5G Basics & Architecture

Learn all what you need to know about 5G

By Ahmad Manzoor
© Pakistan Blockchain Institute, 2020

We prepare this short booklet for all the new learners who
want to learn about 5G’s basics & Architecture as well as
you will understand why it is one of the most important
part of 4th Industrial Revolution.

Ahmad Manzoor
Founder & CEO
Pakistan Blockchain Institute
www.pakistanblockchaininstitute.org
Prologue

This is a short manual to understand the 4th Industrial

Revolution Technologies & 5G in very easy &
understandable language.

This is Prepared this for beginners to give them a feeler

about new upcoming technologies and how these
technologies will change the world.
 Table of Content
Prologue ......................................................................4
Chapter 1 .....................................................................8
Few Concepts .............................................................8
What is Technology? ..................................................8
What is SMART? ..........................................................9
Types of SMART ..........................................................9
Architecture Projects ..................................................9
Why we need SMART Architectures? .....................10
What is Digital Transformation? ..............................11
Chapter 2...................................................................12
4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) .................................12
Components of 4th Industrial Revolution .............13
Why it’s important to learn about these
Technologies? ...........................................................13
Data Sciences............................................................14
Cloud Computing ....................................................14
Internet of Things .....................................................15
Internet of EveryThing .............................................16
Artificial Intelligence ................................................17
Use-Cases of Artificial Intelligence .........................18
Blockchain .................................................................18
Blockchain Use-Cases ..............................................20
5G ...............................................................................20
5G Speed ..................................................................21
Projects Related to SMART Architecture................22
Components of the SMART City .............................23
Top Smart Cities in the world ..................................24
Smartest City in the World.......................................26
Chapter 3...................................................................27
5G Basics ...................................................................27
What is 5G? ...............................................................27
Difference with previous generations ....................28
5G Speed ..................................................................29
Why 5G is required? ................................................30
Pillars of 5G Technology ..........................................30
5G Architecture ........................................................32
Some Terminologies in 5G Architecture ...............33
Virtualization..............................................................35
Software Defined Networking (SDN) .....................36
Network Functions Virtualization Infrastructures
(NFVi) .........................................................................36
Virtualized Network Functions (VNF) .....................37
White Box Switching ................................................38
Future of Resource Sharing .....................................38
Mobility ......................................................................39
Directions ..................................................................40
Quality of Service .....................................................41
Over-Provisioning .....................................................42
Small Cells in 5G Network .......................................42
5G Protocols & Terminologies ................................42
How these protocols and terminologies will work? .
43
Mobile Cloud ............................................................44
Mobile Cloud Enablers ............................................45
Chapter 4...................................................................46
5G Security ................................................................46
Chapter 5...................................................................47
5G Use-Cases ............................................................47
About Author & Trainer............................................48
Chapter 1
Few Concepts

What is Technology?

I
n simple words technology is the sum of techniques,
skills, methods, and processes used in the production
of goods or services or in the accomplishment of
objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can
be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or
it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation
without detailed knowledge of their workings. Systems (e.g.
machines) applying technology by taking an input,
changing it according to the system's use, and then
producing an outcome are referred to as technology
systems or technological systems.

Whether it's practical (like washing machines, tumble

dryers, refrigerators, cars, flooring materials, windows, or
door handles) or for leisure (like televisions, Blu-ray
players, games consoles, reclining chairs, or toys), all these
things are examples of technology.

“It has become appallingly obvious that our

technology has exceeded our humanity”
What is SMART?

SMART is stand for “Self-Monitoring Analysis And

Reporting Technology”, It enhances accuracy and
efficiency of system..

SMART is based on multiple technologies like:

Sensors, databases, and wireless access to collaboratively

sense, adapt, and provide for users within the
environment.

Types of SMART
Architecture Projects

Following are few project based on SMART Technologies:

• Smart Buildings & Homes

• Industry 4.0
• Smart wastage system
• Smart sewerage System
• Smart lighting
• Smart grids
• Smart parking systems
• Smart health care
• Smart transportation
• Smart Roads
• Smart Traffic Management
• Smart Governance
• Smart Security systems
• Smart Response systems
• Smart Education systems
• Smart Factories
• Smart Energy Systems / devices
• Smart liveability
• Smart Devices & Things
etc……….

