Evaluation of Yellow Sticky Traps at Various Heights for

Monitoring Cotton Insect Pests1

Ekrem Atakan and Ramazan Canhilal2

Department of Plant Protection, University of Cukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey

J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 21(1): 15–24 (January 2004)

ABSTRACT Sticky yellow traps 60, 80, 100, and 120 cm above ground level
were assessed in various developmental stages of cotton for their relative ef-
ficiency in capturing the following pests in the Cukurova region of Turkey in
2001 and 2002: leafhoppers, Asymetresca decedens Paoli and Empoasca deci-
pens Paoli, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn., and western flower thrips
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). The leafhopper catch was significantly
higher at 60 cm than 80, 100, and 120 cm when plant heights were less than
80 cm. The number of leafhoppers on traps at 80 cm was similar to 60 and 100
cm but significantly higher than at 120 cm when plant heights were more than
80 cm. The numbers of western flower thrips were similar at 60, 80, and 100
cm but significantly lower at 120 cm when plant heights varied from 100 to 120
cm. Total catches of leafhoppers were similar at 60 and 80 cm but significantly
lower at 100 and 120 cm. Numbers of whiteflies were highest at 60 cm and
lowest at 120 cm trap heights at all plant heights. Trap height did not influ-
ence the total catches of western flower thrips, which were more abundant in
late-season cotton. Most flights of thrips occurred within the plant canopy.

KEY WORDS Sticky trap, height, capture, cotton, insect pests, sampling

The cotton fields of the Cukurova region in Turkey have a rich fauna of harm-
ful and beneficial insects (Sengonca, 1982, Mart et al. 1994). Some of the insects
studied in this work (leafhoppers, Asymetresca decedens Paoli and Empoasca
decipiens Paoli [Homoptera: Cicadellidae], cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn.
[Homoptera: Aleyrodidae], and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
(Pergande) [Thysanoptera: Thripidae]) are common pests of cotton in Cukurova.
The whitefly has maintained its key pest status since 1974. Leafhoppers, which
were a minor pest of cotton in previous years, have recently caused serious dam-
age on plants in the early- to mid-season (Courtial & Gencer 1994, Mart et al.
1994). Western flower thrips was first recorded on vegetables in the Antalya
province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey (Tunc & Gocmen 1995) and
within 1 year spread to the eastern Mediterranean region (Atakan et al. 1998).
Western flower thrips and other flower thrips, such as Frankliniella intonsa
(Trybom), are serious pests of cotton and cause severe shedding of young bolls,

1
Accepted for publication 17 June 2004.
2
Plant Protection Research Institute, PK 21, 01321 Adana, Turkey.

15
16 J. Agric. Urban Entomol. Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004)

particularly in late-planted cotton fields of the Cukurova region (Atakan & Ozgur
2001).
Effective population monitoring is crucial for successful implementing insect-
control programs, for properly timing control applications, and for assessing their
effects (Parella & Jones 1985, Gillespie & Quiring 1987). Various sampling meth-
ods have been used to monitor cotton insect pests. Sticky traps have been widely
used to sample harmful and beneficial insects in wild and cultivated plants world-
wide. Traps based on the response of insects to color have been widely used in
integrated pest management programs in diverse cultivated crops (Gerling &
Horowitz 1984, Hill & Hooper 1984, Chandler 1985, Meyerdirk & Oldfield 1985).
Yellow sticky traps are more attractive to fruit flies (Bateman 1976, Cytrynowicz
et al. 1982), aphids (Broadbent 1948, Heatcote, 1957), whiteflies (Webb & Smith
1980; Hart et al. 1978, Melamed-Madjar et al. 1979), and leafhoppers (Welch &
Kondratieff 1993, Mensah 1996, Chancellor et al. 1997). Yellow-colored traps
successfully capture western flower thrips adults (Matteson & Terry 1992, Heinz
et al. 1992, Cho et al. 1995, Pearsall 2002), although white and acrylic blue colors
are more attractive to western flower thrips. Sticky trap efficacy may depend on
where traps are placed in relation to crop phenology. Trap height also is impor-
tant for mass trapping and monitoring insect populations (Ladd et al. 1984, Mey-
erdirk & Moreno 1984, Chandler 1985, Byrne et al. 1986).
In this work, we compared the relative trapping efficiency of yellow sticky
traps at various heights for three cotton pests at various developmental stages
(various plant heights) of cotton. This information will improve monitoring of
these pests in cotton and enhance integrated pest management programs.

