Materials Science & Engineering

Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Material Science &
Engineering
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities with materials

Chapter 1 - a
 Materials Science & Engineering
Course Objective...
Lecture Learning Objectives

you should be able to do the following:

1.List six different property classifications of materials that
determine their applicability.

2.Cite the four components that are involved in the design,

production, and utilization of materials, and briefly describe
the interrelationships between these components.

3.Cite three criteria that are important in the materials

selection process.
Chapter 1 - a
 Materials Science & Engineering
Course Objective...
Lecture Learning Objectives

4.(a) List the three primary classifications of solid materials,

and then cite the distinctive chemical feature of each.
(b) Note the four types of advanced materials and, for
each, its distinctive feature(s).

5.(a) Briefly define smart material/system.

(b) Briefly explain the concept of nanotechnology as it
applies to materials

Chapter 1 -
a
 LECTURES
Lecturer: Bennie Hamunzala
Time: 07:00 – 09:00 & 13:00 – 17:00
PLEASE BE ON TIME AS AGREED
Location: G 51
Activities:
• Present new material
• Announce reading and homework
• Take quizzes and midterms*

*Make-ups given only for emergencies.

*Discuss potential conflicts beforehand.
Chapter 1 - b
 About me !
• Education:
– B.Eng.: Civil and Environmental Engineering
(UNZA)
– M.Sc.: Civil and Architectural Engineering
(KTH)

Chapter 1 -
 OFFICE HOURS

10:00-12:00 Wednesday

Contact me for other special arrangements!

Activities:
• Discuss homework, quizzes, exams
• Discuss lectures
• Request for any missed softcopy lecture

Chapter 1 - e
 COURSE MATERIAL
Required text:
• Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr., 9th edition,

Chapter 1 - f
 GRADING
Assignments (10): 5%
Quizzes (10): 5%
Partial Test 1: 5%
Partial Test 2: 5%
Test 1: 10%
Test 2: 10%

Total CA: 40%

Exam: 60%

Total: 100% Chapter 1 - g

 Introduction
• What is materials science?

• Why should we know about it?

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?
• Nano Age?
Chapter 1 - 9
 Introduction
Concepts to note:

• Structure of a material usually relates to the

arrangement of its internal components.

• A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and

magnitude of response to a specific imposed
stimulus.

• Generally, definitions of properties are made

independent of material shape and size.

Chapter 1 - 10
 Introduction
Concepts to note:
• Virtually all important properties of solid materials
may be grouped into six different categories:
mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and
deteriorative.

• For each, there is a characteristic type of stimulus

capable of provoking different responses.

• Mechanical properties relate deformation to an

applied load or force; examples include elastic
modulus (stiffness), strength, and toughness.
Chapter 1 - 11
 Introduction
Concepts to note:
• For electrical properties, such as electrical
conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is
an electric field.

• The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in

terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.

• Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a

material to the application of a magnetic field.

Chapter 1 - 12
 Introduction
Concepts to note:
• For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic
or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity
are representative optical properties.

• Finally, deteriorative characteristics relate to the

chemical reactivity of materials.

• The four components of the discipline of materials

science and engineering and their interrelationship are:

Data obtained from Figs. 1.1 Chapter 1 - 13

Callister & Rethwisch 9e .
Four Elements of Materials Science

Material trait in terms of the kind

and magnitude of response to a
specific imposed stimulus.

Arrangement of its
internal components

Chapter 1 -
 Four Elements of Materials Science
Data obtained from Figs. 1.2
Callister & Rethwisch 9e .

The disk on the right is opaque—that is, none of the

light passes through it. These differences in optical
properties are a consequence of differences in
structure of these materials, which have resulted from
the way the materials were processed.
Chapter 1 -
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING?

1. in-service conditions;

2. deterioration of material properties that may

occur during service operation;

3. overriding consideration is that of economics

Chapter 1 -
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING?

