Part
FOUR

Producing the
Drama
Taking a drama from

the playwright’s script

to its final presenta-

tion requires many

people. The contribu-

tions made by these

people include plan-

ning and directing the

drama as well as

designing and creat-

ing scenery, lighting,

costumes, and

makeup.

331
 CHAPTER

Producing the Play

8

Many kinds of
rehearsals go
into a successful
production. Until
you have memo-
rized your lines,
you will rehearse
with the script in
hand.

A good audition is one in which the

performer . . . reveals who and what he
[she] is as a human being while at the same
time giving the auditors an idea of the extent
of his [her] talents.
—FRED SILVER, MUSICAL AUDITION COACH
332
SETTING THE SCENE
Focus Questions
Who are the key members of a production staff, and what are their
responsibilities?
What items are included in a master production schedule checklist?
How do you prepare a budget?
How do you make a promptbook?
How do you conduct and/or participate in an audition?
How do you prepare a résumé?
What are the different types of rehearsals?
What are dress rehearsals?
How do you create a rehearsal schedule?
What are curtain calls?

Vocabulary
producer technical director publicity manager blocking rehearsal
director stage manager house manager working rehearsal
assistant director grip promptbook polishing rehearsal
prompter properties chief audition technical rehearsal
scenic designer business manager reading rehearsal dress rehearsal

P roducing a play can offer opportunities that you may find as

stimulating and exciting as acting in a play. Design and construc-
tion of sets and costumes, handling lighting equipment, and
managing backstage, onstage, and publicity matters can provide
challenges and satisfaction.

School stages may range from simple ones in classrooms to

theaters having computerized lighting consoles, sophisticated
 recording and sound equipment, fine dressing rooms, and ample
work and storage space. If your school does not have all of these
facilities, do not be dismayed. A small stage, a crowded backstage
area, and the minimum of stage lights are limitations that may chal-
lenge your imagination and ingenuity. As a result, your productions
may well be equal to those presented more easily with extensive
physical equipment. Whatever the size and equipment of your the-
ater, having a share in a full-length public production is a rewarding
experience.

The Production Staff

Without the group of responsible, hard-working, and talented people that
make up the production staff, producing a play would be impossible. After
the preliminary planning and preparation are complete, the production
staff must work intensively for several weeks to make the play or musical
a reality. The size of the staff is determined by the size of the production,
the specific technical demands of the production, and the availability of
capable and enthusiastic people.

THE ARTISTIC STAFF

Every venture needs a person who can envision the end product
CUE ▼
Many actors seek the
and be actively involved with the production as it takes place. In
the world of dramatic presentations, the producer is that person.
In professional theater, the producer finds investors willing to
opportunity to work provide the money to fund a show. The producer hires the direc-
with successful direc- tor and the production staff, establishes a budget, and sees that
tors, both for the learn- the bills are paid. In a high school production, the producer may
ing experience and for also be the director.
the association with an The director is responsible for creating a team that will
exceptional director or work cooperatively toward a common goal. The drama teacher is
production. usually the director of the public productions in high school.
Some high schools today have a trained, and professionally expe-
rienced, teacher-director.
In the professional theater, the director is usually credited with the
play’s overall success or failure. The ideal director inspires actors to have
confidence in their abilities and to use intelligence in building their roles.
In an effort to mold all phases of production into a unified whole, the

334
Producing the Drama

As he works with these actors in Much Ado About Nothing, the director must have an eye
for detail in order to see how each character relates to the play as a whole.

Producing the Play
335

 ▼
director must be someone who can coordinate a multitude of
CUE details and, at the same time, delegate responsibilities. During
most production schedules there are distractions and conflicts
Although each person that require the director to possess a reserved but commanding
on the production staff demeanor that gives the team a feeling of assurance. The director
may be creative, the is responsible for onstage empathies and backstage morale. He or
director’s final word she should be a person who can see the areas of needed improve-
must be “law.’’ ment and who has the ability and personality to communicate
the means by which improvement can be made. This communi-
cation is accomplished in rehearsal and through oral, written, or taped
notes called critiques.
The director is responsible for producing the playwright’s intentions
as faithfully as possible. He or she accomplishes this by studying the script,
the author’s style, the play’s theme, and the characters’ relationships. The
professional director is also responsible for auditions, casting, blocking,
preparation of a promptbook, and the opening of the show. In both profes-
sional and high school productions, the director and the staff can have
a delightful experience working together as a team to produce a play.
In the school theater, a student is usually the assistant director. This
student is preferably someone who is interested in the “big picture’’ of the-
ater and is capable, dependable, and willing to take on many of the direc-
tor’s responsibilities. The assistant director serves as a liaison between
the director and the cast and crew; sometimes the assistant director takes
charge of rehearsals at the request of the director. This position allows a
student to see the rehearsals, the actors, and the overall production from a
unique perspective.
One of the most important positions in the production of a

▼
play is that of the prompter. It is a job that requires both reliabil-
CUE ity and intelligence. Some directors do not use a prompter during
the performance, preferring to have the actors know they are on
Responsibilities of the
their own, while other directors feel that a skilled prompter is
Assistant Director
essential. It is critical that this person attend every rehearsal.
• Take attendance During rehearsals the prompter writes notes from the director in
• Set up rehearsal the promptbook. These notes should include information on
room interpretation, movement, and positions. Color-coded light and
• Take charge of sound cues are often included in the promptbook, also. By includ-
rehearsals ing a floor-plan sketch, the prompter can clarify any questions
• Read lines for concerning stage groupings, crosses, and changes.
absent actors Every pause should be marked so that an unnecessary
• Write down prompt will not be given. If emergencies arise during the perfor-
blocking mance, the prompter can often save the show by giving correct
• Assemble program cues and lines. If the cast starts to skip passages, the prompter can
feed the vital lines to bring the actors back on track. This position

336
Producing the Drama

is a difficult one because the prompter must follow the script word by word
in both rehearsals and performances. If an actor hesitates in rehearsal or
calls out “line,’’ the prompter must be ready to immediately give the nec-
essary assistance. Most prompters whisper the first word of the line. Then,
if the actor does not pick up the line, the prompter gives the first three
words of the line a little louder. If that is unsuccessful, the prompter
responds according to the director’s instructions. In rehearsal, the scene is
usually stopped, the prompter gives the line to the actor, and the cast backs
up a line or two and proceeds. In a performance, it is up to the other actors
onstage to pick up the scene and proceed.
Settings, costumes, makeup, and lighting are the responsibilities of
the scenic designer. Whether simple or complex, the design of these ele-
ments works best when it gives the play visual dimensions that are in har-
mony with the aims of the director. Sometimes the technical director will
A high school drama
oversee the design of costumes and lighting instead of the scenic designer. director gives instruc-
The technical director executes the designs of the scenic designer. With the tions to student
assistance of a crew, the technical director is responsible for building sets, actors. Directors of
high school produc-
painting drops, creating costumes, and hanging lights. Both the scenic tions are usually
designer and the technical director must serve the director’s intentions responsible for coor-
effectively, simply, and beautifully to achieve a unified production. dinating all aspects of
the productions.

Producing the Play
337

 The crew members who manage the technical details play a big part in deter-
mining how the audience will perceive the performance.

338
Producing the Drama

 Application
ACTIVITIES

1. Make a chart of the positions on the artistic staff. Then list the
responsibilities that accompany each position. Compare the
responsibilities of the staff members, noting which of these
responsibilities overlap. After analyzing the jobs, note the one for
which you feel most qualified. Even though you probably do not
have the experience, you should have an idea of the talents and
personality traits needed for the particular position. List your quali-
fications.
2. After your analysis, write Help Wanted ads for two of the artistic
staff positions. Describe the responsibilities of each position and
the qualifications applicants should possess.

