INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, and existential dilemmas, brought

TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY about by the continued

developments in science and
SCIENCE
technology.
 came from the Latin word
“Scientia” which means
knowledge
 a system or process of acquiring
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE
scientific knowledge
COURSE OF SCIENCE,
 process used to solve problems or
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
develop an understanding of nature
that involves testing possible SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
answers  the developments are not just
 an organized, systematic, and products of people’s imagination or
methodical activity of building and a one-time thought process; are
organizing knowledge about how also brought about by gradual
the universe behaves through improvements to earlier works from
observation, experimentation or different time periods.
both.  behind this continuous progress is

TECHNOLOGY the desire to raise the quality of life

of the people.
 came from Greek root word
“Techne” - meaning “art, skill, or ANCIENT TIMES
cunning of hand.”  Transportation
 the application of scientific - is significant in going to different places.
knowledge, aimed to solving real-  Communication
world problems - essential to occupy new places so need
 AN application of scientific to communicate
knowledge for people. - record keeping (history, remembrance
SOCIETY of places, the culture, etc.)
 Engineering and Architecture
 came from Latin word “Societas” -
which means “a friendly association - created a technology for food supplies &
with others” tools
 a large group of people who live
- the transportation equipment,
together in an organized way, establishments, buildings, structures, etc.
 Weapons and Armors:
making decisions about how to do
things and sharing the work that - created weapons & armors to use to
needs to be done; is characterized invade and gather enough food and
by common interests and may have necessities
distinctive cultures and institutions. - it signifies as a great group when a
 A group of people who use group acquires these; for security.
 Conservation of Life
technology and study science.
How they interact and how they are  post-great problem
related to each other:  different illnesses arrive
 they interact as a bridge to connect
 helps to discover new cures
them from one another.  if it’s not a cure, then it is prevention.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
 a relatively young field that  Sumeria is located on the southern
combines previously independent tip of ancient Mesopotamia.
and older disciplines, such as  known for their high degree of
History of Science, Philosophy of cooperation with one another and
Science, and Sociology of Science. their desire for great things. They
 seeks to bridge the gap between are not content with the basic
two traditionally exclusive culture things that life can offer. This desire
— humanities and natural sciences pushed them to develop many
— so that human will be able to things connected with science and
better confront the moral, ethical, technology.
 CUNEIFORM  later poured “BITUMEN” to
 first writing system smoothen the road.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
 utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay  the civilization emerged near the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
using wedge instruments
 to keep records of things  Known as great builders, engineers,
and architects.
 created by Sumerian around 3000
BCE— where record keeping started  major contributions: the hanging
gardens of Babylon, one of the
— uses shapes or symbols.
seven wonders of the ancient world.
URUK CITY
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
 considered as the first true city
 a structure made up of layers upon
 built by using mud or clay mixed
layers of gardens that contained
with reeds, producing sun baked
several species of plants, trees, and
bricks
vines.
 to protect them from harsh weather
 King Nebuchadnezzar II built the
and prevent wild animals and
gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis.
neighboring raiders from entering.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
 famous for its legacy is the
 also called the mountain of God Egyptian Civilization located in
 served as the sacred place for their North Africa.
chief God  famous by infrastructures
 used people as sacrificial lambs for established by the Pharaohs.
their God  Aside from engineering technology,
 priests were the only ones allowed egyptians have contributed other
to enter. practical things that the world now
IRRIGATION AND DIKES considers as essential.
 to bring water to farmlands and PAPER OR PAPYRUS
mass produce food items; control  Papyrus was a plant that grew
the flooding of the rivers. abundantly along the Nile River in
SAILBOATS Egypt
