A Comparative Analysis of Households' Electric Consumption in Manila and Pasig City

Pre-Pandemic and During Pandemic

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
FEU High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course:

Practical Research 2

Andrela, Kristine P.
Berce, Andrea Shane G.
Briñas, Mari Vincent C.
Casidsid, Judd Amiel R.
Cunanan, Kian Red C.
Del Mundo, Carl Angelo V.
Linsangan, Ma. Chris M.
Raya, Niño Noel Q.
Sta. Ana, Lawrence Czedrick G.
Ursal, Leanard Gyle D.
Velandria, Manuel Czar T.

1
Mr. Karl Lester G. Sicuan
Research Adviser

December 2020

2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Limit the number of words to 300-500 functional words only. The font style is Times New

Roman, 12, double-spaced, justified. Include your adviser and the people who are behind the

success of this research.

3
 DEDICATION

Limit the number of words to 200 – 300 functional words only. The font style is Times New

Roman, 12, double-spaced, justified. The ultimate inspiration of this paper, should not have the

same content in acknowledgment.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
Title Page i
Acknowledgment ii
Dedication iii
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
List of Appendices viii
Abstract ix

Chapter One: The Problem and Its Background

Background of the Study 11
Theoretical Framework 12
Conceptual Framework 14
Statement of the Problem 15
Research Hypotheses 16
Significance of the Study 16
Scope and Delimitations 17
Definition of Terms 17

Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Insert Theme 1 (should be based on your research) 10
Insert Theme 2 (should be based on your research) 17
Insert Theme 3 (should be based on your research) 26
Insert Theme 4 (should be based on your research) 36
Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies 40

Chapter Three: Methodology

Research Design 41
Research Locale and Sampling Technique 42
Materials and Instruments 43
Data Collection Procedure 44
Data Analysis Procedure 46
Ethical Considerations 49

Chapter Four: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Answer to SOP 1 (replace this with your own) 51
Answer to SOP 2 (replace this with your own) 61
Answer to SOP 3 (replace this with your own) 72
Answer to SOP 4 (replace this with your own) 80

Chapter Five: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary of Findings 81

5
Conclusions 83
Recommendations 85

References 88
Appendices 94
Curriculum Vitae 100

6
 LIST OF TABLES

Page No.
Table 1.1 Respondents of the Study 11
Table 2.2 Respondents of the Study 23
Table 3.2 Respondents of the Study 33
Table 4.2 Respondents of the Study 48
Insert here
Insert here

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Theoretical Framework 11

Figure 1.2 Conceptual Framework 23
Figure 3.2 Respondents of the Study 33
Figure 4.2 Demographic Profile of Respondents 48
Insert here
Insert here

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Permit to Conduct Research 78

Appendix B: Research Questionnaire 80
Appendix C: RRL Matrix 83
Appendix D: Documentation 87
Appendix E: Laboratory Results/Findings 90
Appendix F: Raw Data 92
Appendix G: Detailed Statistical Results 96
Appendix H: Research Budget and Expenses
Appendix I: Insert Title here

7
 ABSTRACT

Limit the number of words to 200 – 300 functional words only. The font style is Times

New Roman, 12, double-spaced, justified. Include salient points of your research such as the

brief background, research questions being investigated, methods, findings, conclusions, and

recommendations. This should be one to two pages only.

8
Keywords: The recurring terms that you will use throughout the manuscript. Separate

terms using

comma_________________________________________________________________

9
 CHAPTER ONE

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the background of the study, theoretical and conceptual framework,

statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope and limitation, conceptual framework, significance

of the study and the definition of terms used for the study.

Background of the Study

Electricity is one of the most essential and basic needs of every household. Most of the

household appliances, gadgets, and other equipment are powered by electricity. In the time of

community quarantine in Metro Manila beginning from March to August 2020, there were media

reports on the surge of electricity consumption of the household. Given the fact that all or most

family members are working from home, on-line classes, and internet surfing.

The COVID-19 has affected a lot of people around the world when the government declared

lockdown and pushed a lot of business establishment to close down. Staying at home means an

increase in the usage of electricity and gives rise to the uncontrollable surge of electricity bills.

With people spending more time indoors because of the pandemic crisis. The energy bills rise

since the pandemic began because of the usage of electronic devices.

The majority of Filipinos have lost their jobs or businesses decline, that's why there is an

increase in usage of electricity because a lot of Filipinos are using it and the heat index also

affected the use of appliances like an electric fan and air conditioning.

