Chapter 2: HISTORY OF DENTISTRY

ANCIENT PERIOD
5000 BC - A Sumerian text of this date describes “tooth worms” as the cause of dental decay.
2600 BC - Death of Hesy-Re, an Egyptian scribe, often called the first “dentist”. An inscription on
his tomb includes the title “the greatest of those who deal with teeth, and of physicians.” This is
the earliest known reference to a person identified as a dental practitioner
1700-1550 BC- An Egyptian text, the Ebers Papyrus, refers to diseases of the teeth and various
toothache remedies.
500-300 BC - Hippocrates and Aristotle write about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of
teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to
stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.
100 BC - Celsus, a Roman medical writer, writes extensively in his important compendium of
medicine on oral hygiene, stabilization of loose teeth, and treatments for toothache, teething pain, and
jaw fractures.
166-201 AD - The Etruscans practice dental prosthetics using gold crowns and fixed bridgework.
MIDDLE AGES
700 - A medical text in China mentions the use of “silver paste,” a type of amalgam.
500-1000 - Medicine, surgery and dentistry are practiced by Monks
1210 - A Guild of Barbers is established in France. Barbers eventually evolve into two groups:
surgeons who were educated and trained to perform complex surgical operations; and lay barbers,
or barber-surgeons, who performed more routine hygienic services including shaving, bleeding and
tooth extraction.
1530 - The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth (Artzney
Buchlein), the first book devoted entirely to dentistry, is published in Germany. Written for barbers
and surgeons who treat the mouth, it covers practical topics such as oral hygiene, tooth extraction,
drilling teeth, and placement of gold fillings.
1575 - In France Ambroise Pare, known as the Father of Surgery, publishes his Complete Works.
This includes practical information about dentistry such as tooth extraction and the treatment of tooth
decay and jaw fractures.
By the 1700s, dentistry had become a more defined profession. In 1723, Pierre Fauchard, a French
surgeon credited as the Father of Modern Dentistry, published his influential book, The Surgeon
Dentist, or Treatise on Teeth, which for the first time defined a comprehensive system for caring for
and treating teeth. Additionally, Fauchard first introduced the idea of dental fillings and the use of
dental prosthesis, and he identified that acids from sugar led to tooth decay.
HISTORY OF DENTISTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE SPANISH ERA
Early Filipinos, even before the advent of the Spaniards had been practicing
some crude form of dentistry. Barbers doubled up as dental practitioners. They used queer
methods of treating toothaches. They used their fingers and sometimes nail-pliers for extracting
teeth.
SPANISH ERA:
 Real dental practice in the country began more than a hundred years ago. It started in the
district of Quiapo, City of Manila, in the time of Capitan Jose Arevalo, popularly known as
Capitan Cheng-Cheng. He was gradually regarded as the first Filipino dentist.
Later a special course was established in the University of Santo Tomas for cirujanos
ministrantes "one who administers surgery“ and which was eventually changed to cirujano
dentistas “as dental surgeons”.
MILESTONE IN THE DENTAL PROFESSION
AMERICAN ERA
Examinations were given and licenses subsequently issued. The requirement marked the
beginning of the trend toward state supervision of the dental practice of the country. In the
change from a military to a civil government, the Islands were placed under a governing body
known as the Philippine Commission. It was this body, which, in 1903, passed the famous RA
Act No. 593, considered to be the second step towards the maturation of dentistry in the
Philippines into a profession. This Act provided for the organization of the Board of Dental
Examiners and vested with powers substantially similar to those the present Board enjoys.
The effects of American education began to be felt and were highlighted by the arrival of
Filipino dentists who earned their degrees from American dental schools. Some of these
Filipino dentists were Drs. Gregorio R. Mateo, Francisco Ponce, Placido Flores and
Joaquin A. Ladao. While Filipino dentists increased, the dental needs and problems of the
people also increased. To solve this, they bonded themselves together into an organization
called the Sociedad dental de Filipinas with Don Bonifacio Arevalo as president, Gregorio R.
Mateo as vice-president, F. Calleja and Juan Villanueva as secretary and treasurer respectively.
This organization was instrumental towards the establishment of dental schools and initiation of
reforms for the improvement of the profession. Colegio Dental del Liceo de Manila was the
first dental school established under the leadership of Gregorio R. Mateo, Antonio Oliveros,
Crispulo Layoc and others. This was later renamed the Philippine Dental College consisted of
three years professional course leading to the degree of D.D.S. Gregorio Agramon ably edited
the Odontologia Filipina, the official organ of the society as an offshoot of the Sociedad Dental
del Filipinas.