THE BEHIND-THE-SCENES STAFF ▼ CUE

As behind-the-
Although often unseen by the audience, all the people working behind the
scenes are absolutely crucial to a successful production. Aided by the scenes staff, you
stage crew, the stage manager takes charge backstage during rehearsals. A may do a lot of
good stage manager is essential to a smooth production. In some cases, the computer work for
stage manager and the crew act as both the stage carpenters who build the various business
sets and the grips who move the scenery. The stage manager keeps track tasks (for example,
of all cues and effects and makes cue sheets for the stage crew that con- creating publicity
tain cues for lights, sound, curtains, and set and prop changes. materials). If you
During the performance, the stage manager usually sits at a prompt spend long periods
table in the stage-right wing just upstage of the proscenium and calls all on the computer,
cues to the technical crew. In addition, the stage manager must handle all take short breaks
emergencies that arise during the performance. The stage manager times frequently to avoid
each full rehearsal and each performance. Occasionally during a produc- muscle cramping
tion with many performances, the stage manager will turn over the back- and eyestrain.
stage supervision to the assistant stage manager and go out “front’’ to
watch the performance from the audience’s perspective, taking notes on
projection, timing, and cues.
In the professional theater, the stage manager has to be versatile and
experienced in all phases of theater production, including acting and
directing. In addition to running the show backstage, the stage manager
directs brush-up rehearsals, trains new cast members, and keeps the pro-
duction fresh and sharp.
Also necessary for a successful production are the properties chief
and the properties assistants. Their responsibilities include acquiring the
Producing the Play
339
 The person working the ticket window
should be responsible and enthusiastic. It
is a good job for someone interested in
the financial aspects of play production.

furniture and props that fit the

designer’s plan, storing them,
preparing a prop table, and giving
hand props to the actors backstage
just before entrances. These posi-
tions require hard work, depend-
ability, and ingenuity.
Hand props should be kept on
the side of the stage from which the
actors who use the props will make
their entrances. Props are returned
to the prop table after use and
should never be touched by anyone
other than the props crew and the
actor by whom they are used. The
prop table should have a list of the
props posted over it and should be
marked with the location and iden-
tification of each prop. After each
rehearsal and performance, the
props crew should store the props
in a secure storage area.
The responsibility of financial
arrangements for the production
belongs partially to the producer but mostly to the business man-

▼
ager. Both should monitor production and publicity expenses in
CUE an effort to achieve a reasonable profit. In addition to financial
issues, the business manager is also responsible for accurately
If your school provides
listing in the programs names of cast members, all production
an office for theater
staff, committee chairpersons, and acknowledgments for favors
management and pub-
and assistance from businesses and individuals. Although guided
licity planning, main-
by school policy, business managers usually
tain an efficient work-
space and avoid clutter • handle funds and pay bills
hazards, such as those • handle the printing and selling of tickets
that can cause tripping, • issue tickets to salespersons
by keeping supplies • monitor sales
neat and organized. • supervise the ticket booth
• order the printing of programs
• supervise advertisement sales (if applicable)
340
Producing the Drama
 SAMPLE BUDGET WORKSHEET

The publicity for a production can be just as important as

▼ CUE
If you plan to post
the staff and the finances. The person who promotes the show in
the school and the community is the publicity manager. The pub- flyers to publicize a
lic press, other schools’ newspapers, local radio and television sta- performance, find out
tions, and closed-circuit television stations may give space or whether you need per-
time to notices about school productions. There are almost lim- mission from a property
itless possibilities for promoting a play. The publicity manager owner or operator.
and assistants have an opportunity to make original and artistic Unauthorized areas
contributions to the success of a production. The school’s art should be avoided.
department can be an excellent source for contributions.

Producing the Play
341

 ▼
Advertising should be consistent with the spirit and style of
CUE the play. For example, when promoting comedies, cartoons of the
cast and humorous items about the funniest rehearsal situations
If you use paints or fix- can be featured, possibly with comic quotations from the play.
atives to create adver- The title of the play itself, the playwright, the skill or prominence
tising material, work in of the performers, the past achievements of the director, and the
a well-ventilated area striking scenic effects can also furnish material for
to avoid breathing in publicity.
toxic fumes and follow An important part of planning a successful production is
the manufacturer’s considering the needs of the audience. The house manager must
safety directions. juggle a variety of duties to ensure both the physical comfort of
the audience and smooth admission and intermission periods.
The responsibilities will probably resemble these shown here.

Responsibilities of the House Manager

To the audience
• Repair damaged seats.
• Check ventilation.
• Maintain comfortable temperature.
• Provide competent ushers.
To the ushers
• Provide training.
• Specify dress code.
• Provide programs for the audience.
• Assign equipment such as flashlights.
To the playhouse
• Collect ticket stubs for the business manager.
• Signal the end of intermission.

School productions frequently involve still more people. Firefighters

and police officers are often required. In some communities, they will be
on hand if they are notified that a production is scheduled; otherwise, they
must be hired. In some schools, members of the faculty are in attendance
for supervision, and they often collect and sell tickets out front.
A crew member may be in charge of furnishing recorded music for
the curtain raiser or intermissions. If so, the selections should be approved
by the director far in advance, and they should be properly rehearsed.
Music should be in keeping with the production but subordinate to it, not
added as a special feature. Be sure that any permissions required for the use
of music are secured well in advance.

342
Producing the Drama

 Productions need
many people who are
not directly involved
with the drama.
Crowd control, traffic
management, ticket
sales and collection,
and program produc-
tion and distribution
require willing
workers.

Application
ACTIVITIES ▼ CUE
To create publicity for a
1. Discuss difficulties that might arise during a performance. show, actors might go
How might the stage manager avoid or overcome them? out in public in full cos-
tume to perform a
2. Choose one mode of publicizing a particular play. Make an short scene. This may
oral or visual presentation of your promotion. be a good attention-
getting strategy, but
actors should be careful
to choose safe areas
and times.

Prerehearsal Activities
An abundance of planning and scheduling must be done before the actual
rehearsals can begin. How well these prerehearsal steps are taken often
makes the difference between a smoothly run production and a chaotic
one. The first step is the selection of a play. Before or immediately after
play selection, a tentative budget should be prepared. If production costs
will be a determining factor, the budget should be established first. Work
toward resolving each step to ensure success from the outset.

Producing the Play
343

 FIRST STEPS
Choosing the right play is one of the first decisions to be made. The right
choice has much to do with the success of the production. Before the
choice can be made, several plays should be read. This may be done by the
director, the director and the staff, or the director and a play-reading com-
mittee. It is important that those making the decision know the purpose
of the proposed production. Is it primarily a school project, or is it to raise
funds for a specific cause or organization? Whatever the purpose, it is
important to select the best play possible as far as script quality, strength
of parts, and entertainment value are concerned.

Things to Consider When Choosing a Play

1. Does it fulfill its designated purpose?

2. Does it appeal to a particular audience?
3. Has your audience recently seen it?
4. Does it provide variety in your annual productions?
5. Is it adaptable to your actors’ abilities?
6. Is it adaptable to the size and equipment of your stage?
7. Does it fit your budget?

