ISKO –Syllabus

ISKO

No. of Marks per

CLASS Topic/ Section Marks
questions Question

Sports Quest 15 1 15

Olympics 5 1 5
1 to 4 
General Awareness 10 1 10

Achievers Section 5 2 10

  TOTAL 35   40

No. of Marks per

CLASS Topic/ Section Marks
questions Question

Sports Quest 25 1 25

Olympics 5 1 5
5 to 10
General Awareness 15 1 15

Achievers Section 5 3 15

  TOTAL 50   60

 
Section 1-

 Playing fields, Rules and equipments of different sports

including adventure sports
 Famous sports tournaments,
 History of sports,
 Awards and recognitions,
 Healthy diet and exercises for sports fitness,
 Yoga and aerobics.

Section 2-

 Questions related to Olympics 2016 and Olympics history.

Section 3 –

 Plants and animals,

 Universe,
 Our country and the world around,
 Different kinds of professions,
 Great personalities,
 Important inventions and discoveries,
 Math’s fun,
 Science and technology,
 Language and literature,
 Our environment and its conservation,
 Current affairs.

Section 4-

Higher order thinking questions- Syllabus as per Section 1, 2 and 3.

 Playing fields, Rules and equipment’s of
different sports including adventure sports

******

1. Cricket:-

Welcome to the greatest game of all – Cricket. This site will help explain
to an absolute beginner some of the basic rules of cricket.

Although there are many more rules in cricket than in many other
sports, it is well worth your time learning them as it is a most rewarding
sport.

Whether you are looking to play in the backyard with a mate or join a
club Cricket-Rules will help you learn the basics and begin to enjoy one
of the most popular sports in the world.

The game is ever popular, with many fans attending to watch their local
and national teams, the craze is always growing. With a number of big
tournaments like The Ashes, IPL League and the granddaddy of them
all, the ICC World Cup Cricket! The game of cricket being highly
popular, the number of fans betting on their national and local teams is
also growing. Cricket is a game played with a bat and ball on a large
field, known as a ground, between two teams of 11 players each.

The object of the game is to score runs when at bat and to put out, or
dismiss, the opposing batsmen when in the field. The cricket rules
displayed on this page here are for the traditional form of cricket which
is called “Test Cricket”.

However there are other formats of the game eg. 50 over matches,
Twenty20 Cricket etc where the rules differ slightly.
Fielding positions in cricket for a right-handed batsman

A typical cricket field

Player: Official Cricket Rules
Cricket is a game played between two teams made up of eleven players
each. There is also a reserve player called a “twelfth man” who is used
should a player be injured during play.

The twelfth man is not allowed to bowl, bat, wicket keep or captain the
team. His sole duty is to act as a substitute fielder.

The original player is free to return to the game as soon as they have
recovered from their injury.

To apply the law and make sure the cricket rules are upheld throughout
the game there are two umpires in place during games. Umpires are
responsible for making decisions and notifying the scorers of these
decisions.

Two umpires are in place on the playing field while there is also a third
umpire off the field who is in charge of video decisions.

This is where the call is too close for the on field umpires and they refer
it to the third umpire who reviews slow motion video replays to make a
decision.

Game Structure
Test cricket is a game that spans over two innings. This means that one
team needs to bowl the other team out twice and score more runs then
them to win the match. Another key difference between test cricket and
other forms of cricket is the length of the innings. In test cricket there is
no limit to the innings length. Whereas in one day cricket & Twenty20
cricket there are a certain amount of overs per innings. The only limits in
test cricket is a 5 day length. Before the game begins an official will toss
a coin. The captain who guesses the correct side of the coin will then
choose if they want to bat or field first. One team will then bat while the
other will bowl & field. The aim of the batting team is to score runs
while the aim of the fielding team is to bowl ten people out and close the
batting teams’ innings. Although there are eleven people in each team
only ten people need to be bowled out as you cannot have one person
batting alone. Batting is done in pairs.

Once the first team has been bowled out the second team would then go
into bat. Once the second team is then bowled out it would normally
return to the first team batting again. However there is an exception to
this in the cricket rules, it is called the follow-on. The follow-on is when
the first team makes at least 200 runs more than the second team made
(in a 5 day test match). This then gives the first team the option to make
the second team bat again. This is particularly useful if the game is
progressing slowly or affected by bad weather and there might not be
enough time for both teams to play a full innings. Should this be the case
the batting team’s captain also has the right to forfeit their innings at any
time. This is called a declaration. Some may wonder why a captain
would forfeit the opportunity for his team to bat. However if the game is
coming close to a close and it looks like they will not be able to bowl the
other team out again this could be an option. If one team is not bowled
out twice and a winner determined in the five days of play the game is
declared a draw. Therefore it may be worth declaring an innings to creat
the possibility of a win rather than a draw.

Ways to score runs

The aim of the batsmen is to score runs. One of the main cricket rules is
that for batsmen to score runs they must run to each other’s end of the
pitch (from one end to the other). In doing this one run is scored. Cricket
rules state they may run multiple runs per shot. As well as running they
can also score runs by hitting boundaries. A boundary scores the
batsmen either 4 or 6 runs. A four is scored by hitting the ball past the
boundary after hitting the ground while a six is scored by hitting the ball
past the boundary on the full (before it hits the ground). Cricket rules
also state that once a 4 or 6 has been scored any runs physically ran by
the batsman are null & void. They will only obtain the 4 or 6 runs.

Other ways runs can be scored according to the cricket rules include no
balls, wide balls, byes & leg byes. Cricket rules state that all runs scored
by these methods are awarded to the batting team but not the individual
batters.

