HSC SOR 2U NOTES

Religion and Belief Systems in

Australia post-1945
Students Learn About:
● Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities
● Aboriginal spirituality as determined by the Dreaming
● Discuss how Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the Dreaming
Dreaming
Definition:​The dreaming is what is known and understood by Aboriginal people. The Dreaming is the
main spiritual concept because it determines; beliefs (Ceremonial life), values, relationships with
others (Kinship) and the importance of the environment (The reciprocal relationship between the land
and its people). Indigenous Australians are able to understand Creation in a continuing and living
sense by virtue of the dreaming

- Kinship
Kinship
Definition: ​The system of relationships traditionally accepted by a particular culture and the rights and
obligations they involve. It is a term used to explain the complex relationships of blood and spirit that
exist between Aboriginal peoples.
Spirituality for indigenous Australians about the totality of life. It is not a separate component of life.
Therefore kinship defined ways of relationship within and between family groupings, which is
determined by the Dreaming is going to be connected to Spirituality.

- Ceremonial Life
Ceremonial Life
Definition: ​Is the ritual and artistic expression of the Dreaming.
Ceremonial life is going to be connected to spirituality because it is an expression of that spirituality.
Some important ceremonial life concepts include: Art, music, story and gender.
Types of Ceremonies:
Rite of Passage- ​Inform all of the new status of the individual. Eg. Initiation and funerals.
Information- ​Social information is passed from older to younger generation. Such people are the
future and therefore the custodians of social history.
Personal- ​Intertribal or totemic group trade or cultural meetings pass on information, goods and
traditions or support personal friendships. These meetings use ceremonies to support the activities.
Spiritual- ​Connect people with spiritual world or the Dreaming.

- Obligation to the land and people

Obligation to the land and people
Definition: ​For Aboriginal people, ownership of the land means that they have a responsibility to care
for it and nurture it.
The land and all the forms of life it contains are regarded as a sacred trust, passed on in a timeless
cycle of mutual dependence. The land only provides food and water but also the repository of the
secret /sacred activities of Dreaming Beings. The land is the mother of the people, hence the identity
of an Aboriginal person is inextricably connected to the land. Particular events in the Dreaming are
connected to sacred to sites and Aboriginals have ritual responsibilities on these sacred sites.

● Issues for Aboriginal spiritualities in relation to:

- The effect of dispossession
- The Land Rights movement
● Discuss the continuing effect of dispossession on Aboriginal spiritualities in relation to:
- Separation from the land
- The impact of dispossession has been enormously and overwhelmingly detrimental.
- Loss of land = Loss of cultural heritage.
- The loss of land amounts to a loss of identity and the burden of not being able to fulfill ritual
responsibilities.
- The loss of land has destroyed the system of totemic responsibilities.
- Deprivation of land results in a loss of independence, culture, identity and spiritual world.
Separation from the land is especially problematic for Aboriginals due to​:
- The land contains the Dreaming & therefore is needed to communicate it o Ritualistic
Association with the land e.g. death & burial rituals are linked with the land – could not properly
conduct these & other such rituals .
- Economic uses of land for Aboriginals o Inextricable connection with the land.
- Obligations to the land (responsibilities)
- Loss of connection with ritual estate, country & sacred sites
- Spiritual & personal identity of Aboriginal people lies within their relationship within the land
- Other aspects of Aboriginal culture a linked to the land, e.g. stories, song & dance

- Separation from kinship groups

Forceful removal of children of mixed ancestry, who were placed in institutions, and removal of
Aboriginal families from land, usually sent to missions and breaking down of kinship groups The
separation of families has destroyed the kinship system and has led to a loss of identity
Effects of dispossession in relations to kinship groups are:
- Children grew up without learning about Aboriginal life and spirituality (Resulted in loss of:
roles, religion, culture, ceremonies and rituals)
- Social Problems (Depression and demoralisation because of loss in identity. People turned to
alcoholism and violence)
- Loss of language (Language groups being broken up, clans forbidden to speak native
language)
- Loss of belief, laws and rituals
- Loss of family links, identity and culture

- The Stolen Generations

Aboriginal children who were removed from their homes between the late 1800’s & 1972 by the govt &
church missionaries in an attempt to assimilate these children into European society (It was a govt
policy between 1950s and 1972)
Based on these two policies:
- Protection: Removal of Aboriginal children from their families under the pretense that they
were living in an ‘uncivilised’ environment.
 - Assimilation: The idea that Aboriginal people could be improved by being civilised and
Christianised, in other words - forced integration. (Govt policy from 1930s to 1972)
- Based on the ideology that if Aboriginal race can’t be destroyed or separated, they should be
absorbed into European society
Attempts of separation took form in:
- Putting children in missionaries or government run institutions
- Adopting children into white families
- Fostering children into white families
Effects of the Stolen Generation include:
- Many Aboriginal children suffered maltreatment, sexual exploitation, inhumane working
conditions and degrading forms of humiliation
- Prohibition of traditional Aboriginal practices had a detrimental effect upon:
Land, Identity, Culture, Language, Spirituality, Totems, Kinship and Ceremonies. The prohibition on
traditional Aboriginal practices meant that land, language, totems, kinship and ceremonies were all
detrimentally affected. E.g. The loss of language has made it impossible to pass on beliefs in an
authentic way​.

● Outline the importance of the following for the Land Rights movement:
- Native Title
Aboriginal people still living on land continuously occupied by their families for hundreds of years, may
be considered owners of the land. In 1770 Captain Cook claimed the Indigenous Australians were ‘in
no way inclined to cruelty’ nor did they cultivate land or build permanent buildings’. Under english law
Australia was declared ​terra nullius a ​ nd claimed for Great Britain. Terra Nullius was used to reject
various land claims.
The Native Title Act 1993 legislation came into force on January 11994 and recognised the existence
of Aboriginal native title in Australia federal law and the native title rights of Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander peoples.

- Mabo 1992
The High Court ruling found that a native title to land existed in 1788, and may continue to exist
provided it has not been extinguished by subsequent Acts of government and provide Indigenous
groups continue to observe their traditional laws customs . The Mabo decision also made it clear that
native title had been extinguished over freehold, it meant that there were no fears that suburban
homes were at risk from land claims.

- Wik 1996
One year after Mabo, in June 1993, the Wik people claimed native title over some traditional lands on
the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland.The Wik decision, handed down by the High Court in
December 1996 determined that native title could coexists with other rights on land held under
pastoral lease (With terms and conditions between each other).

● Analyse the importance of the Dreaming for the Land Rights movement.
The dreaming is the main spiritual concept that determines; beliefs, values, relationship with others
and the importance of the reciprocal relationship between the land its people. The Dreaming is
inextricably tied to the land and identity of Aboriginal people therefore once the British arrived and
claimed the land as their own and many Indigenous people ties to the land were cut. Protests such as
 the ‘Wave Hill Strike’ (1966), the ‘Referendum’ (1967) and the ‘Tent Embassy’ ( 1972) were instances
where Aboriginal people began to voice their opinions on the treatment of Aboriginal people and their
rights to their traditional land. It wasn't until Mabo’s Decision in 1992 that indigenous Land Rights
became apparent nationwide. Murray Islander Eddie Mabo challenged the Queensland Government
on the pre-existing notion that Australia was Terra Nullius when the white Europeans arrived. Mabo
argued that the Aboriginal peoples had/have a continuous, unbroken relationship with their areas of
the country disproving the assumption that Australia was Terra Nullius when the British arrived.

● Religious expression in Australia – 1945 to the present

● The religious landscape from 1945 to the present in relation to:
- Changing patterns of religious adherence
- The current religious landscape
● Outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the present using census
data
Census Data
1945 In 1945 Australia was predominantly Christian. Census data from 1947 (closest to 1945), the
Religious total pop was 7.6 million from this 88% were Christian, only 0.5% listed other religion,
Landscape 11.1% did not and 0.3% listed no religion

Trends from Christianity

1945 - 2006 Anglican = declined from 39%- 18.7% (-20%)
Catholic = increased from 20.9% - 26% (+5%)
Uniting Church = increase from 0% - 5.7% (+ 5.7%)
Other Christians = decreased from 28.1% - 13.7% (-14.4%)
Other religions = increase from 0.5% - 5.6% (+5.1%)
No Religion = increased from 0.3% - 18.7% (+18.4%)
Not stated = stable from 11.1% - 11.2% (+0.1%)
Other Religion
Buddhism = increase from 0.01% - 2.1% (+2%)
Hinduism = increase from <0.01% - 0.7% (+0.69%)
Islam = increase from 0.04% - 1.7% (+1.6%)
Judaism = stable from 0.4% - 0.4% (no change)
Other non-christian = increase from 0.2% - 0.5% (+0.3%)

Trends from 60% of Australians reported having a religion. -predominantly religious country .
2011 - 2016 NO RELIGION​; 30.1%. up 7.8% since 2011(however was put as first option on the religion
question) from 1945 0.3% to 30/% target in case of all options.
CHRISTIANS​: 52%, but this is much less than the 88 per cent in 1966 and 74 per cent in
1991.
Catholics: ​22.6% (5.29 million people). Down 2.7% since 2011.
Anglican:​ 13.3% (3.10 million people). Down 3.8% since 2011.
Other Christian​ affiliations: 16.3% (3.80 million people).
Muslims: ​2.6% (604,000 people)​. Up 0.4% since 2011.
Islam ​grew from 2.2 per cent in 2011, overtaking Buddhism, which dropped from 2.5 per
cent, to become the ​most popular​ (biggest) non-Christian religion.
Buddhist: ​2.4% (563,700 people). Down 0.1% since 2011.
Hindu: ​1.9% (440,300 people). Up 0.6% since 2011.
 ● Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to:
- Christianity as the major religious tradition
By 1947 Christianity had long been established as the major religious tradition in Australia. This figure
is brought from European settlers of the 18th and 19th centuries who brought their Christianity to
Australia as well as: the Church of England and the Roman Catholic, Methodist, Presbyterian,
Congregationalist, Lutheran and Baptist churches.

Traditional Indigenous religions were not recognised or even banned and missionary efforts were
made to convert the natives. By allowing in only people from certain European countries the ‘White
Australia’ Policy effectively also kept out religious traditions other than Christianity. Consequently in
1947, 88% of Australians considered themselves Christian, 0.4% Jewish, 0.2% had no religion, and
less than 0.1% acknowledged belonging to another religious tradition.

The 2001 census figures reveal that christianity is still the numerically largest religious tradition in
Australia accounting for 68% of the population. There has been a significant decline in the percentage
of people affiliated with christianity. Furthermore of those claiming affiliation there has been a decline
in the regular attendance of religious services. The ongoing decline in most christian groups is due to
the increasing secularisation dissatisfaction with traditional religious movement, ageing membership,
and a lack of migrant intake.

Catholicism has continued to increase (from 20.9% in 1947 to 26.6% in 2001) making it the largest
religious group in Australia. Catholicism has a substantial migrant intake and slightly higher birth rate
causing its population to be protected from decline. People who are baptised Catholic tend to identify
themselves as Catholic even if they do not practice the religion.

- Immigration
- Immigration is the major reason of the increase in diversity of religious character.
- An influx of migrants from European countries post World War 2 sought to seek a new life, and
a safer environment.
- The Australian Government believed that the nation’s economic prosperity and nation’s
security was dependent on upon a significant increase to its population.
- The decline of the “White Australia” policy led to the greater variety of ethnic groups in
Australia.
- As a result of immigration there has been a significant change to the predominantly
Anglo-Celtic membership of the Christian tradition.
- Immigration from Europe brought Orthodox, increase in Catholic participation.
- Immigration has lead to larger variety of religious traditions other than Christianity
- Australia’s Muslim community has a mix of people from over 70 different countries with over
2/3rds being born overseas
- Main sources of Islamic immigration are: The Middle East (Lebanon, Iraq and Iran), Europe
(Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Asia (Malaysia and Indonesia). Main source of
Buddhism: Indo- Chinese Peninsula (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam), as well as, Malaysia,
Thailand, Hong Kong and China. Main source of Judaism: Variety of European origins. Main
source of Hinduism: India and Fiji.
- Denominational switching
- Refers to the transfer of followers from one christian denomination to another.
- Usually found in Protestantism sometimes in other variants
- People seek to address needs and if not met, go elsewhere.
- Revolving door syndrome-​ moving from one to the other.
- Pentecostalism- ​evangelical, charismatic​ form of Christianity- emphasis on gifts of the Spirit
and music.

- Rise of New Age religions

- New age Movement is not a formal religion rather a state spirituality.
- Believing in things such as: Astrology, Tarot cards, crystals and other spiritual beliefs.
- This has steadily increased in recent years by 7% from 1996-2006.
- The popularity of new age religions can be attributed to various factors. One significant reason
for their popularity is that new age religions are individualistic and liberal in the sense that it the
type of spirituality in which a person can pick and choose which beliefs and practices to follow
and hence tailor a ‘religion’ to suit their individual preferences.
- Another reason for it popularity is because despite general dissatisfaction at mainstream
religions there is still a longing for spiritual dimension to life. It can be said that new age
movement developed as a reaction against what some perceived as the failure of Christianity
and the failure of secular humanism to provide spiritual and ethical guidance in the
contemporary world.

- Secularism
- Secularism is belief that should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of
society.
- Religious values declining
- Secularisation is the process of a society becoming more secular, ei. Less religious.
Secularisation can be seen in the diminishing relevance of religious values for the integration
and legitimation of everyday life in society. The declines in religious affiliation, church
attendance, prayer, numbers of clergy and religious orders are all signs of secularisation.
- Replaced by ​materialism, skepticism and individualism​.
- Disillusionment​ with traditional religions.
- Increase in “no religions” on census figures

● Religious dialogue in multi-faith Australia

- Ecumenical movements within Christianity
● Describe the impact of Christian ecumenical movements in Australia.
- Ecumenism​ – Movement towards unity among Christian Churches; Variants- Catholic,
Protestant and Orthodox.
- Opposite of Sectarianism
- Unity in Christ although diverse in practice and beliefs
- Various levels​– joint commissions, practical level and Parish level.
- Two major initiative: ​NCCA and NSW Ecumenical council​.
- Promotes harmony, understanding and appreciation
- Gives stronger witness to the community and builds trust.
 - The National Council of Churches.
- The National Council of Churches (NCCA) is an ecumenical body that aims to deepen the
relationship of member churches “in oder to express more visbily the unity by Christ” and
strengthen the cause of Christian unity in Australia by leading diffrenet denominations to work,
pray and grow together.
- Variants of Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox churches make up the complement of this body.
- Group of 19 member churches sharing a common Christian understanding who work together
to promote peace, harmony, a love of Christ and a vision of a future Australia with a sharing
community.
- They cover a range of issues and assist the community in issues of faith and unity, gender
issues, indigenous people, social justice and international topics.
- By working together, they are paving the way for an Australia where Christians share and work
together on issues of concern and pray together as one people of God.

