Nature and Relationship of Science, Technology and  A society is a group of individuals, which is construction and art, including

Society characterized by common interest and may pottery, sewing and weaving.
have distinctive culture and institutions. 2) THE BRONZE AGE
What is SCIENCE?  metalworking advances were made,
 Science to Society (seeks to as bronze, a copper and tin alloy,
 From Latin SCIENTIA – KNOWLEDGE improve) was discovered
 It is system of acquiring knowledge based on  Society to Science  advances in architecture and art,
the scientific method, as well as the (demands more) including the invention of the
organized body of knowledge gained through  Science to Technology (informs) potter’s wheel, and textiles
such research.  Technology to Science  organized government, law and
(demands more) warfare, as well as beginnings of
Fields of science are commonly classified into two major
 Society to Technology (benefits from) religion
lines:
 Technology to Society 3) THE IRON AGE
1. NATURAL SCIENCES, which study natural (makes life easier)  the discovery of ways to heat and
phenomena (including biological life), and forge iron
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE &  advances in architecture
Science sometimes termed as pure science to
TECHNOLOGY
differentiate it from applied science, which is  water systems put into place
the application of scientific research to specific PREHISTORIC PERIOD  agriculture, art and religion all
human needs. became more sophisticated, and
2. SOCIAL SCIENCES, which study human When there was human life before records writing systems and written
behavior and societies documented human activity. documentation, including alphabets,
began to emerge, ushering in the
What is TECHNOLOGY? Three archaeological periods: Early Historical Period.
 From Greek word “TECHNOLOGIA” – 1) THE STONE AGE ANCIENT PERIOD
TECHNE, (art, craft, skill), and LOGIA - 1. Paleolithic (or Old Stone Age)
WORD  humans lived in caves or simple MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
 Application of scientific knowledge for practical huts
purposes that can be a product, and a  they used basic stone and bone SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
process that affect the quality of life. tools They invented the first form of writing which
 they cooked their prey, using is known as Cuneiform, a number system, the first
Interconnection between SCIENCE and controlled fire.
TECHNOLOGY wheeled vehicles, sun-dried bricks, and irrigation for
2. Mesolithic (or Middle Stone Age) farming
 humans used small stone tools that
 Science explores for the purpose of knowing,
are polished and sometimes crafted 1) Uruk City – built using bricks made up of
while technology explores for the purpose of
with points to serve as spears and only mud and clay from the river mixed with
making something useful from that knowledge.
arrows; reeds
 Science drives technology by making new
 they often lived near bodies of water 2) The Great Ziggurat of Ur – a temple built
technology possible through scientific
breakthroughs.  agriculture was introduced which led using the same bricks used for the Uruk
to more permanent settlements in City
 Without science, technology could not proceed.
villages. 3) Irrigation and Dikes – created to bring water
 Without technology, some science experiments
3. Neolithic (or New Stone Age) for farmlands and to control the flooding of
would not be possible.
 ancient humans switched from the rivers
What is SOCIETY? hunter/gatherer mode to agriculture 4) Sailboats – addressed the problems on
and food production boats in terms of capacity
 The term society emerged in the fifteenth  they domesticated animals and 5) Wheel – used for farm work and food
century and is derived from the French cultivated cereal grains; application processes (milling grains) before used for
société. The French word, in turn, had its origin of mechanical principles was transportation
in the Latin societas, a "friendly association achieved by pottery-making 6) Plow – used to dig the ground, where seeds
with others," from socius meaning  they used polished hand axes, would be planted, faster
“companion, associate, comrade or adzes for ploughing and tilling the 7) Roads – made the flow of traffic faster and
business partner”. land and started to settle in the plains. more organized
 advancements were made not only in
tools but also in farming, home BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
 It was in Astronomy where they showed constructed to keep out invaders and control  established the 1st university,
remarkable talent. Babylonians knew the rule that the borders ACADEMY
