Student Manual

for
The Art of Electronics

Thomas C. Hayes
Paul Horowitz

Harvard University
 tit

Contents
ANALOG
Chapter I: Foundations Chapter 4: Feedback and
Overview : Chapter 1 .............. .................................1 Operational Amplifiers
Class I: DC Circuits ................................. .......... ..... 3
Overview: Feedback: Chapters 4,5 & 6.............163
Worked example: Resistors & instruments . .... i5
Lab 1: DC circuits.................... ........ ............... ....... 24 Class 8: Op Amps I: Idealized view .................... I66
Worked Example: Inverting amplifier; summing
circuit ............. ... ................ ...., ................ ..175
Class 2: Capacitors & RC Circuits.........................32 Lab 8: Op amps I................................. ............ . .175
Worked example: RC circuits ...... ............ .......46
A Note on reading capacitor values .............. . ..51
Lab 2: Capacitors ...... .................................. ........... 54 Class 9 : Op Amps II: Departures from ideal ...... .184
Worked example: Integrators ; effects of op amp
errors ............................ ........... .................196
Class 3: Diode Circuits .......................................... 61 Lab 9: Op amps II ........................................... .... 200
Worked example: Power supply ... ................... 71
Lab 3: Diode circuits .......................... .... ........... ... . 75
Wrap-up: Ch . 1: Review ................................. 80 Chapter 4 (continued) ; Chapter 5
Jargon and terms .......... ........ 81
Active Filters & Oscillators
Class 10: Op Amps III: Positive Feedback, Good
and Bad: comparators, oscillators, and unstable
Chapter 2: Transistors (bipolar) circuits ; a quantitative view o£ the effects of
Overview : Chapters 2 & 3 ....... ..............................82 negative feedback .......... .................................. 207
Class 4: Transistors I: First Model........ ................84 Appendix : Notes on op amp frequency
Worked example: Emitter follower ... .............90 compensation ............................... .......... ... 222
Lab 4: Transistors I............... ... ..............................94 Worked example: Effects of feedback
(quantitative) ................................... . . .......224
Schmitt trigger..... ........................ 227
Class 5: Transistors II: Corrections to the first Op Amp Innards: Annotated
model: Ebers-Moll : ra; applying this new schematic of the LF411 ......,. 232
view................................. .........................., ... . . .100 Lab 10: Positive feedback, good and bad.., ....... 233
Worked example: Common-emitter amplifier Wrap-up Chs. 4 & 5. Review,..........., ., .. 242
(bypassed emitter) ....................... . .......... 115 Jargon and terms.... 243
Lab 5: Transistors II .......... ............................,... 118

Chapter 3: Field Effect Transistors

Class 6: Transistors III: Differential amplifier; (revisited)
Miller effect .... .................................. ............... 124 Class 11 : FETs II: Switches (power switching and
Worked example: Differential amplifier......, .131 analog switch applications) ........,.., . 244
Lab 6: Transistors III ............. ............. ................. 134 Worked example : Sample and hold .............. 250
Wrap-up Ch . 2. Review....... ......... .................139 Lab 11 : PET switches ...., .., .............., ............., ., ...255
Jargon and terms ....... ...... ... 140 Wrap-up Ch . 3: Review ......................, ......... 264
Jargon and terms................ 265

Chapter 3: Field Effect Transistors

Class 7: FETs I (linear applications).................... 142 Chapter 6: Voltage Regulators and
Worked example: Current source, source Power Circuits
follower ........................................... ......... 153
Class 12: Voltage Regulators ............... . .... ..... ..... 267
Lab 7: FETs i (linear) ..........., ...., ........ ,., ........, .156
(We return to FETs in Lab 11) Lab 12' Voltage regulators ..................., .............. 274
Wrap-up Ch . 6: Jargon and terms................ 280
 iv Contents