 A “No Ball” can be declared for many reasons: If the bowler bowls
the ball from the wrong place, the ball is declared dangerous (often
happens when bowled at the batsmen’s body on the full), bounces
more than twice or rolls before reaching the batsman or if fielders are
standing in illegal positions. The batsman can hit a no ball and score
runs off it but cannot be out from a no ball except if they are ran out,
 hit the ball twice, handle the ball or obstruct the field. The batsman
gains any runs scored off the no ball for his shot while the team also
gains one run for the no ball itself.
 A “Wide Ball” will be declared if the umpire thinks the batsman
did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the delivery.
However if the delivery is bowled over the batsmen’s head it will not
be declared a wide but a no ball. Umpires are much stricter on wide
deliveries in the shorter format of the game while being much more
relaxed in test cricket. A wide delivery will add one run to the batting
team and any runs scored by the batsman. The batsman is not able to
get out off a wide delivery except if they are stumped, run out,
handle the ball, hit their wicket or obstruct the field.
 A “Bye” is where a ball that isn’t a no ball or wide passes the
striking batsman and runs are scored without the batsman hitting the
ball.
 A “Leg Bye” is where runs are scored by hitting the batsman, but
not the bat and the ball is not a no ball or wide. However no runs can
be scored if the striking batsman didn’t attempt to play a shot or if he
was avoiding the ball.
Ways Batsmen can be given out according to cricket rules
There are a number of different ways a batsman can be given out in the
game of cricket. When a bowler gets a batsman out it is said that the
bowler gets a “wicket”. Following are the different ways a batsman can
be given out according to the rules of cricket:

 Bowled – Cricket rules state that if the ball is bowled and hits the
striking batsman’s wickets the batsman is given out (as long as at
least one bail is removed by the ball). It does not matter whether the
ball has touched the batsman’s bat, gloves, body or any other part of
the batsman. However the ball is not allowed to have touched
another player or umpire before hitting the wickets.
 Caught – Cricket rules state that if a batsman hits the ball or
touches the ball at all with his bat or hand/glove holding the bat then
the batsman can be caught out. This is done by the fielders, wicket
keeper or bowler catching the ball on the full (before it bounces). If
this is done then cricket rules state the batsman is out.
 Leg Before Wicket (LBW) – If the ball is bowled and it hits the
batsman first without the bat hitting it then an LBW decision is
 possible. However for the umpire to give this out he must first look at
some of the factors stated in the cricket rules. The first thing the
umpire need to decide is would the ball have hit the wickets if the
batsman was not there. If his answer to this is yes and the ball was
not pitched on the leg side of the wicket he can safely give the
batsman out. However if the ball hits the batsman outside the line of
off stump while he was attempting to play a stroke then he is not out.
 Stumped – A batsman can be given out according to cricket rules
when the wicketkeeper puts down his wicket while he is out of his
crease and not attempting a run (if he is attempting a run it would be
a runout).
 Run Out - Cricket rules state that a batsman is out if no part of his
bat or body is grounded behind the popping crease while the ball is
in play and the wicket is fairly put down by the fielding side.
 Hit Wicket – Cricket rules specify that if a batsman hits his wicket
down with his bat or body after the bowler has entered his delivery
stried and the ball is in play then he is out. The striking batsman is
also out if he hits his wicket down while setting off for his first run.
 Handled The Ball – Cricket rules allow the batsman to be given
out if he willingly handles the ball with the hand that is not touching
the bat without the consent of the opposition.
 Timed Out – An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball or
be at the non strikers end with his partner within three minutes of the
outgoing batsman being dismissed. If this is not done the incoming
batsman can be given out.
 Hit The Ball Twice – Cricket rules state that if a batsman hits a
ball twice other than for the purpose of protecting his wicket or with
consent from the opposition he is out.
 Obstructing The Field – A batsman is out if he willingly obstructs
the opposition by word or action
There are many other cricket rules. However these are most of the basics
and will get you well on your way to playing the game. Many of the
more advanced rules & laws can be learned along the way and are not
vital to general play.

2. Rules of Badminton:-
Here are just some basic rules for the sport of badminton.

Toss

o The winner of the toss can elect to serve or receive in the first
game, or to choose to play at a particular end of the court. The
loser of the toss makes the remaining choice.

Basic Aim

o You win a rally if you hit the shuttle over the net and onto the
floor of the opposing side's court.
o You lose the rally if you hit the shuttle into the net, or over the net
but outside of the opposing side's court. You also lose the rally if,
for example, the shuttle touches you or your clothing, or if you hit
it before it crosses the net.

Serving

The service courts are slightly different for singles and doubles. A
shuttle on the line is "in". The server and receiver stand in the
diagonally opposite service courts (always right hand at the start
of the game) but after the serve players may move anywhere on
their side of the net. The server must obey laws designed to force
underhand delivery of the serve, and the receiver must stand still
until the service is struck.
Scoring

o Matches comprise of the best of three games. Each game starts at 0-

0 (called "love-all"). If the serving side wins a rally, it scores a
point, and serves again but from the alternate service court. If the
receiving side wins the rally, the score remains unchanged and the
service passes to the next player in turn. In singles, this is the
opponent: in double it's either the partner or, if both players have
just had a turn of serving, one of the opponents.
o In men's singles and doubles events, 15 points wins a game.
However, if the score reaches 14-14, the side which first reached 14
can choose either to play to 15, or to set the game to 17 points. The
final score will reflect the sum of the points won before setting
plus the points gained in setting.
o Scoring in women's singles is slightly different - 11 points wins a
game and there is the option to set to 13 points at 10-10.

Breaks
 o Players change ends at the end of a game and when the leading
score reaches 11 in a game of 21points (or 6 in a game of 11 points)
in the third game. A five-minute interval is allowed prior to any
third game.

Badminton Equipment’s

Grip (badminton), Racket (sports equipment), Shuttlecock, Stringing

machine

3. Football Basic Rules

Here are some basic rules for the sport of Football, also known as soccer in many parts of the world,
which is undoubtedly the world's most popular sport.

A football match is played by two teams, with each allowed no more

than 11 players on the field at any one time, one of whom is a
goalkeeper.
A match is played in two 45 minute halves.

The game begins with the toss of a coin, and the winning captain
decides which goal to defend or to take the first kick off.

All players must use their feet head or chest to play the ball. Only the
goalkeeper is allowed to use their hands, and only within their
designated goal area.

The aim of the game is to score a goal, which is achieved by kicking or

heading the ball into the opposition team's goal.

If the ball touches or crosses the side line, it is thrown back in by the
team that was not the last to touch the ball.

The game is controlled by a central referee, and two linesmen. They

award free kicks and penalties when rules are broken. For continual
breaking of rules or for a bad foul, the player may be sent off.

4. Basketball Basics

Here are some basic rules and playing conditions for the standard game
of basketball.

