HASSAN HAFIZ PC-2569

CMS:201410 CED-87

EMANATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS FROM RICE CULTIVATION USING

DIFFERENT RESOURCES OF FARMING

HIGHLIGHTS:
 Release of different types of harmful greenhouse gases from rice cultivation by using different
methods of irrigation.
 Determination of the global warming impact values (GWI) of different types of fertilizers such as
potassium ,nitrogen, phosphorous etc.
 Quantity of emission of GHG by using bullocks, fuel and machinery involved in cultivation of rice.
 Correlation of rice production and GHG emanations.
 Comparison of emission of GHG in different countries with the help of histogram by using various
methods of irrigation.
 Important relation among rice production and release of GHG by equation.
 Techniques to improve reduction of GHG from rice cultivation along with maximum yield.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT:
ABSTRACT:
Population of the world is increasing day by day and reached almost 8 billions .If we talk of only Pakistan
,our population is 207 millions and above. We have arable area of 29 percent if we keep on going with the
same pace of converting the arable land in cities ,we would not have much to feed our increasing
population that’s the reason we have increased the production of rice. This is not only the case with
Pakistan but rest of countries as well. The increased production of rice is blamed to have been playing
important role in contribution to the greenhouse gas . This study is based on the same fact to demonstrate
the role of rice fields into the contribution of greenhouse gas such as methane. In some articles,it is
mentioned in [1] that huge rice manufacturing is accountable for 11 percent methane emissions.

There are two types irrigation sytems, fields irrigated by tubewell system , the other irrigated through
canals or the rainfed irrigation system. It has been noticed that the fields of rice , irrigated through
tubewell system contributes much more in the greenhouse gas as compared to the fields of rice irrigated
through the canals or the rainfed. Emissions of greenhouse gas from the tubewell irrigated field was
found to be 1.64 times prominent than the canal irrigated fields of rice and 2.64 times prominent than
the rainwater fields of rice. Similarly if we compare the greenhouse gas emission through rice fields
between the developing countries and the developed countries of the world , a vivid difference can be
seen that developed countries are committed to much contribution in the greenhouse gas than the
developing countries even if they are the tubewell irrigated rice fields or the canal irrigated less fields.

INTRODUCTION:
Rice is the important and amongst the major food crops. As aforementioned, that population is increasing
at horrific speed in the world , rice is the best food to replace the others and feed the rising population. It
means that we would have to ignite the production of rice to feed such massive population. In some
articles it was mentioned that we need to step-up the production of rice from 518 million tons to 760
million tons by the end of year 2020.Similarly according to [2], at the end of 2030,its production must be
increased to about 40% so that it can fulfill the requirement of expanding societies all over the globe.

More than 90 percent of the rice is produced in the Asian countries , rice crops require a lot water so
availability of water is much better in the Asian countries as compared to the others, making them top
producer of the rice for the world , 3.2% in Latin America (Brazil and Colombia account for 62% of that
production), 2.1% in Africa (Egypt and Madagascar account for 48% of that production) in [3]. Moreover
the rice production may get affected in Egypt because of the water crisis .A clash is going on between
Egypt and Ethiopia over the nile . Recently Ethiopia decided to make a dam on nile river , which means
that they would have to store the water from river nile , bringing a negative impact on the economy of
the Egypt due to the scarcity of water for the crops. Definetly this may affect the production of rice in the
Egypt [4] .Asians are focusing to extend its production on large scale ,so today the production of rice in
the asia has increased twice than it was two decades ago. The area used for the production of rice has
also increased by 17 percent in the asia .Rice is unique , production of rice is abundant in the areas which
receives a good amount of rainfall and the asia countries are rich in receiving high rainfalls as compared
to the other continents . The places receiving high rainfall may not be suitable for the other crops but it is
a plus point for the rice crop and that is the reason that Asian countries are in the top list of rice producing
countries[5]