Every community was affected and placed each in a very difficult situation as the

pandemic disrupted the country's political, economic, and social life. The population is working

from home and schools have closed, meaning home computers and televisions are busier than
10
ever. Some households complain and seek the review of the electricity billing statement which

started on the mid-March and expected to continue to rise since consumers forced to stay in their

houses during the quarantine period, requiring the use of electricity, cooling appliances, gadgets,

and other equipment to help the household to cope on the pandemic experience.

There is a need to analyze and compare our electric consumption before and during the pandemic

period, for us to have an idea of how much the increase in the rate of our usage. For the

household to strategize on how to save electricity and provide tips of energy conservation

technique since the work-from-home, on-line classes, and internet surfing seems to be part of the

“new normal”.

Theoretical Framework

To support the relevance and value of our study, there are two theories, which are

applicable to this research and correlates with the stated problems and aims of the study.

Self-Regulated Behavior Change Theory was created by Bamberg based on the theory of

norm activation theory and theory of planned behavior in 2013. The theory states that the

behavior of a person, even if it has been a habit, could be influenced and changed under certain

conditions. This theory is mainly applied to the analysis process of complex behavior and is

divided into four interdependent stages, that is, pre-decision, pre-action, action and post-action..

Nachreiner et al. (2015) utilized self-regulated behavior theory to study the energy consumption

behavior of the residents. The researchers investigated the relationship between smart meter

information feedback and energy saving behavior. At first, researchers provided residents with

information of electricity consumption. In this instance, electricity consumption information

makes residents know their electricity consumption; people begin to set an energy-saving target.

In the second stage, the researcher provided more detailed information on the electricity

11
consumption, including each home appliance. In this case, residents learned consumption of each

home appliance. They are aware which home appliance consumes most, and people begin to

form behavior intention. In the third phase, the researchers provided people with many energy

saving skills, and people begin to make a plan for saving energy. In the last stage, people will be

change energy-saving behavior into habits.

Other theory that is applicable to this study is Theory of Planned Behavior. It is proposed

by Ajzen (1991), which was an extension of the theory of reasoned action. With this theory,

there exists a complicated psychological process behind the individual behavior. A series of

mental processes is the cause of the behavior. The actual behavior is decided by behavior

intention, and the behavior intention is affected by the attitude, subjective norms and perceived

behavioral control. Individual and social cultural factors such as personality, intelligence,

experience, age, gender and cultural background affect the behavior intention and behavior

indirectly through behavior control behavior attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral

control. Scholars have done many researches on psychological processes hidden behind the

residential electricity behavior according to the theory of planned behavior. Based on the theory

12
of planned behavior, Abrahamse and Steg (2009) put forward the following hypothesis. (1)

There was a strong correlation between household energy consumption and social demographic

characteristics (such as income, family population). (2) Energy consumption was mainly

determined by psychological factors. The results of regression analysis showed that the use of

household energy was determined by demographic factors.

With the help of these theories, the researchers will be able to easily conduct the research as it is

being supported with valid theories stating explanation, prediction and understanding on a

certain phenomenon and challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical

bounding assumptions to the study (Gabriel,2008 pp. 173-199).

Conceptual Framework

13
 Electricity is still essential input for all manufacturing systems and a necessity for all

households today. During the lockdown, there has been an increase in domestic demand as

people have been spending more time at home. However, as businesses have shrinking their

activities, the reduction in commercial and industrial demand has been far greater than the

increase in domestic demand. (Bahmanyar et, al. 2020). In this study, the figure below indicates

that knowing the Keynesian Law of Consumption, different weather condition, Self-Regulated

Behavior Change Theory, and Theory of Planned Behavior are needed in order to understand the

electric consumption of a household. Once the electric consumption has been determined, it will

then be used to identify if there is an increase to the household’s electricity between pre-

pandemic and during pandemic.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to compare the electricity consumption of household in Manila and Pasig

City in Pre-pandemic and During Pandemic.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the differences in electric consumption of the household between pre-pandemic and

during pandemic?

2. What are the factors, which influence the changes in electric consumption in Metro Manila

and Pasig City before and during pandemic?

3. Is there an increase in electric consumption happened during pandemic?

4. How does staying at home affect the electric consumption of a household during pandemic?

14
Research Hypotheses

Ha = There is an increase of electric consumption in the cities of Metro Manila when the

pandemic struck the country.

Significance of the Study

Electricity is essential and is one of the basic needs of a household. Electricity is used by

most of the appliances present in houses, as it is the one that powers the household appliances.