- NSW Ecumenical Council

- 16 member Churches of the three Christian Variants, Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox.
- The NSW Ecumencial Council seeks to promote ecumenism through four major types of
initiatives. Firstly, it seeks to allow the different churches to reflect upon thology in a united
way. Secondly, it seeks to provide local initiatives which promote ecumenism on a grass roots
level. Thirdly, it seeks to unite the different denominations by providing a platform for different
churches to address social justice issues, eg, by setting up the House of Welcome to assist
refugees. Finally, it recognises that in order to maintain a constant spirit of ecumenism
especially through to the next generation, educational initiatives need to be undertaken to
advocate ecumenism.
- Committed to working together to discover peace and unity and echo a common voice from a
Christian perspective on issues of concern.
- To work together on specific projects for the greater good of the community and the world at
large.
- Causes include the Christmas bowl appeal, the house of welcome and theological reflection.
- The house of Welcome assists migrants and refugees to assimilate into the wider community.

- Interfaith dialogue
● Evaluate the importance of interfaith dialogue in multifaith Australia.
- Interfaith dialogue is formal discussion aimed towards developing greater mutual
understanding between different religious traditions. It rejects the belief that all religions are the
same, and is not an attempt to unify different religious traditions, but while respecting the
diversity of beliefs it allows different religions to come to a better appreciation of the
uniqueness of each other.
Examples are:
- NSW council of Christians and Jews
- Columbian centre for Muslim-Christian relations est. 1997.
- Interfaith dialogue creates respect and appreciation for religious diversity.
- Helps religions support each other
 - The relationship between Aboriginal spiritualities and religious traditions in the process
of Reconciliation.
● Examine the relationship between Aboriginal spiritualities and religious traditions in the
process of Reconciliation
Evidence of Positive Reconciliation Evidence of Non-effective Reconciliation

- Royal commision into Aboriginal Deaths in - Aboriginal spiritualities and Christianity,

custody- ​1991 when in relationship can face problem-
- Council of Aboriginal Reconciliation (CAR) the relationship must be authentic, not
(All religious traditions supported this) simplistic.
-​1991
- Ecumenical service (repentance, solidarity
and commitment)- ​1997
- Ope support from Jewish Apple- ​1997
- First nation week of prayer for
reconciliation from all major religions - ​1997
- Most mainstream Christian churches now
incorporate Aboriginal ministers
- 250000 people walked for reconciliation
across the Sydney Harbour Bridge- ​2000
- Aboriginal people were finding ways to
combine old + new spiritualities
- Then respectfully integrated Aboriginal
Spirituality + Christianity
 Religion and Non-Religion
Students Learn About:
● The religious dimension in human history
● The expression of the religious dimension in human history
● Identify the following expressions of the religious dimension in human history:
- Animism
A type of religious belief that all components of the universe, including humans, animals, plant life,
rocks, etc. contain some form of life force, soul (from the Latin ‘Animus’ meaning ‘Soul’) or spirit.
Some are seen as friendly spirits; others as tricksters​. I​ t is an ancient belief that likely stemmed from
the need for a way to determine what is alive and what isn't. ​Shinto ​is a good example of animism –
kami spirits.

- Polytheism
The belief in and worship of many gods. Typically, these gods are distinguished by particular
functions, and often take on human characteristics. This was particularly true in ancient Greece and
Rome. In other polytheistic cultures such as ancient Egypt, gods took on the form and characteristics
of objects found in nature, including trees, sacred herbs, cattle, animals and animal--human hybrids.
The Hindu pantheon is a further example.

- Monotheism
The belief in only one God. The belief in the existence of one deity or God who is the creator and
sustainer of the universe. Belief in the oneness of God. Western context: monotheism is dominated by
the concept of the God of the ​Abrahamic faiths: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

● The significance of the religious dimension in human history

● Evaluate the place of the religious dimension in human history to provide:
- Meaning and purpose for the individual
1. Search for Answers – The enduring Questions!
- Humans have always sought answers to questions that go beyond the everyday life. Most
significantly “what is the purpose of life”, “how does the world work”, “what is my place in the
world” and “what happens to me when I die”. Answers have been found in the spiritual world
rather than the physical.

2. Religion provides certainty in an ever changing world

- One important function of religion is to provide a sense of consistency and certainty to life in a
world that appears to be ever changing. The belief in the existence of a higher being, of a
being that controls and watches over humanity allows human beings to impose onto their lives,
a framework of meaning, which gives human existence a sense of direction. The way in which
religion provides meaning to life is particularly uplifting during times of crises, brought about by
events such as the death of a close friend or family member, the breakdown of long term
relationships, illness and unemployment where human knowledge can no longer provide
satisfactory answers to life's big questions.
3. Religion offers a sense of belonging within a community for individuals
- Another important function of religion is to provide individuals with a sense of belonging within
a community. Human beings are, by nature, communal creatures who strive to find a sense of
belonging within society. Consequently, the development of the ritualistic dimension of religion,
such as the practice of prescribed rituals and the partaking of communal worship within
religious traditions, helps to provide individuals with a sense of belonging to a community.

4. Role of ritual practice

- Ritual practice not only strengthens the individual's relationship with a divine being or ultimate
reality, but it also renews an individual's bonds with a community of believers. This sense of
belonging is particularly important, when membership consists of small ethnic minorities or
groups that are socially marginalised or alienated from mainstream society. Thus, religion also
plays a significant role in reinforcing the cultural identity of a group.

5. Theory of religion as a projection of fundamental human needs

- Given the role of religion in fulfilling fundamental human needs, it is not surprising to find
theories which propose the idea that religion is a social construct, a myth fabricated by human
beings to meet human needs. One such theory is given by Ludwig Feuerbach, a nineteenth
century German philosopher who argued that religion originated not from an examination of
evidence which pointed to the existence of a divine being but as a projection of the deepest
desires and wishes of humankind.
- Feuerbach's reasoning was that given the natural vulnerability of humankind, religion probably
developed as a result of the human need to believe in the existence of a nurturing, higher
being that will protect them.

- Social cohesion
- Religion has an important role in affirming traditional beliefs and practices
- Religion provides communities with a sense of continuity as it serves to link the rapidly
changing, complex modern society with a more traditional and stable past
- The downside of religion as a force of social cohesion is that religion can also used to reinforce
and legitimise values and institutions, which may be unjust eg. Slavery
The religious dimension can provide social cohesion through such means as:
- Creating laws for society​: religious traditions have, in many cases, provided a society with its
laws and its system of jurisprudence based on the ethical teachings found in sacred texts.
- Teaching people about shared customs and practices:​ religious traditions have given
societies such things as dress codes, dietary laws, expectations concerning relationships
- Caring for those in need:​ religious traditions have provided for both their own adherents and
non-adherents in a manner which assists social order
- Educating adherents: ​religious traditions have provided opportunities for education that
contribute to the development of society
- Providing political structures/government:​ religious traditions have, in the course of history,
helped develop systems of government.
- Creating literature which assists adherents to understand their role in society:​ in many
religious traditions, those who held power within that tradition did so by being the literate
members of the society.
- Providing themes for painting, sculptures, music and architecture based on the beliefs
of the tradition: ​These forms of art can be ‘read’ by adherents and as such they provide a
source of shared experience.
 -Social transformation
-Paradoxically, whilst religion is a force of social cohesion it can also serve as a force of social
transformation.
- Religion can be used as a tool for criticising the structures, customs and beliefs of its own
societies.
- The importance of working towards a just and peaceful society is integral to the message of all
major religious traditions.
- Historically, religious groups have played a significant role in advocating and campaigning for
social justice and equality.
- Today religious groups can be seen at the forefront of campaigns, which seek to address
issues such as poverty, environmental degradation, global conflict, economic inequality,
indigenous rights and unemployment.
The Religious dimension has contributed to social transformation through such means as:
● Contributing to social reform: ​religious traditions (individuals/groups) have contributed to
stability and reform by being a voice for justice
● Waging wars to establish orthodoxy​: religious traditions have fought to defend their beliefs
and customs against other viewpoints or belief systems. Acts of violence have also occurred
within religious traditions, when one variant of that tradition endeavours to establish central
control of the beliefs. In some cases, for example the crusades and the conquests of the New
World, religions have also been the means of destroying cultures and devastating indigenous
populations.
● Integrating new cultural and social factors: ​As religious traditions encounter different
cultures and societies new customs, forms of art and governance can be integrated into
existing social structures
● Opposing new philosophies/cultural expressions and technologies​: Religious traditions
have prevented societies and cultures from receiving the benefit of advances in technology
and science because these ideas are seen as opposing significant beliefs.

● The global distribution of the five major religious traditions

● Investigate statistical data of the current global distribution of the five major religious
traditions.
Christianity - 2.3 billion adherents worldwide
- 32 % of world pop
- Largest pop from US, Brazil and Mexico

Islam - 1.8 billion adherents worldwide

- Makes up 24% of world pop
- Set to overtake Christianity by the end of the century
- 80-90% Sunni of pop sect
- Youngest median age of all religious groups (24) and have more children than
other denominations (2.9)- adding to reason for growth

Hinduism - Over 1.15 billion adherents

- Making up 15-16% of world pop
- Majority living in India and Nepal
- Oldest organised religion
Buddhism - Approx. 495 million adherents representing 10% of the world's population
- Came to Australia during the gold rush
- Originated in india
- Highest proportion of buddhist in 1. Thailand (95%) 2. Cambodia (90%) 3.
Myanmar (88%)

Judaism - Population of 13.8 million

- Jewish history is decimated by persecution and exile- the holocaust saw the
death of 6 million jews worldwide

● New religious expression

● The rise of new religious expression and spiritualities.
- Search for personal fulfillment.
- Seek ethical guidelines
- Seek to clarify their relationship with society.
- Census figures show considerable level of dissatisfaction with traditional religious groups.
- Along this dissatisfaction is a strong and growing longing for a spiritual dimension to life.
- ‘New Age’ is an umbrella term which refers to a range of alternative and/ or pseudo= religious
groups that people are attracted to.
- New age religions are characterised by their adoption of elements of eastern religions and
their subsequent rejection of traditional Western views, and the fact that it favours creation
centred spirituality.
- Some examples of new age religions include; yoga, tai chi, astrology, tarot cards, numerology
etc.
● Recognise the reasons for the rise of new religious expressions as people:
- Research for personal fulfilment
- In this secular, individual oriented society where traditional religious beliefs are often regarded
as irrelevant, there is a strong need to find meaning and purpose in life’s journey.
- The most significant attraction of new age religion is that they offer personal fulfillment.
- Given the diverse nature of new age religions, new age religions are well suited to offer
personal fulfilment in a considerable variety of ways.
Eg. Dissatisfaction with traditional forms of religion in creating a meaningful understanding of life.

- Seek ethical guidelines

- In accordance with trends which points to the growing secularity of society, traditional religious
guidance is often seen as meaningless and irrelevant.
- The postmodern nature of society mean that there is a lack of moral certainty in society, and in
its place is the notion of moral relativism.
- Because many people find it difficult to formulate their own ethical guidelines, they turn to new
age religions for ethical guidance.
Eg. The modern world has seen a growth in the rights of the individual to determine their lifestyle.
Religious traditions based on strong rule by a group of clergy, monks, or other minority leadership can
be seen by some to be out of touch with contemporary understandings.

- Seek to clarify their relationship with society

- Human beings are essentially social creatures, and few people will live happily without
meaningful contract with others.
 - The failure of religious communities to provide meaningful support and the cult of individualism
in Western societies has left some individuals feeling isolated from the rest of community.
- For some, this void may be filled by becoming involved with a new age religion.
Eg. As concerns over issues such as the environment and the demands of work within a consumerist
society grow many people are searching for new paradigms to work within and contribute to society.
In addition, modern western society has become less community oriented with an increased emphasis
on individualism.

● The influences on the growth of new religious expressions and spiritualities.

● Explain how the following have influenced the growth of new religious expressions and
spiritualities:
- The rise of materialism
- Materialism means the prioritising of collecting material possessions over things and pursuits.
- Materialism has been blame for the moral decline of modern society, as a person value has
been based on their material worth rather than on tangible types of achievement.
- Traditional religions with their focus on accountability, judgement and afterlife are at opposite
ends of the spectrum to materialism.
- The constant seeking of new ways for instant gratification through material collection has led to
a spiritual emptiness that people have tried to fill with new age religious expression.
- The irony of materialism role in the rise of new age religious expression is that new age
religions generally reject materialism.
- However there is an emphasis placed on the individual's right to choice and therefore this is
facilitated by booms, crystals, cards and various other products.

- Scientific progress
- Scientific progress has led to a questioning of the idea of Truth.
- Through the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment of the 17th century and then the Industrial
Revolution of the 19th century, religion and in some cases superstition was questioned and
undermined.
- The elevation of science as an answer to Truth has played a key role in the rise of new
religious expression.
- However science can’t explain all spiritual questions so adherents have turned to new
religions.

- Growth of ecological awareness

- Ecological awareness means being aware that to damage one aspect of the environment has
a follow on effect to other aspect.
- Therefore if humans act without regard for the damage to the environment then they are in
effect bringing about their own destruction.
- New Age religions are often referred to as ‘nature religions’ as they have a focus on the
environment and the need to preserve it, particularly Wicca with its emphasis on goddesses
and mother earth.

