Lecture 1
ME150 Materials Science &
Engineering I
Chapter 1 -
COURSE MATERIALS
Required textbook:
Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 5th – 8th -10th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010).
Reading Material:
Schaffer, J. P., Saxena, A., Antolovich, S. D., Senders, Jr.,T. H. and Warner, S.
B., “The Science and Design of Engineering Materials” R. D. Irwın,
Shackelford, J. F. “Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers” Macmillan
Publishing Inc.
Chapter 1 -
Virtual Materials Science &
Engineering (VMSE)
Website: http://www.wileyplus.com/college/callister
Student Companion Site
• Users can manipulate molecules and crystals to
better visualize atomic structures
• Unit cells such as BCC, FCC, HCP
• Crystallographic planes, directions, and defects
• Polymer repeat units and molecules
• Diffusion computations
Chapter 1 - 3
GRADING
Homework, Report, Quiz 50%
Midterm 20%
Final 50%
Quizzes can be pop-up or informed
%70 attendance is necessary. Attendance will affect your final grade.
Signature will be taken only one time during the lecture. If you are late
you should wait for the break; but you’ll not be allowed the sign.
Chapter 1 - 4
Course Schedule
1. Introduction (1 week)
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding (2 weeks)
3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids (2 weeks)
4. Imperfections in Solids (1 week)
5. Diffusion (1 week)
Midterm
1. Mechanical Properties of Metals (2 weeks)
2. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms (2 weeks)
3. Failure (2 weeks)
s
Chapter 1 - 5
Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?
• Materials Science – Investigating relationships that
exist between the structure and properties of
materials
• Materials Engineering – Is, on the basis of these
structure-property correlations, designing or
engineering the structure of a material to produce a
pre-determined set of properties
Chapter 1 - 6
Historical Perspective
Materials drive our society:
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Modern Era
Silicon
Graphene
Composites
Polymers
Nano material
Bio materials
Stones Pottery Metals Modern Times
Chapter 1 - 7
Historical Perspective
Chapter 1 - 8
Understanding the Materials
Processing Structure Properties Performance
Chapter 1 - 9
Electrical
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted
5 from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Resistivity, r
Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd
(10-8 Ohm-m)
4 edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New
York, 1970.)
3
2
1
0
-200 -100 0 T (ºC)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 10
Thermal
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
-- Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. -- It decreases when
Adapted from chapter- you add zinc!
opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &
Thermal Conductivity
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy 400
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
300
(W/m-K)
Company, Inc.)
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 8e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 mm is on CD-ROM.) Chapter 1 - 11
Magnetic
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
-- Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by -- Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Magnetization
Fe+3%Si
Fe
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Chapter 1 - 12
Optical
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity
Adapted from Fig. 1.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)
Chapter 1 - 13
Deteriorative
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!
crack speed (m/s)
10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC
increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. Boveri Co.)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) 4 mm
-- material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
Adapted from Fig. 11.26,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane
Company.) Chapter 1 - 14
Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)
30 mm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 mm discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 mm
30 mm and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister &
200 Rethwisch 8e.
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 15
Why study Materials Science?
• Civil : Building materials, steel, concrete
• Mechanical : Conveyors, engines, robotics
• Energy: Turbines, wind mills, battery, electrical car
• Electrical: Chips, displays, circuits, breakers
• Aerospace: Space shuttles, satellites,
• Etc….
Chapter 1 - 16
Materials Selection
• Application:
– Needs, requirements
– Environment
• Properties
– Mechanical, optical, magnetic, electric,
thermal, chemical
• Cost
– Ease of production
– Access to raw materials
– Access to production technique
Chapter 1 - 17
The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
3. Material Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
Chapter 1 - 18
Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.
• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of e’s
– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.
• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic
& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)
• Semiconductors, nano materials, bio materials,
composites Chapter 1 - 19
Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).
Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e. Chapter 1 - 20
Example – Hip Implant
• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility
Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 21
Example – Hip Implant
Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e. Chapter 1 - 22
Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent
Acetabular
(“glue”)
Cup and Liner
– must avoid any debris in cup
Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 22, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 23
Selection Examples
• Car hood: easy to shape, strong, good
transfer, moderately cheap
• Space shuttle skin: extremely stable, heat
resistant, money is not an issue, low
weight
• Satellite wings: Extremely, good thermal
conductivity, low weight, money is not an
issue
• Soldier protection vs police protection
Chapter 1 - 24
Future of Materials Science
Design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our
knowledge of atomic structure.
• Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with microstructure that has
length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers with unusual properties.
Electronic components, materials for quantum computing.
• Smart materials: airplane wings that adjust to the air flow conditions,
buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes…
• Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or photodegradable
plastics, advances in nuclear waste processing, etc.
• Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as
the most advanced laboratory-produced ceramics, mollusces produce
biocompatible adhesives that we do not know how to reproduce…
• Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage densities, for turbine
blades that can operate at 2500°C, room-temperature superconductors?
chemical sensors (artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirts
that never require ironing
Chapter 1 - 25
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.
• Understand the relation between properties,
structure, and processing.
• Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection.
Chapter 1 - 26
