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Heating and cooling degree-hours for

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Article in Energy · October 1999

DOI: 10.1016/S0360-5442(99)00035-3

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 Energy 24 (1999) 833–840
www.elsevier.com/locate/energy

Heating and cooling degree-hours for Turkey

A. Satman *, N. Yalcinkaya
Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 80626, Istanbul, Turkey
Received 10 February 1999

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine heating and cooling degree-hours for Turkey. Seventy seven
weather stations around in Turkey were chosen for this study. Hourly temperature records obtained from
these stations were used to calculate yearly heating degree-hours with base temperatures of 15, 17 and
18.3°C and yearly cooling degree-hours with base temperatures of 24, 26, 27 and 30°C. The degree-hour
performances are documented by tables and contour maps.  1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Air-conditioning and refrigeration engineers in local or exporting companies need design data.
In designing indoor comfort quality of buildings such as heating and cooling conditions, meteoro-
logical parameters should be analyzed accurately. In the countries located in the western hemi-
sphere, Heating Degree-Days (HDD) and Cooling Degree-Days (CDD) as well as Heating Degree-
Hours (HDH) and Cooling Degree-Hours (CDH) play significant roles in managing air condition-
ing equipment, in energy planning (both generation and consumption) and in estimating heating
and cooling loads. There are various methods for the calculation of monthly or annual energy
consumption, however, degree-hour or degree-day methods are the simplest. The degree-day
method can provide a simple estimate of annual energy loads, which can be quite accurate if the
indoor temperature is constant. The degree-hour and the degree-day methods are commonly used
in the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) industries to estimate energy consumption
by heating systems during the winter season and by cooling systems during the summer season.
Degree-hours and degree-days are conventionally calculated for a reference (or a base) tempera-
ture. Some applications are given in Refs [1–4].
In recent years Turkey’s energy strategy has emphasized natural gas and it seems that it will

* Tel.: +90-212-285-6268; fax: +90-212-285-6263.

E-mail address: mdsatman@itu.edu.tr (A. Satman)

0360-5442/99/$ - see front matter.  1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 6 0 - 5 4 4 2 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 3 5 - 3
834 A. Satman, N. Yalcinkaya / Energy 24 (1999) 833–840

continue to grow in importance. Natural gas is used primarily for space heating and natural gas
consumption in buildings varies throughout the year so that the supply and demand balance must
be planned in advance. Variation in space heating needs is measured in degree-days or in degree-
hours using 18.3°C (65°F) mean temperature as the base temperature. The degree-hour method
is one of the proper methods to use in order to forecast consumption of natural gas in residential
heating [5–7]. Degree-days or degree-hours for a base temperature of 18°C in Europe or 18.3°C
in the United States have been widely tabulated, based on the observation that this has represented
average conditions in typical buildings. Such data for Turkey, however, are not available in the
literature, but the results of our study should fulfill such an accomplishment.

2. Data analysis

The rate of energy consumption of a heating system is

UA
Qh⫽ [Ti⫺To(t)]+ (1)
hh
where UA=overall heat loss coefficient for the building, hh=efficiency of the heating system,
Ti=inside design temperature, and To=outside design temperature. The plus sign superscript on
the bracket indicates that only positive values are to be counted. The value of Ti depends on the
type and use of the building, degree of activity of occupants, duration of occupancy, presence of
radiant heat sources such as large lighting loads or glass exposures, and outside design conditions.
Recommended indoor and outside design conditions are given in Refs [8,9].
The yearly energy consumption is the time integral of the instantaneous consumption over the
heating or cooling season. If we make the simplifying assumption that UA/hh is constant then
the annual heating consumption can be written as an integral:

Qh,yr⫽
UA
hh冕[Ti⫺To(t)]+dt (2)

In practice, this integral is approximated by a sum of averages over short time intervals (hourly
or daily), and the result is called degree-hours or degree-days.
Let us define the heating and cooling temperature amounts as
Thi⫽(Tbal⫺To)+ (3)
and
Tci⫽(To⫺Tbal)+ (4)
respectively. Here Tbal is the balance-point temperature and To is the outside temperature. Tbal is
defined as the temperature at which internal heat generation (from the sun, occupants, lights, etc.)
just balances transmission and infiltration losses [1,2].
Yearly heating degree-days can be expressed as
 A. Satman, N. Yalcinkaya / Energy 24 (1999) 833–840 835

冘
n
hy

HDDy⫽ Thi (5)

i⫽1

where nhy is the number of heating degree-hours in one year. Yearly cooling degree-days can be
defined in an analogous expression as

冘
n
cy

CDDy⫽ Tci (6)

i⫽1

where ncy is the numbers of cooling degree-hours in one year. One can obtain the daily heating
degree-hours and the daily cooling degree-hours in the following forms, respectively

冘
n
hd

HDHd⫽ Thi (7)

i⫽1

and

冘
n
cd

CDHd⫽ Tci (8)

i⫽1

where nhd and ncd are the numbers of heating degree-hours and cooling degree-hours in one day.