 the main mode of transportation is  invented as a replacement for clay
through waterways tablets as they were very fragile,
 used to carry large quantities of heavy, and delicate to handle.
products; essential in trading as  made writing easier; popularized
well as fostering culture, sending letters.
information, and technology INK
 mode of transportation due to  invented ink by combining soot with
reasons where wheels were not yet different chemicals to produce ink
invented of different colors; used to record
 addresses the increasing demands history, culture, and codified laws.
in a society; essential for
HIEROGLYPHICS
transportation & trading.
 assumed to be adapted from the
WHEEL
early writing system established in
 first wheels were not made for Mesopotamia as a result of trade
transportation; used to mill grains between civilizations
 helped the mass production of  believed that this writing system
items. was provided to them by their Gods
ROADS  the language that tells the modern
 made to facilitate faster and easier world of the history and culture of
travel the ancient Egyptians; used as their
 made with sunbaked bricks which language
was laid down on the ground
  carved on the walls & pyramids; announcements of the Roman
and pictures for different living Empire to the people.
organisms. BOND BOOKS OR CODEX
COSMETICS  Civilizations became fond of record-
 used for both health and aesthetic keeping, especially documenting
reasons historical events and newly
 wore Khol around the eyes to legislated laws
prevent and cure eye diseases  According to sources, Julius Caesar
 they believed that a person wearing started the tradition of stacking up
make-up was protected from evil papyrus to form pages of book.
and that beauty was a sign of  Earlier overs were made of wax but
holiness. later on replaced by animal skin
WIG
 Worn for health and wellness rather ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
than for aesthetic purposes  a continuation of Greek
 used to protect the shaved heads of Architecture, hence, the
the wealthy Egyptians from the resemblance
harmful rays of the sun; prevent  was fully supported and funded by
hair lice. the Roman government
GREEK CIVILIZATION  Cathedrals and Basilicas,
 Greece is an archipelago in the aqueducts, coliseums,
southern part of Europe. amphitheaters, and residential
 the birthplace of Western houses.
philosophy, some of the major ROMAN NUMERALS
achievements of the Greeks include  They devised their own number
in-depth works on philosophy and system specifically to address the
mathematics. need for a standard counting
 More than coliseums and the method that would meet their
Olympics, the Greek civilization has increasing communication and
contributed much to the world trade concerns.
especially in the fields of science CHINESE CIVILIZATION
and technology.  considered to be the oldest
civilization in Asia.
ALARM CLOCK  Also known as the middle kingdom,
 Greeks made use of water China is located on the far east of
(sometimes small stones or sand) Asia.
that dropped into drums which  famous among other ancient
sounded the alarm civilizations because of its silk
 Plato was believed to have utilized trade.
an alarm clock to signal the start of  Not a great amount was written
his lecture about ancient China partly due to
 Is to know when to stop and start. its distance from other civilizations.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
 was perceived to be the strongest SILK
political and social entity in the  Chinese were the ones who
west. developed the technology to
 was considered to be the cradle of harvest the silk and process it to
politics and governance during that produce paper and clothing.
period.
TEA
 other civilizations looked up to it as
their model in terms of legislation  was believed that the first tea was
and codified laws. drunk by a Chinese Emperor; tea
was developed when an unknown
NEWSPAPER
Chinese inventor created a machine
 The first newspapers, known as
gazettes, contained
 that was able to shred tea leaves and cover a larger distance.
into strips. Machines that required animals to
GREAT WALL OF CHINA operate must thus be upgraded. All
 was constructed to keep out foreign these needs resulted in the
invaders and control the borders of development of industries.
China PASTEURIZATION
 made with stone, brick, wood,  to keep manufactured food from
earth, and other materials. deteriorating was greater for dairy
GUN POWDER products, especially milk, since they
 Originally developed by Chinese usually spoiled faster
alchemists who aimed to achieve  these goods needed to be
immortality consumed almost immediately after
 mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and production or they would cause
potassium nitrate illness like diphtheria, food
 instead of creating an elixir of life, poisoning, and typhoid fever
they accidentally invented a black  Louis Pasteur, a French biologist,