The Liberty ship S.S. Schenectady, which, in 1943,

failed before leaving the shipyard. Chapter 1 -
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 m discussion,Callister & Rethwisch 8e .
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 m and (d) Fig. 10.21,Callister &
200 30 m Rethwisch 8e .

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 18
Concept Map

Chapter 1 -
THE TRASHCAN I: THE CAN

• Concept Map
– Metal
– Inorganic
– Crystalline
– Synthetic

Metal

Chapter 1 -
THE TRASHCAN II: THE RUST

• Concept Map
– Non-Metal
– Inorganic
– Crystalline
– Naturally Occurring
– Mineral

Crystalline Ceramic

Chapter 1 -
THE TRASHCAN III: THE LINER
• Concept Map
– Non-Metal
– Organic
– Amorphous
– Synthetic
– Polymer

Polymer

Chapter 1 -
 Types of Materials

Data obtained from Figs. 1.4

Callister & Rethwisch 9e .
Chapter 1 - 23
 Types of Materials

Data obtained from Figs. 1.5

Callister & Rethwisch 9e . Chapter 1 - 24
 Types of Materials

Data obtained from Figs. 1.6

Callister & Rethwisch 9e . Chapter 1 - 25
 Types of Materials

Data obtained from Figs. 1.7

Callister & Rethwisch 9e . Chapter 1 - 26
 Types of Materials

Data obtained from Figs. 1.8 Chapter 1 - 27

Callister & Rethwisch 9e .
 Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic

& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)

Chapter 1 - 28
 ENGINEERED MATERIALS
• ALLOYS

• COMPOSITES

Chapter 1 -
 SEMICONDUCTORS

Solar Cells

OLED
Technology

Chapter 1 -
 BIOMATERIALS
Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Chapter 1 - 31
Adapted from Fig. 22.25,Callister 7e.
 Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24,Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 32
Example – Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26,Callister 7e. Chapter 1 - 33

 Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent
(“glue”) Acetabular
Cup and Liner
– must avoid any debris in cup

Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening
photograph, Chapter 22,Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 34
BIOMIMETICS
Some paints and roof tiles have
been engineered to be self-
cleaning by copying the
mechanism from the lotus

Lotus Chapter
leaf 1surface
-
 Nanotechnology
Definition
The art and science of building stuff that does
stuff at the nanometer scale.
R. Smalley, Rice University
Nobel Prize Winner

Comprised of “nanostructures” or “nanomaterials” that

possess at least one dimension that measures
approximately less than 100nm AND exhibit novel
properties.

Chapter 1 -
 Size Comparisons

• The diameter of your hair is

approximately 50,000-100,
000 nanometers

• Your finger nail grows 1

nanometer in 1 second

• A line of ten hydrogen

atoms lined up side by side
is 1 nanometer long

Chapter 1 -
 Same Story

Explore the Properties

Synthesis of Explore/speculate
Nanostructures Applications
Characterization Testing

New processing New applications!!!!!!

techniques
• Controlled structure,
size… New Characterization and
• Reduce cost Testing techniques
• Better resolution….
Chapter 1 -
SOME CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY

Chapter 1 -
 SOLAR CELLS
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
 Improved efficiencies: novel
nanomaterials can harness
more of the sun’s energy
 Lower costs: some novel
nanomaterials can be made
cheaper than alternatives
 Flexibility: thin film flexible
polymers can be
manipulated to generate
electricity from the sun’s
energy

Chapter 1 -
 COMPUTING
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
 Faster processing speeds:
miniaturization allows more
transistors to be packed on a
computer chip
 More memory: nanosized features
on memory chips allow more
information to be stored
 Thermal management solutions
for electronics: novel carbon-
based nanomaterials carry away
heat generated by sensitive
electronics

Chapter 1 -
 CLOTHING
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
 Anti-odor properties: silver
nanoparticles embedded in textiles
kill odor causing bacteria
 Stain-resistance: nanofiber coatings
on textiles stop liquids from
penetrating
 Moisture control: novel nanomaterials
on fabrics absorb perspiration and
wick it away
 UV protection: titanium nanoparticles
embedded in textiles inhibit UV rays
from penetrating through fabric