(This course omits the Text's Chapter 7: Precision Class 19 : Assembly Language; Inside the CPU; I/0
Circuits & Low-Noise Techniques) Decoding ......................................................... 455
Supplementary notes:introducdon to assembly
language ................ .................... ............... . 467
DIGITAL Lab 19 : p2 : I/0................ ....................... ............ .411

Chapter 8: Digital Electronics Class 20: p3 : A/D <-> D/A Interfacing; Masks;
Overview : Chapters 8 & 9...................................281 Data tables .......................................... ............ .479
Class 13: Digital Gates; Combinational Logic ., ..281 Lab 20 : Subroutines ; More I/0 Programming., ... 489
Worked example: Multiplexers ................ .....283
Binary arithmetic ...............295
Lab 13 : Digital gates.............. ................... ........... 309 Class 21 :1t4 : More Assembly-Language
Programming; 12bit port ......... ..... 498
Worked example: 10 tiny programs ....... ......, 503
Class 14: Sequential Circuits : Flip-Flops ....... .....320 Worked Example: 12-bit frequency counter, 518
Worked example: combinational logic ......., .332 Hand assembly : table of codes ................;.... 521
Lab 14 : Flip-flops ............... .. ...............................334 Lab 21 : A/D, D/A, Data Handling ...................... 525

Class 15 : Counters ...............................................342 Class 22: p5 : Interrupts & Other `Exceptions' .... 535
Worked example: counter applications ..........351 Debugging aid: Register Check in two
Lab 15 : Counters .................................................362 forms ......................................................... 541
Lab 22: `Storage scope' ; Interrupts & other
`exceptions' ...... ............................................... 548
Class 16: Memory ; Buses; State Machines.... ......375
Worked example: state machines . ............ ......384
Lab 16 : Memory ; State Machines ........................394 Class 23 : p6 : Wrap-up: Buying and Building ..... 562
Wrap-up Ch . 8: Review .. ........... ................. ... 403 Lab 23: Applying your microcomputer ('Toy
Jargon and terms .. . . .... . . ......404 Catalog') ....... ...... .. . .. .. ... .........., ........ ............... 567
Wrap-up Chapters 10,1].-
Review ......................... ... ... 586
Chapter 9: Digital Meets Analog Jargon and terms., . ..., ......, 587
Class 17: Analog <-> Digital;
Phase-Locked Loop ............................................ .406
Lab 17: Analog <-> Digital;
Phase-Locked Loop .............................................421 Appendix:
Wrap-up Ch . 9: Review .. ...............................430 A Equipment and Parts List .......................... 588
Jargon and terms ................430 B Selected data sheets
2N5485 JFET ...... .., ..................... 592
D0403 analog switch .,.., ........, .. 593
Chapters Z0,11 : Microcomputers; 74HC74 dual D FLIP-FLOP . 595
Microprocessors AD7569 8-bit A/D, D/A ....., 597
68008 execution times and timing
Overview : Chapters 10 & 11 .............................. .431 diagram ................................, ... 600
Class 18 : p1 : IBMPC and our lab 25120 write-only memory . ,.., 605
microcomputer...........,..............................., ..., .433 C Big Picture: Schematic of lab
Worked example, minimal 68008 controller..441 microcomputer...;., .,...,.... ., 606
Lab 18 : Add CPU ................................................443
D Pinouts............... .............................. ......... 608

Index....................................... ............................. 612

Laboratory Exercises (a more detailed listing)