Why we need SMART Architectures?

Following are few benefits of SMART Architectures, from

these you will understand why we need SMART
Architectures:

• More effective, data-driven decision-making

• Enhanced citizen and government engagement
• Safer communities
• Reduced environmental footprint
• Improved transportation
• Increased digital equity
• New economic development opportunities
• Efficient public utilities
• Improved infrastructure
• Increased workforce engagement
What is Digital Transformation?

Digital Transformation is the adoption of digital technology

to transform services or businesses, through replacing non-
digital or manual processes with digital processes or
replacing older digital technology with newer digital
technology.

Digital Transformation is not about automation, this more

related to the liveability and make the liveability more
easier through user experience (UX) & user interface
(UI).One example is our mobile phone, like before SMART
mobile phones we have used everything physically, now
our SMART phone is our office, from emails to phone calls.

With digital transformation we make our lives easier and

more effective.

Digital Transformation is the use of new, fast and frequently

changing digital technology to solve problems often
utilising cloud computing, reducing reliance on user owned
hardware but increasing reliance on subscription based
cloud services.
Chapter 2

4th Industrial Revolution (4IR)

F
ourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)—characterized by
the fusion of the digital, biological, and physical
worlds, as well as the growing utilization of new

Different Eras of Industrial Revolutions

technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain,

cloud computing, robotics, 3D printing, internet of Things,
internet of everything and advanced wireless technologies
like 5G, among others.
Components of 4th Industrial
Revolution

Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is based on many

technology or you can say combination of different
technologies like following:

• Data Sciences
• Cloud Computing
• Internet of things
• Internet of everything
• Artificial Intelligence
• Blockchain
• 5G

Why it’s important to learn about

these Technologies?

As mentioned above 4IR is combination of multiple

technologies, so it’s important to understand the impact of
these technologies in upcoming world / near future. These
emerging technologies will change the world rapidly, you
can say next 10 - 15 years are very crucial for tech industry.
Data Sciences

Data science is an inter-disciplinary field that uses scientific

methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract
knowledge and insights from many structural and

unstructured data. Data science is related to data mining,

machine learning and big data.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer

system resources, especially data storage and computing
power, without direct active management by the user. The
term is generally used to describe data centers available to
many users over the
Internet.

Internet of Things

The Internet of Things is basically adopted to make things

communicate with human through network. Additionally it
will make the network of physical “things”.
These devices will communicate through sensors, software,
and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data over the internet.

IOT = Network + Things

Visit the following link:
https://builtin.com/internet-things/iot-examples

Internet of EveryThing

The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a concept that aims to

look at the bigger picture in which the Internet of Things
fits. Yet, when you look deeper at IoE, you’ll notice it really
is also about the vision of a distributed network with a
growing focus on the edge in times of ongoing
decentralization, some digital transformation enablers and
a focus on IoT business outcomes.

Internet of Everything (IoE) brings together people,

process, data, and things to make networked connections
more relevant and valuable.
 IOE = Network + Things + People + Data + Process

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence, sometimes also called machine

intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines,
unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and
animals.

This technology will make the machine to learn and predict

like we are using in few field mentioned in below section:
Use-Cases of Artificial Intelligence

Following are few use-cases related to artificial intelligence

• Manufacturing robots.
• Smart assistants.
• Proactive healthcare management.
• Disease mapping,.
• Automated financial investing.
• Virtual travel booking agent.
• Social media monitoring.
• Inter-team chat tool.
• Prediction Assistants

Blockchain

Blockchain is hottest topic these days, which always get the

false expression and mixed up with Bitcoin or Crypto
Currencies. Following are few myths and misconceptions
about Blockchain Technology:

• Blockchain = Bitcoin
• Blockchain can only be used for financial sector
• Everyone can see private information on the Blockchain
as Blockchain is only public
• Smart Contracts have the same legal value as regular
contracts

Blockchain is also called new internet, it will work

simultaneously like internet and every other technology
will change with time, but blockchain remain there like
internet.