- Disenchantment with ‘traditional’ religious practice and guidance

- This disenchantment with the traditional religion has come from a variety of reasons.
- The 20th century was the bloodiest century with its two world wars and series of smaller ones,
which were and still are controversial.
- There was a questioning of ‘blind faith’ in the leaders of countries and the patriarchal authority.
 - The patriarchal nature of traditional churches and the more recent allegations against clergy
for sexual abuse has resulted in a distrust and cynicism towards traditional religions.
- Feminism and Gay activism and the sexual revolution (into to the pill) are just a few social
movements that questioned the traditional teachings of religions.

● Non-Religious Worldviews
● The human search for personal fulfilment through non-religious practices:
● Outline the essential features of Atheism and Agnosticism
- Agnosticism
- Agnostic believe that there is not sufficient evidence to make a judgement on the issue of the
existence of transcendental beings.
- However, if at a later date there is sufficient evidence to prove the evidence of God or gods
then their views will change.

- Atheism
- Atheists believe that there is no God or divine being .
- The universe and its life evolved by a natural scientific process.
- Humanity has no ultimate goal and no further aspirations because there is no life after physical
death.
- Atheism is not an active philosophy, with an organised body of doctrines.
- There are many beliefs and aspirations held by humanists, which atheists may also possess.

- Humanism
- Humanists think that: this world and this life are all we have, hence we should try to live full
and happy lives ourselves and, as part of this, make it easier for other people to do the same.
- All situations and people deserve to be judged on their merits by standards of reason and
humanity.
- Human experience is the foundation for all moral values.
- Humanists believe in the intrinsic goodness of humanity, but realise that human potential is far
greater than current achievement.
- Individuality and social cooperation are equally important.
- Humanists believe that human believe that human beings are successful, because of our
ability to manipulate and adapt to the natural world by working cooperatively with other human
beings.
- There are many types of humanists eg. Christian humanists, scientific humanists etc.
Humanism is a movement that does not adopt a religious approach to life, rather it draws on human
intellect and reasoning for determining all aspects of behaviour. As such the individual assumes
responsibility for their own purpose and subsequent ‘fulfilment’. By definition humanism represents an
entity of people who act out of personal inspiration in the hope of contributing to a more just and
equitable society.

Ethical behaviour will be determined by the individual’s own understanding of what is good or bad. It is
not based on reward or punishment of a higher being but the individual’s own reasons for acting in a
particular manner.Key events in a person’s life may need to be celebrated in forms other than those
offered by a religious tradition. For example, birth, marriage and death.
In lacking a belief in life after death the person will view the present life as the best and only
opportunity to achieve their goals. This realisation may well affect a person’s attitude to many life
issues including health, contribution to society and personal relationships. If the person argues that
human life is itself essentially good and worthy of preserving, then a person might devote part of life to
activities which attempt to improve the lives of others. This may take the form of working in
instructions for social welfare, education. If this common humanity is recognised the individual may
also work towards the eradication of racism and bigotry.

● Outline the positions of:

- Rational Humanism
- Philosophy which proclaims that the use of compassion, equality, morality, ethics, and most
importantly reason can be used to build a better world for human kind.
- Rational humanism is the product of an 18th century intellectual movement, known as the Age
of Enlightenment.
Rational humanism argues that reason is the best way to understand the world and deciding the
correct way to behave in it. While rational humanist may not declare that there is no God they do
reject any belief based only on faith through revelation. In the case of morality, for a rational humanist
it is linked to one’s understanding of pleasure and pain and how one would like to be treated It could
be said that humanism has more organizations and associations than atheism and agnosticism.
- Scientific Humanism
- Philosophy which places a significant emphasis upon science and technology to address
global problems such as poverty, environmental degradation, and social inequalities.
- Began in the 20th century, with an emphasis on achieving equality and peace on a global
scale.
This branch of humanism argues the best way to understand the world is through scientific research
and experimentation. Some may trace this form of humanism back to the ancient Greeks (500 BCE),
with Aristotle advocating ideas that excluded God by arguing that all can be known in the physical
world through experience. In terms of morality they might take the survival and evolution approach.
Meaning that the best way to behave, the best moral and ethical decisions are based on what will help
the human race.
● Discuss how Agnosticism, Atheism and Humanism determine the aspirations and
behaviour of individuals .
Non-believers would say that a belief in the supernatural is not a requirement of morality. People are
inherently mostly moral and ethical. They would point to animals like the chimpanzees or gorillas, who
share 99% of DNA with humans, who can understand about acts of self-sacrificing love when they
don’t have a concept of God received through revelation. Agnostics generally believed in moral
relativism, meaning that there is no black individual circumstances. Non-believers will say that
humans are capable of learning right from wrong through trial and error. Many non-believers would
say without the restrictions of organized religion, they are free to purse life’s joys and pleasures for
personal fulfillment. Religion often places unreasonable expectations on adherents and this decisions
rather than submitting to “it was God’s will”, non-believers accept the punishment of reward for actions
in this life rather than waiting for the afterlife. Non-believers also have a greater understanding of
humans as part of the cycle of life. They don’t place themselves above other species with a God given
privilege to rule over the Earth but understanding the far reaching consequences of human waste and
abuse of the environment. Two aspects must be taken into account; 1) desired outcomes for oneself,
2) Desired outcomes for the world wants to live in. In order to live in a peaceful, sustainable world,
many non-believers would say it is important to not be too materialistic, to have a social conscience
and to strive for an earthly paradise both in an ecological and humanitarian sense.
● The Difference between Religious and Non-Religious
Worldviews
● The response of ONE religious and ONE non-religious belief system to:
- The concept of the transcendent
- The human person
- Social responsibility
● Compare the response of ONE religious and ONE non-religious belief system to:
- The concept of the transcendent

- The human person

- Social responsibility
 Religion and Peace
● Peace expressed through sacred texts for TWO religious traditions drawn from:
- Christianity – The New Testament
- Judaism – The Prophetic vision of peace on Earth
● Investigate the understanding of peace and how it is informed through significant
writings within sacred texts.
● Principal teachings about peace in TWO religious traditions
● Outline the principal teachings about peace in TWO religious traditions
● T​he contribution of TWO religious traditions to peace in the context of:
- The individual – means of achieving inner peace
Peace is intrinsic to both christianity and judaism.In judaism Inner peace is achieved by through doing
all the commandments and also by carrying out the jewish rituals, celebrations, scriptural teachings
etc. Whereas in Christianity inner peace is achieved through the wholesome understanding of identity
and purpose. The way both of these religious traditions interact with others and with faith, impacts on
the way one feels peace internally.

In Christianity, peace is addressed in many facets throughout the sacred texts of Christianity. These
texts (mostly derived from the New Testament) do not simply deal with the concept of war, or the lack
thereof, but rather with the wider understanding of peace as a notion of recognising a deeper serenity
within oneself. Ultimately peace is found in union with God, christians are taught to live at peace with
themselves and with the wider community.

Through these teachings Christian adherents are guided to achieving inner peace through its principal
teachings and sacred texts. Christians believe in 5 key concepts which they can harness in order to
achieve peace for the individual. The first of these concepts is prayer (finish)

In Judaism, Jewish people have a religious obligation to pursue peace, as according to the Jewish
sages, it is the ultimate purpose of the torah; ​“All that is written in the Torah was written for the
sake of peace” (Tanhuma Shoftim 18).​ Derived from the commandments of the Torah, the desire
for peace has been expressed by Jews for thousands of years in our prayers and in biblical and
rabbinic sources. The Torah teaches Jews not to bear a grudge and to​ “Love your neighbour as
yourself” (Lev 19:18)​. Prophetic vision of peace on earth is closely linked to the concept of peace,
which is inextricably connected to the original covenant, between jewish adherents and God.

In Judaism, it is believed that without inner peace a person is torn, so Jews are guided towards
achieving inner peace through right relationship with God and by following the commandments of the
Torah, carrying out rituals and participating in prayer or meditation. Jews are encouraged to practice
and promote ethical and peaceful behaviour in their everyday lives. This includes following the mitzvot
of the Torah and embodying the principal teachings of the Prophetic Vision of peace on earth, tikkun
olam (repair the world), and gemilut chasadim (deeds of loving kindness). ​Isa 32:17 states, “The
effect of righteousness will be peace”, ​this is promoting the central concept of acts of justice and
compassion as an essential practice in Judaism. Worship through prayers and rituals allows
adherents to actively seek peace and ensure right relationship with God. Personal prayers, attending
synagogue services, and participating in meditation assists an adherent on their journey towards inner
peace. Through prayer, Jews ask God to grant peace, for example, at the end of the Amidah prayer
recited at a synagogue service Jews say, “The One who makes peace in the heavens bring peace to
 us and to all of Israel.”. Peace is also found through reflection of the teachings of the Torah or
studying the Torah, as this allows Jews to gain a deeper understanding of the Torah, and enables
wisdom and peace. Rituals also provide a sense of inner peace to adherents as they offer
opportunities to practice and actively seek peace. For example, the Sabbath is a day of rest which
allows Jews time to contemplate and rest, leading to inner peace for the individual. Yom Kippur is the
Day of Atonement and offers adherents the opportunity to make amends for their disobedience with
God to ensure right relationship with God and contributes to inner peace for the individual.
● Demonstrate how TWO religious traditions guide the individual in achieving inner peace
- The world – means of achieving world peace
● Discuss how TWO religious traditions are contributing to world peace

Christianity
Christian Peace within Christianity is not only the absence of war or violence but is instead a concept unto
Definition Of itself of harmony within relationships and within oneself resulting in God’s blessing
Peace

Definition of Christians believe that world peace can only be achieved when inner peace is established. World
world peace peace changes depending on the historical context.
Christianity makes significant contributions to world peace through public statements through public
statements by church leaders and programs at local and international levels.

Definition of Refers to a state of psychological or spiritual calm despite the potential presence of stressors.
inner peace

Christian - Christians are told not to retaliate to violence with violence.

attitude to war

The Principal - Peace is a central message of the new testament and this lays the foundations for the way
Teaching: New that christians perceived peace
Testament - Peace in the new testament does not only teach about peace between people, but also
peace between God and the adherent. Through jesus christ (Romans 5:1-11) jesus made
freedom of sin and salvation possible
- The books of the new testament are the sources of the understanding of the message and
mission of jesus
- Jesus continuing mission is to bring peace to the world
- The new testament presents Jesus as the son of God, as the one who not only offered
peace but whose life, death, and resurrection are the models of peace
- Christians believe that the death of Jesus christ on the cross restored all people to God

Jesus and Jesus was known as the “prince of peace”, his life and actions are seen as a guide to achieving and
Peace living a peaceful life in right relationship with God. Jesus’ work as a teacher of God spread the
Actions/quotes message of peace and continues to inspire today. Jesus denotes the value and virtue of peace in
the community in the Sermon on the mount delivering the beatitudes (Mt 5:9) “blessed are the
peacemakers for they shall be children of God”. Furthermore jese promoted peace in his actions,
never partaking in violence instead seeking peaceful means to spread his message and overcoming
adversary stating “Love your Enemies, do good to those who hate you bless those who curse you,
Pray for those who abuse you” (Luke 6:27-28). Jesus promoted peace throughout his life in his
words and actions, living as an example to the christians following him to live and spread peace in
their lives.
Famous Pope John XXIII
Christian - Wrote encyclicals on the need for peace and how to achieve peace in the in the modern
peacemakers world
actions/quotes - His encyclical “Pacem in terris” meaning peace on earth was published i 1963 and discusses
the critical importance of establishing peace
Desmond Tutu
- An anglican indigenous african cleric who served as Archbishop of Cape Town in South
Africa who worked in the anti-apartheid movement

What does Jesus relationship with those around him and the lord should be mirrored in the lives of christians to
Christianity do achieve inner peace
to promote Christians have been given the Son of God as a role model for living
inner peace?
(how is it Inner reflection and prayer
obtained and - To achieve a wholesome inner peace, one must maintain a life that supports active ministry
what is its but also prayer and reflection
value) - Active ministry involves spreading the good news, and living a life in the path of jesus
For an individual to achieve inner peace, following the example of Jesus is the best, most accepted
path to do so. Various groups within Christian tradition will have established methods of following tis
example. They will normally include the use of prayer, ritual and the readings of scripture, the
service of others and the participation in community with those of similar beliefs.

Examples: The ecumenism movement, the interfaith dialogue between christians and non
christians and the World council of churches aim to break barriers to achieve justice and peace on a
global level. Religion has been a case of much conflict in history, and the WCC is a body that aims
to promote peace between the denominations, but also within non christian realms

Christian Organisation: World Council of Churches:

World peace - The WCC describes itself as "a worldwide fellowship of 349 global, regional and
Organisations sub-regional, national and local churches seeking unity, a common witness and Christian
service.
- ​Mission: ​To highlight the urgency of peace in Palestine and Israel after 40 years of
occupation, The WCC, member churches and related organisation, organised a week of
raising an awareness in churches and civil society to impress upon governments the need
for new efforts to end the conflict and negotiate a just settlement in June of 2007.
- The initiative was called “International Church Action for Peace in Palestine and Israel”
- Actions taken towards Peace: ​By advocating and bringing awnesses to each nation about
the conflict between Israel and Palestine and the need for a peaceful resolution, they
effectively promoting peace without the need of conflict.

Interfaith world Multi-faith organisation:

peace World conference on Religion and Peace:​ Is the world’s largest multi-faith coalition advancing
initiatives common action for peace. It was established in 1968 with the participation of a variety of faiths
participating to promote peace and encourage both religious and political leaders to discuss
initiatives for peace. The organisation creates both interfaith conversations and practical
applications to issues of peace. The organisation has held 9 world assemblies since 1970 with the
most previous being held in 2013.

Scripture - “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be the children of God” - Matthew 5:9
References - “If possible, so far as it depends on you, live peaceably with all” - (Romans 12:18)
and Quotes: - “​But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, forbearance, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,”
 - Galatians 5:22
- “​Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you.” - Peter 5:7 (inner peace)

Any other Pope benedict XVI: “those with greater political, technical or economic power may not use that
Scriptural power to violate the rights of others who are less fortunate. Peace is based on respect for the rights
References of all. Conscious of this, the church champions the fundamental rights of each person” ( at the
celebration of the world peace day in 2007)= World peace

Judaism
Jewish (Not a direct definition but is the Jewish perspective/understanding of peace) Shalom is the truthful
definition of obedience to the law of God and is a requirement of the Covenant which must be lived if adherents
peace: are to live in right relationship with God.