Rather than compromise the quality of a script, it is better to present

classics (most of which require no royalty) or cut production expenses suf-
ficiently to pay the royalty of a first-class contemporary play. Remember
that there are many classics that most people will thoroughly enjoy. There
are also many entertaining plays of the nineteenth century that have been
released from royalty charges.
Before a play is finally selected, the director or some autho-
CUE ▼
The size of the cast
rized person should contact the publisher controlling the acting
rights of the play. The director should state the dates, the num-
ber of performances planned, and the various ticket prices and
requires attention in should request authorization to present the play. Many regula-
the choice of a play. tions restrict the presentation of plays by amateurs, especially in
When the cast is large, larger cities where stock and road companies appear. Therefore,
more students receive full permission should be obtained for a public performance
the benefits of training before preparations start.
and experience. If the budget has not been established, it must be set before
proceeding further. The director must estimate the probable size
of the audience and take into account sets and props that can be obtained
without expense. Because scheduling is crucial for a smooth production,
the director should set up a master production schedule containing the
items found on the checklist shown on the opposite page.
344
Producing the Drama
 Master Production Schedule Checklist
1. Production budget established 29. Props secured
2. Play-reading committee selected 30. Second publicity release
3. Committee reports given written
4. Play selected 31. Tickets placed on sale
5. Staff organized 32. Scenery construction
6. Production meetings held completed
with director, stage manager, 33. Special effects secured
technical director, scenic 34. Lighting, cue sheets, and
designer, lighting designer, prop plots completed
and costumer 35. Tickets distributed
7. Production rights obtained 36. Costumes fitted for second
8. Research started time
9. Scripts ordered 37. Lighting checked for first
10. Promptbook prepared time
11. Floor plan designed 38. Polishing rehearsal timed
12. Designs for scenery, lights, and 39. Set or sets completed
costumes made 40. Major press releases written
13. Tryouts held 41. Technical rehearsals held
14. Cast selected 42. Final set touches completed
15. Stage and costume crews 43. Dress rehearsals held
recruited 44. Performances given
16. Publicity committee organized
After-Production Schedule
17. Costume measurements taken
1. Costumes/props checked in
18. Costumes rented or purchased
2. Bills paid and tickets audited
19. Light plot prepared
3. Scenery struck and stored
20. Floor plan on rehearsal floor
4. Props put away
21. Blocking rehearsals begun
5. Borrowed items returned
22. Tickets ordered
6. Rented costumes returned
23. First publicity release written
7. Owned costumes cleaned,
24. Scenery begun
stored
25. Program prepared and printed
8. Dressing rooms cleaned
26. Working rehearsals started
9. Thank-you letters sent
27. Costumes fitted for first time
10. Final financial statement
28. Publicity photos arranged
drawn

The director must study the play from every angle to determine the
style and atmosphere to be carried out in the sets and costumes. Then she
or he must decide how best to express the theme, how to emphasize
the conflict, the suspense, and the climax of the plot, and how the char-
acters and their relationships with one another should be portrayed. For a

Producing the Play
345

Before constructing
the full-scale set, it
can be useful to make
a scale model from
the floor plans. This
way, you get an idea
of what your set will
actually look like
before you go to all
the trouble of con-
structing the real
thing.

period play, the director must also study the historical background, the
social conditions, and the attitudes of the people represented, as well as the
clothing, furnishings, and manner of speech and movement of the period.
After studying the play, the director must make a floor plan. This is
an overhead view of the set that helps the director plan the action that will
take place on the stage. During this early period, the director should have
frequent conferences with the scenic designer and the stage manager con-
cerning many aspects of the production.
After the director, the scenic designer, and the stage manager have
made overall plans, the director must visualize important scenes carefully
and plan for effective grouping and movement. Entrances and exits must
be logical and orderly. The location and the size of furniture should be
planned carefully to create balanced and effective stage pictures. Light
sources, such as windows, lamps, and fireplaces, should be marked on the
floor plan. Even backstage storage areas for furniture, props, and sets must
be diagrammed.
The backbone of a production is the promptbook, started by the direc-
tor during the planning period and containing the entire play script. Into
this book go the director’s plans and eventually the telephone
CUE ▼
When your play is fin-
numbers and addresses of everyone involved in the production.
The easiest way to make a promptbook is to paste the pages of
the play in a large loose-leaf notebook. This system requires two
ished, save the prompt- copies of the play. If there is only one copy available for this pur-
book and a copy of the pose, page-sized windows can be cut in the sheets of the note-
program and photo- book, and each page of the script can be fastened into these win-
graphs of the produc- dows with cellophane tape or glue.
tion. You may want to Large margins around the script are essential for sketches,
use them for future ref- cues, and notes. These are first made by the director in the pre-
erence. liminary planning and then added to and changed during
rehearsals. Marginal notes show script cuttings, stage directions,

346
Producing the Drama

 Sample Promptbook Page

(Stress mirror lines and actions*)

Ent Jack (Enter JACK.)
1 GWENDOLEN. (Catching sight of him.) Ernest! My own
Ernest! x’s her w/open
arms
J C 2 JACK. Gwendolen! Darling! (Offers to kiss her. )
G
*1 for indignation
strikes melodramatic pose
warn: 3 GWENDOLEN. (Drawing back.) A moment! May I ask if
Alg–ENT you are engaged to be married to this young lady? (Points
#4 to CECILY.) 2
"forced"
* w/fan Play up
4 JACK. (Laughing.) To dear little Cecily! Of course not! little’s
What could have put such an idea into your pretty little
head? As if "Just as I thought" — Jack kisses her
(#5) and keeps arm around waist
5 GWENDOLEN. Thank you. You may. (Offers her
cheek.)

6
CECILY. (Very sweetly.) I knew there must be some mis-
understanding, Miss Fairfax. The gentleman whose arm
is at present around your waist is my dear guardian, Mr.
John Worthing. (x DL)#6 Jack runs finger
7 GWENDOLEN. I beg your pardon? nervously around
inside of collar
C 8 CECILY. This is Uncle Jack.
J Melodramatic shock pose –
G back of hand to forehead–
9 GWENDOLEN. (Receding.) Jack! Oh! x’s DR flutters fan
Turns back on J.
Ent Algy (Enter ALGERNON.)

10 CECILY. Here is Ernest.

G and J – "Take"
J
A 11 ALGERNON. (Goes straight over to CECILY without notic-
G C ing anyone else.) My own love! (Offers to kiss her.)
*1 x's to her w/open arms – mirror
12 CECILY. (Drawing back.) A moment, Ernest!* 2May I askof Jack
you — are you engaged to be married to this young lady?
Points w/fan "Take"
13 ALGERNON. (Looking round.) To what young lady? Good
heavens! Gwendolen!

347
 and markings of difficult passages for pauses, phrasing, and emphasis. The
sketches or diagrams of floor plans and sets show positions of furniture and
actors as they move in every scene. Stage groupings of actors can be drawn
with the initials of the characters’ names marked in little circles. Most
directors like to sketch important crosses and countercrosses and mark
actors’ movements with symbols.
The stage manager adds to the promptbook cues for lights, sound
effects, curtains, and other effects both on and off the stage. As rehearsals
progress, individual cue sheets are made from the book by the stage man-
ager and are given to the following: electrical technician, wardrobe staff,
props committee, sound technician, and anyone whose tasks require
written directions.
When marking the promptbook, pencils should be used so that
changes may be made when necessary. Use different colors for particular
types of cues and warning signals, such as red for lights, blue for curtain,
and green for entrances and exits. Most directors and stage managers want
warn cues marked in the promptbook. A warn cue advises the stage man-
ager of an entrance, a sound effect, or a lighting change before it is to take
place. For example, “WARN: phone 1: 2 rings’’ means that the phone is to
ring twice, one page from that point in the script. Most stage managers give
a “Warn’’ from one-half page to one page before the execution of a cue.
They give a “Stand By’’ about ten seconds before a cue, and they give “Go’’
at the moment of execution. Refer to the example on the upper left-hand
corner of the sample promptbook page shown on page 347.

Application
ACTIVITIES

1. Work in groups to evaluate plays for possible production in your

school. Each group should review a play from a different time
period, such as a Greek tragedy, a twentieth-century musical, and an
eighteenth-century comedy. First answer the questions on page 344.
Then analyze the production needs for each play, considering set-
tings, costumes, actors required, and royalty costs. After each group
has presented its findings to the class and made a recommendation,
the class should decide which play would be the best choice.
2. After choosing a play, research its cultural, social, and political
aspects. Write notes that would help the designers as they plan the
play’s technical and visual elements (lights, sound, scenery, costumes,
and makeup).