3. Results and discussion

Data obtained from 77 meteorological stations in Turkey were used to determine CDH, HDH,
and HDD. These stations have reliable, well-maintained or new instruments and are operated by
the State Meteorological Affairs General Directorate (DMIGM) which keeps hourly weather rec-
ords for these stations on magnetic tapes. We used the hourly weather data collected since 1991
and the location features for the 77 weather stations are given in Table 1. Preliminary results of
our study are given in Refs [10,11]. Data in terms of HDH and CDH are to be used to estimate
the natural gas consumption in space heating in Turkey.
Table 2 shows the yearly HDH with base (or balance-point) temperatures of 15, 17 and 18.3°C
for the 77 weather stations. A contour map of heating degree-hours for the base temperature of
18.3°C is shown in Fig. 1. For stations near the Mediterranean and the southern Aegean coasts,
the HDH have low values. Table 2 shows that the highest HDH are in the east and the central
interior, i.e. winter heating is mainly required in the eastern and central regions.
The yearly cooling degree-hours with base temperatures of 24, 26, 27 and 30°C are given in
Table 3. Fig. 2 shows a contour map of cooling degree-hours for the base temperature of 24°C.
The continental climatic situation is very characteristic in the capital of Turkey, Ankara. The
eastern region of Turkey is under the influence of Siberian air masses especially during the winter
seasons. Heating degree-hours are comparatively lower at regions along the sea costs but they
are higher in continental locations as expected. Cooling degree-hours are higher at regions along
Mediterranean and Aegean sea coasts and particularly in the southeastern region that is exposed
to a warm climate from the Arabian peninsula.
836 A. Satman, N. Yalcinkaya / Energy 24 (1999) 833–840

Table 1
Names and locations for 77 weather stations (Latitudes and longitudes are in °.min)

Station names Latitude Longitude Station names Latitude Longitude

Adana 36.98 35.35 Istanbula 40.97 29.08

Adiyaman 37.75 38.28 Izmir 38.43 27.17
Afyon 38.75 30.53 K. Maras 37.60 36.93
Agri 39.73 43.05 Karaman 37.18 33.22
Aksaray 38.38 34.05 Kars 40.62 43.11
Amasya 40.65 35.85 Kastamonu 41.37 33.78
Ankara 39.95 32.88 Kayseri 38.75 35.48
Antakya 36.20 36.17 Kirikkale 39.85 33.52
Antalya 36.70 30.73 Kirklareli 41.73 27.23
Ardahan 41.12 42.72 Kirsehir 39.15 34.17
Artvin 41.18 41.82 Kilis 36.72 37.12
Aydin 37.85 27.85 Kocaeli 40.77 29.93
Balikesir 39.65 27.87 Konya 37.97 32.55
Bilecik 40.15 29.97 Kutahya 39.42 29.97
Bingol 38.87 40.50 Malatya 38.35 38.32
Bolu 40.73 31.60 Manisa 38.62 37.43
Burdur 37.67 30.33 Mardin 37.30 40.73
Bursa 40.18 29.07 Mersin 36.80 34.63
Batman 37.09 41.12 Mugla 37.22 28.37
Bartin 41.63 32.33 Mus 38.73 41.52
Bitlis 38.37 42.10 Nevsehir 38.62 34.70
Bayburt 40.23 40.40 Nigde 37.97 34.68
Canakkale 40.13 26.40 Ordu 40.98 37.90
Cankiri 40.60 33.62 Rize 41.03 40.52
Corum 40.55 34.95 Sakarya 40.78 30.42
Denizli 37.78 29.08 Samsun 41.28 36.30
Diyarbakir 37.90 40.23 Siirt 37.92 41.95
Edirne 41.67 26.57 Sinop 42.02 35.17
Elazig 38.68 39.23 Sivas 39.75 37.02
Erzincan 39.75 39.50 Sanliurfa 37.13 38.77
Erzurum 39.95 41.17 Tekirdag 40.98 27.55
Eskisehir 39.82 30.52 Tokat 40.30 36.57
Gaziantep 37.08 37.37 Trabzon 41.00 39.72
Gümüshane 40.47 39.47 Tunceli 39.12 39.55
Giresun 40.92 38.38 Usak 38.68 29.40
Hakkari 37.57 37.38 Van 38.45 43.32
Igdir 39.92 44.05 Yozgat 39.82 34.80
Isparta 37.75 30.55 Yalova 40.65 29.27
Zonguldak 41.45 31.80
a
Data collected at Goztepe station are used for Istanbul.

