LIBRO

DE
GRAM
ÁTICA
INGLE
SA
NIVEL
BÁSIC
O
PARA
ESTUD
IANTE
S DE
LENGU
A
EXTRA
NJERA
 Introduction

This book was done to be a support for English Education. Everybody looks for
new horizons and the language can open them. Some have heard to say “I can´t
learn English”, The author thinks people who say it need to have a good English
book at home. The Scholar education doesn´t finish in classrooms. People
continue academy preparation with a personal emotion. Some can run all stores,
and books can find. This book is new and it wants to be a good resource in order to
encourage finish a project, make a research, do a homework, learn the Bible, use it
at schools, etc.

It contains different topics very useful to obtain a big degree in your English
abilities: Grammar, Listening, Speaking and Reading. When students ask for tips
and some advices to strength of level of English, the author thinks it was the
inspiration to make this book and she can teach in a different way those students
who are part of a group with a low level.

The author of this book recommend that learners who are studying some topic
which is proper of a research to find a solution be done in a notebook and then
they can see the real work in a sheet of Microsoft Word. The author is very aware
studying need to make new ideas to build new business so this book was too
though in managers, inventors, teacher, doctors, engineers, architect, etc.

The author of this book welcome you to read it and you can be part of that new
horizons with fresh ideas and structural contents. Congratulations and don´t forget
making strong efforts with a genially idea found in this book. Teachers, parents and
friends will be happy to know some know English and they can share with others
dialogues or maybe letters applying an excellent lexicon.

Lic. María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega, Ing.

 Index
1. Indefinite article
2. Definite article
3. Subject Questions
4. Object Questions
5. Present Simple Structure
6. Present Continuous Structure
7. Past Simple Structure
8. Present Perfect Structure
9. Future Simple Structure
10. Modal Verbs
11. Modals of Deduction
12. Make, let, be allowed to, be made to
13. Conditional
14. Conjunctions
15. List Long Duration verbs
16. Present
17. Past
18. Perfect
19. Future
20. Narrative tenses
21. Passive Voice
22. Regrets
23. Adding Emphasis in English: Special Forms
24. Discourse Markers – Linking words
25. Defining Relative Clauses
26. Non Defining Relative Clauses
27. Nominal Relative Clauses
 Indefinite Article
A / An (Un, Una)
Ex: I bring a cake.
A = Before nouns with a consonant sound.
Ex: She bought an earring.
An = Before nouns with a vowel sound.
Exceptions:
An hour
A university
A hospital
Definite Article
The (el, la, los, las)
Ex:

This is the Atlantic Ocean.

Please pass me the bread.

The = It is used with specific things.

Exercises:

Please pass me the bread.

My father has a headache.

She is an attractive woman.

There are many stars in the sky.

 They had an idea.

Madrid is the capital of Spain.

Do you have a pet?

Whales live in the sea.

There is a fly in my soup.

I had an orange juice for lunch.

More Exercises:

1. I like the blue T-shirt over there better than the red one.

2. Their car does 150 miles an hour.
3. Where's the USB drive I lent you last week?
4. Do you still live in x Bristol?
5. Is your mother working in an old office building?
6. Carol's father works as an electrician.
7. The tomatoes are 99 pence a kilo.
8. What do you usually have for x breakfast?
9. Ben has a terrible headache.
10. After this tour you have the whole afternoon free to explore the city.

Other:

This is the Atlantic Ocean.

That is a good place.

Have you ever seen an alien?

Is the sun shining today?

 I can't play the piano.

Sara has a new boyfriend.

Where are the toilets, please?

She is an actress.

Who was the best footballer?

Mallorca is an island.

Subject Questions
Don´t use do/does/did (Which?, Who?)

Object Questions
Use do, does, did (Which?, What?)
Examples:

A: What food does Steve like?

B: Steve likes apples. (Vegetarian)

A: Who likes apples?

B: Everybody likes apples. (Ecuadorian, American)

A: Which team did you support (apoyar) in the World Cup?

B: I supported Spain in the World Cup.

Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

 Present Simple Structure
To talk about habits.
Example:
I live in Guayaquil.
Affirmative Form:
I LIVE IN GUAYAQUIL.
WE
YOU
THEY
HE LIVES IN GUAYAQUIL.
SHE
IT

Negative Form:
I DON´T LIVE IN GUAYAQUIL.
WE
YOU
THEY
HE DOESN´T LIVE IN GUAYAQUIL.
SHE
IT

Interrogative Form:
DO YOU LIVE IN GUAYAQUIL?
WE
THEY
DOES HE LIVE IN GUAYAQUIL?
SHE
IT

Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

 Present Continuous Structure
To talk about activities now.
Example:
I am watching TV now.
Affirmative Form:
I am

HE
SHE Is Watching TV now.
IT
WE
YOU are
THEY

Negative Form:
I ´m not

HE
SHE Isn´t Watching TV now.
IT
WE
YOU Aren´t
THEY

Interrogative Form:
Am I

HE
Is SHE Watching TV now.
IT
WE
Are YOU
THEY

Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

 Past Simple Structure

To talk about past.

Example:
I wrote a letter.
Affirmative Form:
I WROTE A LETTER.
WE
YOU
THEY
HE CLIMBED THE ROPE.
SHE
IT

Negative Form:
I DIDN´T WRITE A LETTER.
WE
YOU
THEY
HE DIDN´T CLIMB THE ROPE.
SHE
IT

Interrogative Form:
DID YOU WRITE A LETTER?
WE
THEY
DID HE CLIMB THE ROPE?
SHE
IT
 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Present Perfect Structure

To talk about actions done once, twice, etc.

Example:
I have written a letter.
Affirmative Form:
I HAVE
WE
YOU ALREADY WRITTEN A LETTER.
THEY
HE HAS
SHE
IT

Negative Form:
I HAVEN´T
WE
YOU WRITTEN A LETTER YET.
THEY
HE HASN´T
SHE
IT

Interrogative Form:
I
HAVE WE
YOU WRITTEN A LETTER YET.
THEY
HE
HAS SHE
IT
 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Future Simple Structure

To talk about predictions.

Example:
I think, Jordan will have a big party.
Affirmative Form:
I WILL BUY NEW CLOTHES.
WE
YOU
THEY
HE WILL GO TO USA.
SHE
IT

Negative Form:
I WON´T BUY NEW CLOTHES.
WE
YOU
THEY
HE WON´T GO TO USA.
SHE
IT

Interrogative Form:
WILL YOU BUY NEW CLOTHES?
WE
THEY
WILL HE GO TO USA?
SHE
IT
 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Modal Verbs
Have to / don´t have to
To talk about job, school, countries.
Examples:
1. Policemen have to wear a uniform.
2. You don´t have to have a passport to go there.

Must / Mustn´t
To talk about birthday, countries, secret and promises.
Examples:
3. She must wear a uniform in private schools from England.
4. You mustn´t use mobile phones here.
5. I must remember my mother´s birthday this year.
6. You have to be sixteen in the USA to quit school.
7. You mustn´t tell anyone – it´s a secret!
Attention!

Have to / don´t have to, Must

To talk about wine, beer, cigarettes.

Mustn´t / Supposed to

To talk about shopping centers, hospitals.

Can / Can´t
To talk about vote, classroom, driving.
Example:
1. That girl, who have Id card, can´t vote.
2. You can´t cheat in exams.
3. She can sing very well.
4. You can vote when You´re 18.
 5. Can I ask a question?
6. You can´t drive, you´re only thirteen.
Should
To talk about exams - school, cities, places no countries, job (resignation) ,
weather, hospital, states health, can (if).
Example:
1. You should travel to Disney World on Summer vacations.
2. She should practice for the P.E. exam.
3. They should quit as workers there.
4. You should study hard before your exams.
5. You should visit the Louvre.

Attention!

Must

To talk with long time verbs.

Have to

To talk about Doctor.

Should / Must/ Have to

To talk about bank.

Had better
To talk about exams (X-ray)
Attention!

Should

To talk about checking.

Example:
1. You should travel to Disney World on Summer vacations.
2. She should practice for the P.E. exam.
3. They should quit as workers there.
4. You should study hard before your exams.
5. You should visit the Louvre.

Modals of Deduction
 A thing

1. Must  Certainty
2. Might, May, could  Possibility
3. Can´t  Impossibility

 In Past (Ex: 1900, Sixties, Last)  Certainty or Possibility

1. Must have been
2. Can´t have been

Make, let, be allowed to, be made to

 Absence  Make ( Ex: parents)

 Permission (identify)  Let
 Permission (No identify)  be allowed to
 Absence  (in Past) (No identify) (Ex: parents)  Be made to
 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Conditionals
Zero Conditional (Accompanied with a fact such as heating ice)
To talk about real situations.
Example:

If you heat water to 100° C, it boils. 