Blockchain is an immutable record keeping system not

working over CRUD functionality.

C- Create
R- Read
U- Update
D- Delete
Update & Delete functionalities removed from system
intentionally to make this system immutable, transparent &
more accurate.You can only create or read the record.

Blockchain Use-Cases

Following are few use-cases about Blockchain technology

Visit the following link:

https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/05/14/30-
real-examples-of-blockchain-technology-in-practice/
#1e0da949740d

5G

5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global

wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G
networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is
designed to connect virtually everyone and everything
together including machines, objects, and devices.

• 5G is a combination of extraordinary advances in the

physics of the radio network
• The advancements and the agility and flexibility in
networking
• NFV and SDN have given us over the past couple of
years.
• Fundamentally, 5G gives you the ability to get much
larger bandwidth closer to your user.

5G Speed

• 5G will meet the new demands being placed on

networks with up to 20x faster data speeds, by some
predictions, and nearly 50x latency
• New prediction to made it over 100x4G
• It is improvements in latency that hold much of the
promise for Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial
Intelligence (AI) apps.
Projects Related to SMART
Architecture

As mentioned above there are a lot projects you can do

within SMART architectures like the followings:

• Smart Buildings & Homes

• Industry 4.0
• Smart wastage system

• Smart sewerage System

• Smart lighting
• Smart grids
• Smart parking systems
• Smart health care
• Smart transportation
• Smart Roads
• Smart Traffic Management
• Smart Governance
• Smart Security systems
• Smart Response systems
• Smart Education systems
• Smart Factories
• Smart Energy Systems / devices
• Smart liveability
• Smart Devices & Things

Components of the SMART City

In the approach to the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is

to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a
decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable
environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions.
Following are core elements for the Smart City
infrastructure:
• Smart Housing system with affordability
• Robust Connectivity
• Good Governance with Digitlization and Citizen
Involvement
• Sustainable Environment
• Safety & Security
• Health for all Facilities
• Education for all Facilities
• Adequate Water Supply
• Assured Electricity
• Sanitation with Solid Waste Management System
• Efficient Mobility & Transportation

Top Smart Cities in the world

New York City

With a population sitting above 8.5 million, New York City

uses 1 billion gallons of water each day. As part of its smart
city plan, the city’s Department of Environmental
Protection is deploying a large-scale Automated Meter
Reading (AMR) system to get a better snapshot of water
consumption, while giving customers a useful tool to check
their water use each day. The city has also turned to
Bigbelly solar powered “smart” bins which monitor trash
levels and ensures waste pick-up is scheduled regularly.

London

The city is the capital and most populous city in the United
Kingdom and is a nerve centre in areas such as the arts,
commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance,
media, research, tourism, and transportation. The report
underlined London as the city best placed when it comes to
human capital, and it was also recognised for its mobility
and transportation, international outreach, economy,
governance, technology and urban planning.

Paris

The reports shone a spotlight on the city’s efforts in

international outreach as well as mobility and
transportation. For instance, the city is currently in the
midst of developing the Grand Paris Express which will
feature 127 miles of fully-automated metro lines and 68 new
stations. By 2050, the city will also replace the entire
4,500-bus fleet of the RATP (the Paris Region’s primary
public transport operator) with electric or natural gas
vehicles (NGVs).

Tokyo

As one of the most popular metropolitan areas in the world

with a high rate of labour productivity, the city particularly
stood out in the ranking for its economy and human
capital. Set to host the Olympic Games in 2020, Tokyo will
use face recognition technology to improve security whilst
driverless taxis are expected to ferry athletes and tourists
from place to place.

Singapore

As part of its smart efforts, the city implemented a

transportation system called One Monitoring, a
comprehensive portal whereby citizens can access traffic
information collected from surveillance cameras installed
on roads and taxi vehicles using GPS. Additionally,
Singapore has also implemented a Parking Guidance
System which provides drivers with real-time information
on parking availability. In 2015, the city also introduced
smart bins as part of a smart waste management
programme.