Definition of - World peace​ is an ideal of freedom, ​peace​, and happiness among and within all nations
world peace: and/or people.
Jewish belief that:
- Tikkun Olam - restoring, repairing and perfecting the world

Definition of - Refers to a state of psychological or spiritual calm despite the potential presence of
inner peace: stressors.
Jewish Belief that:
- Achieved through doing all the commandments and also by carrying out the jewish rituals,
celebrations, scriptural teachings etc.
- Inner peace includes a right relationship with God.

Attitude to - God’s purpose for the world is peace and the purpose of God’s people is fulfilled when
war:(Modern/ peace reigns on earth.
scriptiptual)

Jewish basis Scriptural references for peace from the Old Testament, Torah, Mitzvot, Midrash:
for peace 1. Leviticus Rabbah ​9:9 “Seek peace, and pursue it”
(scripture) 2. In the Talmud it states: ‘The whole Torah is for the sake of peace.” [Gittin 59b]
3. The Torah teaches to ​“love your neighbour as yourself” L ​ ev. 19:18.
4. Mekhilta Bahodesh 12: “He who establishes peace between man and his fellow, between
husband and wife, between two cities, two nations, two families or governments,no harm
should come to him.”
5. Isa 32:17 “The effect of righteousness will be peace”
6. “My child, do not forget my teachings, let your heart keep my principles, since they will
increase your length of days, years of life and peace they shall add to you” Prov 3:1-2
7. Micah 6:8 “The Lord has told you what is good. What is required of you is this: to do what is
just, to show constant love, and to live in humble fellowship with our God.”
8. Isiah 54:10 “... My steadfast love shall not depart from you, and my covenant of peace shall
not be removed, says the Lord, who has compassion on you.”
9. Isiah 2:4 “...nation shall not lift up sword against nations, neither shall they learn war
anymore.”

Principal - The prophetic vision of peace on earth.

Teachings: - The prophets envisioned and advocated for peace in their teachings and writings.
Prophetic - Prophets are the sages of the Torah, and they suggest that the purpose of the Torah is
Vision promoting peace.
- PV of POE is closely related to tikkun olam as true peace requires justice and compassion.
- Gemilut chasadim (acts and deeds of loving kindness) involves an obligation to perform acts
of righteousness and charity in order to embody justice and compassion. This is part of the
pathway to peace.
- Acting with justice and compassion brings about peace.
- The prophet Amos suggested that the only way to peace was to seek the Lord.
- Peace is a requirement of the covenant and must be lived by adherents in order to live in
right relationship with God.
- The Torah teaches Jews not to bear a grudge and to ​“Love your neighbour as yourself”
(Lev 19:18)
- Prophetic vision of peace on earth is closely linked to the concept of peace, which is
inextricably connected to the original covenant, between jewish adherents and God.

Prophets on Isaiah:
Peace - Isaiah seeks peace and this is reflected in the vision of the prophet. He saw the Lord judged
between nations and the nations would “Beat their swords into ploughshares….nation shall
not lift up swords against nation.” (Isa 2:4)
Amos:
- The prophet Amos suggested that the only way to peace was to seek the Lord.
- “For thus says the Lord God:“The city that went out a thousand shall have a hundred left,
and that which went out a hundred shall have ten left to the house of Israel.” (Amos 5:3)
Micah:
- Peace and justice is strongly mirrored through Micah as God requires them “to do justice
and to love kindness and to walk humbly with God” (Mic 6:8)

Jewish Peace Abraham Heschel

makers - Participation in Second Vatican Council and influenced the writing of ‘Nostra Aetate’ (1965)
Actions and which improved Catholic-Jewish relations and opened a new era of better understanding
Quotes: and mutual respect.
- “​no religion is an island”
- Participated in the Anti-Vietnam War Movement

Moses Maimonides
- “Give a man a fish, he’ll eat for a day, teach a man to fish, he’ll eat forever”

What does - Inner peace includes a right relationship with God.

Judaism do to Ethical Behaviour:
promote inner - Jews are told to promote and act on peace in their everyday lives.
peace? (how - The search for inner peace involves following the mitzvot of the Torah, especially those
is it obtained
which include acts of justice and compassion.
and what is
- Relates to the principle teaching of gemilut chasadim - deeds of loving kindness and tikkun
its value)
olam - repair the world.
Worship- Prayer:
- In prayer Jews ask God to grant peace. For example at the end of the Amidah prayer recited
at a synagogue service, “The One who makes peace in the heavens bring peace to us and
to all of Israel.”
- Peace is found in the teachings of the Torah, a person who studies the torah will acquire
wisdom “My child, do not forget my teachings, let your heart keep my principles, since they
will increase your length of days, years of life and peace they shall add to you” Prov 3:1-2
 - Meditation
- Reading scripture allows a deeper understanding of the Torah and the commandments
which assists an adherents journey towards inner peace.
- Reflection and study of the Torah enables wisdom and peace.
Worship- Rituals:
- Rituals provide a sense of inner peace to adherents and offer opportunities to practice and
actively seek inner peace.
- Sabbath:​ allows people time to contemplate and rest. This contributes to inner peace as it
provides guidance towards achieving inner peace.
- Yom Kippur:​ adherents can make amends for their disobedience with God to allow inner
peace. Allows individuals to ensure right relationship with God.

Judaism and - Judaism teaches that without communal peace people are isolated.
World peace: - Tikkun Olam - restoring, repairing and perfecting the world
Organisations Organisations include:
- Rabbis for Human rights
- The Interreligious Coordinating Council in Israel (Within Rabbis for Human rights)
- Jewish Voice for peace
- The Shalom Centre
- Shalom Achshav (Peace Now)
- Jewish Peace Fellowship
Rabbis for Human rights:
- RHR is an Israeli human rights organization that describes itself as "the rabbinic voice of
conscience in Israel, giving voice to the Jewish tradition of human rights".
- “Our mission is to inform the Israeli public about human rights violations, and to pressure the
State institutions to redress these injustices.”
- RHR have: protected the rights of Palestinian farmers and landowners, provided Jewish
human rights education for emerging Israeli Leaders, social Justices and anti poverty work in
Israel, and interreligious dialogue and activism.

Interfaith Multi-faith organisation:

World Peace World conference on Religion and Peace:​ Is the world’s largest multi-faith coalition advancing
Initiatives common action for peace. It was established in 1968 with the participation of a variety of faiths
participating to promote peace and encourage both religious and political leaders to discuss
initiatives for peace. The organisation creates both interfaith conversations and practical
applications to issues of peace. The organisation has held 9 world assemblies since 1970 with the
most previous being held in 2013.
 Christianity
● Ethics
● ONE of the following areas of ethical teaching in Christianity:
- Environmental ethics
The contribution of ethical teachings to an understanding of Christianity as a living religious
tradition.

“Ethics are concerned with the principles of right conduct. Beliefs, sacred texts, experience and
authority are used to formulate ethical teachings.”.Key ethical guidelines: conscience, philosophy,
theology, reason and faith. Christian ethics and morality are based on the will of God. There is a
central idea to all Christian ethics about the love for all people, and what it means to be truly human
through your actions. In environmental ethics, the creation stories found in Genesis give insight into
the importance of caring for the world, and how modern humanity has been given important
stewardship of the Earth.

Four concepts to Ethics

Creation Stewardship Challenging Kingdom of God
Anthropocentrism

-Christians believe -Christians believe that -To have an -The New Testament teaches that
that the creation of humans are not owners anthropocentrism view of Jesus was sent to teach Kingdom
the natural world of God’s creation, the world is to believe values. That is, the values that are
was God’s work. rather stewards or that humans are the peak held most scared in the Kingdom of
That is Creation is a careakers. or pinnacle of creation. God. Jesus taught that people
belief of Christians. -Humans have a -A Christian worldview should try to bring these values to
-The beauty, responsibility to insists that humans are everyday life.
intensity and preserve the earth and apart of creation rather - If Kingdom values are followed,
mystery of the foster sustainable than the pinnacle of everything is in right relationship.
natural world was development. creation. Justice prevails if resources are
created by God, Scripture References: -If humans think like this, managed for all to share- including
inspires a sense of Gen 2:15, Colossians respect for the future generations.
awe in human’s for 3:23-24 , Psalms 115, environment is more - Some kingdom values include
creation. Matt 25:21, Gen likely outcome. respect, consideration, balance,
Scripture 34:4-6, Lev 22:9, Lev Scripture References: justice, humility and moderation.
References: 25:5-6 Job 39-41, Gen 1:24-25, -If these values are adopted by
Gen 1-28, Psalms Gen 1:26-28, Exodus people towards the environment,
33:5, Gen 1:29-30 23:12, 1 Timothy 4:4 better environmental outcomes
would be realised.
Scripture References:
Matt 6:28-31, Luke 22:18, luke
12:31, matt 13:31-32
Christian Environmental Issue 1: Environmental Issue 2: Environmental Issue 3
Variant Climate Change Deforestation Pollution

Catholic “The environment is one of Pope Francis has spoken out “Be praised, my Lord, for
those goods that cannot be on the pressing issue of Brother Wind, And through the
adequately safeguarded and deforestation. It is known that air, cloudy and serene, and
promoted by market forces.” - the forest is one part of God’s every kind of weather, By
Compendium of the social great creation, and the act has which you give sustenance to
doctrine of the Church. been named a ‘modern sin’. your creatures” (Francis of
The natural world has a value - He addressed students, Assisi, The Canticle of Brother
it belongs to God and humans struggling farmers and people Sun)
are only on loan to it. As without work at the University
Catholics, bishops and priests of Molise, "This is one of the There is a link being
urge individuals on to act with greatest challenges of our time: established between
sound judgement and resolute to convert ourselves to a type environmental health and the
actions. of development that knows public health of individuals -
Future generations should not how to respect creation”. pollution of the air leads to
be robbed or left of extra In this sense, as a holistic increases in cardiovascular
burden. Each sector of the society, we are allowed by God disease (and other health
community has a role in to utilise the earth's resources, issues).
reducing greenhouse gas however,creation belongs to The challenge is to stop the
emissions. Internationally, God; it is His work, not ours. growth in kilometers for
Australia must support God entrusted creation to the vehicles travelled overall, and
structures that overall lessen human family as preparation to begin transferring many to
the effects of global warming. for the glory of heaven. using public transport systems
The right to a safe, ecologically Therefore, human beings are more often than not.
sustainable environment is a required to respect and protect Ways to assist these issues is
universal human right. creation as a gift to be by taking proactive steps
Catholics wish to participate in treasured, a reflection of God's towards maintaining healthy
a future that goes beyond both greatness and love. environments is by spreading
religious and sectarian knowledge and education on
interests/groups To God belong the earth and the issues at hand.
all it contains, the world and all
who live there.
- Psalm 24:1
Ways in which change and
stewardship is being promoted
and actively displayed

Uniting They were concerned for the Uniting church adherents The uniting church opposes
Church human rights of future believe: “Deforestation will add weakening of carbon pollution
generations, and they urged to the catastrophic global reduction scheme. They took
adherents to use energy effects of our industry and action when the national
wisely. They regard climate population. Trees are natural government were reluctant to
change as a serious threat to consumers of carbon dioxide— make difficult decisions, saying
 humanity and the planet. They one of the greenhouse gases that “it falls to us as members
understand that it is important which contribute to global of the body of Christ to show
that Australia’s social, warming. Destruction of trees leadership in taking action to
economic and environmental not only remove these "carbon reduce pollution”.
policies begin to reflect that sinks," but tree burning and
social justice and ecological decomposition pump into the
justice are not competing atmosphere even more carbon
interest, but have shared dioxide, along with methane,
solutions. they believe that the another major greenhouse
australian government must set gas.”
serious targets for greenhouse They call on adherents to not
gas emission reductions, lose self identity, but to also
primarily through the promotion think about the future of others.
of renewable energy efficient
measures.

Greek The exploitation of God’s world According to the Greek Individuals within the Greek
Orthodox is considered sinful. Greek Orthodox church: Orthodox church are prepared
Orthodox adherents believe - The environmental crisis is a to make sacrifices - this is the
that we have ‘​missed the mark’ sin and a judgement upon “missing dimension” in which
as to God’s original purpose for humanity. People need to find connects brainstorming of
us and creation. When we ways, as churches, to support ideas to solve issues to
consume the Earth’s resources sound programmes which seek actually taking action ; for any
with no care for God’s labour in to preserve the environment large-scale amount of change
creating them - we become especially from deforestation. towards the environment to
estranged our innermost take place, there has to be a
purpose. - While human creativity and large sacrifice made by
freedom can be armed as humans also.
- Therefore are concerned for supreme gifts of God, it should
the sustainability of God’s also be emphasized that they
creation of the world. should be rooted in divine
wisdom and in human spiritual
- Climate change - caused by maturity towards the
humans - has resulted in the responsibility in stopping
degradation of God’s creation deforestation.
as humans have neglected to
take proper care of the - “Humanity can no longer
environment. ignore its responsibility to
protect it and preserve the
earth. In order to do this,
however, humanity must learn
to treat the creation as a
sacred offering to God, an
oblation, a vehicle of grace, an
incarnation of our most noble
aspirations and prayers.”
 ● Significant practices in the life of adherents
● ONE significant practice within Christianity drawn from:
- Baptism
What is Baptism?
Baptism is the first sacrament of the Christian church. It is the act of cleansing in water to remove
original sinned admitting one as a full member of the church. Christians baptise as a symbol of
removing original sin and to declare faith and commitment to the church and the trinity.

How Baptism Expresses Beliefs of Christianity

Baptism is the sacramental rite that is used to signify a person’s initiation into the beliefs and practices
of Christianity and welcomes them into their community. In the bible passage John3:5, Jesus teaches
a Jewish man about the difference between being born from flesh, to being born of Spirit and water.
This is referring to baptism which is the ritual performed by a bishop or priest who pours or immerses
an infant or adult in water to signify the cleansing of sins, which is necessary to obtain the Christian
belief of salvation. For each of the five beliefs of Christianity; Divinity and Humanity of Jesus Christ,
the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, The nature of God and the Trinity, Revelation and
Salvation, specific symbols, actions and prayers are used during baptism to reflect and deepen the
adherents understanding of these beliefs.