Therefore, electricity is constantly used. The findings of this study can be beneficial to the

following:

For the families, this study will be able to analyze the family’s electric consumption and

electricity usage. This will help them compare their pre-pandemic electric consumption to their

during-pandemic electric consumption. Therefore, families will be able to determine the factors

that caused a change in their electricity consumption.

For the community, this study can serve as a guide to form a community-wide energy-

saving plan. The community can also use this study to able themselves to be knowledgeable

about electricity consumption - how t works. This study can be used to develop more energy-

efficient appliances and technologies.

For future researchers, this study may serve as a basis for more comprehensive

researches. Further studies may be conducted to improve electricity usage in houses in which

families will greatly benefit. This study contains data and information that may be beneficial to

further studies that cover the same area of concentration.

15
Scope and Delimitations

This research study primarily focuses on analyzing household's electric consumption in

Manila and Pasig City pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. The scope of the study involves

the methods of homeowners whenever they consume electricity inside their houses. This study

will also give information in terms of taxes and consumption of the electricity of houses in

Manila and Pasig City.

This study is only limited and focuses to houses in Manila and Pasig City who adopts

electricity. In this case, the researchers would like to know the electric consumption pre-

pandemic and during the pandemic in these 2 cities. They will conduct a online survey to a few

families from these 2 areas. The questionnaire will answer questions that show the factors that

affect the analysis (number of family members, number of appliances, daily usage of the chose

appliance). The study also assesses the factors that led to the results of the research and universe

of your study.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined: 

Beneficial - Producing good or favorable results.

Consumption - It is the act of consuming something that uses electric energy.

Disrupted - To cause turmoil or problem.

16
Electricity - It is a property of matter that associates with the moving of the electric charges. It’s

the one that’s been responsible for the use of the industrial applications such as electronics,

electric power, etc. 

Energy-efficient - Sometimes called “energy efficiency”. It is the act of using less energy that

may result in a financial cost saving to the consumers.

Heat Index - It is also known as “apparent temperature”. It incorporates both the temperature of

the air and moisture.  

Knowledgeable - It refers to being intelligent, well-informed, and has a clear understanding of

many different facts about a particular thing. 

Surge - It is the sudden increase of electric or voltage in an electric circuit.

17
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies used in this study. (please add details) 2-3

sentences only. Justified, double-spaced, times new roman.

GENERAL GUIDELINES (delete this section after)

Chapter 2 includes the literature review or the results of your secondary research.

Before conducting your own project/study, you need to thoroughly understand your field and

what has already been attempted and accomplished by others.

This chapter is intended to review and synthesize the information you have found in the

process of researching what others have already accomplished. This chapter should not read

like a series of book reports. Conduct your literature review. Include books and scholarly

articles but be sure the information is current. Websites may be included if you can establish the

credibility of the site.

Each significant point in your research question(s) and problem statement should be

covered. Anything else, regardless of how interesting it might be, should not be included.

As you gather your information, categorize it by subject or theme. Use these themes to

develop the chapter.

Organize the themes in an appropriate way to build the chapter from beginning to end in

a way that lends itself to providing the background necessary to understand the last three

chapters of your capstone.

18
 Content of this chapter is important of course, but organization and clarity are the keys

to whether the reader can determine that there is valuable content that contributes to the

research process.

This chapter details the method used to conduct your study. Be specific – almost like a

recipe from a cookbook.

After reviewing this section, the reader should be able to conduct the exact same

research with no further information than what you provide here. Take the reader through the

process you went through, step-by-step.

NOTE, if there is more than one research question, then each question must be addressed

individually even if the method for research is identical.

Theme 1

Insert here. Use in-text APA citation. (7th edition)

Theme 2

Insert here. Use in-text APA citation. (7th edition)

Theme 3

Insert here. Use in-text APA citation. (7th edition)

Theme 4

Insert here. Use in-text APA citation. (7th edition)

19
Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies

Insert here. Use in-text APA citation. (7th edition) Include diagrams, if necessary.

20
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods used in the current study. (please add details) 2-3

sentences only. Justified, double-spaced, times new roman.

Research Design

Outline the research design (e.g., quantitative, qualitative). If quantitative, spell out the

independent, dependent and classificatory variables (and sometimes formulate an operational

statement of the research hypothesis in null form to set the stage for an appropriate research

design permitting statistical inferences). Include also if the research used is descriptive,

experimental, correlation, quasi-experimental and the like. Explain why this design is the most

appropriate in your study.