Global warming is on the peak and the scientists from all over the world are trying their level best to make
awareness of the global warming and find alternatives to control the horrific speed of the global warming
.Constantly they have been doing researches and found that industries and factories are not the only
source playing a significiant job in the contribution of the global warming but methane emitted from the
dams , methane emitted from the waste of animals such as cows and camel and the methane emitted
from rice fields are playing an indispensable role in the rise of global warming .There are three types of
ultraviolet rays they are mainly named as:

Ultraviolet A
Ultra violet A radiations are coming towards the earth in much greater amount

Ultraviolet B
Ultraviolet b rays are reaching to the surface of earth in less amount as compared to the ultra violet rays
A, but they are powerful as compared to the ultraviolet rays B , can be harmful to human body if the
human body is exposed to it for long period of time

Ultraviolet C
Ultraviolet c rays are the powerful of all and they can cause a serious threat to the human body such as
death even if the human body is exposed to it for a minimum duration.They reach to the surface of earth
in very very less amount as compared to the ultraviolet A and the ultraviolet B rays.According to [6],
Ultraviolet c rays are nowadays used for killing the viruses such corona virus and the SARS virus 2002 ,
through the UV blaster device.

As the amount of methane and the carbon dioxide is increasing plus the excessive cutting of trees is on
the climax ,the ozone layer is damaged due to which the ultraviolet radiations are coming towards earth
in greater amount as compared to the previous and that’s the reason that scientists are worried and they
making different experimentation to check the sources that are making contribution in the global warming
.In Australia even the camels were shot down in the year 2009 and 2013, blamed that their waste
produces methane. In the year 2020 month February 10,000 camels were again shot down for the same
reason in [7].
Old and traditional methods of rice cultivation
In the earlier times the cultivation of rice was very simple , it consisted of only two process , scattering the
seeds in the fields and the accepting the crop whatever quantity was produced .The old methods were no
doubt simple and less time consuming but the main drawbacks of old method was that it produced more
methane as compared to the new ways of cultivation of rice moreover the old methods of rice used to
produce the small quantity of rice so we can say that the old methods of growing the rice was ineffective
and less advantageous .But in the nowadays world those methods have been replaced with new ones but
consists of more steps such as production of seedling , preparing the land through humans and animals ,
providing large quantity of the water .The traditional rice cultivation system produces large quantity of
rice and the emission of methane is less as compared to the ancient rice cultivation system .However the
traditional rice cultivation requires the water on large scale. The rice fields not only produces the methane
but it also produces another type of gas that is named as (nitrous oxide) . This gas also contributes in
global warming .It has been observed by [8],[9],[10] that the discharge of methane gas from its cultivation
have raised serious concerns.We should minimize the discharge of these gases otherwise these may effect
the climate badly. Methane is caused due to the presence of different types of soil bacteria present in the
field according to [11].

System of rice intensification (SRI)

The SRI technique basically aimed to lower the consumption of water and increase the production of rice
with small sale of water in [12] .This method of farming the rice has proved much better and has increased
the production of rice with small scale of water .The SRI method has not only been successful in specific
area or a region but it has shown a positive result almost everywhere. This method of SRI was started and
introduced in 1983 by the French Jesuit father Henri de laulanie in Madagaskar, in this method :

 Rice is kept moist , which improves the growth rate

 Rice is planted single and a space is kept between them
 Rice seeds are removed and transferred when immature.
Many experiments have been conducted to check out the discharge of methane and nitrous oxide using
various methods of cultivation of rice . Field demonstration was performed with different planting
techniques , conventional puddled transplanted rice (TPR), conventional SRI with 12-days-old
seedling (SRI) and latest SRI with 18-days-old seedling (MSRI) to determine the emission of CH4
and NO2 . It was found that the methane emission was the highest in (TRP) 22.59 kg ha (-1) and
the minimum in SRI technique and the MSRI technique. Methane emission decreased with 61.1
and 64 percent by SRI and MSRI from [13] . From here we can make a guess that how much
ineffective the older rice cultivation was as compared to the modern one.
From [14] and [15]

Factors affecting methane emission:

There are many factors that plays role in the emission of methane .All those factors directly affect the
emission of methane .The amount of emission of methane depends on the type of rice and quantity of
the cultivation, the categories of soil , the heat of surrounding areas , watering techniques and the
fertilizers . So we will be discussing those factors one by one.