 Basketball is a fast, non-contact sport, usually played indoors

on a court
 There are five players from each team on the court at any one
time, with up to five substitutes sitting on the side line.
 The game begins with the ball being thrown up by the referee.
Two players, standing in the center circle, jump for it and try to
tap it to one of their team mates.
 Players pass the ball to one another, or run with the ball while
bouncing it on the ground.
 The aim of the game is to throw the ball through the hoop.
  Two points are awarded for each successful throw, except for
throws from outside the three point line (3 points), or for
penalty free throws (one point).

 No holding, tripping, hitting or pushing is allowed. Referees

control the game. If a player commits more than five fouls, they
are sent off the court for the remainder of the game.
 The ball is round with a circumference of 75-78 cm, and weighs
600-650 grams.

5. Hockey Rule

 The Ball can only be hit with the flat side of the stick.

 The left hand should always be above the right when dribbling,
shooting or passing. Do not hold the stick cross-handed.
 There are no left-handed sticks. Left handers need not worry as the
strong left arm on top will work to your advantage.

 The ball is pushed or flicked with the hands apart and the knees
bent (like an ice-hockey wrist shot). The ball is hit with two hands
placed together (left on top, right below) on the upper part of the
stick (like a golf club or baseball bat). The emphasis is on pushing,
not hitting

 The ball cannot be played with either the feet or the hand. At
under 12 level, only intentional "feet" are called.

 The ball can be dribbled by running with it on the end of the stick
("straight dribble"), or rotating the stick over the ball ("Indian
Dribble").

 Hockey sticks are made of dense mulberry wood and/or

aluminum and fiberglass. Sticks should be kept well below
shoulder height at all times - penalised at U.12/14.

 Sticks cannot be used to hit other players and should not be swung
dangerously.

 There is no body checking in field hockey, and no stick-checking.

 The ball may not be raised or lifted into another player.

 There is no off-side rule.

 The goalie has equipment similar to an ice-hockey goalie, and can

use his feet and body to stop the ball, though he cannot fall on the
ball or hold on to the ball.

 Obstruction. A player cannot obstruct if he is stationary, no matter

which way he is facing; he must move into a position to obstruct
and the obstructed player must be actively trying to play the ball.
A player can turn away from a tackler so long as the ball is held in
front, and the player moves away from the tackler.
 Ball off back line: last touched by attacker, 16 yd. hit to defender;
last touched by defender, corner to attackers - hit in 5 yds along
side line from end line. Balls raised into circle, especially from
corners, are usually considered dangerous.

 All free hits within 5yds of circle - everyone must be 5 yds away.

 Ball hit off back line intentionally by defender or goalie - penalty

corner.

 Accidental infraction by defender in circle or intentional infraction inside

25 yd line - penalty corner.

 Penalty corner: five defenders behind goal line; ball pushed out by
attacker from point 10 yds from post (any side), defenders can run
out after ball; ball must move outside the circle and then go back
inside before a shot taken. If shot is HIT it must be not be higher
than backboard (18") - if flicked it can be higher. 

 Intentional infraction in circle or unintentional infraction

preventing a sure goal, penalty stoke.

 Penalty stroke: time out, all players behind 25 yd line except goalie
and hitter. Goalie stationary with heels on line. When umpire sees
both goalie and hitter are 'ready’ -  blows whistle. Hitter must start
 behind ball and must then push or flick ball - not hit. Goalie saves
or ball misses net - 16 yd hit.

Skills: field hockey is a game of possession, elimination and tackling.

You should concentrate on these simple aspects of the game. Practice

until you have mastered them.

 Possession skills: be able to maintain possession both individually

and in pairs.

 Elimination skills: be able to take on an opponent one-on-one.

 Tackling skills: don’t rush in - hold the stick in the left hand and
back up until an opportunity to disposes arises. Channel your
opponent to the sides. 

6. Baseball Basics

For those who are not familiar with the game of baseball, here is a basic
description of the game.

Baseball is played on a diamond-shaped field, with a base at each

corner. Each team is made up of nine players. One team bats while the
other fields.

The pitcher stands on the pitcher's mound, and throws the ball to the
batter, who is standing at the home plate. The batter attempts to hit the
ball to a part of the field where the fielders cannot reach it. After hitting
the ball, the batter then runs to first base, then on to second, third and
home, or as many as he can reach before the fielder returns the ball. If
the batter reaches all bases and back home, he scores a run. If he reaches
a base, and cannot continue as the ball has been returned, he can safely
stay at the base and continue his run when the next batter comes to bat.

A batter is out if the fielder touches first base with the ball before the
batter reaches it, or if the fielder touches the batter with the ball between
bases, or if the fielder catches the ball before it lands. The batter is also
out if he swings and misses three times, which is called a strike out.

When three players are out, the team's innings is over, and the opposing
team has a turn at bating. There are nine innings in a game. The team to
score the most runs wins the game.

7. Golf Rule:-

The he aim of golf is simple: hit a small ball

into a hole with the fewest possible shots, 18
times.
Unlike other sports, a golfer's real enemy is
never his or her opponent but him/herself and
more importantly, his or her surroundings. Find out about
That is one reason why the game has managed variations of golf
to keep a sense of sportsmanship at its heart -
because even at the highest level golfers are united in their battle against
the course as much as each other.
If you're new to the sport, either as a player or spectator, our guide to
the basics will provide an insight into what it's all about.
THE COURSE
A standard golf course is made up of 18 holes.
That is just about the only thing all golf courses have in common.
The first shot on each hole is played from a
teeing area (known as a tee) with the ball
usually being placed on a plastic or wooden
peg (also known as a tee).
The rest of the hole consists of a mixture of
long grass called rough or a closely-mown
stretch of grass known as the fairway which
leads to the green, where the hole is. Every golf course is
As well as rough, there may be other hazards unique
to contend with such as bunkers and streams.
A flagstick sits in the hole to show the target - usually with yellow flags
on the first nine holes and red on the second nine.
Most courses are around 6,000 yards long and take between three and
four hours to play 18 holes, which involves walking about five miles.
SCORING
Golf scoring terms
In basic terms your score on a golf course is Albatross: Three shots
made up of the number of shots you take, plus less than par
any penalties you may incur. Eagle: Two shots less
So if you take 90 shots to go around a course Birdie: One shot less
and your friend takes 92, you are the winner. Bogey: One shot more
Scoring centres around the "par" for the Double bogey: Two
course. shots more
This is the number of shots that it takes a top Triple bogey: Three
golfer to go around, usually between 70 and shots more Contd....
72.
And each hole has a par according to its length and difficulty. A par-
three hole lets you have three shots.
Let's say you score 92 on a par 72 course. Your score will be 20 over par.
Similarly if you score five on a par-four
More on scoring
hole, you will be one over par for the hole.
In addition golf allows you to play against better players by giving you
extra shots, almost like a head start.
This is called handicapping.
More on handicapping
RULES
There are many rules that apply to golf but unlike many other sports,
unless it is a tournament, there is no need for a referee or umpire.
Players must know the rules themselves, be honest about the number of
shots they take and play the ball as it lies.
Moving or interfering with the ball is a big no-no, although there are
some exceptions.
If you lose your ball or hit it in a lake then you will have to add strokes
to your score before you can play on.
But generally common sense prevails.
ETIQUETTE
The great American golfer Bobby Jones said:
"In golf, the customs and etiquette and
decorum are as important as the rules of play."
The host of dos and don'ts can seem petty,
especially at the more elitist clubs.
But this code of conduct has allowed golf to
retain its sporting values despite becoming a
multi-million pound global industry. Be sure to replace those
At its heart are two principles - respect for the divots
course and respect for fellow golfers.
Examples include not talking during a player's swing, not walking on
the line of their putt on the green, raking bunkers, repairing pitch marks
and replacing divots.