Smartest City in the World

Dubai is the smartest city in the world, as they are adopting

all the new technologies and try to change the world with
technologies.

Dubai is also called:

• Smart City
• Blockchain City
• AI City

Dubai is the only country in the world which have the

ministry dedicated to Artificial Intelligence.

Chapter 3

5G Basics

O
ne the major component of 4th Industrial
Revolution (4IR) is 5G, everything is connected
through this as higher speed connectivity is
required.

What is 5G?

5G is the 5th generation mobile

network. It is a new global
wireless standard after 1G,
2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G
enables a new kind of
network that is designed to
connect virtually everyone
and everything together
including machines, objects,
and devices.
5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-
Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability,
massive network capacity, increased availability, and a
more uniform user experience to more users. Higher
performance and improved efficiency empower new user
experiences and connects new industries.

Difference with previous generations

• First generation - 1G
1980s: 1G delivered analog voice.
• Second generation - 2G
Early 1990s: 2G introduced digital voice (e.g. CDMA-
Code Division Multiple Access).
• Third generation - 3G
Early 2000s: 3G brought mobile data (e.g. CDMA2000).
• Fourth generation - 4G LTE
2010s: 4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile broadband.

1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G all led to 5G, which is designed to

provide more connectivity than was ever available before.
5G is a unified, more capable air interface. It has been
designed with an extended capacity to enable next-
generation user experiences, empower new deployment
models and deliver new services.

With high speeds, superior reliability and negligible

latency, 5G will expand the mobile ecosystem into new
realms. 5G will impact every industry, making safer
transportation, remote healthcare, precision agriculture,
digitized logistics and many more, this coming and this is a
reality. Incoming era of network automation is must,
without automation networks will unable to provide the
fast & reliable connectivity, to achieve this telecom services
provider solutions need to be open sourced.

5G Speed

Few you need to understand are the followings:

• 5G will meet the new demands being placed on

networks with up to 20x faster data speeds, by some
predictions, and nearly 50x latency
• New prediction to made it over 100x4G
• It is improvements in latency that hold much of the
promise for Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial
Intelligence (AI) apps.

Why 5G is required?

5G is used across three main types of connected services,

including enhanced mobile broadband, mission-critical
communications, and the massive IoT. A defining capability
of 5G is that it is designed for forward compatibility—the
ability to flexibly support future services that are unknown
today.

Pillars of 5G Technology

Enhanced mobile broadband

These days making our smartphones better on daily basis,
5G mobile technology will take us towards the new
experiences such as VR and AR with faster, more uniform
data rates, lower latency, and lower cost-per-bit.

Mission-critical communications

5G can enable new services that can transform industries

around the globe with ultra-reliable, always available, low-
latency links like remote control of critical infrastructure,
vehicles, and medical procedures.

Massive IoT & Machine Communication

5G is meant to seamlessly connect a massive number of

embedded sensors in virtually everything through the
ability to scale down in data rates, power, and mobility
which is providing extremely lean and low-cost
connectivity solutions.

5G Architecture

Architecture of 5G is highly advanced, its network elements

and various terminals are characteristically upgraded to
afford a new situation. Likewise, service providers can
implement the advance technology to adopt the value-
added services easily.

However, upgradeability is based upon cognitive radio

technology that includes various significant features such as
ability of devices to identify their geographical location as
well as weather, temperature, etc. Cognitive radio

technology acts as a
transceiver (beam) that perceptively can catch and respond
radio signals in its operating environment. Further, it
promptly distinguishes the changes in its environment and
hence respond accordingly to provide uninterrupted
quality service.

Some Terminologies in 5G
Architecture
• 5G Macro Cells will use MIMO (multiple input, multiple
output) antennas that have multiple elements or
connections to send and receive more data
simultaneously.
• Small Cell are low-powered cellular radio access nodes
• A macrocell or macrosite is a cell in a mobile phone
network that provides radio coverage served by a high
power cell site (tower or antenna)
• NSA (Non-Standalone Networks) vs SA (Standalone
Networks)
• Control Plane is for controlling the signals
• User Plane is working for user based applications / end
user devices
• NSA Using multi stream aggregation
• 4G / LTE need dedicated network & based on hardware
• 5G is based on Software & deployed on servers with
virtualisation

• Network elements (Hardware) will changed / replaced

with Network management functions (Software)
Virtualization

Virtualization is the key element of 5G, how let’s discuss

within this section.