Climate
Methane emission is largely dependent on the climate .More heat can expand the breakdown of living
things which may increase the productivity of CH4. The emission of methane is more in the afternoon
1400 hour because the soil temperature is on the peak during the afternoon and hence warms the soil
that increases the emission of methane .According to different researches it was found in [16] that the
emission of methane gas was on the peak during the day timings because of the risen temperature. So if
the global warming continues with the same speed then definitely the emission of methane will go on
increasing at horrific speed from the rice fields and other sources.

Water management
It has been found that the emission of methane is more in amount in the rice farms that are filled from
water continuously .Whereas the discharge of methane from rice cultivation, that drained , produce less
amount of methane. This emission decreases when the water is drained from the fields of rice so we can
conclude that the discharge of methane also depends on the water management, depends on the level
and the amount the water we provide to the rice farms. Its continuously provision to the rice fields result
in the methane emission of 2.8 times greater than the fields that are drained. The fields are flooded with
water and then the rice is planted .In the next step the soil is evacuated from water and not irrigated until
and unless it is completely dried up, this form of the irrigation is called the intermittent irrigation. The
intermittent irrigation reduces the amount of methane emission between 15 percent and 80 percent as
compared to the fields that are flooded with water continuously.

Intermittent irrigation reduces the emission of methane at a good amount , in one article it is written that
the methane emission from the intermittent irrigation is reduced to 70 percent as compared to the
continuously flooded fields.

EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON METHANE

The type of fertilizers used for the rice fields also has directly effect on the emission of methane. There
are different types of methane used for the purpose to increase the crop growth and for the better
outcome. Some fertilizers increase the growth of methane emission while some of the fertilizers
decreases the emission of methane. It shows that to greater extent the emission of methane is dependent
on the type of fertilizers as well .For example the green manure (sesbania) mostly found in Asia steps up
the discharge of methane from the rice farms mentioned in [17]. And then the nitrogen fertilizers are said
to increase the crop growth as well but also increases the methane.

The N fertilizers increases the methane production , increasing rice plant growth as well. When water is
provided on large scale then the growth of rice plant increases methane emission according to [18].

OBJECTIVES:

 To know the importance of rice for the growing world population.

 To deterimine the type and quantity of different greenhouse gases emitted from rice cultivation
by using different inputs.
 To know how these gases are emitted from rice farming.
 To compare the efficiencies between different countries which are producing rice by using
different techniques of irrigation.
 To find any solution for reducing the emission of these gases from rice farming in spite of its large
amount of production.

MATERIALS AND METHODS :

Collection of data
In the present study, information is collected by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), in
Philippines. Information collected consisted of information such as the machinery ,labour ,animal ,fuel,
farms involved in the production of rice. Different types of gases emitted with the help of these activities
were also measured .The data was collected from those countries which are large producer and consumer
of rice. These countries include Pakistan ,China ,Philipinnes ,Indonesia, Nepal ,Myanmar etc.

Measurement of GHG discharge from equipment used in farming

We know that for the cultivation of rice,different machines are used such as tractor,pumping machine
and pipes.So these machines may contribute in the production of greenhouse gases.The mass or load of
other two machines except tractor is less,so they may not produce greenhouse gases.It has been
predicted that for the production of 1 kg of fertilizer,about 12.8kg of carbon dioxide is emitted[19].The
tractors which can emit different types of gases on a per hectare basis when they move from
manufacturing site to rice fields have been neglected in this research.The information about the total
span duration of tractor and its weight was collected from the company according to[20].The tractor of
John Deer company was assumed for the study.Similarly the information related to the propotion of
duration the tractor involved in the land production and farming task was collected with the help of
farmers.The following equation which was worked by [21] was used to determine the emission of
greenhouse gases while its cultivation.