powder that could actually generate microbiologists, and chemist, found

large amounts of heat and gas in an a way to solve the problem by
instant inventing pasteurization, the
process of heating dairy products to
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
kill the harmful bacteria that allow
 The major advances in scientific
them to spoil faster.
and technological development
PETROLEUM REFINERY
took place in this period.
 These advancements include  Modern times demanded better
constant increase of new means of powering homes and
inventions, innovations in transportation. At first, people used
traditional production and the animal oils for generating light to
emergence of scientific thinking eliminate their homes
and method.  Samuel M. Kier was able to invent
kerosene by refining petroleum.
PRINTING PRESS
 Kerosene was later on referred to
 Johann Gutenberg was able to
as the “illuminating oil” because
invent the printing press
it was used at first to provide
 a more reliable way of printing
lighting to homes.
using a cast type
TELEPHONE
 was invented to address the need
for publishing books that would  The development of the telephone
spread information to many people by Alexander Graham Bell was one
at a faster rate. of the most important inventions at
this time.
MICROSCOPE
 more people got connected by
 guided by the principles used for
trade and exploration, the more
the invention of eyeglasses in
they need a way to easily maintain
earlier years
these connections and
 Zacharias Janssen was able to
communicate in real time
develop the first compound
 government likewise need some
microscope
kind of communication system
 Due to illnesses, they needed a
which would allow them to
device that could magnify things
administer their states well.
invisible to the eye.
CALCULATOR
MODERN TIMES
 although an earlier version of the
 during the 19th century onwards
calculator had already been
demanded that more goods be
developed, circumstances in the
produced at a faster rate.
modern times required a faster way
 People needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more goods
 to compute more complicated paints made from a mineral called
equations mica.
 the creation of modern calculators RUBBER
did not only pave the way for easier  also believed to be one of the first
arithmetic calculations, but also people to produce rubber products
resulted in the development of 3,000 years before Goodyear
more complex processing machines received its patent in 1844.
like the computer.
WRITING SYSTEM
 they are considered one of the most
scientifically advanced societies in
Mesoamerica. They are also famous
as one of the world's first
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
civilizations to use a writing system
Development of Science in known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
Mesoamerica INCA CIVILIZATION
 Mesoamerica includes the entire  is also famous in Mesoamerica. The
area of Central America from Incas made advanced scientific
Southern Mexico up to the border of ideas considering their limitations
South America. as an old civilization.
 The following are some of the  The following were scientific ideas
Mesoamerica civilizations: Maya, and tools that they developed to
Inca, and Aztec help them in everyday life: (1)
MAYA CIVILIZATION roads paved with stones; (2) stone
 lasted approximately 2,000 years. buildings that surmounted
 are known for their works in earthquakes and other disasters;
astronomy. (3) irrigation system and technique
 They incorporated their advanced for storing water for their crops to
understanding of astronomy into grow in all types of land; (4)
their temples and other religious calendar with 12 months to mark
structures. their religious festivals and prepare
PYRAMID AT CHICHEN ITZA IN them for planting season;
MEXICO THE FIRST SUSPENSION BRIDGE
 allows them to use their temples for  “The Inca were the only ancient
astronomical observation American civilization to develop
 For example, the pyramid at suspension bridges”.
Chichén Itzá in Mexico is situated at
QUIPU
the location of the Sun during the
 a system of knotted ropes to keep
spring and fall equinoxes.
records that only experts can
CALENDAR SYSTEMS
interpret.
 also known for measuring time
INCA TEXTILES
using two complicated calendar
 Inca textiles since cloth was one of
systems.
the specially prized artistic
 were very useful for their life
achievements
especially in planning their
 Typical Inca textiles were called
activities and in observing their
tocapus which had chequered
religious rituals and cultural
layouts, filled with repetitive
celebrations.
geometric patterns.
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
 they built hydraulics system with  Following the Inca, the Aztec
sophisticated waterways to supply civilization has also made
