Essentials of Management | USMAN SAEED
MANAGER:
Person who coordinates & monitors others work;
To increase efficiency & effectiveness and
To achieve organizational goals
Efficiency:
Getting maximum OUTPUT by utilizing minimum INPUT (Resources).
We can improve efficiency by repeating nature of any work
Effectiveness:
Doing the right things so that it contributes in achieving goals
GOALS:
Two types of goals
Individual goals: Based on skills & abilities of person.
Organizational Goals: Based on Vison & Mission of Organization.
VISON: A statement that describes what an organization is aiming to be in future.
Mission: A statement what an organization is currently doing to achieve its mission.
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGES:
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Leading
5. Controlling /Monitoring
Planning: Making plans & strategies to achieve goals.
Organizing: Allocation of resources assigning duties
Staffing: All the process and step from recruitment to retirement is called staffing
Leading: Include Motivation of sub ordinates
Controlling: supervise and monitor, evaluation of working as per standard.
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Essentials of Management | USMAN SAEED
Management is a process in which manager performs functions of planning, organizing, leading,
staffing and controlling.
LEVELS OF MANAGERS:
1. First-line (frontline) managers
Managers at the lowest level of management who manage the work of non-managerial
employees
2. Middle managers
Managers between the lowest level and top levels of the organization who manage the work of
first-line managers
3. Top managers
Managers at or near the upper levels of the organization structure who are responsible for making
organization-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire organization
CHALLENGES OF MANAGER:
Technological view:
Globalization:
Demographical:
HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT:
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Essentials of Management | USMAN SAEED
CLASSICAL APPROACH, emphasized rationality and making organizations and workers as efficient
as possible.
Two major theories compose the classical approach:
scientific management ( Henri Fayol)
general administrative theory.
Scientific management:
An approach that involves using the scientific method to find the “one best way” for a job to be
done
Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work to replace the old rule-of-
thumb method.
Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.
Heartily cooperate with the workers to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the
principles of the science that has been developed. (Create Cooperation among
employees)
Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers.
Management does all work for which it is better suited than the workers.
General administrative theory:
1. Division of work. Specialization increases OUTPUT by making employees more efficient.
2. Authority. Managers must be able to give ORDERS, and authority gives them this right.
3. Discipline. There must be proper IMPLEMENTATION of RULES
4. Unity of command. Every employee should receive orders from only ONE SUPERIOR.
5. Unity of direction. The organization should have a SINGLE PLAN of action to guide
managers and workers.
6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest. As per this concept
INTEREST of organizations should be preferred against interest of INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYEE
7. Remuneration. Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
8. Centralization. This term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in
DECISION MAKING. (High level of involvement called decentralization)
9. Scalar chain. The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks is the
scalar chain. (if someone get out of chain people get over burden)
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Essentials of Management | USMAN SAEED
10. Order. People and materials should be in the right place at the right time. (JIT (just in
time Approach –old (make good relations with suppliers), JIT-2 approach (make suppliers
your partner)).
11. Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates. (Justice)
12. Stability of tenure of personnel. Management should provide orderly personnel
planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
13. Initiative. Employees allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of
effort. (Take initiatives for your juniors)
14. Esprit de corps. (To promote Team Work) Promoting team spirit will build harmony
and unity within the organization.
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH:
TQM – Total Quality Management:
A management philosophy that is driven by continuous improvement as per need of customers.
Factors which increase QUALITY OF WORK
1. Continuous improvement
2. Intense focus on customers
3. Improve the quality of everything that organization does.
4. Accurate measures
5. Empower the employees
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