PARrr: ANALOG LABS

Lab 1 . DC Circuits
Ohm's law; A Nonlinear device ; The diode; Voltage divider; Thevenin model;
Oscilloscope ; AC voltage divider
Lab 2. Capacitors
RC circuit ; Differentiator, Integrator Low-pass filter; High-pass filter; Filter example
I; Filter example II; Blocking capacitor; LC filter
Lab 3. Diodes
LC resonant circuit ; Confirming Fourier series ; Halfwave rectifier; Full-wave bridge
rectifier; Ripple ; Signal diodes; Diode clamp; Diode limiter, Impedances oftest
instruments
Lab 4. Transistors I
Transistor junctions are diodes; Emitter follower; Transistor current gain; Current
source; Common emitter amplifier, Transistor switch
Lab 5. Transistors II
Dynamic diode curve tracer, Grounded emitter amplifier; Current mirror; Ebers-Moll
equation; Biasing: good & bad; Push-Pull
Lab 6. Transistors III
Differential amplifier, Bootstrap; Miller effect ; Darlington; Superbeta
Lab 7. Field Effect Transistors I
FET characteristics ; FET current sources ; Source follower, FET as Voltage-
controlled resistance ; Amplitude modulation ; 'Radio broadcast'
Lab 8. Op Amps I
Op-amp open-loop gain; Inverting amplifier; Non- inverting amplifier, Follower;
Current source ; Current-to-voltage converter; Summing amplifier, Push-pull
buffer
Lab 9. Op Amps II
Op-amp limitations; AC amplifier; Integrators Differentiator; Active rectifier; Active
clamp
Lab 10. Oscillators
Comparator, Schmitt trigger, IC relaxation oscillator Sawtooth wave oscillator; ;
Voltage-controlled oscillator; Wien bridge sine oscillator Unwanted oscillations :
discrete follower & op amp stability problems
Lab 11 . Field Effect Transistors II
Analog switch characteristics; Applications : chopper circuit, sample-&-hold ;
switched-capacitor filters ; negative voltage from positive
Lab 12. Power Supplies
The 723 regulator, Three- terminal fixed regulator; Three-terminal adjustable
regulator,
Three-terminal regulator as current source ; Voltage reference; `Crowbar' clamp
 PART 11. DIGITAL LABS

Lab 13. Gates

Logic probe; IC gates: TTL & CMOS; Logic functions with NANDs; Gate innards :
TTL; CMOS: CMOS NOT, NAND, 3-state
Lab 14. Flip-Flops
Latch ; D flop; J-K flop; Ripple counter ; Synchronous counter; Shift-register;
Digitally-timed one-shot
Lab 15 . Counters
8-bit counter; Cascading ; Load from keypad ; Programmable divide-by-n counter ;
Period meter ; Capacitance meter
Lab 16. Memory ; State Machines
RAM ; Divide-by-3 (your design) ; Memory-based state machines: Single-loop;
External control added
Lab 17. A/D; Phase-Locked Loop: Two Digital Feedback Machines :
D/A; A/D: Slow motion ; Full speed; Displaying search tree; Speed limit ;
Latching output ; Phase-Locked Loop: frequency multiplier.
Lab 18. p.l: Adding CPU
Clock; CPU preliminary test; Fixing busgrant*; Memory enable logic ; Memory write
logic; Single-step ; Test program ; Full-speed: timing diagram

Lab 19. p,2 : I/O: Output : First small programs

Battery backup; Power-fail detector; 1/0 decoder ; Data displays ; Timing program
Lab 20. 1t.3: Input; More small programs
Delay as subroutine; Improved delay routines; Input hardware: Data input hardware;
Input/output program ; Ready signal; 1/0 program with enter/ready function ;
Decimal arithmetic
Lab 21. p,4 : A/D <-> D/A
A/D-D/A wiring details ; Programs : confirming that D/A, AID work; In & Out ;
Invert, rectify, low-pass;
Lab 22. [ .5: 'Storage scope;' Interrupts & other °Exceptions'
'Storage scope ;' keyboard control;
Exceptions : A software exception : illegal ; Interrupt : hardwar6 to request interrupt ;
Program: main & service routine; NMI ; Applying interrupts
Register-Check: a debugging aid (optional program ; install if you choose to)

Lab 23. Applying Your Microcomputer ('Toy Catalog')

X-Y scope displays ; Light-pen ; Voice output ; Driving a.stepper motor; Games;
Sound sampling/generation