water to different communities. substantial contributions to science
MICA and technology and to the society
 they built looms for weaving cloth as a whole.
and devised a rainbow of glittery
  Some of their contributions are the  also famous in medicine.
following:  a system of traditional medicine
(1) Mandatory Education that originated in ancient India
 they put value on education; that is before 2500 BC, is still practiced as
why their children are mandated to a form of alternative medicine.
get education MOHENJO-DARO RULER
(2) Chocolates  Earliest traces of mathematical
 the Aztec in Mexico developed knowledge in the Indian
chocolate during their time. The subcontinent appeared in the Indus
Aztec valued the cacao beans Valley Civilization.
highly and made it as part of their  According to Bisht (1982), they
tribute to their gods tried to standardize measurement
(3) Antispasmodic Medication of length to a high degree of
 they used a type of antispasmodic accuracy and designed a ruler, the
medication that could prevent Mohenjo-daro ruler.
muscle spasms and relax muscles, CHINA
which could help during surgery.  China is one of the ancient
CHINAMPA civilizations with substantial
 a form of Aztec technology for contributions in many areas of life
agricultural farming in which the like medicine, astronomy, science,
land was divided into rectangular mathematics, arts, philosophy, and
areas and surrounded by canals. music, among others.
AZTEC CALENDAR ACUPUNCTURE
 to plan their activities, rituals, and  ancient Chinese medical technique
planting season. for relieving pain, curing disease,
CANOE and improving general health.
 a light narrow boat used for COMPASS
traveling in water systems.  is the result of the ancient
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN discovery of magnetic properties of
ASIA objects. One of ancient China's
great inventions.
 Asia is the biggest continent in the
world and the home of many SEISMOMETER
ancient civilizations. It is a host to  an earthquake detector— was
many cultural, economic, scientific, invented in 132 A.D., by Chang
and political activities of all ages. Heng, a brilliant mathematician and
 In the field of science, technology, scientist in the Han Dynasty.
and mathematics, great civilizations MIDDLE EAST
have stood out: India, China, and  Muslim scientists placed greater
the Middle East civilizations. value on science experiments
INDIA rather than plain-thought
 they creatively developed various experiments.
ideas and technologies useful in  This led to the development of the
their everyday lives. scientific method in the Muslim
 known for manufacturing iron and world, and made significant
in metallurgical works. Their iron improvements by using
steel is considered to be the best. experiments.
 Ancient India is also notable in the IBN AL-HAYTHAM
field of astronomy. They developed  A Muslim scientist is also regarded
theories on the configuration of the as the Father of Optics, especially
universe, the spherical self- for his empirical proof of the
supporting Earth, and the year of intromission theory of light.
360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 MUHAMMAD IN MUSA AL-KHWARIZMI
days each.
 In mathematics, this mathematician
AYURVEDA gave his name to the concept of the
 algorithm while the term algebra is 16th century up to the 18th century
derived from al-jabr, the beginning in Europe.
of the title of one of his  Intellectual Revolution and
publications. Scientific Revolutions are a
IBN SINA series of events that marked the
 In the field of medicine, pioneered emergence of new concepts or
the science of experimental introduction of modern science.
medicine and was the first  In 1962, Thomas Khun published
physician to conduct clinical trials a book called “The Structure of
(Jacquart, 2008). His two most Scientific Revolutions”
notable works in medicine, the  different sciences undergo
Book of Healing and The Canon of revolutions
Medicine  Paradigm Shift - shifting from
“Normal” to the “New Normal”
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
COPERNICAN INTELLECTUAL
AFRICA
REVOLUTION “WHERE ARE WE?”
 Africa is blessed with natural and
 The quest in understanding how the
mineral resources. Science also
days and nights happen, and
emerged in this part of the planet
understand the heavenly bodies like
long before the Europeans
stars, moon, and sun.
colonized it.
 Primarily attempted by Greek
 Metallurgy was also known in the
philosophers
African regions during the ancient
 Two major concepts
times. North Africa and the Nile
Valley imported iron technology CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
from the Near East region that  Greek mathematician, astronomer,
enabled them to benefit from the geographer, and astrologer
developments during the Bronze  proposed Geocentrism
Age until the Iron Age.  referred to as “Ptolemaic Model