The relative positions of the stations show that from west towards east the heating degree-
hours increase significantly. Differences between the heating and cooling degree-hours increase
when the continental type of climatic effect becomes more pronounced as in the eastern region
of Turkey. The smaller the relative difference the more temperate the climate of the region. High
relative difference locations need more heating than cooling.
 A. Satman, N. Yalcinkaya / Energy 24 (1999) 833–840 837

Table 2
Yearly heating degree-hours

Station names Base temperature (°C) Station names Base temperature (°C)

15 17 18.3 15 17 18.3

Adana 15,130 21,851 26,471 Istanbula 31,385 41117 47530

Adiyaman 31,208 39,661 45,135 Izmir 18,820 26393 31675
Afyon 55,518 67,187 74,775 K. Maras 30,122 38630 44239
Agri 94,213 107,537 115,608 Karaman 52,254 65278 72365
Aksaray 52,381 63,153 70,208 Kars 100,120 114615 123321
Amasya 43,233 53,579 60,647 Kastamonu 61,613 74371 82779
Ankara 51,778 62,820 70,077 Kayseri 62,126 74117 81929
Antakya 18,546 25,731 30,653 Kirikkale 49,684 60277 67406
Antalya 17,320 24,831 29,920 Kirklareli 41,905 52405 59308
Ardahan 109,987 125,120 134,256 Kirsehir 55,781 67068 74412
Artvin 45,734 56,680 64,130 Kilis 27,322 35429 40456
Aydin 22,019 29,980 35,348 Kocaeli 31,421 35429 40546
Balikesir 34,983 44,603 50,921 Konya 58,766 69976 77199
Bilecik 45,643 56,468 63,885 Kutahya 56,529 68710 76737
Bingol 59,588 70,295 77,074 Malatya 50,106 59918 66244
Bolu 55,525 67,938 76,058 Manisa 27,031 35337 41101
Burdur 44,703 55,263 62,116 Mardin 36,981 45874 51536
Bursa 34,882 44,557 51,031 Mersin 11,606 17646 22028
Batman 34,735 43,588 49,183 Mugla 33,914 43647 50254
Bartin 42,414 53,503 61,089 Mus 77,768 89228 96687
Bitlis 68,172 80,523 88,672 Nevsehir 58,625 70582 78370
Bayburt 83,554 97,420 106,347 Nigde 56,923 68344 75761
Canakkale 29,604 39,001 45,210 Ordu 30,520 40398 47183
Cankiri 55,476 66,982 74,058 Rize 30,647 40535 47505
Corum 58,876 71,069 78,940 Sakarya 33,316 43051 49614
Denizli 29,223 37,927 43,560 Samsun 30,320 40118 46814
Diyarbakir 42,290 51,764 57,694 Siirt 38,228 47364 52979
Edirne 41,103 51,223 57,828 Sinop 30,752 40846 47528
Elazig 52,964 63,445 70,301 Sivas 70,869 83796 91860
Erzincan 61,956 73,327 80,755 Sanliurfa 25,696 33425 38560
Erzurum 103,094 117,071 125,774 Tekirdag 34,172 44046 50557
Eskisehir 59,167 71,256 79,030 Tokat 47,466 58307 65371
Gaziantep 36,955 46,270 52,315 Trabzon 28,407 37820 44245
Gümüshane 66,038 78,968 87,181 Tunceli 53,752 64091 70817
Giresun 29,851 39,632 46,039 Usak 45,781 56688 63680
Hakkari 72,308 83,955 91,061 Van 64,883 76999 84635
Igdir 58,361 68,871 75,947 Yozgat 66,485 79434 87700
Isparta 49,304 60,432 67,546 Yalova 30,161 39725 45895
Zonguldak 33,711 43,845 50,823
a
Data collected at Goztepe station are used for Istanbul.
838 A. Satman, N. Yalcinkaya / Energy 24 (1999) 833–840

Fig. 1. Yearly heating degree-days for Turkey, for base of 18.3°C.