348
Producing the Drama

CASTING THE PLAY
Few phases of production are more important to the ultimate suc-
cess or failure of a play than the choice of the cast. Casting
demands tact, sincerity, fairness, and sound judgment. Those
F ROM
THE PROS
planning to audition should fill out an audition form similar to ”The actor who is
the one shown on the following page. The director must cast not talented and inter-
solely on the basis of the tryout but also from past experience esting and commit-
with the individual and especially from a projection of what that ted is more likely to
actor will be able to do after weeks of rehearsal and direction. This get the role than
ability to look ahead goes hand in hand with a director’s ability to someone who is
visualize the final production even before the first rehearsal. A ‘right.’“
successful production demands that actors be equipped physi- —MICHAEL SHURTLEFF,
cally, mentally, and temperamentally to give convincing interpre- CASTING DIRECTOR

tations of the roles assigned to them.

One of the most important experiences for an actor is the
audition. Some of the most talented actors fail to get parts because they
give poor auditions. In some public schools, auditions are limited to drama
and speech students. In others, they are open to all students. This is a mat-
ter to be decided by the director or by the individual school. Perhaps the
director will want to use a point system based on stage experience and ser-
vice to help determine eligibility for roles. In some schools, scholastic
standing in other departments and good citizenship are considered before
an applicant is allowed to audition.
Every possible means of publicizing the roles to be filled should be
used prior to the tryouts. Posters, articles in the school newspaper, and

A Chorus Line is a
play about the drama
and anxiety that
accompany an audi-
tion and the necessity
to relax and just be
yourself.

Producing the Play
349

 TRYOUT INFORMATION FORM
NAME (LAST NAME FIRST) CLASS AGE PHONE

ADDRESS SEX HEIGHT WEIGHT

PREVIOUS ACTING EXPERIENCE

WHAT VOCAL PART WHAT MUSICAL INSTRUMENT DO YOU PLAY?

DO YOU SING?
S A T B EXPERIENCE:
WHAT DANCE TRAINING HAVE YOU HAD?

LIST YOUR CLASS SCHEDULE

1 4 7

2 5 8

3 6 9

WILL YOU BE ABLE TO ATTEND ALL REHEARSALS? YES–––––– NO––––––

IF NOT, WHAT CONFLICTS ARE THERE?

ARE YOU INTERESTED IN WORKING ON ANY OF THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES?

MAKEUP PROPERTIES SCENERY CONST.

PUBLICITY COSTUMES STAGE CREW

ARE YOU INTERESTED IN BEING STUDENT DIRECTOR?

PROMPTER? TECHNICAL DIRECTOR? STAGE MANAGER?

DIRECTOR’S COMMENTS
VOICE (QUALITY): IMAGINATION: STAGE PRESENCE:

VOICE (PITCH): ANIMATION: PHYSICAL APPEARANCE:

VOICE (VARIETY):

PARTS CONSIDERED FOR:

350
Producing the Drama

 ▼
posted descriptions of the characters are all good ways of circulat-
ing the information. If possible, the director might place a copy of CUE
the play on reserve in the school library for all applicants to read
or might make the play available in some other way. When auditioning, it
The audition arrangements must be determined by the sometimes pays to
number of people who wish to read for the play, the length of time know something about
that can be devoted to casting, and the kind of play to be pre- the director. What
sented. When possible, it is usually preferable to hold tryouts in shows has that director
the auditorium or theater in which the play is to be performed. done? What are his or
When the applicants have assembled, the director can her favorites? Be care-
explain all details of the tryouts, discuss the play briefly, and ful in your choice of
describe the characters. Each applicant should be asked to fill out material. You may
a form giving name, address, phone number, height, weight, past strike a responsive
experience in school plays, and any previous commitments that chord, or you might
might interfere with attendance at rehearsals. Applicants should find yourself competing
complete all requested information. with “ghosts of the
Methods of conducting auditions vary with directors. Some past.”
directors combine audition formats. This is especially true of try-
outs for musicals because actors very often have to be able to act,
sing, and dance.

Types of Auditions, Tryouts, or Readings

Open audition For professional nonunion actors

For entire school student body
Closed audition For professional union actors only
For certain school students only, such
as drama club members
Prepared audition May use rehearsed material, including
memorized lines and actions
Textual tryout Material from manuscript or printed
play, may be either monologue or scene
Same as prepared audition
Cold reading Uses unfamiliar material. Must read with
imagination, feeling, and confidence
Not penalized for errors in interpretation
if director does not summarize material
May be textual or improvisational
Improvisational audition Must improvise scene around assigned
character and situation

Producing the Play
351

 ▼
After preliminary auditions, the director will make a list of
CUE those considered for parts. These individuals will be invited to
callbacks, auditions to read again from the script, sometimes
If the cold reading uses with candidates for other roles. Occasionally, there may need to
a scene, the actor be further callbacks until final casting can be determined. By this
might have the disad- time, any problems concerning rehearsal attendance, dependabil-
vantage of playing with ity, responsiveness to suggestions, and general attitudes should
another actor with be solved as completely as possible.
whom he or she is Perhaps the most important aspect of auditions is that they
unfamiliar. On the be conducted in a friendly and relaxed atmosphere. Each student
other hand, the actor who tries out must know that she or he is being given a fair
has the advantage chance. Good auditions can set morale at a high level for the rest
of playing against of the production.
someone.

Application
ACTIVITIES

1. Pretend that you are preparing your own material for an upcom-
ing prepared audition. Choose the text, either monologue or
scene, and then plan your actions and memorize your part. Ask a
classmate to take the role of the casting director and give you
friendly feedback.
2. Look at the sample Tryout Information Form. Write a brief description
of the committee on which you would like to work or the particular
position you would like to fill in the production of the play.

YOU AND YOUR AUDITION

Planning for your audition will take time and careful preparation, especially
if the production is professional. Those of you wanting to pursue acting as a
professional career should have a résumé, such as the one shown on the
opposite page, and a portfolio. Your résumé should include an eight-by-ten-
inch black and white headshot photograph of you as you appear offstage, not
as a character in costume. The résumé should also include all the important
information a casting director wants to know: name, address, phone num-
ber, type of voice (if you sing), vital statistics, experience, education and pro-
fessional training, and special skills. Since all actors are typed by class of per-
former, include at the top of the résumé your type classification. For

352
Producing the Drama

example, if acting is your strongest skill, then dancing, then singing, your
classification would be actor-dancer-singer. Similarly, there are dancer-
singer-actors and many other classifications.
The portfolio you present at an audition should include other pho-
tographs of you as you appeared in specific roles. If possible, select roles
that show your range of abilities from drama to comedy to musical theater.
If available, include reviews of your performances and sample programs of
the plays in which you have appeared.

JOYCE JACKSON ACTRESS-SINGER-DANCER HOME PHONE: (121) 555-1317

4950 Cove Road OTHER PHONE: (121) 555-6071
Stamford, CT 06904 Soprano: low G–high C

Age Range: 16–30 Height: 5’6 Weight: 108 Hair: Blonde, long Eyes: Blue Dress: 7/8

EXPERIENCE:

HANSEL AND GRETEL Wicked Witch Courtyard Playhouse, N.Y.C.