The Divinity and Humanity of Jesus Christ is the belief that Jesus was both fully human and fully
divine. As a human Jesus was baptised, displaying his humanity but after John had baptised him,
God the Father proclaimed from the heavens that he is his Son, displaying his Divinity. Closely linked,
is the belief of Jesus’ death and resurrection. Christians believe that Jesus was crucified, dying for
their sins and was resurrected after three days, reaffirming his divinity and humanity. Within the
ceremony of baptism, a key action is the profession of faith, whereby the godparents of infant baptism
or the adult participant in believers baptism, answer “I do” when the priest questions their belief in
Jesus as being human and divine allowing him to die and resurrect. This practice is shared across the
spectrum of Christian variants and denomination. Bible passage Mark 9:2-9 demonstrates these
beliefs as God the Father proclaims that Jesus is his Son, though still human, he will die and be
reborn again. The profession of faith in baptism performed in front of fellow community members,
strengths adherents belief in the humanity and Divinity as well as the death and resurrection of Jesus
Christ through the unity of the Church.

Christians believe in a Holy Trinity, three distinctive persons; the Father, the Son and The Holy Spirit,
which are all part of the one nature of God. This belief is expressed in baptism through the three fold
pouring or immersion of blessed water. In Matthew 28:19 Jesus says, “Therefore go and make
disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”.
The action is in accordance with the scriptures however this action is not shared throughout Christian
variants. For example Pentecostal churches baptize only in the name of Jesus Christ only, the rest of
the trinity is received in other sacraments. Through this action adherents are reminded that God exists
in three forms and invites them to make contact with the divine and transcendent dimension to gain a
deeper understanding of the meaning and purpose of their lives.

Salvation is the deliverance from suffering and evil through life and death and living a just life. For the
majority of denominations, baptism is seen as a sacrament essential to salvation. However Lutherans,
Baptists, and Pentecostal believe that salvation is entirely a matter of God and therefore baptism is
not essential to salvation. Salvation is expressed through the use of water in the baptism ceremony by
 showing the belief of death, burial and rebirth cleansed from original sin and allowing entry into the
kingdom of heaven. This rebirth into the kingdom of heaven mirrors the scripture 1 Peter 3:21 , “his
water symbolizes baptism that now saves you also—not the removal of dirt from the body but the
pledge of a clear conscience toward God. It saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” The belief
in Salvation and the journey towards it is initiated in baptism, this leads the adherent to follow a just
life towards entering the kingdom of God.

Revelation is a central component in baptism through the use of scriptures. Revelation is the belief in
the word of God given to humanity as the written words of the prophets through Jesus’ teachings and
through the sending down of the Holy Spirit. The belief in revelation is explored through the scriptures
and prayers within the ceremony itself for example, Romans 6:4 “All who are buried with Christ in the
death of baptism rise also with him into the newness of life”. This belief is further exemplified with the
Liturgy of the Word, as in a usual mass, where scripture readings are read and the prayers, words and
ceremonies are dictated by scriptures. Through this ceremony and its use of scriptures, Christian
adherents are given a practical example of revelation and a deeper insight into their faith in these
revelations.

Adherents of Christianity gain a deeper understanding of their beliefs through the practices performed
in baptism, which display a literal example of the beliefs in action. John 3:5“Unless one is born of
water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.” , summaries Christians obligation to
perform the sacrament and depict divine reward potentially gained for their commitment. Baptism as
whole is an outward sign conveying Christian’s obedience to follow through on Jesus’ command and
shows their full dedication and trust, forming the basis of their newly found relationship with God.

Christian Belief Feature of Baptism Symbol of Baptism Scriptural Reference Example of 2 Christian
variants

Divinity and Jesus, referred to in John’s The symbolism of water Mark 9: 2-9 Baptists:
Humanity of Gospel as the word that was is important as it is part After six days Jesus - Sign of
Jesus Christ with God and became flesh, of God’s creation- the took Peter, James and obedience to god.
lived his human life water baptism connects John with him and led - A Jesus was
(pg 24 booklet) according to the will of God. people to all that God them up a high baptised in the
Even when he was tempted created. Through mountain, where they river Jordan,
to save himself (in the desert water, it becomes the were all alone. There he adherents should
for example), he chose, responsibility of was transfigured before follow this
instead to follow God’s plan Christians to care for all them. His clothes example
through. Jesus was baptized creation. became dazzling white, - Have public
‘to fulfill God’s plan’ - to whiter than anyone in baptisms so that
show people how to love the world could bleach it created a sense
God, particularly by loving them. And there of deep unity
others. Baptism is an appeared before them within the church
affirmation in the belief that Elijah and Moses, who community
Jesus, even though he was were talking with Jesus.
divine, became human to Peter said to Jesus, Protestant
lead people out of darkness. “Rabbi, it is good for us denominations:
to be here. Let us put up - Rather than
The Godparents have to say three shelters—one for channelling the
‘I do’ to believing in the you, one for Moses and Holy Spirit into
humanity and divinity of one for Elijah.” (He did the candidate,
Jesus. ‘Do you believe in not know what to say, Baptism is seen
Jesus Christ, his only son, they were so to be in inner
our lord who was born of the frightened.)​ ​Then a conversion that
Virgin Mary, was crucified, cloud appeared and has already
 died, and was buried, rose covered them, and a happened in adult
from the dead, and is now voice came from the candidates.
seated at the right hand of cloud: “This is my Son,
the father?’ whom I love. Listen to Catholic and Orthodox:
him!” Suddenly, when - Holy Spirit is
they looked around, channeled into
they no longer saw the candidate
anyone with them through the
except Jesus. As they sacrament of
were coming down the Baptism
mountain, Jesus gave
them orders not to tell
anyone what they had
seen until the Son of
Man had risen from the
dead.

Death and During the blessing of the Death to sin and rebirth Mark 16:5-8 Roman Catholic: During a
Resurrection of baptismal water, the in christ takes place “When they entered the baptism in the roman
Jesus Christ celebrant concludes: “​May when water is poured tomb, they saw a young catholic church many
all who are buried with over the head of a man dressed in a white aspects directly correlate
Christ in the death of person while reciting robe sitting on the right to the death and
baptism rise also with him the baptismal formula. side, and they were resurrection of Jesus
into newness of life”​ The baptised person alarmed. But he said to Christ. In the
acknowledging that now the dies to sin in in the them,“Do not be Renunciation of Sin and
child is Baptised, they are waters of baptism and alarmed. You are Profession of Faith the
able to follow in his footsteps is reborn to a life of looking for Jesus the celebrant asks “Do you
and resurrect to become one innocence through the Nazarene, who was believe in Jesus Christ,
with him for eternal life. The holy spirit. crucified. He has risen! his only Son, our Lord,
blessing and invocation of He is not here!” who was born of the
God over the Baptismal Baptism into Jesus’ Baptism is the rebirth Virgin Mary, was
water acknowledges that death and Resurrection into the christian church. crucified, died, and was
Jesus died on the cross as makes a person share This idea of rebirth is buried, rose from the
that water that is used in the light of Jesus evident in this scripture dead…” The godparents
symbolises the blood and brought into the world. in relation to Jesus respond “I do”. In this
water that came out of This is symbolised resurrecting three days they are acknowledging
Christ’s wounds during his when the after his death. the death and
crucifixion. The newly-baptised is The young man dressed resurrection of Christ.
Renunciation of Sin and presented with a lighted in a white robe that is
Profession of Faith is an candle. The parents mentioned in the
acknowledgement by the and godparents are scripture symbolises the Orthodox: Immersion is a
parents and godparents that asked to keep the light white gown that infants popular tradition within
they believe in Christ who of faith burning in the wear during the the Orthodox church. On
died and was resurrected, child's life so that he or ceremony of baptism. entering the water, the
who lives in heaven and will she can participate in The white robe
person symbolically
come again. the coming of the symbolises not only new
kingdom of god, life but purity and enters the tomb with
through faith and good innocence. Christ, symbolising their
works. dying to sin and
afterwards rises from the
water, symbolising their
rising to new life.

The Christian belief

‘death and resurrection of
Jesus Christ’ represents
this tradition of immersion
 as Jesus died by
crucifixion and
resurrected three days
after his death.

The infant or adult is

immersed 3 times to
symbolise each day of
Jesus’ resurrection.
When they rise from
immersion it represents a
new life with Jesus.

Nature of God Tracing of the sign of the They trace the sign of Matt 28: 19-20 For about 330 years after
and Trinity cross on the child’s the cross on the child’s “Go, Therefore, make Christ, everybody was
forehead. forehead. This is a sign disciples of all nations; baptised in the Name of
of christ to whom the baptise them in the the Lord Jesus Christ.
The parents profess their child is going to belong. name of the Father and The Roman Catholics
faith by answering “I do” to of the Son and of the then organised and
three questions regarding The anointing with the Holy spirit, and teach became a denomination,
their belief in the three divine oil of chrism on the them to observe all the and started to baptise in
person. crown of the head commands I gave you. the name of the Father,
signifies the gift of the An look I am with you Son and Holy Spirit.
The anointing with the oil of holy spirit. always; yes, to the end Other denominations
chrism of time” such as Eastern
Threefold pouring of Orthodox and Lutherans
The baptised person water on the head or Luke : 21-22 baptise in the Name of
receives a lit candle immersion of water “When all the people the Father, Son and Holy
represents each of the were being baptized, Spirit.
The baptism concludes with three divine persons. Jesus was baptized too.
a blessing as a final And as he was praying, Oneness believers
reminder of the Trinitarian The baptised person is heaven was opened believe that for water
nature of Baptism. given a lighted candle and the Holy Spirit baptism to be valid, one
which represents christ descended on him in must be baptized in the
who by his suffering bodily form like a dove.
name of Jesus, rather
and death,gives light And a voice came from
and life to the world. heaven: “You are my than in the name of the
Son, whom I love; with Father, and of the Son,
you I am well pleased.” and of the Holy Spirit.
The denomination that
Ephesians 4: 4-6 baptizes in the name of
“There is one body and Jesus are the pentecostal
one Spirit, just as you churches.
were called to one hope
when you were called;
one Lord, one faith, one
baptism; one God and
Father of all, who is
over all and through all
and in all.”

Salvation Listening to the Word of God Application of water 1 Peter 3:21 Orthodox adherents
(pg 18- represents salvation as his signifies the cleansing “and this water believe that the rite of
Celebrant says teachings guide participants of sins that purifies the symbolizes baptism that Baptism is necessary for
prayer of into the light of God. individual. ​Water in now saves you salvation and for the soul
exorcism to Celebrant traces the sign of Baptism symbolizes also—not the removal of to ascend into heaven.
cleanse from the cross with the oil of salvation by showing a dirt from the body but (Baptism is the
sins) - chrism on the head of the believer’s death ​(going the pledge of a clear precondition for human
PHYSICAL participant cleanses the sins into the water), ​burial conscience toward God. salvation)
ACTS and invites the participant (going under the It saves you by the
into the life of God. water),​ and resurrection of Jesus Serbian Orthodox
Prayer of exorcism cleanses resurrection ​(coming Christ” Theologian, Marinkovic:
the participant of their sins up out of the water). “The mystery of Baptism
away from Satan and invites consists of a person
them into the world of God. Candles are significant dying spiritually and
to Baptism as they burying his old, sinful
demonstrate the light man and then being
and life of God, through reborn as a new, sinless
the lighting of the man.”
candles the repentance
of the participants is Catholics, since Vatican
demonstrated. II, believe it is essential to
be part of the church
The flame of the candle which is the sign of God’s
is a representation of action in the world.
the holy spirit coming Therefore it is seen as an
upon the individual to essential sacrament for
signify the actions of salvation. ​John 3:5​ -
pentecost “Jesus answered, ‘Very
truly I tell you, no one can
White garments are enter the kingdom of God
worn to signify purity unless they are born of
and cleanliness of sins, water and the Spirit”
through the deliverance
of God, vital to the By contrast, variants such
Baptism ceremony. as Lutherans, baptists,
Pentecostals, Seventh
Day Adventists hold that
baptism is not necessary
for salvation. They do not
permit infant baptism but
rather for adults who
make a mindful choice to
enter the faith

Revelation The reading of the scripture Bible “No-one can enter the Eastern Orthodox:
(Given through reading and the homily in Kingdom of God without Baptism is completed
SCRIPTURE, the Baptism in the Church is being born again of with three ‘full’ or ‘total’
the life of Jesus a form of Revelation from water and spirit”​ - John immersions in the
and the work of God. 3:5 baptismal font then the
the Holy Spirit) participant is placed on a
(pg 24) The Catechism says “In new linen sheet.
those who have been
reborn nothing remains Baptist and Pentecostal
that would impede their Churches: This is a full
entry into the Kingdom immersion process and it
of God, neither Adam’s is adult only baptism as
sin, nor personal sin, the adult must choose to
nor the consequences be baptised
of sin, the greatest of
which is separation from
God” - ​CCC-1263
Cathistim of the
catholic church
 The Significance of Christian Baptism to the Individual and Community

Individual Community

- Allows individual to grow up in the church and follow its - Community is able to deepen their
teachings. understanding and faith through the
- Frees individual of original sin + allows then to be reborn teaching of the individual.
as a son on daughter of God in the kingdom of heaven. - Widens and introduces a new person
- Initiated into Christian life + guided by holy spirit. and perspective into the church.
- Accepted into wider community of believers that extends - Allows community to grow in
into past and future creating a sense of belonging. numbers and in faith.
- Introduces them to a system of values and beliefs to follow - Allows members of the church to
- Gives strength to withstand temptation + sin. express their faith communally.
- Given the gift of the holy spirit. - The ceremony links existing
- Inclusion in future sacraments + life of the church. members to newer members and the
- Connects individual to all christians life of the church.
- Signifies + creates a deeper meaning as well as a more - Allows community to gain a deeper
real connection with God + the Trinity. understanding of the meaning +
- Establishes the importance of prayer in an individual's life. purpose of their lives.