Virtualisation is the creation of a virtual -- rather than

actual version of something, such as an operating system
(OS), a server, a storage device or network resources.
Virtualisation uses software that simulates hardware
functionality in order to create a virtual system.

In

computing, virtualisation refers to the act of creating a

virtual version of something, including virtual computer
hardware platforms, storage devices, and computer
network resources.

5G network virtualisation will permit the division of

hardware resources into functions that can be controlled by
software: network functions virtualisation (NFV).
Software Defined Networking (SDN)

Software-defined networking technology is an approach to

network management that enables dynamic,

programmatically efficient network configuration in order
to improve network performance and monitoring, making
it more like cloud computing than traditional network
management.

Network Functions Virtualization

Infrastructures (NFVi)
Network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVi) is a
way to virtualize network services, such as routers,
firewalls, and load balancers, that have traditionally been
run on proprietary hardware, called V-routers, V-switches
& V-Firewalls etc.
Virtualized Network Functions (VNF)
In a Network Functions Virtualisation architecture, a
virtualised network function, or VNF, is responsible for

handling specific network functions that run in one or

more virtual machines on top of the hardware networking
infrastructure, which can include routers, switches,
servers, cloud computing systems and more.

White Box Switching

Another very important concept is white box switching,

white box switch or white label switch is a network
switch that is assembled from standardised commodity
parts. White box switches run on off-the-shelf chips.
White box switches are really just that – 'blank' standard
hardware. The term white box is used to describe
products that do not carry a brand name.

Future of Resource Sharing

In virtualization, physical resources are shared among

virtual machines. Resource sharing represents perhaps the
most significant advantage of server virtualization, because
you can allocate resources to a VM based on the machine’s
actual performance needs. Multiple virtual machines can
run on the same physical host, with each virtual machine
sharing the resources of the host. Virtual machines share
access to CPUs, physical network cards, disk controllers,
and are assigned their own region of memory.
On the same physical host, different virtual machines can
run different operation systems. For example, you can run
virtual machines that run some Linux distributions and
virtual machines that run Windows on the same host. 

When multiple virtual machines run on the same host,

each virtual machine is allocated a portion of its physical
resources. The hypervisor allows multiple operating
systems to share a single hardware host.

Mobility

Mobility is the ability to move or be moved freely and

easily.
Today’s life is impossible without networking, rapid growth
of android phones is a big challenge for wireless
communication
 Mobility in
wireless networks basically
refers to a node, Mobile Node
(MN), or sometimes a subnet,
changing its point of
attachment to
the network while its
communication to
the network remains
uninterrupted.

Directions

Omni Directional

Omnidirectional refers to the notion of existing in

every direction. Omnidirectional devices
include: Omnidirectional antenna, an antenna that radiates
equally in all directions. 
Uni-Directional

This single directional fixed antenna, sending signal toward

the same / single direction.

Quality of Service

2 concepts are using in 5G related to the quality;

• Quality of Service
• Quality of Experience

• QoS is mainly oriented to analyze the performance of

the network and the media involved
• KPIs and QoS parameters are independent from radio
and access technology, but the acceptance thresholds
have to be adjusted to new services.
• Quality of Experience (QoE) examines the point of view
of the end user and how he perceives the value of the
service
• QoE is not directly depending of radio technology, but
the expectation will increase with higher performance.
Increasing expectation changes QoE but it happens for
all technologies then.
Over-Provisioning

Over-provisioning is a function that provides additional

capacity specifically for data to be erased from a Storage,
without interrupting system performance.

Small Cells in 5G Network

• Small cells make use of low-power, short-range wireless

transmission systems (or “base stations”) that cover
small geographical areas or small proximity indoor and
outdoor spaces.
• Same characteristics of the classic base stations that is
using by the telecom companies for years.
• Capable of handling high data rates for mobile
broadband and consumers
• IoT, high densities of low-speed, low-power devices
• Capable to handle almost; million devices per square
mile and latencies in the millisecond range.