ASTRONOMY of Universe”
 also famous in the African region.  used Babylonian observations and

For instance, documents show that lunar theory in understanding the

Africans used three types of universe.
calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, GEOCENTRISM
or a combination of the three.  belief that Earth is fixed at the
center of the universe (Earth is the
LEBOMBO BONE
center of the solar system).
 a tool for multiplication, division,
 Claudius proposed his
and simple mathematical
“cosmological almagest” also
calculation.
called as “mathematical
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT
syntaxes” — stated that heavens
DEFINED SOCIETY
move like a sphere, earth and
 Humans have persistently observed heavenly bodies are spheres
and studied the natural and the  Hypatia edited his almagest
physical world in order to find HELIOCENTRISM
meanings and seek answers to  challenged Geocentrism
many questions.  belief that earth and planets
 They have developed noble ideas, revolve around the sun at the
later known as philosophy, to center of the solar system (the Sun
provide alternative or possible is the center of the solar system).
explanations to certain phenomena.  Earth is not the center of the
 also used religion to rationalize the universe, and it is just part of the
origins of life and all lifeless forms. universe.
 The idea of scientific revolution is ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
claimed to have started in the early
 Greek mathematician and
astronomer of Ionia
  first to introduce Commentariolus (Little
HELIOCENTRISM Commentary).
 He initially introduced TYCHO BRAHE
Heliocentrism at around 310 - 230  Danish nobleman, astronomer, and
BC. writer known for his accurate and
 Due to lack of evidence, the comprehensive astronomical
concept was refuted and not observations
accepted by the community  fused the geocentric and
 “The heliocentric view was not heliocentric concepts and proposed
accepted, instead, the geocentric geoheliocentric view.
view was more acceptable because  The Dutch King provided him a fully
it was more reasonable during the funded research island with two
time of Aristarchus.” observatory castles.
NICOLE D’ ORESME Uraniborg - castle of the
 Philosopher and astronomer who heaven
wrote “The Book of Heaven and Stjerneborg - castle of the stars
Earth”  Here he wrote his book “De Nova
 challenged geocentric and Stella” or the New Star.
supported heliocentric view  TRIVIA: In 1956, at age 20, Tycho
 provided more evidences and Brahe lost part of his nose at a
mathematical equations sword fight with his cousin,
 rejected because it was against the Manderup Parberg. They were
church and its prevailing belief fighting because of a mathematical
 “The geocentric view has once equation.
again prevailed, but in the 16th
century, a Polish mathematician
and astronomer revisited the
concpets of Aristachus and JOHANNES KEPLER
Nicole D’ Oresme, this was  German mathematician,
Nicolaus Copernicus.” astronomer, and astrologer wrote
the book “Astronomia Nova” or
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS New Astronomy
 reintroduced the heliocentric view  proposed three laws of planetary
in his book “De Revolutionubus motion
Orbium Colestium”  provided evidences to strengthen
 stated cosmological theories that heliocentric view
the center of the universe is near  faith, empirical data, and
the sun elegant math, all sync
 did not published his book until his  “The heliocentric view is slowly
later years because it will be being
controversial  known across Europe, this concept
 Copernicus was strongly influenced was further strengthened because
by a book entitled Epitome of strong evidences, brought by the
published in 1496 by a German invention of the telescope.”
author, Johannes Müeller. This
book contains Müeller’s GALILEO GALILEI
observations of the heavens and  first person to enhance the
some commentary on earlier works scientific instrument and first to use
especially that of Ptolemy. the telescope to understand the
 Copernicus' idea and model of the universe
universe was essentially  Hans Lippershey a Dutch
complete in 1510. Not long after spectacle maker invented then
that, he circulated a summary of his telescope in Holland
ideas to his few close friends in a  provided more evidences
manuscript called supporting heliocentric view
 DARWINIAN INTELLECTUAL he observed different environments
REVOLUTION produce different populations.”.
“WHAT IS LIFE?” FREUDIAN INTELLECTUAL
 The English society is slowly moving REVOLUTION
away from the traditional way of  The psychologist sparkled the
thinking about life, which was called venture in this discipline in the late
“Natural Theology”. William Paley 19th century, Sigmund Freud;
wrote a book in 1802, the Natural was an Austrian neurologist and
Theology, which inspired Charles founder of psychoanalysis.
Darwin in his pursuit of trying to SIGMUND FREUD
understand the “how” of life.  Personality - characteristic
CHARLES DARWIN patterns of thinking, feeling, and
 Born from a wealthy family and behaving of an individual.
graduated in the age of 22 without  to understand differences in specific
definite plan. characteristics and look at how all
 was sent to South America thru the their various parts of each person
ship Beagle for 5 years, where he mesh together as a whole
eventually become a theorist.  intorduced “Psycoanalysis” also
 he was able to collect different reffered to as the psychoanalytic
fossils and compare it, where he perspective; the unconscious mind
started to think about the plays a vital role in the human
possibilities of ancestral lineage of personality
the species.  driven mostly by the sexual
 most notable experience was his aggressive urges social control, this
travel in the Galapagos Island, is called the pleasure principle.
where he took accounts on iguanas, THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
mockingbirds, trushes, tortoise, and INVOLVES THREE FUNDAMENTAL
the different finches. STRUCTURES OF THE MIND
 “He then was inspired once again 1. ID
by the “Essay on the Principle of  the most aggressive structures;
Population” by Thomas Robert instant gratification of basic
Malthus, a proponent of the physical needs and urges, the
Malthusian theory of population, he unconscious mind
related the population and its  structure of the mind that says,
environment, he stated that living “I want to do it now!”
beings compete over resources and 2. Super Ego
the most fit for a certain region  the most governed structure of
survives, where coined the term the mind; social rules and
“Natural Selection”. morals, often called the
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE conscience or moral compass
 structure of the mind that says,
 Born from poor family