Material and Methods

Yellow plexiglass plates (15 × 20 × 0.3 cm) were coated with a special sticky
substance (Kapar Organik Tarim Sanayi, Ankara, Turkey) and placed vertically
on T-shaped sticks at 60, 80, 100, and 120 cm heights in the cotton fields.
A completely randomized block design with four replicates was used in field
experiments. Traps set at different heights were placed in a row at the center of
a plot (0.75-m row space × 20 row × 15 m ⳱ 225 m2), and separated by a distance
of 15 m from each other. Blocks were spaced by a distance of 20 m. The traps were
positioned in the same rows of plots in each block. The crop rows and traps were
aligned in an east to west direction. Fields were sprayed for high populations of
cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov. (Homoptera: Aphidiae), which occurred early in
the season, with the recommended dose (100 g/ha) of acetamiprid 20% (AI) prior
to beginning the experiments. No insecticides were used throughout the sampling
period. Observations were made 12 and 10 times (two times per week) in 2001 and
2002, respectively. The experiments were conducted 13 July to 18 August 2001,
and 15 July to 16 August 2002.
Traps were left for 24 h in the field and replaced at 9–10 AM. The insects caught
on the traps were counted under a stereomicroscope in the laboratory. The sticky
substance was dissolved with paint thinner to remove the insects for identifica-
tion when necessary.
To determine whether plant height affected capture, developmental stages of
plants were recorded during the study. Five cotton plants in each sampling date
were selected randomly from each plot, and the numbers of squares, flowers, and
 ATAKAN and CANHILAL: Yellow Sticky Traps for Monitoring Cotton Insects 17

bolls, and heights of plants were recorded. Plant heights were classified into three
growth stages: 1 ⳱ 60–80, 2 ⳱ 81–100, and 3 ⳱ 101–120 cm. We did not evaluate
the plant heights of 101–120 cm in 2002 because only a few plants within this
height category were available.
The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated by
Duncan’s multiple range test (P ⱕ 0.05). Data were transformed using log (x+1)
before analysis of variance to correct for heterogeneity of variance.
The relationship between plant and trap heights on catches of pest species was
examined by simple correlation tests (Pearson correlation) at P ⱕ 0.05. All analy-
ses were performed using SYSTAT ver. 9.0.1 (SPSS, 1999).