5G Protocols & Terminologies

There few terminologies you will heard with in 5G, some
new and some old but you will see the following
terminologies:

• Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)

• Session Management Function (SMF)
• Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF)
• Network Slice Instance (NSI)

• Network Repository Function (NRF)

• Non-access stratum (NAS)
• Next Generation Application (NG-AP)
• New Radio (NR)
• Radio access technology (RAT)
• Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP)
• Unified data management (UDM)
• Next generation nodeB (gNB)

How these protocols and

terminologies will work?

These will work as per the following:

• Implementation of new components which are meant to
be deployed in parallel with the 4G core network: AMF,
SMF, NSSF and NRF.
• Integration with the 5G NR using the 5G interfaces [N1,
N2, N3], including a new implementation of 5G NAS and
NG-AP protocols
• Implementing control-user plane split with PFCP [N4]
• First implementation of Service based Architecture
features [HTTP/2, OpenAPI, REST] applied for a basic
implementation of UDM and NRF.
• Initial implementation of NSSF

Mobile Cloud

Cloud-based resource sharing has witnessed a tremendous

growth period.
Some examples that have emerged are cloud computing,
cloud storage, and cloud gaming, like google, AWS, AliBaba
Cloud & online games

Mobile Cloud Enablers

First we need to understand who is enabler or if you heard

about actor in 4th industrial revolution.

Enablers refers to the technologies and manufacturers that

serve as the backbone for any technology based products
and services
Chapter 4

5G Security

A
growing amount of people’s lives take place online.
People are storing and sending ever-increasing
amounts of personal and financial data using
mobile devices and networks. Cybercrime is expanding
rapidly, with many people affected by and concerned about
fraud and malware.

Few points are very important when we talk about the

security in 5G or upcoming technologies

• We need layered based Security, mean we need security

on each and every layer of the network to make it more
secure.
• New & updated security policies need to be
implemented all over the networks and even on the
product / user level.
• Unable to deploy the old security mechanisms here as
they are unable to provide security to the new and
advance systems.
• Security is impacted through scale may be through
digital identities like one identity for all the personal
devices will one example to make secure the devices
through double authentication (like google is using it
thee days) or triple authentication
5G will connect critical & personal infrastructures that will
be more secure to ensure the safety of all the data available.

Technologies will save us from technologies which are

hackable

Like Blockchain, which is unhackable till today, when you

reading this book.

Chapter 5

5G Use-Cases

F
following are few use-cases of 5G & 4th Industrial
revolution, when everything technology will be
integrated with each other.

• Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicles are one of the most anticipated
5G applications.

• IoT in Smart City Infrastructure and Traffic Management

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) & connected
vehicle technology

• Industrial Automation
Industrial automation space are wireless flexibility,
reduced costs and the viability of applications that
are not possible with current wireless technology.

• Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)

About Author & Trainer

Ahmad Manzoor
(Founder & CEO Pakistan Blockchain Institute)
(Founder & Chief Consultant AnZ Technologies)
(Digital Transformation Consultant)
(Smart Cities Architect)
(Blockchain Solutions Architects)
(Blockchain Security Advisor)
• 20 years of experience in ICT Solutions Architecture &
Pre-Sales Field
• Design many solutions for clients within Pakistan & Out
of Pakistan mostly EMEA & Europe Region
• Provided Training since last 12 years Nationally &
Internationally
• Cisco, Juniper, IBM, Oracle, Intel, EPI, BCS, etc. Certified
• Blockchain Certified in Blockchain Training Alliance &
Linux Foundation, Consensys, Blockchain Council,
EmergingED like CBBF, CBSA, CBSP etc.
• Certified Blockchain Trainer by Blockchain Training
Alliance
• Also Lead Blockchain Trainer in Presidential Initiative
for AI & Computing (PIAIC) Program
• Volunteer for COVID-19 Initiative over Blockchain
• Blockchain Advisor for Blockchain Center of Pakistan

Linkedin Profile
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