“It’s not right to do that.”
 In 1844, he met Henry Walter
3. Ego
Bates and decided to venture on
 the rational and pragmatic
how evolution works to apply that
part; pacifies both id and super
knowledge to the human society
ego
and in attempt to save the people
 structure of the mind that says,
from greed and individualism.
“Maybe we can compromise.”
 “After surviving the incident, he still
 he introduced the concept of
ventured his way to naturalism;
defense mechanism, tied up
went to southeast Asia in 1854 to
mostly with our personalities:
collect specimens and pay for his
regression, repression, reaction
debts. Traveled different islands of
formation, projection,
what is now known as Malaysia,
rationalization, displacement or
Indonesia, and Singapore, where
denial
  also introduced psychosexual  Use plants and herbs as medicine
theory, is focused on the changing to treat illness
seat of sensual pleasure of an  Known for majestic architectural
individual; involves five different design: Banaue Rice Terraces
stages and different erogenous SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
zones  Establishment of formal education
THE PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
 Mandate schools to teach different
Oral Stage (birth - 18 months) - O subject. Religion, math, 3r's
 center of pleasure is the mouth  Medicine and biology were taught in
Anal Stage (18 - 36 months) - A educational and training institutions
 center of pleasure is anus and  Engineering was introduced to
bladder construct buildings, churches,
Phalic Stage (3 - 6 years) - PHA bridges and roads
 center of pleasure is child’s  Agriculture
genital  Became one of the centers of global
Latent Stage (6 - puberty) - LA trade in SEA because of Galleon
 no particular center of pleasure Trade
because it is repressed,  Superstitious beliefs
however, this also shows
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
dormant sexual feelings
Genital Stage (puberty onwards) - GE  Modernized all the aspect of life in
 center of pleasure is genitals and the Philippiness
directed to full sexual maturity  Established bureau of science
and adult sexual interests  Established the national research
capital
KAREN HORNEY
 Development in science and
 Non-Freudian psychologists focused technology were focused on
on the non-sexual motivations and agriculture, medicine & pharmacy,
the conscious mind. food processing, and forestry
 Refuted Freud’s theory and  Relevant schools are built during
proposed the principle of self-help American imperialism: UP, PNU, PUP
analysis.  More hospitals were built for public
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AND access: PGH
NATION BUILDING JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD
 stages of how economic  Priority of opening elementary
development impact to our schools
environment  Re-opening of vocational & normal
HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
school in agriculture
IN THE PHILIPPINES
POST COLONIAL PERIOD
1. Pre-Colonial Period
2. Colonial Period FERDINAND MARCOS
3. Post-Colonial Period  He proclaimed the 35-hectare lot in
4. Current Period Bicutan, Taguig as the Philippine
science community now the site of
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
DOST
 indigenous knowledge, passing of  Marcos Mandated DECS now
knowledge from one generation to DEPED
another. Idea and concepts are  Several agencies and organizations
passed until it develops and were established like NFA, PAGASA,
solidified NAST
 Farming, animal raising, mining, CORAZON AQUINO
and weaving was their first  In 1986, NAST wast renamed DOST
livelihood  Philippines had approximately
 Use of writing, numerical, 3,000 competent scientists and
measurements & calendar system engineers
to facilitate trading. FIDEL V. RAMOS
 Doctors and Bario program
  “National Program for Gifted Filipino 3. Driving force to the computer
Children in Science & Technology” information and communication
 Laws Mandated: technology
RA 7687: S&T Scholarship Act of 4. Discovery and promotion of the various
1994 kind of medicine
RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions 5. Science and technology made human
Incentives Act life easier.
RA 8293: The Intellectual Property ACTUAL PROGRAMS OF THE
Code of the Philippines PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
JOSEPH ESTRADA
Department Of Science and Technology
RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air
 Executive Order No. 128 to
Act of 1999;
“provide central direction,
RA 8792: Electronic Commerce Act
leadership and coordination of
of 2000 Implementation of cost-
scientific and technological effort
effective irrigation technologies and
and ensure that the results
providing basic healthcare services
therefrom are geared and utilized in
for those who cannot afford.
areas of maximum economic and
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
social benefits for the people.”
 Promulgated RA 9367: utilize
 RA No.10055 - providing the
indigenous materials as a source of
framework and support system for
energy.
the ownership, management, use,
 Adaptation of farmers
and commercialization of
RA 10601: Agriculture & Fisheries
intellectual property generated
Mechanizations (AFMech) Law – to
from research and development
modernized agricultural and fisheries
funded by government.
machinery and equipments.
 RA No. 10612 - expanding the
BENIGNO AQUINO III
 named National scientist: coverage of the science and
1. Gavino C. Trono – Marine Biology
technology scholarship program
2. Angel C. Alcala – Biological and strengthening the teaching of
Science science and mathematics in
3. Ramon C. Barba - Horticulture
secondary schools
4. Edgardo D. Gomez – Marine
 RA No. 11035 - institutionalizing
Biology the Balik Scientist Program,
 Project (NOAH) serves as disaster appropriating funds therefrom.
prepared HUMAN FLOURISHING: BASED ON
 Initiated RA 10533 - K to12 (STEM) ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHER’S
 PHIVOLCS also come up PERSPECTIVE
RODRIGO DUTERTE How can humans live a flourishing life?
 STRD- Science Technology and  Ancient Greek philosophers were
Research Development some of the first thinkers who tried
 Philippine Space Technology to answer the question.
Program – launched Diwata-2 in  highlights the contributions of
2018 after the launch of Diwata-1 ancient Greek philosophers: Plato
in 2016 that displayed the & Aristotle, they firsty questions
Philippine flag in space. on how people live a flourishing life/
 Gives importance to agriculture and  The Greek philosophers called a
disaster preparedness flourishing life eudaimonia.
THE ROLE OF S&T IN NATION  Eudaimonia is usually equated
BUILDING with happiness.
1. Manufacturing, education, agriculture  for Plato and Aristotle, happiness