GUYS AND DOLLS Sarah Brown Rochester, Minn., Civic Theatre
THE FANTASTICKS Luisa Highland Summer Theatre, Minn.
DARK AT THE TOP OF THE STAIRS Flirt Conroy Highland Summer Theatre, Minn.
DIRTY WORK AT THE CROSSROADS Nellie Lovelace Ohio Valley Summer Theatre
NAUGHTY MARIETTA Marietta Ohio Valley Summer Theatre
THE SOUND OF MUSIC Maria Mosby Dinner Theatre, Virginia
OKLAHOMA! Understudy for Laurey and Mosby Dinner Theatre, Virginia
Dancing Laurey (played by
Kathleen Conry of Broadway’s
NO, NO NANETTE)
ANYTHING GOES Hope Harcourt Club Bone Dinner Theatre, N.J.
MARY POPPINS Mary Poppins Club Bone Dinner Theatre, N.J.
LAUGHING GAS (original musical) Mrs. Krause Cavalier Productions, Virginia
HAPPY BIRTHDAY, AMERICA! Voice-overs Library Theatre, Washington, D.C.
AMAHL AND THE NIGHT VISITORS Mother Kenyon, Minnesota
MAN OF LA MANCHA Antonia & Housekeeper Boulder, Colorado

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

DEGREE: Bachelor of Music Ed. in Voice, University of Colorado

GRADUATE: Acting—Mankato State College, Minn., under Dr. C. Ron Olauson
STUDY: Ohio University under Robert Winters
Private study with Richard G. Holmes (Senator Dawes in Broadway’s
INDIANS), Washington, D.C.
DANCE: Ballet—6 years Modern—2 years Tap—1 year
SINGING: 8 years classical and musical comedy training, some belting
MODELING: J. C. PENNEY CO., 3 years floor modeling and fashion shows—Denver, Colorado
Print and promotional work in Colorado for Wells, Rich, Green Inc. of N.Y.C.
OTHER: Play piano; Teach piano and voice; Sing in Italian, German, Spanish, French
SKILLS: Accents: Norwegian, Swedish, Cockney, Irish, Southern
Own and drive a car
Public elementary school teacher

Producing the Play
353

 In order to have the best audition possible, you must know your own
abilities well. You must be honest in your self-appraisal, neither conceited
nor overly modest. Know what kind of actor you are and what kinds of
roles you can play. You may aspire to play every great role ever written, but
if you are objective, you know that you are best suited for certain roles. The
director will be looking for certain vocal and physical attributes. Know
how you sound to an audience by listening to a recording of your voice.
Look in the mirror, and be objective about what you see. Bear in mind that
auditioning is a selling job that begins when the director first sees you.
Dress appropriately for the audition. Line, color, and style
CUE ▼
Most performers regard
are important. Avoid wearing anything that might be distracting
or might draw attention away from you and your talent. If you
know the play, you can help the director visualize you in a part if
auditioning as one of your clothes suggest the part you desire. Take care not to overdo
the most stressful and the suggestion, however.
exhausting aspects of If you have a prepared audition, there are many points to
artistic discipline. consider as you prepare. Do not try to read dialogue between two
Success in a theater or more characters. Monologues long enough for an audition are
career or avocation few and hard to find. That is why the same material is often
demands dedication found in monologue and scene books. Those same few books of
and confidence in com- monologues are available to everyone, every show, every year.
petitive situations. Directors might become tired of repeatedly hearing the same
audition material. One effective solution is to turn a dialogue
into a monologue. This requires skill and practice, but the result is an audi-
tion selection that is fresh.

An audition may
involve memorizing a
monologue. Practice
until you are comfort-
able with the material,
and then relax and be
yourself.

354
Producing the Drama

 Many of the long speeches found in plays are expository, or informa-
tional. Information is important but does not provide exciting or moving
audition material. Look for something that expresses emotions, conflict,
and action. Avoid selections that were intended to be delivered in dialect
if (a) the part you are seeking is not in that dialect, (b) you are not really
proficient in that dialect, or (c) you want to do that selection without the
dialect, but the selection is so well known that it probably would not
“sound right.” Also, avoid speeches that have been associated with partic-
ular actors. You might find yourself competing with a star rather than with
your peers.

Preparing for Your Audition

Consider the following:
1. Whenever possible, know the play for which you are auditioning.
2. Know the character or characters you believe you can play.
3. Select a monologue or single-character scene that suits the character
or play for which you are auditioning.
4. Prepare a series of short monologues rather than one long one, such
as ten to twelve auditioning pieces that last from a few seconds to a
minute each.
5. Be certain that each piece is just long enough to show what you
can do.
6. Show the director your range of acting abilities in five minutes. This
is especially important if auditioning for a whole season or a repertory

▼
group.
7. If you have a vocal audition, use the accompanist provided or
bring an accompanist. Do not accompany yourself.
CUE
8. Sing appropriate music. Develop a good audi-
tion attitude. Look for-
During Your Audition ward to auditioning.
Shake off the nervous-
Remember the following:
ness. Show a little
1. Play to the director. hunger for the part.
2. Neither avert your eyes from nor stare at the person Be ready, willing, and
evaluating you. eager to take a part,
3. Walk to your auditioning position showing confidence, even whatever part is
if you are nervous. offered to you. Also
4. Pause for a moment when finished. learn how to handle
5. Leave the stage with poise. rejection.
6. Smile, even if you are cut off or interrupted.
7. Do not appear hurt or flustered.
8. Show the director your positive side.

Producing the Play
355


Rehearsals
The best way to become part of the play as a whole and to appreciate the
director’s motivation for movements and tempos is to faithfully attend
rehearsals. There are different kinds of rehearsals, all of them important.
You can profit from the director’s suggestions to the other actors and thus
avoid their mistakes and profit from their achievements. If a rehearsal is
set for specific roles, however, be sure you obtain the director’s permission
to sit in.

REHEARSAL SCHEDULES
When making a rehearsal schedule, the director considers the time allotted
for preparing the production, the length and difficulty of the play, and the
availability of the cast. For instance, if the audition-rehearsal-performance
period of a full-length straight play has been set at seven weeks, after-school
rehearsals should probably be two to three hours a day, five days a week.
A schedule for the entire rehearsal period should be finalized, and
copies should be made for participants. This procedure helps parents
understand how much time will be involved in the production.

Sample Seven-Week Audition-Rehearsal Schedule

Week 1: Auditions and first rehearsal (3 hours)
Monday Auditions
Tuesday Auditions
Wednesday Callbacks (if necessary)
Thursday Cast posted
Friday Reading rehearsal
Week 2: Blocking and line-check rehearsals (2 1/2 hours)
Monday Blocking Act I
Tuesday Rehearsal Act I
Wednesday Line-check Act I
Thursday Blocking Act II
Friday Rehearsal Act II
Week 3: Blocking and line-check rehearsals (2 1/2 hours)
Monday Line-check Act II
Tuesday Run-through Acts I and II
Wednesday Blocking Act III
Thursday Line-check Act III
Friday First run-through Act III

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Producing the Drama

 Week 4: Working rehearsals (2 1/2–3 hours)
Monday Special scenes—chases, fights, and so on—private

Tuesday rehearsals
Wednesday Act I concentrated
Thursday Act II concentrated
Friday Act III concentrated
Week 5: Working rehearsals (full stage crew, 3 hours)
Monday Acts I, II, III in sequence
Tuesday Acts II, III, I—in that order
Wednesday Acts III, I, II—in that order
Thursday Problem scenes only
Friday Final working run-through
Week 6: Polishing rehearsals (all crews, 3–3 1/2 hours)
Monday Run-through and dress parade
Tuesday First technical rehearsal
Wednesday Second technical rehearsal
Thursday Problem scenes and changes
Friday First complete run-through
Week 7: Polishing rehearsals and performances (4–5 hours)
Monday Second complete run-through
Tuesday Final run-through
Wednesday First dress rehearsal
Thursday Final dress rehearsal
Friday Performance
Saturday Performance

There is a lull in the

rehearsal as one of the
actors checks his lines.
As the production devel-
ops, the director will
designate a person to
supply the actors with
lines when needed.
 The seventh week is important and should be carefully scheduled in
an effort to accomplish many last-minute tasks. On Monday of this last
week, the staff should hold its last rehearsal in which interruptions can be
made, problems discussed, final costumes and props checked, and all
details settled.
At least two dress rehearsals are recommended. However, if there is
only one dress rehearsal, it should come on the Wednesday or Thursday
before a Friday-night performance. Tuesday may be spent in a final run-
through. It is wise to invite a few people to a dress rehearsal to accustom
the cast to playing before an audience. Some directors leave the night
before the performance free for final adjustments. Others feel that a con-
tinuous flow right up to opening night is desirable. The auditorium should
probably be closed to all other activities during the last three weeks, and
enough time must be given to the technical director and the crew to “hang
the set.” Consider the sample rehearsal schedule when planning for your
next production.