Chapter 3: GOAL AND VALUE OF ORIENTATION

Why did you choose Dentistry?
 Personal Factors (Intrinsic)
1. Personal interest
2. Self-efficacy
3. Outcome expectations
4. Professional development opportunities
 External factors (Extrinsic)
1. Income
2. Professional prestige
3. Job Accessibility
4. Job security
Characteristics of a Dental Student
1. Energetic
2. Enthusiastic
3. Patient
4. Persistent
5. Disciplined
As Dental Students, How will you present yourselves to patients?
 You must be COMPETENT - having the necessary ability, knowledge or skill to do
something successful.
 You must act with FIRMNESS and EASE to instil the CONFIDENCE to your patients.
How to achieve this?
1. Study the THEORIES
2. Master/Practice the craft or the “Art of Dentistry”
3. Presence of heart and mind
Who are involved in training a DENTIST?
1. Dentistry Professors and Clinical Instructor/Supervisors
2. Members of allied professions (health professionals, x-ray/laboratory technicians, etc.)
3. Government agencies (CHED, PRC)
4. Private Educational institutions
5. The Patients
6. The Public
Goals of Dental Profession
 Continually increase production
 Continually grow profitability
 Continually generate more referrals
 Maintain a low-stress environment
 Seek high professional satisfaction and an enjoyable practice environment
 Gain financial independence
Threefold values of Dental Profession
1. Service to mankind - Preventive/corrective treatments,
2. Social Security - Ideal means of livelihood, career opportunities
3. Prestige for self - Title. Doctor
Ideal Characteristics of a Dentist
 Dedicated to service
 Honest and sincere
 Diligent
 Resourceful
 Charitable
Factors for a Successful Dental Treatment
1. The capability and skill of the dentist to work on a given case.
2. Patient cooperation with the dentist regarding medication and operation
3. The need for the patient to have faith and confidence to himself, in nature’s healing process
and in building up positive thinking that he will get well.
Inter-professional Referrals:
 Physicians - More than Just Teeth and Gums
 Detection of disease inside the mouth that has systemic implication.
 muscles of the head, neck and jaw, the tongue, salivary glands, the nervous system of the
head and neck and other areas
 Co-management of systemic and oral diseases (Cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy)
 Pharmacist
  Checks for errors in dosage and takes medication histories
 Identify potential interactions and adverse effects
 Common medications prescribed by the dentist
 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories with antihypertensives, antidepressants with
sedatives, antibiotics and antiplatelet, analgesic, and anticoagulant medications
 Medical Technologist - Performs gum/gingival biopsy
 Incisional biopsy
 Excisional biopsy
 Percutaneous biopsy
 Brush biopsy
 Nurses
 Medical history taking
 Contacts physician
 Taking vital signs
 Placement IV (intravenous) line
 Monitors patients during treatment during surgery or sedation.
 Post-operative care
 Other Dentist (specific case referrals)
 Specialists (Surgery, Implant, Endodontist etc)

Chapter 4: SCOPE OF DENTISTRY

Dentistry - defined as the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical,
surgical or related procedures) of diseases, disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity,
maxillofacial area and/or the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human
body; provided by a dentist, within the scope of his/her education, training and experience, in
accordance with the ethics of the profession and applicable law. (As adopted by the 1997
American Dental Association House of Delegates)
Dentistry can be defined in 3 aspects
1. As a science - branch of medicine that is involved in the study, diagnosis, prevention, and
treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but
also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the
maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
2. As an art – involves skilled craftsmanship/psychomotor skills/technical skills
3. As a profession – a calling or vocation requiring specialized knowledge and technical skills
following lengthy and intensive program.
Scope of Dentistry
1. Diagnosing oro-facial conditions and providing appropriate information to patients of
diagnosis, treatment or management options and their consequences
2. Removing tooth tissue and/or placing materials for either the temporary or permanent
restoration or replacement of tooth structure, or the rehabilitation of the dentition
3. Performing procedures on the orofacial complex, teeth, and the hard and soft tissues
surrounding or supporting the teeth
4. Extracting teeth
5. Administering local analgesia and/or sedative drugs in connection with procedures on the
teeth, the jaws and the soft tissues surrounding or supporting the teeth
 6. Prescribing medicines appropriate to the scope of practice, the sale or supply of which is
restricted by law to prescription by designated health practitioners
7. Prescribing special tests in the course of dental treatment
8. Using ionising radiation, for diagnostic purposes, in the course of the practice of dentistry
9. Performing procedures on any person to prepare for or carry out the construction, fitting,
adjustment, repair, or renewal of artificial dentures or restorative or corrective dental
appliances.
The Basic Sciences and Dentistry
 A dentist must be knowledgeable in basic medical/biological sciences.
 To be able to understand pathologic conditions, the dentist must be well-educated with
normal anatomy and physiology