Significance for the Individual- ​Baptism is significant and extremely important for the individual
because it shows that the individual (or the parents of the individual for infant baptism), desire to
follow the example set by Jesus in his own baptism by John. It follows the command or directive of
Jesus, as shown in Matthew 28:18-19 and it is a public message of faith to the rest of the
community.Having been initiated into a Christian Church implies a commitment to the teachings,
practices and life of the community. It initiates them into the whole Christian life, introduces them to
life guided by the Holy Spirit, and gives them access to any other sacraments or rites offered by the
particular denomination. In addition, it frees them from sin and allows them to be reborn as a child of
God. They also become members of Christ and are incorporated into the church and therefore share
in its mission.While some churches determine that salvation can only follow baptism, certainly baptism
cannot make an individual a believer. Particularly, Protestant churches believe it is an external symbol
of an internal or spiritual commitment. While most churches practice infant baptism the significance of
adults who decide on their own baptism, cannot be underestimated.

Significance for the Christian Community- ​The Christian community as a whole also benefits from
the baptism process. Within the group of baptised people is the establishment of a common concept
of identity, to the community of faith who are baptised.Baptism unites all individuals with Jesus’ death
and resurrection. The belief is that, through baptism, Christians are born to a new life with Jesus.
Christians believe that as individuals they are separate and are unique but by being baptised they are
part of a community of believers that extends to the past and into the future and also to all others who
are also baptised.The idea is that baptism transforms people. In baptism a person is welcomed and
initiated into sharing the mission of Jesus in the world..When the Christian community witnesses the
baptism of the new adherent into their church community, it reaffirms the community’s commitment to
their own baptismal promises.. The Christian community is aware that baptism is a sacrament of faith
and helps the individual’s faith to grow. Baptism finds added communal significance through the role
of the sponsors or godparents – firm believers and witnesses who assist the newly baptised–
whether child or adult, on the winding road of the Christian life.Indeed the entire Christian community
bears some responsibility for the faith life of the baptised Christian.Baptism allows the community to
define its membership it is a ritual which allows new members to be welcomed.
 Judaism
● Ethics
● ONE of the following areas of ethical teaching in Judaism:
- Environmental ethics
The contribution of ethical teachings to an understanding of Judaism as a living religious
tradition.
Areas of Summarise the teaching Link to ethics Scriptural reference
Applied
Jewish ethics

ANIMAL Animals are part of God’s creation Lessons from the stories of the “You shall not let your
WELFARE so it is humans responsibility to Torah indicate compassion for cattle mate with a
show compassion for animals. animals. different kind” - ​(Lev
The commandment of the The treatment of animals 19:19)
Sabbath also involves providing follows the laws and ‘No animal should be
rest for working animals. commandments of the Torah slaughtered on the
Some laws include the prohibition and embodies the prophetic same day as it’s young.
of working animals being muzzled, vision of tikkun olam. When taking eggs from
animals must be kept in adequate a nest, one must let the
conditions, the banning of sports mother bird go free’ -
such as bullfighting, and animals (​Deut 22:6-7)
must not be slaughtered on the
same day as their young.

PRESERVATI The land is not owned by man but This is connected to the “Six years you shall sow
ON OF is given by and belongs to God. commandments of the Torah your land and gather its
NATURAL All things produced on this land and sacred texts as each of yield; but the seventh
RESOURCES and the use of this land, must be these laws and ideas are you shall let it rest and
maintained to preserve these outlined through the Torah in lie fallow…… You shall
natural resources produced. the rules of the land and also do the same with your
Within this includes laws of the the rules of the yield and use of vineyards and your olive
sabbatical year and jubilee year crops for all peoples. groves.” -​ (Ex 23:10-11)
where every seven years the land It can also be related to the “The land must not be
must be allowed to rest to allow ideas of tikkun olam, as sold beyond reclaim, for
for its replenishment. Furthermore through the careful the land is mine; you are
it is outlined the use of the its presarvatoinand use of but strangers resident
produce so that all can be fed and resources it ensure a continued with Me. Throughout the
cared for and that the land and its share of resources for the land you hold, you must
resources are used restoratively, world and future generations provide for the
laws regarding theregarding the ensuring there is plentiful redemption of the land.”
yield of a field may not be fully resources of the utopian world. - ​(Lev 25:23-24)
gathered so that some may be left This similarly related to the
for the needy or that the first themes of Proverbs in
produce shall not be eaten before particular generosity in the
certain dates. sharing out of resources and
the wisdom in future planning
for the crops and yield for the
prophetic vision of the future.
WATER Water is essential to humanity for It links to Proverbs themes of “No shrub of the field
survival. It's considered a tool of Wisdom as metaphorically a was yet on earth and no
destruction, having religious person who possesses a grasses of the field had
functions, a tool for testing people ‘fountain’ of knowledge is yet sprouted, because
and means of possession (like this considered wise. the Lord God had not
is my well with my water). It also a sent rain upon the
symbol for metaphors eg. earth.” - ​(Gen 2:5)
Proverbs says: “​The words a “You gave them water
mean speaks are deep waters, a when they were thirsty.”
flowing stream, a fountain of - ​(Gen 41).
wisdom.”

POLLUTION Pollution involves damage to the Prevention and restoration of “Silver has turned to
environment and damage to God’s pollution embodies the dross” - ​(Gen:2)
creation therefore it is the prophetic vision to repair the
responsibility of Jews to avoid world, Tikkun olam. “when the water flows
pollution as part of caring for the Stories from the Torah such as into the sea, the water
environment. Ezekial speaking of purifying will become fresh.”
Laws include the removal of polluted water, demonstrates (​Ezekial 47:8)
excrement from public places, the importance of not only
preventing pollution but to act
on repairing and restoring
environmental damage as a
result of polluting acts.

Ethical Teachings
- Tikkun Olam
- Bal Taskit
- Gemilut Chasadim
- Prophetic Vision

Beliefs
- Covenant
- One God
- Moral law- Torah
 ● Significant practices in the life of adherents
● ONE significant practice within Judaism drawn from:
- Marriage
Marriage what is it?
Within Judaism, marriage is seen as a divinely ordained state symbolising the sacred union of those
created in God's image. God's covenant with Israel is believed to be linked to these words "a man will
leave his father and mother and two shall become one flesh". Judaism believes that is commanded by
God to marry, this a mitzvah.
How Marriage Expresses Beliefs of Judaism
Element of Brief description of Link to belief Any scriptural Variants
ceremony Ceremony references

Preparation Prior to the wedding day, Not related to main beliefs but a Psalm 51:2 O - ​✓
(Mikveh) the bride is required to jewish belief in purification. It Wash me C-/
visit the ​‘mikveh’​ , the symbolises that the bride is thoroughly from R-x
ritual bath, and immerses spiritually and ritually pure as she my iniquity And
herself, to ensure a prepares her sexual relationship cleanse me from
purified state. She must with her husband. my sin.
also show proof of visiting
the ‘​mikveh’​ before she is
eligible to sign the
marriage contract..

Ketubah The signing and This is symbolic of the covenant Genesis 17:4 O - ​Ketubah
witnessing of the made between the bride and “This is my read and
marriage contract by groom remicincent of the covenant with given to bride
groom - outlining the covenant between God and you: You’ll be the C - ​Ketubah
obligations of the couple Israel. This shows the obligations father of many read and
and reciprocal deeper relationship nations.” given to bride
between the couple for the R - ​Ketubah
continuation of the Jewish faith. read

This is also representative of the

Belief in divinely inspired moral
law as its use is shown in the holy
scripture and shown as an
ordered by god.

Chuppah Bride and groom are Chuppah represents the home in Hosea​ 2:21-22: O-✓
escorted to a marriage which the new couple will live, this God speaks to the C-✓
canopy called a Chuppah show the woman’s role in the nation of Israel, R-✓
relationship as protector and says three times “I
(new home). Held outside
homemaker. - this is significant in will betroth you to
as a sign of the blessing terms of covent between the couple Me”.
given by God to the showing their reciprocal relationship Psalm 45:9:
patriarch Abraham that and obligations to one another to “Daughters of kings
his child shall be “as stars protect and care for another, as well are among your
of heavens”. When bride as to make a home in judaism and honored women; at
arrives she circles groom continue this covent and faith through your right hand is
seven times. the making of a jewish the royal bride in
household.The couple is treated as gold of Ophir.​”
royalty
Circling The bride circles the When the bride circles the groom Genesis 2:2: O-✓
groom seven times with 7 times, it is a reminder that God And on the C-✓
her mother and future created the world in seven days. seventh day God R-x
mother-in-law to This links to the first Jewish belief, finished his work
‘Belief in One God as the creator’ that he had done,
symbolise her entering
and he rested.
into the core of his soul.
Also reminds that God Jeremiah​ 31:22:
created the world in (‘for the Lord has
seven days. created a new
thing on the
Earth, a woman
will surround a
man’).

Birchat Under the chuppah a O-✓

eirusin - rabbi or family member C-✓
Initial recities a blessing over R-x
Blessings - wine and a blessing that
wine cup praises and thanks God
for giving them laws of
samcity and morality to
preserve the family of the
Jewish people.

The ring - The Groom then takes a Covenant:​ A covenant is like a Jerimaer 31: 31 - O - Groom
Vows plain gold ring and places contract and Jewish marriage is 32 gives Bride
in on the finger of the like a contract. Marriage is a Marriage is a ring
bride and recites in the covenant between man and Holy union before C - Groom
presence of two woman. Involving mutual God. gives Bride
witnesses. The couple promises,commitments and love. ring or
becomes married when a Double ring
man places the ring on The ring has become the symbol ceremony
the woman’s finger. of the mutual promises of R - Double
marriage. The ring represents the ring
eternity of commitment. The bible ceremony ​or
describes marriage as a spiritual Groom gives
covenant that is just as binding as Bride ring
the covenant made with God.

Birchat Process of marriage O-✓

Nisuin involved in two separate C-✓
(Seven stages: Erusin (betrothal) R-✓
blessings) and Nisuin (marriage).
Once nisuin had taken
place the couple could
live together.
 The Significance of Jewish Marriage to the Individual and Community

Individual Community Evidence

Completes them as human beings. Marriage is the foundation of the

Jewish community. Genesis 2:18; ​“It is not good for the
Fulfillment of a mitzvah and man to be alone.”
commandments of God. Ensures the continuation of the
Jewish faith and the covenant. Jeremiah 31: 31 - 32: Marriage is a
Structures the lives of the couple Holy union before God.
and assigns clear roles to each Fulfils the covenant by following
partner. the commandment to “be fruitful Ezekiel 11:16 creation of a
and multiply”. sanctuary as a decree from God.
Marriage signifies the beginning of
a new family. A means of identification with Matthew 19:6 ​ “​So they are no
Judaism and with the Jewish longer two, but one flesh.
Marriage is a way of holiness for community. Therefore what God has joined
the couples build relationship . together, let no one separate.”
Witness and ensure the fulfillment
It brings the male and female of the covenant by the entire
together, to have a closer community.
relationship with God.
Reminder of the covenant and its
requirements.

Practices within the ceremony

reming the individual and
community of their history e.g.
destruction of temple in
Jerusalem.

Jewish Organisation
Jewish Organisation COEJL - Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life

Variant All

Description of Organization Is an initiative of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs and the leading
Jewish environmental organisation in the United States. COEJL
represents 29 national Jewish organisations and serves as a voice for the
Jewish community on environmental issues. They have advocated a link
between Judaism and the environment to promote environmental
protection amongst the Jewish community towards seeking the
contemporary understanding of Tikkun Olam and Tzedakah in relation to
the environment also.

Explain the actions of the They partner with Jewish organisation to encourage the obedience of
organisation in terms of stewardship in Jewish life.
putting the ethical teachings They work with local synagogues to educate Jewish observance of
of judaism into practice. environmental action.
They advocate on behalf of the Jewish community in response to
environmental issues and sustainability.
 Specific examples:
In 2014, COEJL and JCPA made a statement urging President Obama
and Pope Francis to discuss environmental conservation.
In 2014, COEJL and JCPA made a statement on the U.S and China pact
to reduce carbon emissions.

Jewish Organisation Jewish National Fund

Variant All

Description of Organization Founded in 1901 JNF buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine (later the
British Mandate for Palestine, and subsequently Israel and the Palestinian
territories) for Jewish settlement.The JNF is a non-profit organization.

Explained the actions of the - Campaign to raise awareness about environmental issues.
organisation in terms of Links: The Jewish ethical focus on mitzvot reflects beliefs in a God-centred
putting the ethical teachings world. Because of God’s ownership, Jews believe that the environment
of judaism into practice. must be treated justly & in such a way that the products of God’s creation
are shared equitably.
- Water conservation and accessibility
Links: The Jew ethical environmental outlook on water is that its is
essential for survival and religious life. Therefore the JNF build dams and
reservoirs all around israel for equal access to clean water for all.
- Tree plantations and Sustainable energy
Link: JNF plant thousands of trees each each as well as advocate for
sustainable energy to lower the level of pollution produced by Israel. The
ideas are related to the ideas of tikkun olam, as through the careful
preservation of the land and the cleaner use of energy, this ensures a
continuation of shared resources for the world and future generations,
which is an integral part of JNF plan to serve and protect the land of Israel.

Jewish Organisation Heschel center for sustainability

Variant Works throughout the jewish variants, having worked with the Rabbinical
Assembly of the Conservative/Masorti as well as other varied organisation.
Being based in Israel and headed by Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel it is
considered mostly Orthodox variants

Description of Organization The Heschel Center for Sustainability develops and implements the vision
of sustainability: a just and cohesive society, a robust and democratic
economy, and a healthy and productive environment to all of its residents.
The center bridges theoretical knowledge and practical methods, and
creatively spreads the message of sustainability, assisting change makers
from every sector of society to promote significant change in Israel.
Programs include
- The Heschel sustainability leadership fellowship
- Galilee climate fellowship program
- Community place based education
Explained the actions of the The Heschel center works as Israel's leading advocate for a sustainable
organisation in terms of Israel, working to develop a robust democratic economy and healthy
putting the ethical teachings environment for current and future generations. With a main focus on
of judaism into practice. transformative learning and education to create creative solutions for
climate change and social justice.
- Creates frameworks through which potential change agents can
become sustainability leaders, and support the implementation of
their initiatives.
- Connects theoretical knowledge with practical skills, and spreads
the vision of broad sustainability in creative ways.
It has many programs such as
- The Sustainability Leaders Fellows Program
- The Center for Local Sustainability
- The Center for Sustainability Studies
This focus on education bases within the ethical, proverbial ideas of
Wisdom needing knowledge to further the work for the environment done
here.
Furthermore the Heschel center works within the ideas of Tikkum Olam in
their repair of the world, for their work and programs focus on future work
and planning for future generations to develop greater understanding and
preservation of the environment for future generations.