Golf Equipment’s: -

Ball washer, Electric golf trolley’ Golf ball, Golf ball retriever, Golf
cart, Golf GPS rangefinder, Golf mirror, Plus fours, Polara Golf,

Rankmark, Solar golf cart, Stimpmeter, Tee, Water hog

 History of sports

Most sports of today only developed in their current form in the 19th
and 20th century, though many take their origins from more primitive
sports and pastimes of ancient time. Although it is impossible to know
for sure, it is usually considered that wrestling and boxing were the first
sports every played. At the first recorded ancient Olympic Games in 760
BC, there was only one event, a footrace. Later Games included other
events such as wrestling, boxing, equestrian, discus, javelin, and
jumping.

Badminton:-

 A badminton-like game was known in ancient Greece and Egypt -

a game called battledore and shuttlecock - in which two players hit
a feathered shuttlecock back and forth with tiny rackets.
 The game was played in India during the 18th Century, at which
time it was called "Poona" .
 In the 1860s it was adopted by British Army officers stationed in
India. The officers took the game back to England, where it became
 a success at a party given by the Duke of Beaufort in 1873 at his
estate called "Badminton" in Gloucestershire.
 A variation of Badminton which has been developed only recently,
Speed Badminton or Speedminton, is played without a net, and is
gaining popularity, especially in Germany.

Soccer (Football):-

 The most popular sport played around the world today,

Association football (soccer), has its origins from China (see Soccer
History). There is evidence in China that military forces around
2nd and 3rd century BC (Han Dynasty) played a game, originally
named "Tsu Chu", that involved kicking a leather ball stuffed with
fur into a small hole. Like Soccer, no hands were permitted during
the play of the game
 The Japanese version of 'soccer' was called Kemari, a game much
like modern hackysacks, played with two to twelve players, and
played a larger ball stuffed with sawdust. There was also a field
designated by four trees (cherry, maple, pine and willow).
 1904-Establishment of FIFA by delegates from France, Belgium,
Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland at a
meeting in Paris on the 21st of May.
 1900 Soccer played at the Olympic Games for the first time
 In 1930, The Federation Internationale de Football Association
(FIFA) held soccer's first World Cup tournament in Montevideo,
Uruguay, with 13 teams.
 The inaugural Women's World Cup in 1991 in China was won by
the United States

Golf

 Golf originates from a game played on the coast of Scotland

during the 15th century. At that time players would hit a pebble
instead of a ball around the sand dunes using a stick or club. You
may also be interested in the history of the golf ball and golf clubs
 1618 -The feather golf ball or 'Featherie' was introduced
  1905-The first time a dimple pattern was applied to a golf ball
 1939- the maximum of 14 clubs in a bag rule was introduced

Cricket

 1844 - The first ever international cricket game, played between the
USA and Canada in in New York.

 1877 - The first Test match began on 15 March, between England

and Australia.

 1900 - cricket was played at the Paris Olympic Games, won by a

Brtiish team.

 1971 - The first limited-over international match took place at

Melbourne Cricket Ground.

 1973 - the first Women's Cricket World Cup was held in England
 1975 - the first Cricket World Cup was played in England
 2005 - The first men's Twenty20 international was between
Australia and New Zealand

 2007 - The inaugural ICC World Twenty20 was played in South

Africa

History of the Modern Olympics

 The first recorded ancient Olympic Games were held in 776 BC,
held in Olympia, Greece (read more about the Ancient Olympic
Games). The Ancient Olympics continues every four year,
finishing about 394 AD.
 In modern times, the 'Wenlock Games', officially called the
Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games, dates from 1850, and
 was a forerunner of the modern Olympic Games which did not
start until almost 50 years later. The 'Wenlock Games are still held
annually in the Shropshire village of Much Wenlock, England. In
honor of this, one of the Olympic mascots for the London 2012
Summer Olympics was named Wenlock.
 In 1894, a French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin, proposed a
revival of the ancient tradition, and thus the modern-day Olympic
Summer Games were born.

 Because of World War I and World War II, there were no Olympic
Games in 1916, 1940, or 1944.

 Women first competed at the 1900 Paris Games

 Because of World War I and World War II, there were no Olympic
Games in 1916, 1940, or 1944.
 Famous Cups and Tournaments for Various Sports

This is a list of the association football competitions past and present for
international teams and for club football, in individual countries and
internationally. Confirmed future competitions, such as the 4
Associations’ Tournament, are also included.
The competitions are grouped by organising authority: the FIFA
(international association), the six confederations (continental
associations) and the federations (national associations).
Air Racing
Jawaharlal Challenge Trophy, King’s Cup, World Cup, Schneider Cup

Archery
Federation Cup

Athletics
Charminar Trophy, Federation Cup, World Cup, Olympics,

Badminton
Agarwal Cup, Amrit Diwan Cup, Asia Cup, Austrelasia Cup, Chadha
Cup, European Cup, Harilela Cup, Ibrahim Rahimatollah Challenge
Cup, Indian Badminton League (IBL),Konica Cup, Narng cup, Sophia
Kitiakara Cup, Konica Cup, S. R. Ruia Cup, Thomas Cup, Tunku
Abdul Rahman Cup, Uber Cup, World Cup, Yonex Cup.