READING REHEARSALS
The first rehearsal, called the reading rehearsal, is crucial in setting the
tone and establishing expectations for the entire rehearsal and production
process. The director should expect all members of the production team
and the chairpersons of committees involved in the backstage activities to
be present. This is an appropriate time for the director to discuss the value
of working together toward the objectives of presenting the best produc-
tion possible and the importance of maintaining the spirit of the play. The
director might want to point out some factors that make a fine perfor-
mance, such as perfect timing, excellent individual characterizations, and
coordination of onstage and backstage activities.
At a reading rehearsal, some directors prefer to read the play them-
selves, suggesting the interpretation of the entire play and of the individ-
ual roles. Others prefer to give the cast the opportunity to suggest their
own characterizations by reading the assigned parts, while the director
merely points out important details of phrasing, timing, and inflections.
Whatever the method, the reading rehearsal should build a clear concep-
tion of the play and of conduct during rehearsals. Everyone should take
careful notes.
Usually, several reading rehearsals make actors feel more secure
about interpretation when rehearsing onstage. In the first hours of work on
the play, the director can sense actors’ abilities to understand lines and pro-
ject personality. The director can also judge the actors’ willingness to
respond to direction and the extent to which they pay attention. If there is
ample time, a number of reading rehearsals can “set” the characters and

358
Producing the Drama

the lines. More reading rehearsals are necessary when dialects or stage dic-
tion is required.

BLOCKING REHEARSALS
Rehearsals in which the movement and the stage business are worked out
are called blocking rehearsals. The major blocking areas of the traditional
stage are shown on the following page. Movement and stage groupings
should be established before work on the interpretation of lines begins.
The director will already have worked out plans for using the stage
area, emphasizing important groupings and keeping effective stage pic-
tures. However, in early rehearsals, most directors are willing to discuss
possible changes and to incorporate spontaneous reactions of the actors.
When the fundamental blocking of the first act has been set, the blocking
of the second act should follow. The two acts can then be brought together
at a combined blocking rehearsal. Following this, the third act should be
set, and the first and second reviewed. As soon as the business of the first
act is clarified, the lines and blocking may be memorized.

Reading rehearsals
help a cast develop
good timing and a
unified understanding
of the play.

Producing the Play
359

 The Acting Areas—Nine-area

Upstage
(above)
UR UC UL

Onstage

RC C LC

Downstage
Offstage

(below)
DR DC DL
P OP
(prompt side) (opposite prompt side)
Tormentor
Curtain Line
Proscenium

Apron

The Acting Areas— Fifteen-area

Up Right UR URC UC ULC UL L.U.E.

Entrance

Right
Entrance R RC C LC L L.2.E.

Down
Right DR DRC DC DLC DL L.1.E.
Entrance

Both diagrams indicate directions from the actor’s point of view. The lower diagram shows
entrance positions used with the old wing setting—L.1.E. (left first entrance), etc.—and
early box sets—down right entrance, etc. These symbols are still used with many musical
plays.

360
Producing the Drama

 When planning stage business, the director must be sure that all ges-
tures and movements are meaningful. In order to avoid later delay, the
director should try in early rehearsals to eliminate tendencies of actors to
fidget, shift weight, and gesture ineffectively. Actors should understand
that every gesture and cross must be motivated and definite and that the
center of interest should be accentuated at all times. The director must
adhere to fundamental directions when dealing with inexperienced people.
If blocking rehearsals cannot be held in the auditorium, the assistant
director should arrange a rehearsal area that has exactly the same dimen-
sions as the stage. She or he should then indicate the entrances and exits
with chalk or tape and obtain furniture that resembles the pieces that will
eventually be used. If rehearsal furniture cannot be obtained or is not of the
same size or shape, the floor should be marked with the correct dimen-
sions to facilitate proper blocking.
During this period a feeling of camaraderie will probably develop, and
the actors and crew members should feel free to approach the director with
their problems and suggestions. They should receive considerate attention
and advice. The director is largely responsible for establishing morale
because his or her methods will be copied subconsciously by the cast and
the crew.
It is sometimes difficult for actors to make the necessary movements
an intrinsic part of their dialogue, especially when the real setting may be
difficult to visualize. Directors can assist them in understanding their
movements by explaining how character groupings, movements, and set-
ting fit into the big picture, giving the production unity, proportion, and
balance.
A set’s foundation is
made of platforms
and ramps. These
structures should be
put in place as soon
as possible so that the
actors can get used to
them.

361
 WORKING REHEARSALS
After all the action has been blocked, the most creative part of rehearsing
begins. At the working rehearsal interpretation is developed, and words
and action are put together. All the acting techniques previously discussed
are coordinated with the director’s carefully thought-out plans. Some
directors use the terms essential and accessory to describe actions. The for-
mer are set by the director; the latter are worked out as a means of charac-
ter delineation by the actor.
The interpretations of the roles are fine-tuned during the working
rehearsals. The director should have absolute control of the pro-
CUE ▼
Remember, practice
duction, for the director alone has planned the stage settings, the
action, the tempo, and the rhythm to create an artistic whole of
which the actors are only one part. The director is also privileged
and rehearsal are not to change his or her mind without question. However, individual
synonymous. Practice, and group discussions where ideas can be exchanged and ques-
for the most part, is tions answered should be arranged or encouraged informally off-
what you do on your stage. Actors might find that writing character sketches of their
own time; rehearsal is roles before such discussions helps clarify their thinking about
what you do in the defining their characters.
presence of the director By the time working rehearsals begin, memorization should
and the other members be almost completed. Real characterization can begin only after
of the cast. the actors are “offbook,” meaning that no scripts can appear
onstage. At this point, actors should be left relatively free to
move and speak, because spontaneous physical and vocal responses fre-
quently improve a scene. Actors should not, however, be permitted to fix
a false inflection or swallow important words and phrases. Having an actor
write a paraphrase of a passage may help her or him appreciate the exact
meaning of the lines. It is sometimes helpful if the director stops an actor
suddenly and asks a pointed question, such as “What is happening to your
character in this scene?” Only as a last resort should the director read
the lines.
Speeding up or slowing down words and action to attain a certain
mood or meaning is often difficult for inexperienced actors. It is during the
working rehearsals that the director helps the actors develop tempo by
offering suggestions such as the following:
• Pick up cues rapidly.
• Listen effectively.
• Hold for a laugh or pause.
• Point lines.
• Break up long speeches with action.
• Use appropriate body movement.

362
Producing the Drama

 Producing a play is a
collaborative process.
During working
rehearsals, the direc-
tor, prompter, and
actor work together
to develop a good
tempo and mood.