Fig. 2. Yearly cooling degree-days for Turkey, for base of 24°C.

 A. Satman, N. Yalcinkaya / Energy 24 (1999) 833–840 839

Table 3
Yearly cooling degree-hours

Station Base temperature (°C) Station Base temperature (°C)

names names

24 26 27 30 24 26 27 30

Adana 12,995 8006 6140 2340 Istanbula 2551 1027 571 47

Adiyaman 16,598 11,924 9951 5318 Izmir 9854 5845 4338 1401
Afyon 3005 1541 1035 208 K. Maras 10,983 7030 4505 2278
Agri 2244 1114 723 131 Karaman 4409 2472 1766 458
Aksaray 4648 2647 1903 523 Kars 556 187 93 7
Amasya 4722 2716 1989 675 Kastamonu 1954 963 652 152
Ankara 3513 1857 1281 314 Kayseri 3556 1977 1403 374
Antakya 9427 4988 3501 898 Kirikkale 4880 2806 2036 632
Antalya 10,175 6263 4761 1864 Kirklareli 4707 2688 1924 489
Ardahan 226 46 19 – Kirsehir 3268 1703 1168 272
Artvin 1103 515 342 92 Kilis 12,417 8512 6924 3324
Aydin 12,054 8230 6664 3097 Kocaeli 3512 1740 1143 226
Balikesir 5827 3368 2452 753 Konya 3448 1792 1226 268
Bilecik 2748 1397 941 216 Kutahya 2171 1066 705 123
Bingol 8132 5454 4367 1921 Malatya 7337 4491 2712 1184
Bolu 1692 808 531 102 Manisa 11,225 7324 5626 2512
Burdur 4975 2828 2023 526 Mardin 12,124 7720 5934 2213
Bursa 4733 2574 1799 429 Mersin 9746 4622 2760 184
Batman 16,416 12,060 10,206 5762 Mugla 7925 4999 3845 1411
Bartin 2335 1040 638 116 Mus 5211 3149 2347 729
Bitlis 3189 2891 1145 230 Nevsehir 2234 1077 705 125
Bayburt 1101 489 298 49 Nigde 2900 3408 907 146
Canakkale 4361 2223 1487 332 Ordu 1861 584 262 8
Cankiri 4067 2361 1726 532 Rize 1094 201 58 3
Corum 2815 1508 1050 217 Sakarya 3365 1658 1094 252
Denizli 9676 6186 4812 2118 Samsun 1458 322 115 8
Diyarbakir 14,750 10,704 8977 4829 Siirt 13,319 9140 7412 3538
Edirne 5696 3413 2533 786 Sinop 994 210 78 1
Elazig 7645 4933 3848 1511 Sivas 2073 1052 715 175
Erzincan 4104 2329 1675 453 Sanliurfa 19,418 13,956 11,625 6160
Erzurum 906 340 187 19 Tekirdag 2124 672 307 23
Eskisehir 2740 1406 955 165 Tokat 3485 1887 1333 381
Gaziantep 10,484 7048 5663 2537 Trabzon 1369 300 108 36
Gümüshane 1773 960 679 193 Tunceli 8568 5626 4441 1855
Giresun 1056 215 79 3 Usak 4217 2299 1595 353
Hakkari 2972 1449 936 146 Van 1464 464 213 14
Igdir 5980 3630 2723 864 Yozgat 1458 551 427 76
Isparta 3816 2001 1359 269 Yalova 2980 1260 724 58
Zonguldak 630 192 112 18
a
Data collected at Goztepe station are used for Istanbul.
840 A. Satman, N. Yalcinkaya / Energy 24 (1999) 833–840

4. Conclusions

The aim of the present paper was to determine heating and cooling degree-hours for 77 locations
in Turkey. Heating and cooling degree-hours are to be used in estimating consumption of natural
gas in residential building in Turkey where natural gas as an energy source continues to grow
in importance.
Results are presented as tables and contour maps. Investigation of the contour maps of heating
degree-hours and cooling degree-hours for Turkey indicate that the distributions of degree-hours
reflect the characteristics of different climate regions as expected.

Acknowledgements

The State Meteorological Affairs General Directorate of Turkey are greatly acknowledged for
providing the weather data. Discussions with Mikdat Kadioglu, Meteorology Department—Istan-
bul Technical University, are highly appreciated.

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