Baseball

World Baseball Classic The World Baseball Classic is an international

baseball tournament for national baseball teams from around the world,
sanctioned by the IBAF and includes Major League Baseball players
playing for their home country. It is held every four years (next in 2013).
This event was (sort of) preceded by the baseball World Cup

Baseball World Series The so-called World Series is only played by

teams of the USA, though elite players from around the world play in
the US, and the World Series would be considered a major event for
baseball fans all around the world
Basketball
Basalat Jha Trophy, B. C. Gupta Trophy, Federation Cup, S. M.
Arjuna Raja trophy, Todd Memorial Trophy, William Jones Cup,
Bangalore Blues Challenge Cup, Nehru Cup, Federation Cup etc.
Billiards
Arthur Walker Trophy, Thomas Cup.
Boat Rowing
American Cup (Yacht racing), Wellington Trophy (India).

Boxing
Aspy Adjahia Trophy, federation Cup, Vali Baker Trophy.
Bridge
Basalat Jha Trophy, Holkar Trophy, Ruia Gold Cup, Singhania
Trophy.
Chess
Naidu Trophy, Khaitan Trophy, Limca Trophy, Linares City Trophy,
World Cup.
Cricket
Anthony D’Mellow Trophy, Ashes, Asia Cup, Benson and Hedges
Cup, Bose Trophy, Champions Trophy, Charminar Challenge Cup, C.
K. Nayudu Trophy, Cooch-Behar Trophy, Deodhar Trophy, Duleep
Trophy, Gavaskar-Border Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Gavaskar-Border
Trophy, G. D. Birla Trophy, Gillette Cup, Ghulam Ahmad Trophy,
Hakumat Rai Trophy, ICC World Cup, Indian Premier League (IPL),
Interface Cup, Irani Trophy, Jawaharlal Nehru Cup, Lombard World
Challenge Cup, McDowells Challenge Cup, Merchant Trophy, Moin-
ud-Dowla Cup, NatWest Trophy, Prudential Cup (World Cup), Rani
Jhansi Trophy, Ranji Trophy, Rohinton Baria Trophy, Rothmans Cup,
Sahara Cup, Sharjah Cup, Sheesh Mahal Trophy, Sheffield Shield,
Singer Cup, Sir Frank Worrel Trophy, Texaco Cup, Titan Cup, Vijay
Hazare Trophy, Vijay Merchant Trophy, Vizzy Trophy, Wisden
Trophy, Wills Trophy, World Series Cup.

Cycling

UCI World Championships (Track Cycling and Road) Winners of

this event are considered the World Cycling Champion for which they
receive the right to wear the Rainbow Jersey for a full year in the
respective discipline they are world champion
Tour de France The Tour de France is an annual multiple stage bicycle
race primarily held in France,

Football
African Nations Cup, Airlines Cup, America Cup, Asia Cup, Asian
Women’s Cup, Bandodkar Trophy, B. C. Roy Trophy, Begum Hazrat
Mahal Cup, Bicentennial Gold Cup, BILT Cup, Bordoloi Trophy,
Colombo Cup, Confederations Cup, DCM Cup, Durand Cup,
European Cup, FA Cup, Federation Cup, G. V. Raja Memorial
Trophy, gold Cup, Governor’s Cup, Greek Cup, Great Wall Cup, IFA
Shield, Independence Day Cup, Indira Gandhi Trophy, Inter-
Continental Cup, Jawaharlal Nehru Gold Cup, Kalinga Cup, Kings
Cup, Kirin Cup, Lal Bahadur Shastri Trophy, McDowell Cup,
Merdeka Cup, Nagjee Trophy, Naidunia Trophy, Nations Cup, NFL
Trophy, Nehru Gold Cup, Nizam Gold Cup, Raghbir Singh Memorial
Cup, Rajiv Gandhi Trophy, Rovers Cup, Sanjay Gold Cup, Santosh
Trophy, Scissors Cup, Sir Ashutohs Mukherjee Trophy, Stafford Cup,
Subroto Cup, Supercup Trophy, Todd Memorial Trophy, UEFA Cup,
US Cup, Vittal Trophy, Winner’s Cup, World Cup.
 

Golf
Canada Cup, Eisenhower Trophy, Muthiah Gold Cup, Nomura
Trophy, President’s Trophy, Prince of Wales Cup, Ryder Cup,
Solheim Cup, Topolino Trophy, Walker Cup, US PGA, Masters, US
Open

 Ryder Cup- Annual tournament between teams from USA v

Europe. The event is contested every two years, the venue alternating
between courses in the US and Europe (usually UK)

Hockey
Aga Khan Cup, Begam Rasul Trophy (women’s), Maharaja Ranjit
Singh Gold Cup, Lady Ratan Tata Trophy (women’s), Gurunanak
Championship (women’s), Dhyanchand Trophy, Nehru Trophy,
Sindhia Gold Cup, Murugappa Gold Cup, Wellington Cup
Shooting
North Wales Cup, Welsh Grand Pix
 
Table Tennis
Berna Bellack Cup (men), Corbillion Cup (women), Jai Laxmi Cup
(women), Rajkumari Challenge Cup (women junior), Ramanuja
Trophy (men junior), Travancore Cup (women), Swathling Cup
(men)
Volleyball
Centennial Cup, Federation Cup, Indira Pradhan Trophy, Shivanthi
Gold Cup.

Awards and recognitions In Sports

• Sports Ministry of India offers the sports awards for those players
who have performed well in the field of sport. The main aim of sports
wards is to enhance the player's spirit and recognize their notable
achievements in their field of sports.
• Most of the sports awards annually presented on 29th August,
which is also known as the National Sports Day in India as it is the birth
date of legendary hockey player Dhyan Chand. At the Rashtrapati
Bhavan, the President of India gives away sports awards. However;
some of the notable sports awards are:-

i. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna: The highest sports award in India.

ii. Arjuna Awards: Given to best sportsperson in each sport every

year.

iii. Dronacharya Awards: Given to best sports coach.

iv. Dhyan Chand Awards: Highest award in the field of sports for
lifetime achievement.

v. Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar: Given to organizations and

individuals (except sportsperson and coaches) who have contributed for
the development of sports in India.

vi. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Award: Given to the universities for
best performance in sports.

vii. Tenzing Norgay Adventure Award: Given to individuals for

excelling in adventure activities on sea, land and air.