This phase of interpretation is especially critical. Actors tend to

return to early rehearsal practices under the pressure of performance, so no
false inflections or moves, especially gestures, must become set. With trou-
blesome lines, sometimes bridging is helpful. Bridging is adding words
before or after the difficult ones. Beginners must help each other by feed-
ing cues properly, by listening effectively but not conspicuously, and by
taking themselves out of a scene when necessary. Most inexperienced
actors have trouble giving sufficient time on pauses. Here it is frequently
helpful to have them count from one-half to two beats for a desired effect.
Restraining movement in order to give a meaningful gesture or a glance a
chance to register is very important.
The location of the director is crucial during working rehearsals.
Most directors sit onstage beside the prompter during early rehearsals and
quietly interrupt to ask questions and to give directions. Other directors
place the prompter on one side of the stage and seat themselves about
halfway back in the auditorium in order to check the entire stage area.
Usually a combination of methods is preferable. When sitting too near the
actors, the director does not get a good perspective of the stage picture, the
sense of unity of the action as a whole, or the clear and harmonious blend-
ing of the voices. On the other hand, if the director is near, the intimate
question-and-answer procedure can be used to inspire an actor to think
through a problem. A good procedure is to begin working intimately with
a scene, bringing out details and correcting mistakes. Then the director can
Producing the Play
363
 retire to a distance and watch the entire action from different vantage
points while checking the clarity of key lines and words, the spacing of the
actors, and the continuing effect of stage pictures.
Projection of lines is the means by which the play is heard and under-
stood and is an absolute necessity. If you have been practicing regularly,
you should understand the fundamental principles. Your work now is to
correlate the physical processes of correct breathing and articulation with
the psychological consciousness of speaking to everyone in the audience.
You should by this time be breathing correctly and relaxing your inner
throat muscles, while at the same time clarifying the important words
with flexible lips and tongue.
Speaking intelligibly, not necessarily loudly, is necessary to
CUE ▼
Many actors study their
convey the exact meaning of your lines. From the first rehearsal,
you should have begun marking the pauses, the words, and the
phrases that must be stressed to emphasize meanings. The most
lines in “blocks”— common fault of inexperienced actors is to drop the last words of
words grouped by a every sentence instead of breathing between thought groups.
single idea. Often the most vital words are at the end of the sentence and
must be heard. Unless you are specifically told by the director to
speak upstage, it is wise to speak front or diagonally front (three-quarter
front), turning your head toward the person you are addressing on sen-
tences of little consequence.
Mock costumes and props should be used as soon as possible in the
rehearsal schedule, especially in period and stylized plays. The assistant direc-
tor coordinates the crews that obtain whatever the play requires, such as hand
props, costumes, and furniture. The assistant director is also responsible for
checking that props are stored properly after rehearsals.
In addition to the general rehearsal schedule, a second, specialized
schedule should be worked out for actors who are together in a number of
scenes. These scenes or fragments of scenes can be rehearsed separately
under the direction of the assistant director. Important roles can often be
rehearsed separately, also. This schedule of simultaneous rehearsals avoids
long periods of waiting for actors. In addition, intensely emotional scenes
should always be directed privately until the action is crystallized and the
responses are natural and convincing.

POLISHING REHEARSALS
The real joys of directing and acting are experienced in the polishing
rehearsals. With lines memorized and action set, all phases of the produc-
tion can be brought together in an artistic whole. From the standpoint of
the actor, these rehearsals should bring the creative satisfaction of devel-
oping the subtle shades of vocal inflection and non-verbal communication
that make the character truly alive.
364
Producing the Drama
 Special effects, such
as these seen in Cats,
require many techni-
cal rehearsals. Come
opening night, this
scene must feel as
routine as the play’s
simpler scenes.

Producing the Play
365

CUE ▼
Stage stairways and
Polishing rehearsals provide satisfaction not only among
actors but also among stage crews. All exits and entrances, props,
sets, and basic furniture should be onstage and in position. Sound
balconies must always effects necessary for cues should also be set. Only then can the
be well lit. The cast actors find themselves in the environment of the play and
should be prepared for become a part of it. Once the mechanics of fitting themselves into
emergencies, however, the sets have been mastered, the actors can complete their search
by knowing safe paths for identity with their roles in relation to the play as a whole.
out of the theater even To a director, the most important element in play produc-
in the dark. tion is rhythm. The rhythm of a play is the overall blending of all
the elements of the production with particular stress on tempo,
action, and dialogue. It is during the polishing rehearsals that the
rhythm of the play is set and maintained. The entire production staff must
work as a team to synchronize all aspects of the production—voices, sound
effects, actions, lighting, and even the music between acts—into the
rhythm established by the director. Sound, light cues, and sound effects
must be carefully timed. A single extraneous sound, a slight motion, an
unmotivated gesture, or a poorly timed sound cue can destroy the effect of
a scene. The director must scrutinize every stage picture from all parts of
the auditorium. The director is responsible for the tempo of the produc-
tion. Some ways of adjusting and maintaining the tempo of a production
include the following:
• Speed up cues.
• Eliminate irrelevant action.
• Clarify speech.
• Assist cast to point their lines.
• Assist cast to hold their pauses.
If the play is dragging because of pauses between sentences, it is help-
ful to have a rapid-fire line rehearsal, with the actors conversationally run-
ning through the play without any action or dramatic effects. To pace the
timing and to make sure of clarity, some directors listen to difficult scenes
without watching them.
It is only when the pieces are brought together that the director can
see exactly what is still needed to make the play a success. The complete
play should be put together in rehearsal about ten days before the first per-
formance. From that time forward, remembering the following things
might be helpful.
1. Rehearsals should be by acts, with as little interruption as possible.
2. Schedule separate rehearsals for difficult scenes.
3. Prop committee should have all props ready.
4. Curtain calls can be rehearsed.
5. Intermission can be timed.
6. Costume changes should be timed (now or after dress rehearsal) and
worked into the overall rhythm of the play.
366
Producing the Drama
 Application
ACTIVITY

Memorize a short monologue, and pretend you are in a polishing

rehearsal. Combine any vocal inflections and actions that bring the
part to life. Ask your classmates for critiques.

TECHNICAL REHEARSALS
Settling as many matters as possible before dress rehearsals is always
preferable. The best way to ensure that actors and stage crew members are
ready to work together is to schedule technical rehearsals. During techni-
cal rehearsals, every crew member and actor must get his or her materials
organized and performance duties clearly in mind. If there is no time for
technical rehearsals, the group must go directly from the polishing to the
dress rehearsals.
The first time the cast and the technical crew work together with the
set, there will probably be confusion and delays in getting lamps to work,
doors to open, curtains to come down exactly on time, and props to be in
the right place at the right time. Basic scenery units should be onstage as
soon as possible so that necessary adjustments can be made. Ideally, the
stage should be completely ready three weeks before the performance. The
cast and backstage crews should be working together so that costumes,
makeup, scenery, props, and furniture can be considered simultaneously
from the standpoint of color, light, and form.

A technical run-
through is necessary
to work out the kinks
in the production. In
Noises Off, one actor
helps situate another
actor’s costume.

Producing the Play
367

 Bringing It Together

Director Move through the auditorium, checking sight

lines, acoustics, and total effects.
Take notes to share with cast after final cur-
tain. Involved persons should record director’s
suggestions.

Stage Manager Make stage plot for each scene, showing exact
positions of flats and furniture.
Number all pieces, and appoint stagehands to
place, remove, and store them backstage.

Crews Rehearse to establish the sequence of action so

that changes can be made in seconds. Specific
crew members should always handle the cur-
tain, lights, and props in order to ensure exact
timing.

Lighting Rehearsals are imperative.

Experimentation yields effective results.
Use lighting for rapidly changing effects.
Use lighting to establish mood and time of day.
Light should not leak, reflect, or splash.
Use backstage floodlights to kill shadows.
Make sure no circuits are overloaded.

Props Arrange pictures, props, and household effects to

present a “lived-in” look.
Curtains should be the right color and should
drape well.