Research Locale and Sampling Technique

Give details of where the study will be conducted and who were [will be] the participants

in your study (including, if applicable, sample type and size, reasons for the number selected and

the basis for selection). Include the sampling methods and how are you going to do this.

Materials and Instruments

List and briefly describe all the instruments (e.g., tests, measures, surveys, observations,

interviews, questionnaires, artefacts) [to be] used in your study for data collection and discuss

their theoretical underpinnings, that is, justify why you used [will be using] these instruments.

21
So that the line of argument is not broken, it is useful to place copies of instruments in

Appendices to which this section can refer. For experimental, kindly include the lab instruments,

reagents/chemicals, and special equipment. Include cautions and procedures on how they will be

used in your setup.

Data Gathering Procedure

Outline the detailed procedure across and within the techniques [to be] used in your

study for collecting and recording data. This could include how, when (in what order) and

where the instruments were [will be] administered (for example, field, classroom or laboratory

procedures, instructions to participants or distribution of materials) and how the data was [will

be] recorded. Include the rationale for the procedures used. If the study was [is to be] done in

stages, give a timeline for the completion of each stage. KINDLY INSERT SCHEMATIC

DIAGRAM OR FLOW CHART of the entire procedure. This part MUST be detailed.

Data Analysis Procedure

Discuss how the data was [will be] processed and analyzed (e.g., statistical analysis,

discourse analysis). This section needs to link the analysis of the research to the methods and

demonstrate why this is the best approach to analysis. For qualitative research, justification

needs to be provided for methods such as coding and dealing with divergent data. For

quantitative research, justification of the choice of statistics and the expected results that they

will provide [confirmation document] should be described. There should be enough detail for

the reader to replicate the analysis. For example, “NVivo or SPSS will be used” is not adequate.

Rather, the approach to coding, including how categories were [will be] derived and validated,

22
how the data was [will be] structured, and specific analytical techniques applied, should be

included. Include the summary of statistical formulas to use in analyzing data.

Ethical Considerations

Outline the ethical considerations of the research and any [potential] problems and

limitations (weaknesses), as well as any [anticipated or actual] threats to the validity of the

results.

23
 CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data obtained and the corresponding interpretation of data.

(please add details) 2-3 sentences only. Justified, double-spaced, times new roman.

Answer to your SOP 1 (should be transformed into phrasal form)

This part presents the pertinent results of the experiment. The data can be organized into

tables, figures, graphs, etc. The equations may be generated using an appropriate type set that is

compatible with your software (i.e. Microsoft Excel, SPSS).

Equations are numbered with Arabic numerals enclosed in parenthesis placed on the

right side of the equation. The label, which include the title and a short description, for the

tables should be above while the label for figures should be below. The figure below is enclosed

in a textbox since it is more stable compared to directly inserting the image.

Figure 4.1. (Figure Title: Times New Roman 11 pt. font, bold) The title is followed by a short

caption of the figure that should be understandable without reference to the text. It may be

composed of one to two sentences. The font will also be Times New Roman 11 pt.

24
Table 1. (Table Title: Times New Roman 11 pt. font, bold) The title is followed by a short

caption of the table that should be understandable without reference to the text. It may be

composed of a short sentence or phrase. The font will also be Times New Roman 11 pt.

Proteina MW (Da) log(MW) Ve (mL) Ve/Vo

β-amylaseb 200000 5.30 4.00 1.33
alcohol anhydrase 150000 5.18 12.00 4.00
bovine serum
66000 4.82 17.50 5.83
albumin
a
The details about the table are further explained in the footnotes section.
b
The font size used in the table may vary from 10 pt. to 12 pt.

Interpretation of the results is also included in this part, as well as the comparison of the

theoretical results from the empirical. You can cite references in order to prove or disprove your

study.

Answer to your SOP 2 (should be transformed into phrasal form)

This part presents the pertinent results of the experiment. The data can be organized into

tables, figures, graphs, etc. (same with the guidelines mentioned above

25
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the results of the current study. (please add details)

2-3 sentences only. Justified, double-spaced, times new roman.