Chapter 1 -
 BATTERIES
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
 Higher energy storage capacity and
quicker recharge: nanoparticles or
nanotubes on electrodes provide high
surface area and allow more current to
flow
 Longer life: nanoparticles on electrodes
prevent electrolytes from degrading so
batteries can be recharged over and
over
 A safer alternative: novel nano-
enhanced electrodes can be less
flammable, costly and toxic than
conventional electrodes Chapter 1 -
 SPORTING GOODS AND EQUIPMENT

Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

 Increased strength of
materials: novel carbon
nanofiber or nanotube-based
nanocomposites give the
player a stronger swing
 Lighter weight materials:
nanocomposites are typically
lighter weight than their
macroscale counterparts

Chapter 1 -
 CARS
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

 Increased strength of materials:

novel carbon nanofiber or
nanotube nanocomposites are
used in car bumpers, cargo liners
and as step-assists for vans
 Lighter weight materials:
lightweight nanocomposites
mean less fuel is used to make
the car go

 Control of surface characteristics: nanoscale thin films

can be applied for optical control of glass, water
repellency of windshields and to repair of nicks/scratches
Chapter 1 -
 FOOD AND BEVERAGE
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

 Better, more environmentally

friendly adhesives for fast
food containers
 Anti-bacterial properties: Nano
silver coatings on kitchen
tools and counter-tops kill
bacteria/microbes
 Improved barrier properties for carbonated
beverages or packaged foods: nanocomposites
slow down the flow of gas or water vapor across
the container, increasing shelf life

Chapter 1 -
 THE ENVIRONMENT

Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

 Improved ability to capture groundwater

contaminants: nanoparticles with high
surface area are injected into groundwater
to bond with contaminants
 Replacements for toxic materials

Chapter 1 -
SOME FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY

Chapter 1 -
 BODY ARMOR
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

 Stronger materials for better protection:

nanocomposites that provide unparalleled
strength and impact resistance
 Flexible materials for more form-fitting
wearability: nanoparticle-based materials
that act like “liquid armor”
 Lighter weight materials: nanomaterials
typically weigh less than their macroscale
counterparts
 Dynamic control: nanofibers that can be
flexed as necessary to provide CPR to
soldiers or stiffen to furnish additional
protection in the face of danger Chapter 1 -
 DRUG DELIVERY
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

 New vehicles for delivery:

nanoparticles such as buckyballs
or other cage-like structures that
carry drugs through the body
 Targeted delivery: nano vehicles
that deliver drugs to specific
locations in body
 Time release: nanostructured
material that store medicine in
nanosized pockets that release
small amounts of drugs over time
Chapter 1 -
 CANCER
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
 Earlier detection: specialized
nanoparticles that target cancer
cells only – these nanoparticles
can be easily imaged to find
small tumors
 Improved treatments: infrared
light that shines on the body is
absorbed by the specialized
nanoparticles in the cancer cells
only, leading to an increased
localized temperature that
selectively kills the cancer cells
but leaves normal cells unharmed
Chapter 1 -
 SENSORS
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

 Higher sensitivity: high surface

area of nanostructures that allows
for easier detection of chemicals,
biological toxins, radiation, disease,
etc.

 Miniaturization: nanoscale
fabrication methods that can be
used to make smaller sensors that
can be hidden and integrated into
various objects
Chapter 1 -
 NEXT GENERATION COMPUTING

Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

 The ability to control atomic
scale phenomena: quantum or
molecular phenomena that
can be used to represent data
 Faster processing speeds

 Lighter weight and

miniaturized computers
 Increased memory

 Lower energy consumption

Chapter 1 -
 NANOROBOTICS
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
 Miniaturized fabrication of
complex nanoscale systems:
nanorobots that propel
through the body and detect/
cure disease or clandestinely
enter enemy territory for a
specific task
 Manipulation of tools at very
small scales: nanorobots that
help doctors perform sensitive
surgeries