GHGs discharge (kgCO2e/ha) = load of tractor (kg)*12.8kg CO2e/kg *percentage of life span of
tractor utilized for 1ha of rice yield

Manufacturing, loading,conveying and implementation of different fertilizers

According to [22],lot of strength is required for the preparation of fertilizers such as potassium,nitrogen
and phosphorous.Similarly the different types of insecticides and pesticides used in the protection of rice
from different diseases and insects also need more energy for their production.So these inputs may play
role in the emission of different greenhouse gases which is harmful.The different types of greenhouse
gases emitted from the fertilizer,insectides,pesticides can be found by two different approaches.The first
approach is by measuring the quantity of energy used in the operations such as manufacturing, loading,
conveying and then determining the greenhouse emissions.The second technique is by measuring the
hazards produced from insecticides,pesticides etc. Many researches were done for estimating the
required quantity of energy to produce different fertilizers.In Brazil,[23] has determined the quantity of
energy necessary for these chemicals.Similarly,[24],[25] have also played a major role in estimating the
energy for these chemicals.However,from all these studies done,it is difficult to determine the quantity
of emanations of greenhouse gases.We know that when chemical reaction occur,external energy is
released which is also known as exothermic energy.In the studies done,no conclusion was done about the
amount of energy released during these reactions.So its difficult to measure or estimate the quantity of
energy released during the manufacturing of different types of fertilizers.So the second option(measuring
the global warming hazard of each fertilizer) is suitable for determining the greenhouse gas emissions and
was preferred in the given study.[26] have measured different values of Global warming impact(GWI) for
different types of fertilizers such as nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium but they did not calculate the
global warming values for insecticides,pesticides and herbicides and these were estimated by [27] and are
given in the (Table A) below.
Chemicals GWI values
Nitrogen 3-270
Phosphorous 1-340
Potassium 0-642
Insecticides 21-7
Herbicides 30-10
Fungicides 14-7
Molluscides 22-16
Discharge of GHG owing to fuel usage
The greenhouse gases can can be emitted through many processes such as production,transportation and
combustion of fuels. For the current research, 3.8 kg CO 2e of GHG discharges per liter of fuel was utilized
by [28].The quantity of combustible used in these processes was acquired by performing field surveys.
The overall fuel utilization and GHG emanations for every liter of fuel was utilized to determine the overall
quantity of grrenhouse discharges from non-renewable energy source use.

Discharge of GHG caused by bullocks involved in farming

Animals involved in farming can radiate CH4 from ruminant maturation.According to [29] pair couple of
furrow bullocks have a working existence of about 11 years in their life, however for the farming purposes,
their typical term of working is just 5 years.For the process of cultivation in developing countries,cows and
bulls are not used in developed countries because new techniques are developed by them.But there are
some underdeveloped countries (Indonesia,Nepal) where bulls and cows are still used for cultivation
purposes. Owing to various wild sizes, different nutriments utilization and edibility, the normal discharge
pace of animals are different in advanced and under developing nations' which is about 55 kg/head/yr in
advanced nations and 35 kg/head/yr in under developing nations by [30] and [31]. By and large, bullocks
do not work all the day in farms.They can discharges greenhouse gas emanations of 0.67 kg CO2e/ hour
if they work for 3 hours per day.

Farm slurry containing different types of animal wastes such as litter,faeces and urine an emit different
gases in farm such as methane gas and nitrogen dioxide.So according to [32],the application of slurry
manure can reduce the discharge of these gases due to the penetration of carbon into the soil.

Livestock fermentation
(CO2,CH4,N2O)

Burning of crop Agriculture Manure management

(CH4,N2O) GHG (CO2,CH4,N2O)
sources

Rice cultivation

(CH4)
The above chart shows different types of emissions of greenhouse gases from agriculture.Livestock
fermentation and manure management are involved in the emission of methane,dinitrogen oxide,and
carbon dioxide.Whereas burning of crop residue results in discharge of methane and dinitrogen
oxide.Similarly methane is emitted from rice cultivation.So we can conclude that every activity involved
in agriculture result in different types of harmful gases.

Correlation of rice production and GHG emanations

In the current reasearch, assumption has been that there is a factually important correlation among rice
production and discharge of green house gases. So irrespective of the nation and adoption of water
system, a simple and linear model between GHG discharges (dependent factor) and rice production (free
factor) was obtained and examined.