Jewish Organisation The Noah Project

Variant All variants - not orthodox

Description of Organization A UK based environmental organisation committed to raising awareness of

environmental issues throughout the Jewish community, through
education, celebration of Jewish festivals and practical action projects.

Explained the actions of the - Campaign to raise awareness about environmental issues.
organisation in terms of Link​: The Jewish ethical focus on mitzvot reflects beliefs in a God-centred
putting the ethical teachings world. Because of God’s ownership, Jews believe that the environment
of judaism into practice. must be treated justly & in such a way that the products of God’s creation
are shared equitably.
- Aim: to educate about climate change and empower people to
make changes in their lives that will make a difference to the world.
Link​: develops leadership, while educating the importance of raising
awareness about environmental issues.
Innovative program designed to educate people on the importance of the
environment (created and owned by God)
 Islam
● Ethics
● ONE of the following areas of ethical teaching in Islam:
- Environmental ethics
Describe and explain the contribution of ethical teachings to an understanding of Christianity
as a living religious tradition.
Process of Islamic Jurisprudence:

What is Jurisprudence
The most important and ​fundamental point of reference​ for Islamic jurisprudence is the ​Qur'an​. It
provides the teachings that are to be followed by all Muslims and is regarded as ​normative​ for all
aspects of Islam.
While the Qur'an is very clear and direct for the most part, it is also concise and quite brief. The
statements in the Qur'an, while usually very clear in principle are also usually not sufficiently detailed
to allow for direct application to some situations.
Where the Qur'an is not sufficiently clear or detailed on a particular issue, Muslims look to ​other
sources​ to provide guidance for appropriate ethical actions. The overall process of discerning the
appropriateness of actions in particular situations is known as ​jurisprudence​.
- Aqidah - creed and beliefs
- Ibadah - religious worship and practice
- Ahlaq - morality and ethics
- Muamalah - human relations
Describe and Explain Islamic Environmental Ethics
- The religion of islam provides clear ethical teachings on issues relating to the environment;
teachings are found in major sources of islamic teachings including the qur’an, Hadith and
Shari’ah
- These islamic teachings do not specifically address many of the modern environmental
concerns however provides clear guiding principles which can be applied to these issues
- The Qur’an provides specific teaching on environmental concerns but principally it sets forth
value and principles which can be applied to a range of issues
- The principles set in the Qur’an include the notion that the environment is a gift from Allah and
the human beings have been given responsibility as guardians of the environment
- Traditions of the hadith reiterate the teaching of the Qur’an and include some important
teachings on matters such as the use of conservation of water
- Shari’ah law contains teachings on many environmental concerns such as hunting and welfare
of animals, the use of land, protection of forests etc.
- Muslims understand that there is a close relationship between environmental concerns and
issues of justice. They believe that in order to properly address environmental concerns there
must be a change of heart in individuals and a transformation in societies
- It cannot be expected to be genuine progress will be made in protection of the environment
while individual and communities and pre-occupied with self fulfilment with little regard for
others
- The Qur’an clearly conveys the important elements of the diversity and balance that exists in
nature.
- Human beings have a fundamental responsibility to use the world’s resources in a way which
does not diminish the diversity of creation or threaten the balance and harmony that exists
- The tradition of the prophet Muhammad shows clearly that he held a deep concern for the
natural environment and encouraged muslims to treat it with respect and to nurture is with care
and concern for the future. The most well known of the hadiths relating to the environment
states: “​The earth is green and beautiful and Allah has appointed you his stewards over
it”

Where do Islamic Ethics come from: Qur’an, Hadith/Sunna, Sharia’a Law

The Qur’an​ provides numerous references to environmental issues as well as providing underlying
principles; the notion of Khalifa which betows guardianship of the environment on humankind.

The Hadith​ also provides numerous specific teachings together with the reiteration of important
principles expressed in the Quran. The islamic law, known as Shariah contains many examples of
teaching relating to the environment

The basic principles found in the Quran show that the environment is a gift from Allah and is to be
cared for by all human beings who are regarded as guardians. Other teachings on the environment
are based on this principle. These include teachings relating to the use and conservation of water
found in the Hadiths and teachings on hunting and animal welfare explained in ​Shariah law​. Islamic
teaching also affirms the integrity and balance which exists in creation and recognises it as a sacred
thing which must be respected. Muslims believe that they will be called to give account of their actions
in relation to the environment.
Hadith qudsi
The most influential of these traditions are known as the sacred hadiths or hadith qudsi. These
traditions are regarded as part of the revelation of Allah, however, unlike the Qur'an they are
communicated in the words of the Prophet rather than the exact words of Allah.

Fiqh
The process of Islamic jurisprudence is known as fiqh which means knowledge or understanding. It
refers to the process of studying shari'ah in a scholarly way, relating the legal practice to the
revelation of the Qur'an and the traditions of the Prophet.
The historical aspect of fiqh includes the systematic analysis of the Qur'an and Hadith in conjunction
with the process of applying or working out principles through the use of analogy. This process is
known as qiyas. This is a frequently used to determine appropriate responses to the complexities of
modern issues where the Qur'an and the traditions are not sufficiently clear or detailed.

Qiyas
There are two sorts of qiyas to consider. The first is essentially the exercise of a personal judgment on
an issue. This is known as ijtihad. While ijtihad is permitted there is a clear risk of an individual's
judgment being clouded by their own perspective and often by their own involvement in the matter.

Ijma
A more reliable form of qiyas is that which draws on the decisions of renowned scholars from history.
These scholarly judgments are known as ijma. They reflect a consensus of understanding by
authorities in Islamic law. Such judgments have considerably more authority than individual
judgments, however, they are not all binding.
The only instances of ijma which are considered universally binding are those where the decision
reflects a consensus of the companions of the Prophet. Such judgments are regarded as being
reliable and authentic given their proximity to the life and teaching of the Prophet himself.
Consensus among authorities Sunni Muslims place particular value on the consensus of the scholars
who are regarded as having sufficient expertise to exercise legitimate ijtihad. Such ijma reflected in
this consensus is assumed to be divinely inspired and therefore binding.

Mujtahids and Ayatollahs

In the Shi'ia communities there is a particular weight given to the judgments of certain recognised
authorities known either as mujtahids or ayatollahs. These act in the roles of leading Imams in the
Shi'ia communities and are believed to be able to exercise ijtihad wisely and with authority. Therefore
among the Shi'ia communities, the judgments of such authorities carry binding force.

Madhhabs
The historical aspects of Islamic jurisprudence have been most pronounced in the development of
scholarship with the specific purpose of developing detailed formulations of Islamic law. These
schools were known as madhhabs. There were five main schools which have had enduring influence.
Each was named after the leading scholars; Jafar al-Sadiq, Malik, Abu Hanifa, Shafi'i and Ahmad ibn
Hanbal. Most Muslim communities today would follow one or other of these schools. Among followers
of these schools there are modernist thinkers who believe that there is always need for
reinterpretation of judgment in the light of new circumstances. In contrast some more fundamentalist
thinkers believe that all the necessary judgments have been provided and it is now a matter of
applying them faithfully.
What are the principles of Islamic Ethics: Kalifa, Tawhid, Akrah,Amana, Ayat
Kalifa: Stewardship
In the Qur’an, each human being is considered to be a servant/trustee of God and is thus is
considered to be a guardian of the earth/creation in God’s eyes. All children are taught this from an
early age. “​He who has made you his viceregents, inheritors of the earth; He has raised you in ranks,
some above others; that He may try you in the gifts He has given you: for you Lord is quick in
punishment: yet he is often forgiving, Most merciful”​ (Quran 6:165)
Futhermor, Allah provides a cle to his observation of this trustreeship in Qur’an 10:14 “​Then we made
you heirs in the after them, to see how you would behave!”

Tawhid:Unity
The unity and oneness of Allah is significant as followers of Islam believe. “​To God belongs all that is
the heavens and in the earth fo God encompasses everything.” (4, 126) ​The Prophet believed all of
God’s creation to be equal, and he also believed animals, land, forests and watercourses to also have
rights. Therefore, as God's all powerful and all knowing, it is wrong to not care for his creation so the
Ummah must care for God's creation and it’s environment. It is indeed an imperative in the
understanding of ‘complete submission’ to the will of God. Humans are thus responsible to God for
this caring for his creation, in this way then they are acknowledging Tawhid and are submitting to his
will.

Amana: Trust
This links back to Tawhid and trusteeship because when each individual is entrusted with the task of
caring for God’s creation, it is understood that humans cannot own god’s creation but share in it.
Hence the implication to accept responsibility and maintain it at all costs is the reality of ​Amana​.
When accepting Amana, a fully faithful Muslim must treat the trusteeship as a duty to maintain the
sacredness of God’s creation.
“​When doomsday comes. If someone has a palm shoot in his hand he should plant i​t” (Hadith
al-Bayhaqi)

Akrah: Judgement/ Accountability

Is Allah’s future judgement based on how well the environment is cared for by Humans. Muslims
believe that they are accountable to Allah for the way in which they are accountable to ALlah for the
way in which they have duly carried out their trusteeship of his creation. This means that caring for the
environment in Islam has eschatological1 implications and foundations.
“​Do you not know that to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth and [that] you have
not besides Allah any protector or any helper?”​ (Sura 2:107)

Ayat: Signs of Allah

The word ayat means ‘signs of Allah’, it is used in the Qur’an to refer to creation as well as the verses
of the Qur’an. This gives them equal status, both as signs for human beings to read and understand.
By describing nature as signs of God in the Qur’an, He is instructing us to reflect on them to learn
about God’s tawhid, His Attributes and about the connectivity of the universe.
“​And it is He who spread out the earth, and set thereon mountains standing firm and (flowing) rivers:
and fruit of every kind He made in pairs: He draws the night as a veil over the Day. Behold, verily in
these things there are signs for those who think and reflect”​ [Qur’an 13:3]. Through this all of creation
points to Allah and gives meaning to every entity as it show the interdependence of the universe.

1
​ Eschatological; "the part of theology concerned with death, judgment, and the final destiny of the soul and of humankind
Mizan: Balance
Recognition of God’s tawhid means recognition that God created the universe in perfect balance and
measure, so it should not be altered by human beings. – "Verily, all things have We created in
proportion and measure" (Qur'an, 54:49). God tells human beings not to disturb this balance; – “And
the sky has He raised high, and has devised (for all things) a balance, so that you might never
transgress the balance: weigh, therefore (your deeds) with equity, and do not upset the balance”
(Qur’an, 55:7-9). These verses demonstrate that everything in the universe was created to operate
with unified purpose and that each element is critical to maintain the balance and functioning of the
universe. This perfect balance can be seen from the examination of any component of the universe,
including the Earth’s ability to clean itself. Despite the amount of waste produced from animals, as
well as the deaths of species, the earth has the ability to clean itself, to the point that this death and
waste is not even visible. The death and waste products of the species living in the oceans should
mean the oceans do not have any clean water, yet the perfect balance created by God means that
clean water is maintained, allowing the ecosystems to function perfectly. The balance of creation is so
detailed that the reproduction rate of species changes according to lifespan; species with higher
reproduction rates have shorter lifespans and vice-versa meaning that balance is maintained. This
allows us to reflect on God’s Perfection.

Outline how Islamic guideline on the environment are inspired by the Articles of Faith (beliefs)
The Islamic religious tradition provides six principles of ethics inspired by the Articles of Faith to guide
adherents in ensuring they follow the will of Allah and may be admitted into Jannah on the final day of
Judgement. The teachings are found in the Quran, Hadith and Shar’iah law.

Kalipa is the ethical principle of stewardship which guides adherents in fulfilling their role as a trustee
of God and guardian of God’s creation. The principle is inspired by the belief in Tawhid, the oneness
of Allah, which includes the belief in the unity of God and all of creation. It is therefore believed by
adherents that it is their role as stewards to ensure and maintain the unity of creation through ethical
environmental practices which according to the teachings in the Quran, the earth's resources should
not be used in a way which diminishes or threatens the diversity and harmony of creation. The belief
in Akhira, the final day of judgement plays a fundamental role in the actions of adherents and
therefore inspires adherents to apply the principle of stewardship to ensure they receive a favourable
judgement nd are admitted to Jannah, paradise. The Hadith teaches, “whoever plants a tree and then
a humans or a creature of God eats its fruit, it will be considered as an act of charity for him”. This
guides adherents in understanding their role as stewards of the environment and it’s contribution to
the final day of judgement.

Tawhid is the ethical principle of unity which is inspired by the belief in the unity and oneness of Allah,
and the final day of judgement. The principle emphasizes the importance of maintaining the unity of
creation which inspired by the belief in Akhira, motivates adherents as they will be judged based on
their contribution to maintaining the unity of Allah and his creation. The Quran teaches, “To God
belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth (quran 4:126) which remind adherents of the creator of
the universe. This, therefore emphasises the necessity of the principle of unity as adherents have
been trusted with the vital role within creation to uphold the harmony that exists. (can bring in balance
here).
Akrah is the islamic principle of accountability, which is inspired by the Article of Faith, Akhira.
Adherents believe they will be held accountable for their actions on earth when they appear before
Allah on the final day of Judgement. This includes their treatment of the environment and God’s
creation. The Quran states, “So whoever does an atom’s weight of Good will see it, And whoever
does an atom’s weight of evil will see it.” ( Quran 99:7-8). Therefore, muslims adhere to the ethical
teachings to fulfill their role as stewards and ensure their action allow them to be admitted to Jannah
(paradise) on the final day of judgement.

The islamic principle of ethics, Ayat, is the principle of signs of Allah. It further explains the belief in
Tawhid, through seeing and reflecting upon all of creation and the work of Allah, adherents are
reminded of the oneness and greatness of God. “and it is He who we spread out the earth, and set
thereon mountains standing firm and flowing rivers : and there are signs for those who think and
reflect.” (Quran 13:3). This therefore encourages adherents to fulfill their duties to the environment
and realise Allah is in everything around them.