Summary of Findings

Based on the findings of the study, the following are hereby stated:

1. This study specifically examined the measures. (kindly make a summary of findings

using the answered SOP 1 from chapter 4)

2. This study specifically examined the measures. (kindly make a summary of findings

using the answered SOP 2 from chapter 4)

3. This study specifically examined the measures. (kindly make a summary of findings

using the answered SOP 3 from chapter 4)

4. This study specifically examined the measures. (kindly make a summary of findings

using the answered SOP 4 from chapter 4)

Conclusions

Indicate the conclusions made in your study and the overarching concepts or discoveries

that you’ve learned. In here, you can state whether your hypothesis is rejected or accepted. Take

note that this section should have no inclusions of additional findings. This must be congruent

with the summary of findings with elaborate yet brief explanation of the results. ( 10-20 sentences.

Justified, double-spaced, times new roman)

26
Recommendations

Based on the conclusions of the study, the following are recommendations:

1. (please include the implications of your study. Their possible applications and how

can this be used in their respective field or area. Take note of the beneficiaries of the

research you indicated in the significance (chapter 1).

2. (Indicate the future directions of your research and the things that you would like

future researchers to do)

27
 REFERENCES

References

Abend G. (2008). The Meaning of ‘Theory’. Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2008.00324.x

Abrahamse W., Steg L. (2009). How Do Socio-Demographic And Psychological Factors Relate
To Households' Direct And Indirect Energy Use And Savings?. J Econ Psychol. 30, 711–
20.

Ajzen I. (1985). From Intentions To Actions: A Theory Of Planned Behavior. In: Action Control.
Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 11–39.

Bamberg S. (2013). Changing Environmentally Harmful Behaviors: A Stage Model Of Self-

Regulated Behavioral Change. J Environ Psychol. 34, 151–9.

Coronavirus: Domestic electricity use up during day as nation works from home. (n.d.).
Retrieved September 06, 2020, from
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.bbc.com/news/amp/technology-52331534

Meralco explains high electricity bills for May. (n.d.). Retrieved September 06, 2020, from
https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/15/Meralco-May-electricity-bill.html

Meralco to issue new meter-based bill in June to counter 'shock' on estimated dues. (n.d.).
Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.google.com/amp/s/news.abs-
cbn.com/amp/business/05/25/20/meralco-computation-june-bill-lockdown-consumption-
average-actual-meter-reading

Nachreiner M., Mack B., Matthies E. (2015). An Analysis Of Smart Metering Information
Systems: A Psychological Model Of Self-Regulated Behavioural Change. Energy Res
Soc Sci.

28
 APPENDICES (Delete this PART in your actual paper)

Note that appendices appear after the reference page(s). They are used to present

detailed information that adds to the body of the paper, for example, sample questionnaires,

expenses, laboratory results. Tables usually show numerical values or textual information

arranged in an orderly display of columns and rows. Any type of illustration other than a table

is a figure. Figures present data in the forms of graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and

photographs.

If your manuscript has only one appendix, label Appendix in italics. If it has more than

one, label each appendix with a capital letter, for example, Appendix A, Appendix B, according

to the order in which you refer to it in your text. Label each appendix with a title but refer to it

in the text by its label, for example, (see the Appendix for basic APA, 7th edition, citation styles).

29
 APPENDIX A

Permit to Conduct Research

Start here… (Letter from the institutions/school where you intend to conduct study. Scanned

copy with signatures of key persons.)

30
 APPENDIX B

Research Questionnaire

Start here… (Insert the questionnaire that you did in Chapter 3)

31
 APPENDIX C

RRL Matrix

Start here… (Insert the ones you did in PR2 Lesson 4)

32
 APPENDIX D

Documentation

Start here…

(should be arranged systematically with description of pictures or cluster of pictures)

33
 APPENDIX E

Laboratory Results/Findings

Start here… (Attach scanned documents)

34
 APPENDIX F

Raw Data

Start here… (Tabular presentation of data during gathering phase)

35
 APPENDIX G

Detailed Statistical Results

Start here… (Tabular presentation of processed data)

36
 APPENDIX H

Research Budget and Expenses

Start here… (Tabular presentation of research budget from the start to end)

37
 APPENDIX I

Insert Title Here

Start here… (Other documents that you want to include in this research manuscript)

38
 CURRICULUM VITAE (you can delete this text in your actual paper)

Each member of the group should have the SAME FORMAT of curriculum vitae for the

entire group. This should be one-page only per member. Include the following details:

1. 2x2 FORMAL picture (must be in soft copy, use your FEUHS grad picture)

2. Personal Information (Name, Age, Address, Contact Number, etc.)

3. Educational Background and Awards Received

4. Seminars and Workshops Attended

5. Affiliations/Organizations in School and Community

Note: Your CV must be real and current and not your projected content.

39
40