2. New improved and rapidly produced is the result of eudaimonia or

products to meet the demands of the human flourishing.
people  suggests that happiness is found
through excellence and moral virtue
of an individual.
PLATO (428/427 - 348/347 B.C without temperance will not flourish
 for him, all human beings because lack of temperance can
naturally desire eudaimonia or lead to vices and violence
human flourishing ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C
 he believed that in order to flourish,  Aristotle argued that eudaimonia or
one must have moral thought and human flourishing is the highest
virtuous. In this case, virtue is good of human beings.
referred to as “excellence.”  Human nature, according to
 eudaimonia is complex Aristotle, has four aspects:
 the well-being of a human physical, emotional, social, and
individual must NOT depend on rational.
external goods (such as fame, HUMANS ARE PHYSICAL BEINGS
wealth, and appearance).  as physical beings, humans need
 To live just for the sake of fame, air, water, food, rest, and exercise
wealth, good appearance and other to keep the body functioning.
external goods will not lead to HUMANS ARE EMOTIONAL BEINGS
flourishing.  like other animals, humans have
 innate characteristics, urges, wants, desires and reactions.
If having a virtue i needed in order to Humans have emotional needs too.
flourish, how does one develop virtue? HUMANS ARE SOCIAL BEINGS
 thru learning and practicing  it is inherent that humans need
 the things we learn friendship, cooperation, and a
EXAMINING THINGS AND THINKING sense of belongingness in society.
MORE
 we need interaction, we have to
 an individual should have an
solidify our social relationship
intellectual development
among others as we live in a
BY MASTERING USING REASON
community with other people and
 they should have self-control and
we are not alone.
ethical decision making
HUMANS ARE RATIONAL BEINGS
 it allows to avoid negative
 rationality is what difference
consequences
humans from other animals
 controlling one’s self results
 rationality allows humans to
harmonious and prosperous
express, be creative, or obey
community
BY LIVING THE FOUR CARDINAL
reason.
VIRTUES  we have the ability to think
 4 cardinal virtues: wisdom rationally compared to animals
(judgment, intellectual HOW DOES ONE BECOME MORE
perseverance), courage (, VIRTUOUS?
temperance (to be able to control  for Aristotle, a virtue is a character
one’s self), justice (pursuit of trait that eenables a person to
fairness) flourish
 WISDOM: one must pursue  Aristotle, like Plato, believed that
learning that is based on curiosity. humans through reason seek
This would lead to more efficiency knowledge about the world. He
and self-mastery which are needed believed that by gaining knowledge,
to have a fulfilling life. humans will fourish. He called this
 COURAGE: it is needed since “intellectual virtue.”
justice needs courageous Aristotle made an important distinction
individuals to stand for what is right about knowledge and human flourishing.
and to correct what is wrong. It is There are 2 types of knowledge:
needed in order to face life’s 1. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
challenges.  knowlegde about the nature of
 TEMPERANCE: or self-restraint is principles
important in society to prevent  allows to manipulate nature,
corruption and chaos. A man however, without practical
 knowledge, it cannot be actually SCIENCE
done.  comparable to theoretical
2. PRACTICAL KNOWLEGDE knowledge
 knowlegde of applying the  explains the nature or principles
principles behind a event or phenomenon.
11 Virtuous Traits: Courage, Temperance,
TECHNOLOGY
Liberality, Magnificence, Magnanimity,
 comparable to practical knowledge.
Patience, Truthfulness, Wittiness,
 applies theoretical knowledge in
Friendliness, Justice, Shame
order to have an output
 all virtues are connected by
“phronesis” or practical wisdom SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL
DISCOVERIES ENABLE HUMANITY TO GAIN
 virtuous life can be attained
INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES.
through education and habit
EXAMPLE:
 In summary, when an individual
 Through science, the antibiotic
possesses intellectual virtues and
nature of Penicillum nonatum was
virtues
discovered.
HUMAN FLOURISHING: A MODERN  Through technology, the penicillin
WORLD CONCEPT medicine was developed and
HUMAN FLOURISHING provided cure to many diseases
 Happiness and Life Satisfaction PROGRESS IN SCIENCE AND
 Mental and Physical Health TECHNOLOGY HAD MANY POSITIVE
 Meaning and Purpose IMPACTS TO HUMAN LIFE SUCH AS
 Character and Virtue THE FOLLOWING:
 Close Social Relationship  made work easier, efficient or
 Financial and Material Stability practical
MODERN CONCEPT OF HUMAN  made us happy or entertained
FLOURISHING  kept us healthy and safe
1. Flourishing is intrinsically  helped to address social issues and
worthwhile. concerns
 Flourishing is intrinsic good and  helped in the development of
worth striving for; different form human talent and abilities
the Greek philosophers view that EXAMPLE :
human flourishing means to end  The development of SOCIAL
a goal is happiness. MEDIA made it easier to
2. The actualization of the human communicate with people.
potential.  MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS helped
 When an individual is optimally in developing musical talent and
using his/her potentials and provided entertainment and
capabilities happiness to many.
CRITERIA FOR HUMAN FLOURISHING  The development of MEDICINES