First Conditional (Accompanied with a fact such as a sunny day)

To talk about a real possibility.
Example:

If Bill studies, he will pass the exam. 

If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the beach.

Second Conditional (Accompanied with a fact and the opposition of the first
conditional)
To talk about possibilities.
Example:

If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

Third Conditional (Accompanied with a fact and successes and failures)

To talk about unreal situations.

Example:
 If Suzanne had gone on a diet as her doctor recommended she wouldn’t
have had the heart attack

 If I had won the lottery, I would have a big birthday party.

 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Conjunctions
They combine two sentences with aspects seemed such as an interpreter with
speak Russian. Maybe, It also uses them to contrast or show a consequence of an
important subject.

Types:

Coordinating Conjunctions (use aspects seemed)

And, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

Subordinating Conjunctions (use meaning)

Although, because, since, unless

Examples:

 It was very sunny last Sunday, so we went to the beach.

 It is rainy today, so take your umbrella and your boots.

 I didn't buy the new shoes because I didn't have any money.

 Vigo is hotter than Santiago, but Santiago is more beautiful.

 We can go to the beach or to the mountain. I don't really mind.

 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

List of Verbs
(LONG DURATION VERBS)

INFINITIVE PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE

DRAW DRAW DREW DRAWN

DRIVE DRIVE DROVE DRIVEN

EAT EAT ATE EATEN

FLY FLY FLEW FLOWN

LIVE LIVE LIVED LIVED

MAKE MAKE MADE MADE

READ READ READ READ

SEE SEE SAW SEEN

SING SING SANG SUNG

STOP STOP STOPPED STOPPED

SWIM SWIM SWAM SWUM

STAND STAND STOOD STOOD
WATCH WATCH WATCHED WATCHED

TEACH TEACH TEACHED TEACHED

WORK WORK WORKED WORKED

WRITE WRITE WROTE WRITTEN

 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

PRESENT
Present Simple Uses

We use Present Simple to talk about:

1. Things that happen everyday.

2. Fact
3. Things that happen every year.

Examples:
1. She eats noodles every Monday. (eat)
2. Wichai plays computer every day. (play)
3. They speak English well. (speak)
4. He watches television every morning. (watch)
5. I get up late. (get)
6. We draw pictures every week. (draw)
7. The boys swim in the pool. (swim)
8. My father drives a new car. (drive)
9. You work in the office. (work)
10. Mr. Manit flies to London. (fly)
11. I do my homework. (do)
12. The teacher walks to school every day. (walk)
13. Jack rides his bicycle. (ride)
14. His mother buys some fruit. (buy)
15. The baby cries every night. (cry)
 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Present Continuous Uses

We use Present Continuous to talk about:

1. Activities (Not homework, Not tasks).

2. Situations: changing, incomplete or temporary.

Examples:

are using
1. You  (use) my mobile phone!
is washing
2. My dad  (wash) his car.
isn´t raining
3. It (not rain) today.
is she chatting
4. Who (she / chat) to now?
are you doing
5. What (you / do) at the moment?
are sitting
6. We (sit) on the train.
are having
7. The students (have) lunch in the canteen.
am
8. 'Are you making dinner?' 'Yes, I .'
 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

PAST

Past Simple Uses

We use Present Continuous to talk about:

1. States (Finished such as smoking).
2. Events (Festivities, vacations, summer vacations).
Examples:

1. Last year I (go) went to England on holiday.

2. It (be) was fantastic.
3. I (visit) visited lots of interesting places. I (be) was with two friends of mine.
4. In the mornings we (walk) walked in the streets of London.
5. In the evenings we (go) went to pubs.
6. The weather (be) was strangely fine.
7. It (not / rain) wasn´t raining a lot.
8. But we (see) saw some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (spend / you) did you spend your last holiday?

PERFECT
Present Perfect Uses
We use Present Perfect to talk about:

- Actions with time expressions “Since” or “For”

- States (state verbs)
Actions can be:
1. An Experience
2. Actions finished that have a relevance now.
3. A recent event.

Present Perfect Conitnuous Uses

To talk about activities that began in the past and continue in the present (Ex:
Studying – 8 years). Actions in process such as “Driving” (Ex: Drive (in process)
carefully: it´s been raining (Rain = action) all day.)
Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

FUTURE

“Future Will” Uses

We use Future Will to talk about:

- Predictions with a record (perception – I think)

- Promises
- Spontaneous Decisions

“Future Going to” Uses

We use “Future Going to” to talk about:

- Plans with intentions (Ex: Going to quit and go travelling)

- Predictions with an evidence (Ex: Look at the sky! It´s going to rain)

“Might” Use

We use “Might” to talk about:

- Possibilities (Ex: I might see you at the party, but I might have to work.)