Results

Interactions between traps and plant heights. Trap height was statisti-
cally significant for capturing whitefly, western flower thrips, and leafhoppers in
both years (Table 1). Plant height also had a significant effect on trapping of all
insects assessed in this work. Interaction terms (trap and plant heights) were
significant for leafhopper and western flower thrips (F ⳱ 4.171 df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.008
and F ⳱ 3.446; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.020, respectively) in 2002 (Table 1).
Catches at different trap heights in various plant heights of cotton.
The effect of various trap heights on insect catch at different plant heights for
2001 is presented in Table 2. Significant numbers of leafhoppers were recorded at
60- and 80-cm trap heights at 60- to 80- and 81- to 100-cm plant heights (F ⳱
18.921; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.0001 and F ⳱ 2.942; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.043). Mean numbers of
leafhoppers were not statistically different when plant height was more than 100
cm and population density of leafhoppers was low. At 60-80 cm plant heights, the
mean numbers of whitefly were significantly greater in 60-cm low traps (F ⳱
7.875; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.001) and similar to 80-cm high traps but were significantly
higher than at the other trap heights when plant heights varied from 80 to 100
cm. Mean numbers of western flower thrips were not significantly different at 60-
to 100-cm trap heights but were significantly greater (F ⳱ 4.141; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱
0.035) at 80 cm when plant heights were 101–120 cm.
In 2002, the mean numbers of leafhoppers in the traps were significantly
higher at 60 cm at low plant height (60–80 cm; F ⳱ 5.490; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.003;
Table 2). It was similar at 60, 80, and 100 cm but significantly different from 120
cm when plant heights were 81–100 cm (F ⳱ 4.794; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.044). At 60 cm,
the whitefly catch was similar to that at 80 cm but significantly higher than at
100 and 120 cm when plant height was greater than 80 cm. The number of
western flower thrips were similar at 60- and 80-cm trap heights but significantly
greater than catch numbers at 100 and 120 cm for 60- to 80-cm plant height (F ⳱
3.321; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.028). At 80 cm, catch number of western flower thrips was
greater than at other heights (F ⳱ 4.888; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.046) when plant height
was 81–100 cm.
Effect of trap height on total catches. The total mean number of insects
caught on traps for 2001 is shown in Table 3. Catches of leafhoppers and whitefly
were significantly higher at 60 cm (F ⳱ 4.543; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.005 and F ⳱ 8.705;
df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.0001, respectively). The numbers of western flower thrips were
slightly but not significantly higher at 80 cm than at other heights.
 18

Table 1. Analysis of variancea for yellow sticky trap heights in cotton of various heights to catch cotton pests, 2001
and 2002, Adana, Turkey.

Whitefly Leafhoppers Western flower thrips

Sources of
Years variation df MS F P df MS F P df MS F P
2001 Trap height 3 11.784 20.205 0.0001 3 4.298 4.872 0.004 3 2.057 2.704 0.049
Plant height 2 57.211 98.093 0.0001 2 9.963 11.086 0.0001 2 238.473 313.448 0.0001
Trap × plant heights 6 0.230 0.395 0.881 6 1.843 2.051 0.065 6 1.115 1.466 0.197
Error 108 0.583 108 0.899 108 0.761
2002 Trap height 3 16.952 20.238 0.0001 3 3.887 7.124 0.0001 3 2.144 2.852 0.042
Plant height 1 52.204 62.323 0.0001 1 55.771 102.224 0.0001 1 231.929 308.436 0.0001
Trap × plant heights 3 0.294 0.350 0.789 3 2.275 4.171 0.008 3 2.593 3.446 0.020
Error 84 0.838 84 84 0.752
J. Agric. Urban Entomol. Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004)

a
Values are calculated from raw data and analysis of variance performed on log(+) values.
 ATAKAN and CANHILAL: Yellow Sticky Traps for Monitoring Cotton Insects 19

Table 2. Mean numbersa (±SEM) of cotton pests caught on different trap

and plant heights, 2001 and 2002, Adana, Turkey.

Mean (±SEM) number caught at

Plant Trap different trap and plant heights, (cm)b
heights heights
Years (cm) (cm) Leafhoppers Whitefly Western flower thrips
2001 60–80 60 4.9 ± 0.13a 3.8 ± 0.08a 0.8 ± 0.17a
80 4.3 ± 0.14b 2.9 ± 0.13b 0.7 ± 0.15a
100 4.2 ± 0.18bc 2.6 ± 0.14b 0.6 ± 0.17a
120 3.7 ± 0.20c 2.1 ± 0.24c 0.8 ± 0.22a
81–100 60 4.5 ± 0.33a 4.7 ± 0.19a 0.8 ± 0.18a
80 5.0 ± 0.23a 4.3 ± 0.24ab 1.2 ± 0.19a
100 4.0 ± 0.41ab 3.9 ± 0.29b 1.0 ± 0.22a
120 3.6 ± 0.38b 3.5 ± 0.31b 0.7 ± 0.15a
101–120 60 3.2 ± 0.88a 5.6 ± 0.20a 4.6 ± 0.17ab
80 3.7 ± 0.14a 5.2 ± 0.11ab 5.4 ± 0.21a
100 3.8 ± 0.31a 4.8 ± 0.19bc 4.8 ± 0.28ab
120 3.3 ± 0.29a 4.5 ± 0.26c 4.1 ± 0.45b
2002 60–80 60 4.8 ± 0.24a 4.2 ± 0.32a 2.2 ± 0.33a
80 3.9 ± 0.20b 3.0 ± 0.32b 1.6 ± 0.20ab
100 3.4 ± 0.35b 2.6 ± 0.31b 1.2 ± 0.18b
120 3.5 ± 0.29b 2.2 ± 0.28b 1.4 ± 0.15b
81–100 60 5.4 ± 0.17a 5.4 ± 0.11a 4.4 ± 0.11b
80 6.0 ± 0.10a 4.4 ± 0.08b 5.1 ± 0.16a
100 5.2 ± 0.09ab 4.0 ± 0.23b 4.7 ± 0.27ab
120 4.4 ± 0.12b 3.8 ± 0.27b 4.1 ± 0.25b
a
Values are calculated from raw data; analysis of variance was performed on log(+) values.
b
Means (±SEM) followed by same letter within a column are not different according to Duncan’s multiple
range test (P ⱕ 0.05) (Each year is evaluated in itself).

