RRL
According to Gregory and hall (2011), The world’s population in the 21st century will become
predominantly urban. Demand for urban water supplies will grow across the world. Not only will more
water be needed to supply this population, but more sewage will be produced and treated, and more
urban stormwater will be generated from the additional roofs, roads, and paved areas. The impacts of
these discharges on the valued rivers, estuaries, coasts, and groundwater systems surrounding our cities
is already significant, and this level of urban growth will place waterways under increasing pressure. It
may be possible to reduce the export of wastewater from a city in a way that recovers resources and
substitutes them for inputs into the city. Treated wastewater can be used as a recycled water source for
a city, but it can also be a valuable source for nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to grow food and fiber
and be a source of energy while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the treatment process
(Gregory and Hall, 2011).
Due to limited access to safe drinking water and lack of adequate sanitation facilities in most
developing counties. Prevalent of environmental problem like global warming caused by burning of
fossil fuels which has negative impacts on the hydrological cycle and consequently unfavorable changes
in water quality. The threats posed by global warming are an additional stressor to the environmental
system and water sustainability. An ecological wastewater treatment management such as the “closed-
loop systems” should be considered. The closed-loop concept, using wastewater cycles from “point-of-
generation” to “point-of-production”, could provide a better way for attaining high environmental
quality and full utilization of wastewater resource. Subsequently, some innovative sanitation
technologies recently developed such as solar septic tanks and hydrothermal carbonization for feacal
sludge have been found to meet the closed-loop concept because they were able to inactivate the
pathogens, remove the pollutants and producing valuable by-products such as biogas and hydrochar,
respectively. These cost-effective technologies should be able to protect the public health, improve
quality of the canals and rivers in the urban areas, all contributing to water sustainability (Polprasert,
Pussayanavin and Kottatep, 2015).
Climate change and urbanization will increase the frequency and magnitude of urban flooding
and water quality problems in many regions of the world. In coastal and delta areas like The Netherlands
and the Philippines, where urbanization is often high, there has been an increase in the adoption of
sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS). SUDS are installed around the world with the expectation to
reduce urban flooding and reduce the pollution impact on receiving waters. The combination of SUDS
with appropriate wastewater treatment and management systems have the potential to be
multifunctional in alleviating flood run-off, improving water quality, alleviating heat stress and as a
source for reusing the stormwater and wastewater. International knowledge exchange is promoted in
projects as IWASTO where several organizations from the Philippines and The Netherlands join forces on
a specific region as the Pateros river in Manila with the aim to minimize the pollution impact on
receiving water (Boogaard, Vojinovic and Heikoop, 2016).
Desalination is one of the solutions in water shortage in the Philippines. Desalination is a process that
removes salt and other dissolved contaminants in saline water. One company is pitching the call for the
adoption of desalination technology and tapping the country’s unlimited supply of this precious
economic resource from the ocean to provide adequate fresh water. Through desalination, a process
that takes away mineral components from saline or saltwater, the provision of fresh water, possibly tap
or clean drinking water, however, is very expensive; hence also a lucrative undertaking. It entails the use
of more energy, the steady supply of which remains a big challenge for the Philippines (Mayuga, 2019).
Foreign literature and studies
Gregory, A., & Hall, M. (2011). Urban water sustainability. Retrieved from
http://www.publish.csiro.au/ebook/chapter/9780643103283_Chapter_6
Polprasert, C., Pussayanavin, T., & Kottatep, T. (2015). Urban Development and Water Sustainability.
Retrieved from http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:2850/WUI_WP1.pdf
Local Literature and studies
Boogard, F., Vojinovic, Z., & Heikoop, R. (2016). Storm Water and Wastewater Management for
Improving Water Quality. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301677575_Storm_Water_and_Wastewater_Management_
for_Improving_Water_Quality
Mayuga, J. L. (2019). Desalination: The future of water?. Retrieved from
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/07/27/desalination-the-future-of-water/