“Present Continuous” Use

We use “Present Continuous” to talk about:

- Fixed plans and arrangements in the future (Agenda, meeting, reunion)

 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Narrative Tenses

1. Past Simple

To talk about a series of events in someone`s life. People knew that events. These
actions finished in the past.
Examples:

1. Nelson Mandela was born in 1918. He became the first black President of

South Africa. He spent 27 years in prison in his battle against the system of
apartheid.  

2. - When Bobby went down for breakfast, Matt looked up.

- “Did you hear the storm last night?”
- Bobby didn’t answer.
- “Your brother went out last night. He didn’t come back. Do you know
where he went?”
- Bobby’s heart sank. She knew exactly where Dan had gone… (That
happened)

2. Past Continuous
To talk about an annoyance past scene.
Example:

At 6 o’clock that evening Dan was still missing. Bobby was feeling worried.
Bonnie was barking loudly.

3. Past Simple and Past Continuous

Example:
- I was strolling along the beach one day when suddenly, Bonnie ran off.
 - It was still raining when Bobby woke up the next morning. Dan was sitting at
the table when she went into the kitchen. (Repeated action)

4. Past Simple and Past Perfect

Example:
- I quickly realised that the storm the previous night had washed up the body.
(the rain finished).
- Bobby knew that Dan hadn’t wanted to come home but she also knew that
he hadn’t had any other option.

5. Past Perfect Continuous

Example:
- I could tell that the body had been lying on the beach for several hours
because the man’s clothes were dry. (The man died)
- Britain had been trying to negotiate a peaceful settlement between Poland
and Germany. (one settlement finished)

Passive Voice

To talk about violence (Bad), technological advances (Good), Movies (Black and
White), cartoons, characters.
Examples:
1. Tom always chased Jerry. Jerry was always chased by Tom.
2. Jerry had a hard life. He was always chased by Tom.

Regrets
To talk about uncomfortable things. (what could be or do  abilities)
Examples:
1. I wish my brother would stop complaining about the new TV.
2. I wish it would stop raining so we could go to the park.
3. I wish my boss wouldn’t yell at me every day.
4. I wish I hadn´t spent all my money. ( I have no money)
 5. My father smokes when I´m eating. I wish he wouldn´t smoke when I´m
having dinner. (irritation)
6. I spend all my time at work. I wish I had more free time. (New job)

Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Adding Emphasis in English: Special Forms

We use patterns to add emphasis in sentences with the intention to show

something that is annoyance.

1. Use of Passive Voice.

2. Inversions

3. Present Continuous with the adverb “Always”

4. Cleft sentences “What”

5. Use of “Do” or “Did”

Examples:

1. Reports are expected by the end of the week.

2. Seldom have I felt so alone.

3. Martha is always getting into trouble.

4. What we need is a good long shower.

5. I do believe that you should think twice about this situation.

6. No that´s not true. Jhon did speak to Mary.

 Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega

Discourse Markers – Linking words

There are some words in English that people always use to talk about a different
topic. They could be used such a pause (a comma) when we talk.

Examples:

 Anyway – marks a shift away from a topic. It’s sold out, anyway, I didn’t

want to go.
 Actually – indicates that what you are saying is a surprise to you or is the
opposite of what might be imagined or introduces the opposite response to
what someone wants or expects. I thought I didn’t like dance shows
but actually, I quite enjoyed it. Actually, I’d prefer if if you didn’t smoke in
here.
 As I was saying / As I said – continuing a theme after a change of
subject. As I was saying before I was interrupted, I’d like to go to the
cinema. As I said last week, I don’t enjoy opera.
 Absolutely – used as a stronger way of saying yes. A. Would you like a
holiday in Thailand? B. Absolutely, when do we go?
 Exactly – used to emphasise what you mean. What exactly are you talking
about? Exactly, that’s what I meant.
 Okay or OK – understood or agreed. Okay, I get it.

Defining Relative Clauses

To Answer What, Where, When and Which

Non Defining Relative Clauses

They are sentences with commas and they have “Sentido Completo”
 Nominal Relative Clauses

To answer “What” (lo que) with commas.

 What I…
 Subject (initial position)
 Object (in the middle)

Por: María Auxiliadora Jácome Ortega