Chapter 5: INTRODUCTION TO ORAL ANATOMY

Two Types of Dentition
 Primary / deciduous dentition (20 teeth; 10 per arch)
 Also known as milk teeth. It consists of Central and Lateral Incisors, Canines, and the 1 st
& 2nd Molars
 Permanent dentition (32 teeth; 16 per arch)
 It consists of Central and Lateral Incisors, Canines, 1 st & 2nd Premolars and the 1st, 2nd 3rd
Molars.
Dental Tissue
 Enamel - Hard calcified tissue covering the dentin in the crown of tooth. Because it contains
no living cells, tooth enamel cannot repair damage from decay or from wear. Only a dentist
can correct these conditions.
 Dentin - That part of the tooth that is beneath enamel and cementum. It contains
microscopic tubules (small hollow tubes or canals). When dentin loses its protective
covering (enamel), the tubules allow heat and cold or acidic or sticky foods to stimulate the
nerves and cells inside the tooth, causing sensitivity.
 Pulp - the soft tissue at the center of your teeth containing nerves, blood vessels and
connective tissue.
 Cementum - Hard connective tissue covering the tooth root, giving attachment to the
periodontal ligament.
 Periodontal Ligament - A system of collagenous connective tissue fibers that connect the
root of a tooth to its socket.
Dental Anatomy
 Clinical crown – that portion of a tooth visible in the oral cavity
 Anatomical crown – that portion of a tooth covered with enamel
 Clinical root – that portion of a tooth which lies within the alveolus
 Anatomical root – that portion of a tooth covered by cementum
 Cervical Margin- Junction of the anatomical crown and anatomical root
Basic Tooth Forms
 Incisors (4) – Cutting teeth; thin blade-like crowns
 Central Incisors
 Lateral Incisors
 Canine (2) – Piercing or Tearing teeth; single stout, pointed cone-shaped crown
 Premolars (4) - Grinding teeth
  1st Premolar
 2nd Premolar
 Molars (6) - Grinding teeth
 1st Molar
 2nd Molar
 3rd Molar

Surfaces of Tooth
 Buccal - Towards, or adjacent to, the cheek. The term bucca surface is reserved for that
surface of a premolar or molar which is positioned immediately adjacent to the cheek
 Labial - Towards, or adjacent to, the lips. The term labial surface is reserved for that surface
of an incisor or canine which is positioned immediately adjacent to the lips
 Palatal - Towards, or adjacent to, the palate. The term palatal surface is reserved for that
surface of a maxillary tooth which is positioned immediately adjacent to the palate
 Lingual - Towards, or adjacent to, the tongue. The term lingual surface is reserved for that
surface of a mandibular tooth which lies immediately adjacent to the tongue
 Mesial - Towards the median. The mesial surface is that surface which faces towards the
median line following the curve of the dental arch
 Distal - Away from the median. The distal surface is that surface which faces away from the
median line following the curve of the dental arch
Cavity Classification
 According to type of surface
1. Pit and fissure caries
2. Smooth caries
 According to the number of surface
1. Simple – 1 surface
2. Compound – 2 surface
3. Complex – more than 2 surface
 According to Greene Vardiman Black (G.V. Black) Classification
1. Class I - Lesion and preparation is limited to the occlusal surface and involves pit and
fissures (posterior teeth) and lingual surface of anterior teeth.
2. Class II - Proximal caries on posterior teeth.
3. Class III - Proximal caries on anterior teeth that do not include the incisal angles
4. Class IV- Proximal caries on anterior teeth that do include the incisal angles
5. Class V- Cervical caries; gingival 1/3 of buccal or lingual surfaces
6. Class VI- Caries on the buccal/lingual cusps
Classification of Malocclusion (Angles’ Classfication) – Edward Hartley Angle
 Class I Malocclusion - The mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first permanent molar occludes
with the mesiobuccal groove of the lower first molar
 Class II Malocclusion - The mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is anterior to the
mesiobuccal groove of the lower first molar. Usually the mesiobuccal cusp rests in between
the first mandibular molars and second premolars
 Class II Division 1 - Condition when class II molar relationship is present with
proclined upper central incisors. There is an increase in overjet.
  Class II Division 2 - Condition when class II molar relationship is present with
retroclined upper central incisors, upper lateral incisors may be proclined or normally
inclined. Overjet is usually minimal or may be increased.
 Class II Subdivision - Condition when the class II molar relationship exists on only one
side with normal molar relationship on the other side.
 Class III Malocclusion - The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar lies posteriorly
to the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar. Usually seen as when the lower
front teeth are more prominent than the upper front teeth.

OTHERS
Tooth Naming
 Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) – also known as two-digit system.

 American Dental
Association Naming System

Classification of Malocclusion