Similar to the results of year 2001, the catches of leafhoppers and whitefly in
2002 were similar at 60 and 80 cm, and significantly higher than at 100 and 120
cm high traps (F ⳱ 2.958; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.0306 and F ⳱ 12.756; df ⳱ 3; P ⳱ 0.0001,
respectively; Table 3). At 80 cm, the number of western flower thrips was slightly
but not significantly higher than all other heights.
Correlations between trap, plant heights, and numbers of cotton pest
species. The correlation between mean numbers of leafhoppers and whiteflies
were significant and negatively correlated with trap height (r ⳱ −0.292 and
–0.395, respectively; Table 4). The correlations between trap heights and num-
bers of western flower thrips were not significant in the first year of the experi-
ment. The relationship between plants heights and numbers of leafhoppers was
negative and significant (r ⳱ −0.317). There were positive and significant corre-
lations between plant heights and numbers of whitefly and western flower thrips
(r ⳱ 0.711 and 0.807, respectively).
In 2002, the numbers of leafhoppers and whitefly were significant and nega-
tively correlated to trap heights (r ⳱ −0.260 and −0.481, respectively; Table 4).
20 J. Agric. Urban Entomol. Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004)

Table 3. Cumulative mean numbersa (±SEM) of cotton pests caught on

traps, 2001 and 2002, Adana, Turkey.

Mean (±SEM) number caught at

Trap different trap heights, (cm)b
heights
Years (cm) Leafhoppers Whitefly Western flower thrips
2001 60 4.4 ± 0.18a 4.7 ± 0.15a 2.1 ± 0.13a
80 4.2 ± 0.13a 4.1 ± 0.18b 2.5 ± 0.36a
100 4.0 ± 0.15ab 3.7 ± 0.19c 2.1 ± 0.34a
120 3.6 ± 0.17b 3.2 ± 0.22d 1.8 ± 0.31a
2002 60 5.1 ± 0.15a 4.9 ± 0.19a 3.4 ± 0.26a
80 4.8 ± 0.19ab 3.8 ± 0.20b 3.5 ± 0.35a
100 4.4 ± 0.24b 3.3 ± 0.22bc 3.1 ± 0.38a
120 4.2 ± 0.22b 3.2 ± 0.25c 2.9 ± 0.29a
a
Values are calculated from raw data; analysis of variance was performed on log(+) values.
b
Means followed by same letter within a column are not significantly different according to Duncan’s
multiple range test (P ⱕ 0.05).

The number of western flower thrips was not correlated to trap heights. Numbers
of leafhoppers, whitefly and western flower thrips were significant and positively
correlated to plant heights.