a. Life as a whole helped in combatting diseases,

 individuals whole life must be hence in prolonging life.
considered However, science and technology can be
b. Human flourishing as a dynamic exploited which can result to serious
state negative impact.
 Technological developments made
 one must continuously develop to
become a flourishing human being. possible INDUSTRIALIZATION.
 In some cases, industrialization
c. Objective Goods
 the things that are good for made humans become ‘machine-
everyone, such as good social like’ workers, depriving them of the
relationship. full actualization of their potential/
Technological developments also caused
pollution. Pollution in turn caused
diseases that caused lives. Technologies
HUMAN FLOURISHING IN TERMS
such as nuclear weapons also caused
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
the extermination of humans.
 TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF  the reasoning and understanding we
REVEALING derive from language and thought
Heidegger introduced the words
MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) poeisis and aletheia. Poeisis: "bringing
 one of the most original and forth" or "making something that was not
important philosophers in the 20th present be present". Aletheia: means
"unveiling" or "revealing"; in Greek word
century.
mean “truth”.
 In the essay “The Question Heidegger argued that technology is a
Concerning Technology”, he realm of truth and reveal.
suggested how we can establish a  Techne refers to both
'free relationship' with technology; manufacturing and to the arts.
focused on our orientation to Techne is part of poiesis; is a kind of
technology, not on the form or knowing.
So, if technology is derived from the
function.
concept of techne, then its essence lies
THE QUESTION CONCERNING not in the instrumental production of
TECHNOLOGY
good or manipulation of materials, but in
 technology is coming to an end or
"revealing".
gaining some ends; he mentions the
sense of causality referring to fact of
knowing why something occurs. He
covered four kinds of causality:
THERE ARE FOUR CAUSES:
CAUSA MATERIALIS (MATERIAL
CAUSE):
 It answers the question of what it is
made of.
CAUSA FORMALIS (FORMAL CAUSE):
 This is a design or form.

CAUSA FINALIS (FINAL CAUSE):

 This is purpose or intended end for
which the thing exists.
CAUSA EFFICIENS (EFFICIENT
CAUSE):
 It is that which causes the thing to
exist or does the action of bringing
something into being.
THE HISTORY OF CAUSA
 The Latin word ‘causa’ means “that
which brings it about”
 Heidegger prefers the Greek word,
aition which means “that which is
responsible for something else”
 Heidegger used the terms hyle,
eidos, telos and logos as
replacement to the four causes.
HYLE (material)
 constitutes objects and focuses on
their physical components
EIDOS (SHAPE)
 the form or essence of an entity and
what defines its identity
TELOS (DRAWING CLEAR
BOUNDARIES)
 the purpose or objective of something,
along with its reason for being or
intended outcome
LOGOS ("TO REVEAL")