Yoga

Being a beginner isn’t easy but my first yoga class was enough to make
me a regular on the mat.  Half an hour into the session, I’d fallen four of
times, felt sweaty and had almost made up my mind - not to give in.
Every pose made me challenge my physical endurance and flexibility
and I seemed to enjoy that, albeit gradually.
While I moved through a progression of poses, from Surya Namaskar to
Naukasana, all muscles in my body were engaged. Working my limbs,
shoulders stretched, twisting my torso. I juggled between maintaining
postures and attempting to breathe the right way. I had already dreamt
of the hot bath or oil massage that I’ll head for but there was no need to.
I felt light, relaxed and a sense of relief took over.

Some will tell you that yoga is too slow and boring instead it is an
intense and holistic exercise. This ancient form of fitness with roots in
India focuses on developing balance,strength and flexibility. Don’t let
anyone misguide you as these are all consequences of practicing yoga
and not prerequisites. No one expects you to master the poses on the
very first day. Yoga is all about pushing past your body's limits over
time. To begin, it’s helpful to keep the following things in mind,
suggests Zubin Atré, founder of AtréYoga Studio in New Delhi.
 

 If you have a history of a chronic disease or are recovering from an

injury, consult your physician before commencing. Let your yoga
teacher know of any injuries or pains.

 Do what you easily can. There is no competition. You are expected

to move at your own pace. Listen to your body and do not push
yourself.

 Many benefits of the yoga practice will unfold progressively. Be

regular in your practice and don't give up because you can't touch
your toes in the first go.

 Don't get discouraged by the initial lack of flexibility or strength, it

improves over time. Be patient and give your body the time to
respond.

 Focus on the breath, right from the beginning.

  Understand that every body is unique. Everyone has different
levels of strength, stamina, and flexibility. Your lifestyle and goals
may also vary. Find a style of yogathat suits your needs.

Your yoga practice can do much more than lend muscle power
and reduce stress. A study conducted at University of Illinois indicates
that short 20-minute sessions of yoga can help your brain work better
and keep your mind focused. A lot depends on the kind of poses you
perform – some of them are energizing like back bends while forward
bends have a calming effect. Standing poses build stamina and
balancing poses cultivate concentration. Twists will help you detoxify
the body and release tension. If you’re new to yoga, start with these
basic asanas.

“Each pose can be held for 3 to 5 long breaths. You can practice these
twice a week and gradually make it a part of your daily routine,”
recommeds Zubin.

1. Tadasana (Mountain Pose)

This pose teaches one to stand with majestic steadiness like a mountain.
The word ‘Tada’ means a mountain, that’s where the name comes from.
It involves the major groups of muscles and improves focus and
concentration. It is the starting position for all the other poses.

Stand with your heels slightly apart and hang your arms besides the
torso. Gently lift and spread your toes and the balls of your feet, then lay
them softly down on the floor. Balance your body weight on your feet.
Lift your ankles and firm your thigh muscles while rotating them
inwards. As you inhale, elongate your torso and when you exhale
release your shoulder blades away from your head. Broaden your
collarbone and elongate your neck. Your ears, shoulders, hips and
ankles should all be in one line. You can check your alignment by
standing against the wall initially. You can even raise your hands and
stretch them. Breathe easy.
  

2. Vrikshasana (Tree Pose)

This pose gives you a sense of grounding. It improves your balance and
strengthens your legs and back. It replicates the steady stance of a tree.
Place your right foot high up on your left thigh. The sole of the foot
should be flat and placed firmly. Keep your left leg straight and find
your balance. While inhaling, raise your arms over your head and bring
your palms together. Ensure that your spine is straight and take a few
deep breaths. Slowly exhale, bring your hands down and release your
right leg. Back in the standing position repeat the same with the other
leg.
  

3. Adho Mukho Svanasana (Downward Facing Dog Pose)

This pose stretches hamstrings, chest and lengthens the spine, providing
additional blood flow to the head. It is will leave you feeling energized.
Sit on your heels, stretch your arms forward on the mat and lower your
head. Form a table, like pushing your hands, strengthening your legs
and slowly raising your hips. Press your heels down, let your head hand
freely and tighten your waist.

  

4. Trikonasana (Triangle Pose)

It stretches the legs and torso, mobilizes the hips and promotes deep
breathing, leaving one with enlivening effects. Stand with your feet wide
apart. Stretch your right foot out (90 degrees) while keeping the leg
closer to the torso. Keep your feet pressed against the ground and
balance your weight equally on both feet. Inhale and as you exhale bend
your right arm and make it touch the ground while your left arm goes
up. Keep your waist straight. Ensure that your body is bent sideways
and not forward or backwards. Stretch as much as you can while taking
long, deep breaths. Repeat on the other side.
  
5. Kursiasana (Chair Pose)
An intensely powerful pose, this one strengthens the muscles of the legs
and arms. It builds your willpower and has an energizing effect on the
body and mind. Stand straight with your feet slightly apart. Stretch your
arms but don’t bend your elbow. Inhale and bend your knees, pushing
your pelvis down like you are sitting on chair. Keep your hands parallel
to the ground and back straight. Take deep breaths. Bend gradually but
make sure your knees don’t go beyond your toes.

6. Naukasana (Boat Pose)

It tightens the abdominal muscles and strengthens shoulders and upper
back. It leaves the practitioner with a sense of stability. Lie back on the
mat with your feet together and hands by your side. Take a deep breath
and while exhaling gently lift your chest and feet off the ground. Stretch
your hands in the direction of your feet. Your eyes, fingers and toes
should be in one line. Hold till you feel some tension in your navel area
as your abdominal muscles begin to contract. As you exhale, come back
to the ground and relax.
  

7. Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose)

This one will strengthen the lower back muscles while cushioning the
spine, triceps and opens the chest to promote the inhalations. It also
makes the spine flexible.

Lie on your stomach with your feet together and toes flat. Place your
hands downwards below your shoulders on the mat, lift your waist and
raise your head while inhaling in. Pull your torso back with the support
of your hands. Keep your elbows straight and make sure you put equal
pressure on both palms.  Tilt your head back and make sure your
shoulders are away from your ears. Exhale while coming back to the
ground.
  

