2011)
Interpreter Interpreter
- Communication is the process of transferring
information and meaning between sender and Encoder Encoder
receivers, using one or more written, oral, visual,
or electronic media” (Bovee & Thill, 2014) Message
Nature of communication 2. Aristotle’s
- Communication is a process Speaker = Message = Listener
- Communication occurs between two or more 3. Dance’s Helical Model
people
- Communication can be expressed through
written or spoken words, actions (non-verbal), or
both spoken words and non-verbal actions at the
same time.
4. Schramm’s Model of Field of Experience
F of E F of E
Destruction/Encoder > Signal < Decoder/Detination
Elements of Communication
7. Frame of Reference – Communicators bring into
1. Sender and receiver –
their interactions their own value system or culture,
preferences, world views, self-concept, expectations,
The sender is the participant who initiates the
and experiences.
communication process and establishes the purpose
of the message. “To communicate effectively, one should develop not
only skills, but also a sense of empathy with others.”
The receiver is the one of whom the message is (Pearson, 2995)
intended and sent.
Trans-receiver sending and receiving messages at Forms of Communication
the same time.
Verbal Communication
2. Message – The message contains the information, Non-verbal Communication
thought, and feelings that a communicator expresses Formal Communication
to the other participants in the communication Informal Communication
process. Intentional Communication
Unintentional Communication
3. Channel/medium – The channel/medium identifies
how the messages is delivered. Types of Communication According to Context
Intrapersonal
4. Feedback – is the receiver’s response to the sent
Interpersonal
message. This makes communication a two-way
Public Communication
process.
Extended Communication
5. Context – Context affects the way communicators Intercultural
send and receive messages. It refers to the Organizational
circumstances – situation, condition, and
environment – where communication occurs.
6. Noise – it is defined as an impediment to successful
communication. Noise is classified according to the
following:
a. External noise – originates from the
communicators’ surroundings or environment.
Ex. Boisterous laughter, videoke sessions in the
neighbourhood, sound of vehicles.
b. Internal noise – refers to anything that is self-
related – your attitudes, opinions, and beliefs –
that may hamper effective sending and receiving
of messages.
Ex. Hunger, pain because of illness, anxiety,
fear, worry, disappointment, and prejudice.
c. Semantic noise – gets in the way when the
sender and receiver do not share the same
meaning for their verbal and non-verbal signals.
Ex. Jargons