solar eclipses could only be possible during new  believes in envisioning a perfect
moons and lunar eclipses only during full moons. GREEK CIVILIZATION society, perfect beauty, great
friendships etc. and that people
1) Hanging Gardens of Babylon – structure  Invention of water mills, odometer should develop a rational plan in
made up of layers upon layers of gardens that measures the distance travelled achieving them (hence, the academy)
that contained several species of plants, by a vehicle, the first alarm clock,
 Regarded by many as idealist
trees, and vines basis of Geometry
 they invented Doric, Ionic and ARISTOTLE
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Corinthian columns
 earliest Practice of Medicine, and  The Master/ The Great Thinker/ The
Known for the construction of PYRAMIDS Modern Philosophy (in fact the early Philosopher
and other monuments. Paper made from papyrus was Greek philosophers were also  Plato’s student at age 18
the chief writing material. scientists); they also started the  Tutored Alexander the Great (Great
Olympic games Conqueror of the Western world)
1) Ink – made up of soot (a black powdery
1) Alarm Clock – made use of water (or  built LYCEUM in Athens
substance consisting of carbon, produced by
sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped  Scientific basis, empirical data of
the incomplete burning of organic matter)
into drums which sounded the alarm observables
2) Hieroglyphics – a system of writing using
2) Water Mill – replaced the mills powered by  Father of Logical, Rational
symbols developed by Egyptians
farm animals; enabled mass production of Thinking
3) Cosmetics – used for both health and
rice, cereals, and flour
aesthetic purposes
3) Odometer – a device used to indicate WHAT IS THE SOCRATIC METHOD?
4) Wig – worn for health and wellness; serve as
distance travelled by a vehicle
protection from the harmful rays of the sun
4) Antikythera Mechanism – consisted of gears The Socratic method is named after Greek
5) Water Clock (Clepsydra) – a timekeeping
placed on top of one another; used to predict philosopher Socrates who taught students by asking
device in which the amount of water (or the
astronomical positions and events question after question. Socrates sought to expose
height) determines how much time has elapsed
depending on the calendar month contradictions in the students’ thoughts and ideas to
6) Shadoof – a hand-operated device used for
5) Greek Architecture – stadiums and columns; then guide them to solid, tenable conclusions. The
lifting water; used for irrigation
made of wood, bricks, limestone, marble, method is still popular in legal classrooms today.
7) Pyramid – a structure made up of layers of
baked clay, and metals
stones; served as tomb of Pharaohs NOTABLE PHILOSOPHERS
6) Medicine – medicine was separated from
ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION philosophy and religion; treating wounds,
surgery, attribution of diseases to lifestyle 1) THALES - Suggested that all things came and
and environment are sustained by water
Four (+3) Great Inventions of Ancient China:
 Thales of Miletus, Archimedes, 2) ANAXIMANDER - said that things could not
1) Gunpowder – produced from a mixture of Democritus, Aristotle and come from a specific substance but rather
charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate; used Hippocrates came from something called the “boundless”.
for fireworks and for weapons 3) ANAXIMENES - suggested that things come
2) Paper – made from soaked and pressed plant THE GREAT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS from air.
fibers dried in sheets on wooden frames and 4) HERACLITUS - said that change is
screens SOCRATES fundamental, and fire plays a central role in
3) Woodblock Printing – a method of printing it.
which made use of a carved piece of wood  philosopher- lover of truth, seeker 5) EMPEDOCLES - argued that there are four
which is inked and printed on paper or fabric of wisdom elements, which is Earth, Water, Air, and Fire.
4) Compass – consisted of lodestone and a  Loves to walk around and do Q & A 6) LEUCIPPUS and DEMOCRITUS - suggested
bronze plate until he convinced people to believe that there are two real entities: atoms and the
5) Silk – harvested and processed from silk and search for Universal Truth void
worms to produce paper and clothing rather than stay in status quo 7) HIPPOCRATES - separated religion and
6) Tea Production – started from the invention of  Believed that there is Ultimate Truth philosophy from practical medicine. Declared
a machine that was able to shred tea leaves and that true knowledge exists in that diseases were not caused by gods but
into strips knowing that men know nothing. due to natural causes.