RESULTS:
Rice manufacturing zones and yield from 1990 to 2006
In our study,we have considered eight countries which are producing rice.Among these countries,China
used to produce more rice in early 90,s after underdeveloped countries such as Indonesia and
Myanmar.But the developing countries including Australia and USA have utilized less area for rice
cultivation.The production data of these countries is given below in table. Both these counties had
allocated less areas for the production of rice as we can see in the (Table B) below.

Area ha Area ha Yield(kg/ha) Yield(kg/ha)

Countries/Nations 1990 2006 %changes 1990 2006 % changes

Australia 105 20 -81 8800 6300 -28.4

USA 1142 1142 0 6197.5 7013.9 13.2

China 33519 29380 -12.3 5716.6 6265.2 9.6

Indonesia 10502 11400 8.6 4301.8 4771.9 10.9

Myanmar 4760 7200 51.3 2935.3 3500 19.2

Nepal 1455 1549 6.5 2406.7 2716.6 12.9

Pakistan 2113 2572 21.7 2315.1 3163.9 36.7

Philippines 3319 4160 25.3 2978.6 3684.4 23.7

From the data given in table below,it was concluded that from duration of 1990-2006, the rice production
in developed countries was reduced by about 0.09 and it was increased by about 0.055 in backward
nations.Astonoshinly,throughout this duration, the area utilized by Australia for production of rice was
reduced to almost 20 thousand hectare.The main reason for the reduction of area was due the shortage
of water during this period and as result of which their profit was less.Similarly,the production rate of
Pakistan and Myanmar was also less in early 90,s but it was increased with the passage of time.

Comparability of GHG discharge using farming equipments

The overall GHG emanations/ha of rice developed in the eight nations in the current investigation was
24502 kg CO2e. Despite water system categories, these discharge from different equipment used seemed
to be almost equal in these countries as we can see in (Table C) below.

The emission of these gases from the equipment used in farming was more in Myanmar in contrast to
Australia which had lowest. Discharges identified with the utilization of farming equipment contained
0.018 of overall discharges. So we can say that equipment used in farming had effect on the overall GHG
budget.

Apart from the gases emission in farming equipment,these discharges may also occur from the fossil fuel
used in different irrigation techniques and these discharges are also different from the farm
equipment.Them amount of these discharges was higher for tubewell as compared to canal and rainwater
irrigation system. Steady with the discharges from farming equipment, the Philippines had the most
noteworthy GHG discharges by utilizing tubewell and channel water system frameworks from farm non-
renewable energy source(fossil fuels), while Australia had the least discharges (in channel or canal water
system framework). On total, fossil fuels represented 7535 kg CO2e, or 0.30, of overall discharges,
demonstrating that non-renewable energy sources have a major part in GHG discharges.
Correspondingly, discharges related with use of agrochemicals represented 0.66 of overall discharges
from farming inputs. As a rule, for every country there was less variations in agrochemical discharges for
the different water system used.Although canal watering system in Myanmar had significantly higher
emanations as compared rainfall water system. Discharges of these gases using different fertilizers were
excessive from channel water system in Australia, accompanied by tubewell water system in China,
though Myanmar had the least amount of these discharges by using rainfall water for irrigation.

Of the eight nations described in the given study, discharges related with the utilization of bullocks work
were assessed distinctly for Indonesia, Myanmar and Nepal, as different nations didn't utilize bullocks
work for rice yield. Nepal had the most noteworthy discharges accompanied by Myanmar and Indonesia.
Notwithstanding, discharges from bullocks are insignificant at 0.0079 of overall emanations.

Comparability of GHG emanations from farm inputs involving various irrigation systems
Canal or channel water system is the most widely recognized sort of water system in the vast majority of
the nations examined.Histogram below shows the outputs of the discharges of GHG from different
countries in given study.We can see that China was the most largest producer of these gases and then
accompanied by the other countries .Whereas Myanmar and Nepal resulted in less amount of discharges.