The Islamic principles of environmental ethics are inspired by the articles of Faith and allows
adherents to understand their role in creation and how to fulfill the will of Allah. Through the
relationship between the beliefs and principles adherents are guided in right relationship with God’s
creation.
 ● Significant practices in the life of adherents
● ONE significant practice within Islam drawn from:
- Hajj
Describe Hajj
● Hajj​ ​literally means ‘to embark out for a place’.
● It refers to the annual pilgrimage that Muslims embark onto Makkah with the intention of
visiting holy places and performing certain religious rites in accordance with the way
prescribed by the Prophet Muhammad​.
Steps of Hajj

Time and Name of Description of Ritual Significance of Ritual

Ritual

1st Day​- Arriving in When pilgrims arrive in Makkah they must circle Pilgrims follow the footsteps of the prophet Abraham.
Makkah. Arrival can the Ka’ba seven times as a form of welcoming to According to islamic history, Abraham and his son are
be anytime before the the holy city. After each circulation, pilgrims must the ones who erected the cubical structure of the
8th day of Dhul Hajj. touch the black rock places at the south east Ka’aba to worship the one God of Abraham. The
corner of the Ka’ab. pilgrims circle the Ka’aba 7 times like Muhammad did
after he restored the pilgrimage as it had been
However, due to the numbers who make the Hajj established by Abraham.
each year, people can now often only point to the This is significant as it reaffirms the individuals belief
black stome as most are no longer able to touch in God and his prophets (Rusul)
it. The black rock pilgrims must try to touch is believed
to have been sent down from the heavens and
Pilgrims pray two rak’ahs at the Maqaam Ibrahim therefore by touching it a spiritual connection with
(place or station of Abraham) their creator.
Pilgrims play here as according to the Qu’ran
abraham stood here while building the Ka’aba and
therefore God ordered the people to pray there.

2nd Day- ​sai (moving Pilgrims move in fast pace between the two hills Pilgrims follow the footsteps of Hagar and Ishmael
at fast pace or known as safa and Marwa. Pilgrims drink when in the desert. Ishamel was thirty and Hagar
manner). Zamzam water. became panicked running between the two hills Safa
and Marwa, finally jibreel came and his wing struck
the ground and water began flowing form the rock -
and continues to flow until this day.

Any time before the When muslims pray they turn towards the Ka’ba. Muslims pray in the direction of the Ka’aba - this is
8th day of Dhul Hajj. Therefore, when they are in Makkah they are known as Qibla. Therefore pilgrims spend much time
praying directly towards God . People also visit praying in mecca as it is the most sacred place in
Madina, where Muhammad was buried Islam in is considered God’s house on earth.
Therefore the individual feels as though they are
directly praying to God.

The 8th day of Dhul Pilgrim must change their clothes to Ihram attire. All pilgrims wear the same attire as a sign of equality
Hajj- travel to Mina. All women must wear two white cloths that cover The pilgrims’ aim to retrace the exact footsteps of
Hajj begins their lower body and their torso. Modest dress is Muhammad on his Hajj, and therefore stop and rest
required for women. Pilgrims travel to Mina and at Mina as he did.
spend the night there before they travel to Arafat.
The 9th day​- Arafat In Arafat, pilgrims must spend their time in Arafat is where Adam and Eve found each other after
defined area on the plain. Pilgrims must be exile and asked for God’s forgiveness. All muslims
between the clearly marked boundaries or they dressed the same. This is seen as a practice for
risk the non-completion of their Hajj. There is no judgement day where there is no discrimination .
prayer required however many spend their time symbolic of utter devotion to one God
praying and making duaa (supplication) to God
and recite verses verses of the Qur’an. It is Pilgrims may also climb Mount Rahma (mercy) to
believed all prayers will be answered at Arafat. seek spiritual connection to Muhammad
Pilgrims must stay at Arafat until sunset. In order
to save time and allow more time for prayer ,
pilgrims combine Zuhr and Asr prayers.
At Arafat, pilgrims may also climb mount rahma
(Mercy). Mount Rahma is where Muhammad
gave his last lesson.

After sunset on the As soon as the sun sets, pilgrims leave Arafat for Prepare for the symbolic stoning of Iblis (Satan)
9th day. Journey to Muzdalifa, a place between Mina and Arafat.
Muzdalifah They collect pebbles in order to stone Satan.
Prayers are again combined in an effort to save
time and allow more time for jumraat.

10th Day- ​Jumraat There are 3 stone pillars that mark the spot Another one of Abraham's journeys, when asked to
Al-Aqaba (the stoning where Abraham defined satan. On the 10th day sacrifice his son Ishmael, while on the way satan
of Satan- the largest of the month, pilgrims stone the stone pillar with appeared 3 separate times to persuade him not to
stone pillar) seven pebbles as abraham did when he was on obey God. Abraham stoned satan 3 times at these
his way to sacrifice his son points and persevere with God's command. These
three places are where pilgrims also stone pillar
representing satan banishing temptation and evil from
their lives

After the stoning on Men shaved their heads in order to show their Symbolic of one being reborn and purified
the 10th day men pilgrimage has concluded
shave their heads

11th Day​- Eid al Each pilgrim must offer a sheep in sacrifice. The A direct connection with the story of Abraham
Adha (the feast of the meat is then processed and packaged with the sacrificing the ram instead of his son Ishmael
sacrifice) name of the pilgrim and is then shipped to poor
people around the world. Many muslims who are
not at hajj also sacrifice a sheep to celebrate Eid.

12 Day-​ Al Jumraat Pilgrims stone the middle stone pillar with seven The second place where abraham sacrificing the ram
Al Wusta (The pebbles instead of his son Ishmael
stoning of Satan- the
middle stone pillar)

13th Day- ​Al Jumraat Pilgrims stone the smaller stone pillar with seven The third place where Abraham stone and defeated
al sugra (the stoning pebbles satan with seven pebbles
of Satan- the smaller
stone pillar)

13th Day- Tawf al Pilgrims are allowed to remove their Ihram and This final circumambulation signifies the conclusion of
Wada (farewell they return to Makkah for one final circulation Hajj
circumambulation around the Ka’ba called Tawf al wada ( the
farewell circumambulation) Pilgrims must
circumambulate the Ka’ba seven times
 Demonstrate how this practice expresses the beliefs of Islam

How the Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam

Surrender to The essence of Islam is surrender to Allah. This surrender is epitomised in
Allah undertaking the Hajj. For Muslims this pilgrimage captures their desire and their
commitment to surrender themselves fully to Allah.
The Hajj requires considerable sacrifice and commitment on the part of the pilgrim
and this assists them to attain the appropriate inner disposition of surrender.

Examples of The rituals associated with the Hajj relate to a number of important encounters
submission between Allah and humankind in ancient times. These encounters are foundational
in understanding the relationship between Allah and humanity and Muslims
undertaking the Hajj are seeking to emulate the extent of submission displayed by
their ancestors in these ancient times

Forgiveness These encounters include the restoration of Adam and Eve and Allah's forgiveness
and restoration after their disobedience, the submission of Ibrahim in being willing to sacrifice Isma'il
and the provision of the Zamzam spring for Hajar and Isma'il in the desert.
The ritual actions of the Hajj are based on these significant moments of encounter
with Allah and the core beliefs of Islam are expressed and affirmed in undertaking
these rituals.
The Stand Before Allah
Wuquf The stand or the stand before Allah known as ‘wuquf’ is the central moment of the
Hajj. Pilgrims gather at the Mount of Mercy on the plain of Arafat near Mina on 9
Dhul-Hijjah. The stand takes place from midday until sunset. Pilgrims meditate, pray
and concentrate their thoughts on Allah during the stand.
A sermon is preached on the top of Arafat after which the pilgrims spend the night in
thanksgiving.

Adam and According to the tradition, the Mount of Mercy is the place where Adam and Eve,
Eve's realising their sin of disobedience, sought restoration and forgiveness. They were
restoration forgiven and restored to union with Allah. In response to Allah's goodness and
forgiveness, Adam and Eve then built a shrine which is believed to be the first
building constructed in human history. Appropriately, the building was a shrine
dedicated to the worship of Allah.

Forgiveness of Muslims believe that just as Adam and Eve received the forgiveness of Allah at
sins Arafat, so they too can enjoy the forgiveness of their sins and experience the
beginning of a new life. Sincere repentance as part of the Hajj wipes away all past
sin and allows the Muslim pilgrim to feel totally cleansed and free from past
transgression. Effectively, it means a new start and a great sense of peace and
wellbeing in perfect surrender to Allah.
 The Feast of Sacrifice

Id-ul-Adha The day after the stand before Allah is the day of sacrifice ‘Id-ul-Adha’. It is the major
(Eid) festival of the Muslim calendar commemorating the events around the time when
Ibrahim was called to sacrifice Isma'il and overcame the temptations of the devil.
Although part of the Hajj ritual ‘Id-ul-Adha’ is celebrated by all Muslims, not just those
taking part in the Hajj.
The celebration of Id-ul-Adha involves the ritual sacrifice of an animal. The sacrifice
calls to mind the Ibrahim's surrender to Allah in resisting the temptations of the devil
and being prepared to sacrifice his son Isma'il in obedience to Allah.

Temptations The tradition tells that Ibrahim was visited by the devil as he set out for Mina in
obedience to Allah. In the visitation, the devil argued powerfully that Ibrahim did not
need to sacrifice Isma'il and even attempted to convince Ibrahim that he was deluded
in thinking that Allah had demanded such a sacrifice from him.
Ibrahim, however, remained faithful to Allah and continued on his way to offer Isma'il
as sacrifice only to be stopped by Allah at the last moment.

Sacrifice of The sacrifice offered during the celebration of Id-ul-Adha symbolises the
wants & needs preparedness of Muslims to sacrifice all personal needs, wants and aspirations in
service of Allah. Indeed, the extreme nature of the call to sacrifice Isma'il is a
reminder that a Muslim's life is totally at the service of Allah and the requirement of
surrender is absolute, even to the cost of one's own life if necessary.
Hajar's Thirst

Hajar and The third significant encounter with Allah is centered on the tradition of Hajar and
Isma'il Isma'il's wandering in the desert looking for water. Due to Sarah's jealousy towards
Hajar and Isma'il, Ibrahim separates from them, leaving them in the care of Allah.

Well of Hajar and Isma'il then faced a testing time in the desert looking for either a spring or a
Zamzam passing camel caravan so that they had some water to drink. Hajar ran back and forth
between the hills of Safa and Marwah looking for water, however, her search was
futile until the angel Jibril appeared and showed her the spring which is now known as
the well of Zamzam.
The spring soon became the water supply for many desert travelers and ultimately the
city of Makkah came to be built at the location.
The revealing of the spring is seen as another example of the providence of Allah,
coming to the aid of Hajar and Isma'il at the greatest time of need.

True and As part of the ritual of the Hajj, pilgrims travel on the walkway between the hills of Safa
lasting value and Marwah. This action symbolises the search for the things of true and lasting value
to the Muslim and the ultimate realisation that Allah will provide all that is needed.
Pilgrims take water from the well of Zamzam to drink and to take home with them.
Some also dip their clothes in the water. These clothes are often then kept to be used
as burial shrouds.
 Stoning of the Pillars

Mina The rejection of the temptation of the devil is symbolised by pilgrims in hurling stones
at the pillars (jamaras) at Mina. These pillars represent the places where Ibrahim
resisted the temptations and stoned the devil.
Muslims today carry out a ritual stoning of the devil to symbolise their rejection of
temptation and surrender to Allah.
Circling of the Ka'bah

Ka’bah The circling of the Ka'bah is another ritual expressing obedience and submission to
the will of Allah. The pilgrims circle the Ka'bah indicating their obedience to the call to
complete the Hajj.
The preparedness to come to Makkah and complete the Hajj is in itself a symbol of a
Muslim's surrender and dedication to Allah. It sums up the essence of Islam and
conveys in the deepest sense the purpose of the Hajj.
Summary
● The essence of Islam is surrender to Allah
● Surrender is epitomised in undertaking the Hajj
● Captures desire and commitment to surrender fully to Allah
● Hajj requires considerable sacrifice and commitment on the part of the pilgrim
● Assists the pilgrim to attain the appropriate inner disposition of surrender
● The rituals relate to a number of important encounters between Allah and humankind in
ancient times
● In undertaking the Hajj pilgrims are seeking to emulate the extent of submission displayed by
their ancestors in these ancient times
● The restoration of Adam and Eve and Allah’s forgiveness after their disobedience Submission
of Ibrahim in being willing to sacrifice Isma’il
● The provision of the Zamzam spring for Hajar and Isma’il in the desert
● The ritual actions of the Hajj are based on these significant moments of encounter with Allah
● The core beliefs of Islam are expressed and affirmed in undertaking these rituals

- The hajj is an event for muslims only

- It is expected that those attending hajj are mature enough to understand the significance of the
pilgrimage they are undertaking
- A person must also have the financial capacity to make their to hajj and back
- Every muslim seeks to participate in hajj at least once in their lifetime
- If an individual is sick and cannot perform hajj they can arrange someone else to do it on their
behalf
- If this cannot be arranged, then muslims believe that allah judges them on their sincere effort
to attend.
Analyse the significance of this practice for both the individual and community.

Individual Community

- Mundane - Islam gains from a large number of

- Re focus on submission and what is people (muslims) participating
really important - Hajj makes a public statement about the
- Allows the individual to comply with a importance of Allah
pillar of islam - Gives witness to Islam’s ability to bring
- Makes them prepare a proper inner people together in multi-racial harmony
disposition - Widespread attention to the act of
- Satisfaction of leaving home affairs in submission to Allah
order - Inspires community support for pilgrims
- Satisfaction of achieving the physical and may inspire others to undertake the
challenges pilgrimage
- The monumental nature of the physical, - Hajj strengthens and deepens
practical and spiritual preparations of Hajj community life
bring about a positive experience for the - Promotion of tolerance and respect in the
individual - sense of achievement muslims’ mutual goal of submission to
- Test of personal resolve Allah
- Confirms ability to reject temptation - Hajj is an experience in meeting other
- The individual experiences the unity of muslims who share in the same faith and
muslim community (ummah) practice
- May inspire others in the community to
act faithfully, even if they cannot attend