Discussion

Plant height positively affected catches of all three insects at all trap heights.
The significant correlations between numbers of insects captured on all trap
heights and plant phenology (plant heights) may be related to seasonal fluctua-
tions in the abundance of insects when cotton vegetation progressed and plant
phenology developed (Table 2).
Traps height negatively affected the number of the all three insects. As trap
heights increased, the number of insects that were captured on the traps declined.
More whiteflies were trapped at a height of 60 cm than at all other plant heights.
Gocmen et al. (1987) reported that the number of cotton whiteflies captured at 60
cm on yellow sticky traps in cotton fields was significantly higher than at 20 cm
but not significantly different from traps at 40, 80, and 100 cm on one sampling
date in the Cukurova region. Catch efficiency of whiteflies on traps decreased
with increasing level of trap heights. Gerling & Horowitz (1984) and Bryne et al.
(1986) found that populations of whitefly were captured effectively on yellow
sticky traps placed at ground level in cotton fields. The number of adult whiteflies
captured was highest at 25 and 50 cm from ground level, but these numbers
varied through time in sesame fields (Pereira & Laurentin 2001). Gerling &
Horowitz (1984) suggested that more whiteflies on traps at the lowest levels
might be related to better feeding and oviposition sites in the lower part of the
cotton canopy.
Similar to the catches of whitefly, the abundance of leafhoppers was negatively
and significantly correlated to trap heights but positively correlated to plant
Table 4. Correlation analysis between trap and plant heights for cotton pest caught on traps, 2001 and 2002,
Adana, Turkey.

2001 2002
Trap height Plant height Trap height Plant height
Pest species P r P r P r P r
Leafhoppers 0.0001 −0.292** 0.001 −0.317** 0.003 −0.260** 0.0001 0.660**
Whitefly 0.0001 −0.395** 0.0001 0.711** 0.0001 −0.481** 0.0001 0.528**
Western flower thrips 0.258 −0.054 0.0001 0.807** 0.095 −0.127 0.0001 0.861**
Asteriks denote that correlations are significant at P ⱕ 0.01.
ATAKAN and CANHILAL: Yellow Sticky Traps for Monitoring Cotton Insects
21
22 J. Agric. Urban Entomol. Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004)

heights in both years. Traps at 60 cm caught more leafhoppers when population

densities were high and plant heights were less than 80 cm. Our results agree
with those of Mensah (1996), who concluded that higher numbers of adults of the
leafhoppers, Austroasca vividigrisea (Paoli) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in cotton
were caught at trap heights of 25–75 cm than at 100, 125, and 150 cm above
ground level. Leafhoppers typically colonize the lower parts of cotton plants (our
observations). Therefore, traps at 60–80 cm above ground would have a greater
chance of catching leafhoppers. Leafhoppers moved upward to find fresh parts of
plants as plants age in mid or late season (unpublished data). Adult catches, thus,
are slightly higher at 80- to 100-cm trap heights.
The initial population of western flower thrips occurred at the beginning of the
blooming period of cotton and peaked in flowers in mid or late August in the
Cukurova region (Atakan & Ozgur 2000). Most flights of thrips occurred within
the plant canopy and fewer thrips on traps were caught as trap height exceeded
the plant canopy level. Sticky trap catches of F. occidentalis diminish with in-
creasing height above the tops of various crops (Brodsgaard 1989, Roditakis et al.
2001, Pearsall 2002).
In conclusion, the placing of sticky traps at 60 cm is favorable for monitoring
the populations of leafhoppers and whitefly during the cotton-growing season.
Trap heights of 60–100 cm, according to plant height, would be suitable for esti-
mating flower thrips in cotton fields. Additionally, the combination of sticky traps
and plant phenology assessments to estimate population densities of these insects
would provide more cost-effective monitoring programs in cotton fields.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Peter Adler (Department of Entomology, Clemson University,
South Carolina, USA) for reviewing the draft of manuscript, Dr. Oktay Gencer (Director of
Cotton Research and Implementation Center, Dept. of Field Crops, University of Cukurova,
Adana, Turkey) for supporting this work, and Kenan Boyaci and Irfan Yuksek (Cotton
Research and Implementation Center, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey) for techni-
cal assistance.

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