Chapter 1 -
Carbon Nanotube-based Gears

With Benzyne Teeth

J. Han, et. al., Nanotechnology, 8, 95, 1997

Chapter 1 -
 WATER PURIFICATION
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
 Easier contamination removal:
filters made of nanofibers that
can remove small contaminants
 Improved desalination methods:
nanoparticle or nanotube
membranes that allow only pure
water to pass through
 Lower costs

 Lower energy use

Chapter 1 -
 MORE ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT
APPLICATIONS…

Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

 Improvements to solar cells

 Improvements to batteries

 Improvements to fuel cells

 Improvements to hydrogen storage

 CO2 emiss
ion r
e du cti
o n: na no
materi
a
l
st
ha
t
d
oa
bet
ter j
obrem ov i
n gC O 2fro mp
o werp
l
an
te
x
h
au
s
t
 Stronger, more efficient power transmission cables:
synthesized with nanomaterials

Chapter 1 -
 CHAPTER 1: MATERIALS SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING
Materials are...
engineered structures...not blackboxes!
Structure...has many dimensions...

Structural feature Dimension (m)

atomic bonding < 10 -10
missing/extra atoms 10 -10
crystals (ordered atoms) 10 -8 -10 -1
second phase particles 10 -8 -10 -4
crystal texturing > 10 -6
Chapter 1 - 1
 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changesstructure and overallshape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

Chapter 1 - 59
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8,Callister &
i
5 2 a t %N Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted
Ann Physik 5, 219
from: J.O. Linde,
.3
+3 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Cu Ni Physics of Solids , 2nd
Resistivity, 

Thomson,
4 t %
16 a Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)

edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New

2. t %
12 a
York, 1970.)
Cu + + 1 .
3 C u
r m ed
defo t % Ni
2 1.12 a
Cu +
1 ” C u
r e
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (ºC)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 60
 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

Chapter 1 - 61
 DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Chapter 16,Callister & Rethwisch 3e. Boveri Co.)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention ,
4 m
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
-- material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane
Company.) Chapter 1 - 62
 SUMMARY
• There are six different property classifications of
materials that determine their applicability:
mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic,
optical, and deteriorative.

• One aspect of materials science is the

investigation of relationships that exist between
the structures and properties of materials.

• By structure, we mean how some internal

component(s) of the material is (are) arranged.,

Chapter 1 - 63
 SUMMARY
• In terms of (and with increasing)
dimensionality, structural elements include
subatomic, atomic microscopic, and
macroscopic.

• With regard to the design, production, and

utilization of materials, there are four
elements to consider—processing,
structure, properties, and performance.

Chapter 1 - 64
 SUMMARY
• The performance of a material depends
on its properties, which in turn are a
function of its structure(s); furthermore,
structure(s) is (are) determined by how
the material was processed.

• Three important criteria in materials

selection are in-service conditions to
which the material will be subjected, any
deterioration of material properties during
operation, and economics or cost of the
fabricated piece.
Chapter 1 - 65
 SUMMARY
• On the basis of chemistry and atomic
structure, materials are classified into
three general categories: metals (metallic
elements), ceramics (compounds
between metallic and nonmetallic
elements), and polymers (compounds
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and other
nonmetallic elements).

• In addition, composites are composed of

at least two different material types.

Chapter 1 - 66
 SUMMARY
• Another materials category is the advanced
materials that are used in high-tech
applications, including semiconductors
(having electrical conductivities intermediate
between those of conductors and insulators),
biomaterials (which must be compatible with
body tissues), smart materials (those that
sense and respond to changes in their
environments in predetermined manners),
and nanomaterials (those that have structural
features on the order of a nanometer, some
of which may be designed on the atomic/
molecular level).
Chapter 1 - 67
 SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between performance

properties, structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

Chapter 1 - 68
 ASSIGNMENT 1
QUESTION FROM CHAPTER 1 & 2
QUESTIONS
1.5
2.9
2.13
2.16
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.27 Chapter 1 - 69