2500

2000
Total emissions

1500

1000 Series 1
Series 2
500

countries

discharge of greenhouse gases in advanced and under developed countries by adopting different
watering system techniques

Canals data

Tube well data

Higher outflows from China and Australia were principally because of bigger amounts of agrochemicals
utilized contrasted with different nations. Normal emanations from every creating nation were 1098.29
kg CO 2e/ha, 1.54 of Australia's discharges.

Additionally, outflows from tube well water system were more in China, accompanied by the other
countries. Normal emanations from every single creating nation were 1805.4 kg CO 2e/ha, which was 1.69
of the USA's outflows. The less discharges from the USA were ascribed to less uses of different fertilizers
as shown in (table C) above.

Rainfall water system information were relevant just for Indonesia and Myanmar, with emanations
because of farmland inputs determined for Indonesia were more as compared to Myanmar to a great
extent because of higher measures of fertilizers utilized in Indonesian rice-developing operations.

Despite watering techniques used, for every hectare premise, discharges from tube well were seen as
higher than channel and rainfall water system frameworks. Normal emanations for all nations with tube
well water system frameworks were 1.63 time greater than waterway and 2.63 occasions greater than
rainfall water system frameworks. The large emanations from tube well were because of large quantity
of petrol used to drive water, while the reduced discharges from rainfall water system frameworks were
because of less amounts of fertilizers and powers utilized.

Comparability of efficiencies among countries and irrigation techniques

As anticipated, rainfall water system frameworks were seen as more efficient, accompanied by channel
and tube well water system frameworks. Overall, the GHG discharges/kg of rice become changed with
different water system frameworks. Rainfall water system frameworks radiated 0.189 kg CO2e, while
channel and tube well water system frameworks generated 0.23 and 0.32 kg CO2e, separately in (Table
C).

The nations which were utilizing tube well water system frameworks, Pakistan was the less productive
having two times GHG discharges (0.52 kg CO2e/kg rice) of the greatest productive nation, the USA (.219
kg CO2e/kg rice). In spite of looking at GHG discharges for every hectare premise in tubewell water
system frameworks, Pakistan had less emanations than the developing countries, yet this isn't the
situation if GHG outflow production was examined. It is most likely because of lower rice efficiency in
Pakistan (Table B).

Rice efficiency relies upon yielding contributions as well as on weather, soil conditions and the physical
features of an area. Pakistan was also not production among the countries using waterway or channel
water system framework,with more than twofold the GHG emanations to that of Australia. Normal
discharges for each advanced country utilizing tube well water system frameworks were 1.67 occasions
better than the outflows from tube well water system frameworks in the USA. So also, normal outflows
with channel water system frameworks in advanced countries were 1.38 occasions higher than the
discharges from channel water system frameworks in Australia. This shows advanced nations are more
efficient as far as GHG efficiency, most likely because of more rice profit (Table B) and preferable land use
compared to under developing nations.
Correlation among rice production and GHG emanations
Since more yield is principally assigned to expanded farmland inputs, conclusion was made that the
expanding rice production may play big role in the discharge of GHG. The current investigation observed
that just about 0.52 of the variety in these discharges from rice cultivating is clarified by its production
shown in graph below, while the other 0.48 could be clarified by best administration rehearses, less
discharge system and land use appropriateness.

In any case, the connection between discharge of GHG and yield is measurably important when (P< 0.01)
(Y=0.1651 X+0.3967; R2=0.5238 and P= 0.009). In light of given equation, a yield increment of 100 kg can
increment GHG outflows by 16.51 kg CO2e.

DISCUSSION:
Rice is the significant and most vital nutriment for most Asian nations [33].Its production has been
improved because of the advanced technologies of machinery used for its cultivation nowadays.
According to [34] rice is considered to be the world’s third largest food crop whereas sugar cane and maize
numbers the first and second in the top three list . [35] have estimated that its normal production was 4.3
millions tonnes per hectare ten years ago.In the current investigation, evaluation and comparison is done
about the discharges which occured from rice cultivation, coming from different sources such as
machinery involving in farming,animals involved in farming processes etc. Conclusion demonstrate that
field equipment, diesel and petrol, fertilizers and bullocks have contributed about 0.0179, 0.0306, 0.0667
and 0.0075 of GHG discharges [36]. The amount of GHG discharges from petroleum products fluctuates
with different types of water system being utilized,most excessive emissions from tubewell, followed by
channel and rainfall water system. So also, in every nation, where both the channel and tubewell water
system, or the channel and rainfall water system, were utilized, the deviation in these discharges from
different fertilizers was almost negligible.