8. Paschimottanasana
This asana helps in improving the flexibilty of the hamstrings and hips
and lengthens the spine. Sit up with your back straight and toes pointing
outwards. Breathe in and raise your hands over your head and stretch.
Now, while breathing out bring your hands down and bend then
forward to touch your legs. Place your hands wherever they reach, hold
your toes if you can but don’t force yourself. Breathe in and elongate
your spine. While breathing out, keep your navel close to your knees.
  
9. Child's Pose
This restful posture helps let go and surrender. It restores vitality
physically, mentally and emotionally. Insert the pose between
challenging poses, and practice with closed eyes, listening to the sound
of your breath. Bend your knees and sit on your heels. Keep your hips
on your heels. Lower your head on the mat and bring your hands
forward by your side. Press your thighs against your chest and breathe
lightly. 
10. Sukhasna
Sukhasna is a comfortable position for pranayama and meditation. It
gives the practitioner a centering effect. All the other asnas are done to
eventually make the body feel comfortable to be able to sit in this
position for meditation. This asna takes the yoga practice beyond its
physical dimension and helps you get in touch with your spiritual side.
Sit comfortably on the mat with crossed legs (left leg tugged inside the
right thigh and right leg tugged inside the left thigh). Keep spine
straight. Place your hands on your knees. You can use the Jnana mudra
or Chin mudra. Relax your body and breathe gently.

Aerobic
What is Aerobic Exercise?

Aerobic exercise is the type of moderate-intensity physical activity that

you can sustain for more than just a few minutes with the objective of
improving your cardiorespiratory fitness and your health.

"Aerobic" means "in the presence of, or with, oxygen."

You know you're doing aerobic exercise when your heart's thumping
and you're breathing faster than you do at rest but you can sustain the
activity for extended periods of time. I recommend the cue "warm and
slightly out of breath" to determine if your activity level is aerobic.

Walking, jogging, biking, dancing, and swimming are examples of

activities that can be performed aerobically.

Anaerobic, on the other hand, means "the absence of, or without,

oxygen."

Anaerobic exercise is performed at an intensity that causes you to get

out of breath quickly and can be sustained for only a few moments.
Weight lifting and sprinting are examples of anaerobic exercise.

Aerobic exercise facts

 Aerobic exercise is sometimes known as "cardio"- exercise that

requires pumping of oxygenated blood by the heart to deliver
oxygen to working muscles.

 Aerobic exercise stimulates the heart rate and breathing rate to

increase in a way that can be sustained for the exercise session. In
contrast, anaerobic ("without oxygen") exercise is activity that
causes you to be quickly out of breath, like sprinting or lifting a
heavy weight.

 Examples of aerobic exercises include cardio machines,

spinning, running, swimming, walking, hiking, aerobics classes,
dancing, cross country skiing, and kickboxing. There are many
other types.
  Aerobic exercises can become anaerobic exercises if performed at a
level of intensity that is too high.

 Aerobic exercise not only improves fitness; it also has known

benefits for both physical and emotional health.

 Aerobic exercise can help prevent or reduce the chance of

developing some cancers, diabetes,depression, cardiovascular
disease, andosteoporosis.

 An aerobic exercise plan should be simple, practical, and realistic.

Specific equipment (such as cardio machines) may be used but is
not necessary for successful aerobic exercise

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic exercise?

A single activity can include elements of both aerobic and anaerobic

exercise. For example, interval training, where you alternate cycles of
low-intensity (aerobic) and high-intensity (anaerobic) work during the
same workout, has elements of both. So does a game of tennis where
you might sprint at one moment (anaerobic) and then move less
aggressively for several minutes (aerobic) as you hit ground strokes
from the baseline.

Most activities can be performed aerobically or anaerobically. For

example, you could walk briskly on the treadmill at 3.5 miles per hour
and feel warm and slightly out of breath (aerobic), or you could walk
very briskly at 4.5 miles per hour and feel very out of breath (anaerobic).
The same is true for biking, swimming, dancing, or virtually any other
activity. The intensity of the workout determines whether an activity is
aerobic or anaerobic, and all you need to do is pace yourself to elicit the
type of training you desire.

Biologic Basis of Aerobic Exercise

A. Oxygen Delivery

Breathing increases during aerobic exercise to bring oxygen into your

body. Once inside your body the oxygen is (1) processed by the lungs,
(2) transferred to the bloodstream where it is carried by red blood cells
to the heart, and then (3) pumped by the heart to the exercising muscles
via the circulatory system, where it is used by the muscle to produce
energy.

B. Oxygen Consumption

"Oxygen consumption" describes the process of muscles extracting, or

consuming, oxygen from the blood. Conditioned individuals have
higher levels of oxygen consumption than deconditioned individuals
("couch potatoes") due to biological changes in the muscles from chronic
exercise training. For example, a deconditioned individual might have a
maximal oxygen consumption of 35 milliliters (ml) of oxygen per
kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min), whereas an elite
athlete may have a maximal oxygen consumption up to 92 ml/kg/min!
Values like this are expressed as VO2 (volume of oxygen consumed) and
can be measured with special equipment in a laboratory.

C. Burning Fat
A higher percentage of fat is burned during aerobic exercise than during
anaerobic exercise. Here's why. Fat is denser than carbohydrate (fat has
nine calories per gram and carbohydrate has four), and so it takes more
oxygen to burn it. During aerobic exercise, more oxygen is delivered to
the muscles than during anaerobic exercise, and so it follows that a
higher percentage of fat is burned during aerobic exercise when more
oxygen is available. When less oxygen is present, like during anaerobic
exercise, a higher percentage of carbohydrate is burned.

Keep in mind that both fuels are almost always burned simultaneously,
except during the most intense, short-term bursts of energy, like
sprinting and weightlifting. It's the percentage of fat and carbohydrate
burned that changes during a workout depending on the intensity, but
you almost never burn just one exclusively. You burn fat while you're at
rest, and you burn it during virtually every moment of exercise. It's a
myth to think that it takes 20-30 minutes of exercise before your muscles
start burning fat
 Adventure Sports

Adventure Sports are different from traditional sports. Sports or

Traditional Sports refer to athletic activities requiring skills and physical
prowess. These sports are usually competitive in nature. They include
racing, football, wrestling, tennis, hockey,etc. Adventure sports involve
activities which are unusual, risky and exciting as well. An adventure
sport is a bold undertaking which involve hazardous (dangerous) action
and whose outcome is uncertain. Adventure sports comprise of a very
wide range of activities.