7) Great Wall of China – made up of stone, 8) PYTHAGOREANS - according to them, matter
brick, wood, earth, and other materials; PLATO was made up of ordered arrangements of
atom, which are arranged according to
 geometrical principals into triangles, 4) Mechanical Clock – paved the way for 4) Bifocals – combination of both concave and
squares, rectangles, etc. accurately keeping track of time; smaller convex lenses for both types of vision
9) ARCHIMEDES and cheaper than an hourglass correction (distance and reading)
 one of the most known scientists 5) Spinning Wheel – a machine used for 5) Barometer – invented by Torricelli; used for
of Classical Antiquity. transforming fiber into thread or yarn and measuring air pressure
 Archimedes’ Principle (Buoyancy) eventually woven into cloth 6) Thermometer – used for measuring
 Value of Pi 6) War Weapons – cross bows, long bows, temperature
 Archimedes’ Screw (Water Pump) body armors
FAMOUS SCIENTISTS IN THE EARLY MODERN
ROMAN CIVILIZATION MODERN PERIOD PERIOD

 they constructed arches, roads and EARLY MODERN PERIOD 1) Kepler – Laws of Planetary Motion
highways, aqueducts, concretes, 2) Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory
1) Renaissance 3) Galileo – astronomical observations using
basilica, amphitheater
 It means “rebirth”. the telescope
 the Roman Numeral System
 The most important invention of 4) Descartes – skepticism in scientific method
 first empire to establish a
the Renaissance, and perhaps in the 5) Newton – Laws of Motion and Universal Law
sophisticated system of circulating
history of the world, was the printing of Gravitation
written news which it published the
press (the Gutenberg Bible is the
“Acta Diurna” which translates as THE AGE OF INVENTION
first book printed)
“Daily Events.”
1) Newspaper – known as gazettes, contained  both the microscope and the
telescope were invented and the  A lot of notable inventions were made during
announcements of the Roman Empire to the this period, especially industrial machines,
people; engraved in metal or stone tablets first mechanical clock
2) Scientific Revolution which made it possible for machine to
2) Bound Books (Codex) – papyrus pages perform the works that human labors have
bound together and covered by animal skin  It was the emergence of modern
science with developments in been performing before
3) Roman Architecture – new building and  First Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) –
engineering technology; sturdier and mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology and chemistry. textile manufacturing and the innovation of
stronger infrastructures; large churches, the steam engine
aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters  During this period, many
instruments were invented such as  First Industrial Revolution (1780-1830):
4) Roman Numerals – number system devised steam engine (Newcomen and Watt);
by Romans to keep up with the high the microscope, barometer, and
thermometer. Spinning Jenny (Hargreaves); railways and
calculation requirements due to the increasing canals
rate of communication and trade. 3) Age of Enlightenment
 This grew out of the Renaissance,  Second Industrial revolution (1870 – 1914) –
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGE Reformation, and the Scientific steel production; the automobile and
Revolution advances in electricity
 It is the period in European history  It was an intellectual movement  Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914):
from the collapse of Roman which advocated freedom, steel production; telegraph; telephone;
civilization in the 5th century to the democracy and reason as the photograph; typewriter; light bulb;
period of the Renaissance primary values of society. phonograph; electric generator; internal
 Also known as Age of Faith and  European politics, philosophy, combustion engines (made automobiles and
Dark Age science and communications were airplane flight possible)
 Inventions include heavy plough, radically reoriented
THE TECHNOLOGICAL AGE
hourglass, spinning wheel, and 1) Printing Press – invented by Gutenberg;
 End of Medieval period the printing consisted of wooden machines that extracted  The Information Age (also known as the
press was invented by Johannes juices from fruits with attached metal Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media
Gutenberg impression of letters which was pressed firmly Age) is a historic period in the 21st century
1) Heavy Plough – used to cultivate clay soil into a piece of paper creating an exact characterized by the rapid shift from traditional
which is fertile but heavy impression on paper industry that the Industrial Revolution brought
2) Paper Money – replaced precious metals as a 2) Microscope – invented by Janssen; used to through industrialization, to an economy based
form of currency observe things that are invisible to the on information technology
3) Hourglass – a device used to measure the naked eye for the purpose of developing  Third Industrial Revolution (1950-1970) –
passage of time proper medicines for diseases Brought semiconductors; mainframe
3) Telescope – invented by Galileo; for
observation of remote objects
 computing, personal computing and the
internet – Digital Revolution
 Fourth Industrial Revolution – Artificial
intelligence (AI), robotics, genetic
engineering, quantum computing and other
technologies in the present time