The discharges from tubewell water system were in excess amount than channel and rainfall water
system.[37] has estimated that normal discharges from all nations utilizing tubewell water system were
1.64 times these emanations from channel and 2.64 times rainfall water system. Excessive discharges
using tubewell irrigation system resulted due to more quantity of fuel used to drive or force water, while
the most reduced amount of discharges were produced from rainfall water system utilizing less amount
of fertilize and petrol.

Taking into account the GHG discharge productivity,under developing nations were seen as less produtive
than advanced nations by using channel and tubewell water system [38].

Around .49 of variation in these discharge from rice cultivation is clarified by rice production. The
connection among these was factually important (P<0.01); an increment of 100 kg product can expand
these discharges to about 16.50 kgCO2e by [39]. Consequently, expanding rice yield somewhat was
connected to more farm sources and thus resulted in excessive discharges of GHG.

CONCLUSION:
The fact that the rice is nutritious staple for almost all over the globe is undeniable, but at the same
moment we cannot deny the fact that the rice gives birth to the emission of gas that is as dangerous as
carbon dioxide i.e ( methane) in [40] . The discharge of methane as a result of its cultivation makes 1.5
percent of total world greenhouse gas emission. This fact and number , may be small for us but if we
consider the total emission of greenhouse gas from agricultural activities would make surely a quarter of
all emission. No doubt we cannot fulfill the food requirements of the fast growing population without the
rice but it is time for us to step up for finding the better alternatives to increase the rice production and
at the same moment decrease the discharge of methane gas from its cultivation. Discussing the problem
is not the ground solution until and unless we start working upon them .Agricultural expertise from all
over the corners are trying their level best to come up with valid solution of the aforementioned problem.
Some of the solutions are as follow :

Water:
It is observed that the process of damping and drying improves the aerobic condition.The water available
to the crops in the spring and fall season is removed with the help of drainage.According to [41], this
technique of mid-season drainage reduces the emission of methane ranging from 7 to 95 percent.

Nutrient :
Balanced application of the nutrients have also a positive result of reducing the methane emission in [42].

Rice varieties :
Rice varieties that are less water loving , can be used in more aerobic environment. Scientists say that the
(SUSIBA2 RICE) is the low methane emitting rice , instead of growing the other varieties of rice we can
also switch to this form of rice that can bring a positive change and reduce the methane emission from
[43].

Tillage:
According to [44],techniques for seeding the ground maintain stable soils.
SRI and MSRI Technique :
Similarly the other way of reducing the methane discharge produced as a result of farming and increasing
the productivity of rice is to leave away the older ways of farming .Presently the use SRI ( system of rice
intensification ) and the MSRI ( mechanized system of rice intensifications) are used and being promoted
ahead , for a better productivity and and less emission of methane . Both these methods in [45] have
lower methane emissions as compared to the other ones.We need not only to worry about the discharge
of methane from rice farms but it is our dire need to stand up and check out the best possible measures
to control the methane emission from the newly constructed dams and the waste of cows and camel as
well . But its none other than a worry , although we know the sources of methane emission, still we have
not been able to control that to the desired level , still we are stepping up to the construction of dams
even in the crisis of pandemic ( Diamer basha dam) from [46] and many more that I have not highlighted
over here.And the places where we have started working on the reduction of methane, there we have
started killing of animals (camels) in Australia , blamed for playing an important role in the methane
emission from the waste , instead of checking other measures .

REFERENCES:
[1] Alden D. Smartt, Kristofor R. Brye and Richard J. Norman (2016)Methane Emissions from Rice
Production in the United States”DOI: 10.5772/62025

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