Mountaineering, rock climbing, trekking, skiing, river rafting, kayaking,

canoeing, sailing, scuba diving etc. are some popular adventure sports.
Adventure sports are undertaken at various places depending on the
nature. of the topography and weather conditions. Most of the
adventure sports are undertaken in hilly and mountain areas. On snow
covered mountains, it is possible to carry out activities like skiing and
sledging. Hang gliding is a very popular adventure sport. In this sport,
one pilots a flexible wing aircraft by shifting one's weight on to it.
Paragliding is another adventure sport. Its sites are located in Lahaul
and Spiti, Solan and Billing in Himachal Pradesh. Hot air ballooning is
fast becoming a popular adventure sport in India. In this sport one rises
to high altitudes and sails across the sky in a basket hanging from a
giant nylon balloon which is filled with hot air. Rock climbing is carried
out in the western Ghats and Aravalli hills near Delhi. Some water
sports like kayaking, sailing, surfing, yatching are practised off the coast
of Gujarat, Goa and Kerala. Bird watching,camping and wildlife safaris
attract a number of tourists from abroad. With liberalisation adventure
sports are becoming popular. Not many Indians are drawn to adventure
sports.

10 Extreme Adventures Sports Destination in India

Though some of the adventures sports are very new to India like Scuba

diving and snorkeling, Ballooning and Paragliding etc but few place in
India are well known for its kind of adventures and traditional
sports such as Rock climbing,trekking andJallikattu. In the last few year
India has become one of the hotspot for the adventures travel and well
known as one of the best place in the world for its traditional
and adventures games.Gulmarg Kashmir, Adaman Nicorbar,
Uttarakhand and north East India are few best destination to try
these adventures sports in India. Kalaripayattu, Kushti and Mallakhamb
are few ancient traditional Indian sport to try in the different region of
the country for different taste of sports.

Skiing in Kashmir: Kashmir, the heaven of earth is offer best one of the

place for extreme snow sports like Snowboarding, ice-skating and
Skiing. Gulmarg in Kashmir,Kufri in Shimla and Auli in Uttarakhand
are well known destination in India for adventure skiing and other
winter sports. Skiing is the major attractions of Kashmir along with ice-
skating in frozen lakes and hiking indeep valleys.
River Rafting in Himachal: Rivers of Great Himalayas like
Chanderbhaga,bhagirathi Satluj and Ravi are some of the best river for
white water rafting in India. River rafting is an extreme sport with thrills
till the end in the highly dangerous rivers of Great Himalayas. The
rolling white water of these rivers are offer tremendous opportunities
for the challenging adventure sports activities of river Rrafting. Manali
along with Kullu are some of the excellent option for adventure river
rafting along with kayaking and other water sports.

Mountaineering in Uttarakhand: The peak of Greater Himalaya make

Uttarakhand as one of the best place for mountaineering and climbing
activities. Most of the area of Uttarakhand is either covered by forest or
snow covered mountains with rocky hills and beautiful meadows.
Mountain Climbing is a very challenging sport and needs skills to
choose and perform the right technique at the right time, effectively and
efficiently Garhwal and Kumon region of Uttarakhand offers
mountaineering, ski,rafting, hiking and rock climbing sports in India.

Trekking in Arunachal: The slice of paradise is still untouched and

unexplored, northeast India offers rare and wild experience of Trekking
and adventure caving. The famous Bomdila Dirang Trek, Twang Mago
Trek, Se La Nuranang Trek are the few destinations in the world to offer
a wonderful experience of trekking. Trekking is the various beautiful
valleys of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh with variety of flora and
fauna should be a great experience. Its dense forests, rolling hills and
lush green beauty also offers hiking,jungle camping and other mountain
sports.

Scuba Diving in Andaman: The Andaman and Nicobar islands are

union territories of India and famous for its virgin beachesand
unexplored beauty of nature.These small islands are known for exciting
scuba diving and snorkeling. Havelock Island is one of best sport to
explore the under water untouched beauty of the Andaman Islands.
Flying Fox in Kerala: Apart from adventures water sports, Kerala offers
one of the extreme and fascinating sport called FlyingFox.FlyingFox a
unique journey from above the hills,rivers or valley’s with ultra-strong
steel zip lines and at the same time enjoy the breath-taking view of
down earth. As you fly through the steel zip lines like a giant fox from
the valleys of Kerala also Fort in Rajasthan offers the same. Kerala also
offers extreme adventures sports like Mountaineering, Valley crossing
and Trampoline.

Bungee Jumping in Karnataka: The extreme sport bungee jumping is

very young sport in India and yet to get popular in the country. Feel the
fun along with thrill of Bungee Jumping in India, Mysore in
Karnataka,Rishikesh in uttaranchal and Anjuna village in Goa are only
few destination in India to experience the exciting thrill of
weightlessness.Rishikesh get India’s HighestBungee Jump Platform of
83 Meters.
Water Sports in Goa: Goa is most popular tourist destination in India
and its sea beaches are known as best in the world. Arabian
Sea beaches of Goa offers some of the most popular water sports like Jet
Skiing, Parasailing, Swimming, Snorkeling and Kayaking. Ocean water
Sports also includes In the water and On the water sports.

Paragliding in Maharashtra: The Western Ghat hills of Maharashtra are

one of the most preferred adventures sport destination in India. Place of
Maharashtra like Panchgani,Kamshet,Lonavala and Mahabaleshwar are
well known for recreational flying sport Paragliding in India.
Paragliding is the another most special and thrilling sport after
Parachuting or skydiving.
Rock climbing in Madhya Pradesh: Rock climbing is one of the popular
adventure sports in Madhya Pradesh along with Rappling Valley
Crossing,Jumaring and mountain climbing. The Satpura mountain
ranges offers terrain for adventure activities like Rock Climbing and
Trekking. Pachmarhi, Orchha Gwalior,Chanderi and Jabalpur are few
best place who host good facilities and experiences of rock sports.
The capital city of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal is well known for adventure
Boat Racing.