▼
Not all details of setting, costume, and makeup will be
CUE ready, but the essentials should be. A technical run-through of
the whole play with changing of available costumes, coordina-
“Eventually? Why not tion of all effects, and possibly curtain calls will help make the
now?” is an excellent dress rehearsals run like performances.
motto for everyone It is easier to attend to the inevitable details before, rather
involved with a play. than on the day of, the performance. As many matters as pos-
sible should be settled before the dress rehearsals. The planning
is worth the effort if it avoids hectic dress rehearsals and a slipshod
performance.
368
Producing the Drama
The award-winning rock opera Evita relies heavily on special effects. The screen must
lower and the film must begin at precisely the right moment.

DRESS REHEARSALS
The final preparations for a performance conclude in a dress rehearsal, an
uninterrupted rehearsal with costumes and props. A dress rehearsal will
feel like a real performance. It is the last chance to smooth out the wrin-
kles of past rehearsals. If possible, two dress rehearsals for a straight play
and three or four for a musical should be held. Sometimes it is beneficial
to invite a small audience to the final dress rehearsal so that the cast can
learn to point lines and hold the action for laughter and applause.
Usually photographs of the cast in various scenes are taken at a dress
rehearsal. The pictures should be taken either before or after the rehearsal
so that the timing of the production and the establishment of moods are
not interrupted.
The final dress rehearsal should begin on time and go straight to the
end without interruption. The cast and crew should be instructed to adjust
whatever is seriously wrong as well as possible while the action continues.
The main consideration is to avoid awkward pauses and the repetition of
lines or action.
Producing the Play
369
 Backstage organization must be efficient. Each person has specific
responsibilities. The chain of command might resemble the following:
Director Final authority—check makeup, costumes, props,
lights, and stage before going out front
Stage Manager Full responsibility for the backstage—check lights
and stage before curtain goes up; see that cast is
ready; get crew members in places; give signals
for lights, curtain, sound effects
Prompter Responsibility for actors’ lines—should not be
interrupted once the curtain is up, must remain
alert every instant the play is in progress and
must be inaudible and invisible to the audience

When the final dress rehearsal is finished, the actors should put away
their makeup, hang their costumes, and leave the dressing rooms in order.
It is the responsibility of each actor to inform the wardrobe crew if cos-
tumes need pressing or mending.
During final rehearsals, some directors sit at the back of the audito-
rium and dictate notes, which are written on separate sheets of paper for
each performer. As these are given out, the director explains the correction
and might ask the actor to run through the line or business. Other direc-
tors prefer to give critiques orally and to have the cast record the com-
ments. Both the cast and the crew should feel encouraged and confident
after a dress rehearsal. If there is continued cooperation, a good dress
rehearsal should ensure a satisfactory performance.

Application
ACTIVITY

Do you think a dress rehearsal is really necessary if the other

rehearsals have gone well? Explain your reasons.

CURTAIN CALLS
Curtain calls—the appearance of a play’s cast in response to the audience’s
applause—should be rehearsed and should never be considered as an add-
on. The last impression that an audience has of a play is of its curtain
call. Therefore, the finishing touch of a good production is a polished cur-
tain call.

370
Producing the Drama

 The form of a curtain call is determined by the director and by the
style of the show. There are simple curtain calls in which the

▼
actors take bows in reverse order according to importance of role.
There are “frozen” curtain calls in which the actors pose in sus- CUE
pended animation. There are also curtain calls in which the
actors line up side by side, take hands and bow as a group. Thrust Every actor, no matter
and arena productions usually require some type of moving or how small the part,
shifting curtain call that allows the actors to take their bows to should participate in
the different sections of the audience. the curtain call in cos-
The director will prepare the cast for a definite number of tume and makeup. This
curtain calls, but the stage manager will determine how many is really the final scene
will be taken at each performance. It is important to keep in mind of the performance.
that curtain calls are largely a matter of time. An audience will
applaud for a certain length of time, depending on the quality of the pro-
duction and the number of characters. A curtain call should be executed
quickly and efficiently. Do not expect or desire standing ovations. The
“everybody on their feet” attitude seen in so many high schools has robbed
many students of the rare thrill of a true standing ovation.

THE GREATS
★★★★★
Nathan Lane and
Matthew Broderick
take curtain calls after
a performance of The
Producers. Lane and
Broderick won acclaim
for their roles in the
Mel Brooks musical.

371


8
CHAPTER

REVIEW
Summary Summarize the chapter by answering the following questions.
and Key 1. Briefly explain the responsibilities of the following: prompter, techni-
Ideas
cal director, stage manager, property chief, business manager, public-
ity manager, house manager.
2. What is the purpose of a master production schedule?
3. Why is the promptbook “the backbone of a production”?
4. Define the following terms: open audition, closed audition, prepared
audition, cold reading, improvisational audition, and textual tryout.
5. What information should be included in a résumé? in a budget?
6. Explain the purposes of each type of rehearsal: blocking, working,
polishing, technical, and dress.
7. Why should curtain calls be rehearsed?

Discussing 1. Considering the production facilities available at your school, discuss

Ideas the kinds of productions that would be most successful for you.
2. Discuss the effect that limited facilities might have on a production.
How can such limitations actually lead to a more successful play?
3. Discuss the role of the director in casting. Why is the director’s abil-
ity to look ahead of crucial importance?

FOCUS ON Collaboration

As a student of drama, you will learn about interpretation. Then comment on the things
your own strengths and weaknesses and that can be improved.
about your effect on others. You will also Evaluating Performances Practice
become a more communicative person. Here your critiquing skills with a group of six
are some tips that will help you get the most classmates. Each of you should prepare and
out of your collaboration with others: perform a short monologue. Then each group
• An actor or technician who wishes to member should critique one other group
improve accepts and seeks constructive member’s performance. Make sure to be
criticism. The intent of any critical com- polite, fair, and impersonal, to begin with
ments should be to improve the perfor- what you liked, and to include helpful sugges-
mance, not to belittle the actors or crew. tions about what to improve.
• When you are given the opportunity to Reflecting After reflecting on the com-
evaluate a fellow actor’s performance, ments you heard, make a list of ways that
first try to find something that deserves actors might benefit from critiques.
praise, such as the voice, animation, or

372
Producing the Drama

 REVIEW WORKSHOP

PRODUCING THE PLAY

INDEPENDENT Follow the sample résumé shown on page 353.

If you wish, the résumé may be about yourself.
ACTIVITY
Help Wanted Ad Your drama club wants to
Writing a Résumé Suppose that in this present Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman.
weekend’s newspaper you read an article Unfortunately, your faculty adviser, who
about your community playhouse doing a pro- would normally act as the director, cannot
duction for children. The play is Cinderella. direct this production. Brainstorm a list of
Choose a character from the play and write a characteristics you would like to find in a
résumé that someone who is interested in director and make a list of qualifications for
playing that part might submit. Based on what the job. Use the lists to write a Help Wanted
you think the requirements of the part are, advertisement for the newspaper aimed at
make up the facts about this potential actor. attracting the ideal person for the position.

Cooperative Promptbook
Learning As a class, choose Across the Math Using the plan-
Activity a play in the CURRICULUM ning form on page 341,
public domain Activity prepare a budget for the
(one no longer under copyright). production of a play
Working in small groups, create a that is in the public domain and therefore has no
promptbook for the first scene or two. royalty payments. Consider the anticipated
Photocopy the first five pages of the income from all sources, such as ticket sales,
play, and paste them onto larger pieces patrons or sponsors, program advertising, and spe-
of paper (to provide wide margins). One cial school funds, against all anticipated expenses,
person should be in charge of markings including advertising, printing, and purchase or
for stage directions; another for pauses, rental of equipment, costumes, and properties.
phrasing, and emphasis; another for Present your budget to the class. If the anticipated
actors’ movements across the stage; and income falls short of the anticipated expenses,
another for lighting, sound effects, and what adjustments can you and your classmates
curtain notations. Compare your com- make to balance the budget without impairing the
pleted promptbook with that of another production?
group, and add any kinds of notations
you may have missed.