VOLLEYBALL

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each
team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.
HISTORY OF THE GAME VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball was created by William G. Morgan in 1895. Morgan was an education director at a
Holyoke Massachusetts USA. He called it “mintonette’ because it is resembled badminton.
Mintonette was played on a court divided by a 6 ½ foot (2 meter) net.
The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say
that Spalding created the first official ball in 1896, while others claim
it was created in 1900. The rules evolved over time: in the
Philippines by 1916, the skill and power of the set and spike had
been introduced, and four years later a "three hits" rule and a rule
against hitting from the back row were established. The first country
outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900. An
international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball
(FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first World Championships
were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

Volleyball Court Dimensions - The Volleyball court is 60 feet by 30 feet in total. The net in
placed in the center of the court, making each side of the net 30 feet by 30 feet.
Center Line - A center line is marked at the center of the court dividing it equally into 30
feet squares, above which the net is placed.
Attack Line - An attack line is marked 10 feet of each side of the center line. Front court is
the area near the net, while the back court is the area between the attack line and the end line.
Service Area - The area, from which the server may serve the volleyball, is marked 10 feet
inside the right sideline on each back line.
The Net - The net is placed directly above the center line, 7 feet 4 inches above the ground for
women and 8 feet above the ground for men.
Poles - Volleyball poles should be set at 36 feet apart, 3 feet further out from the sidelines.
Ceiling Height - the minimum ceiling height should be 23 feet, though they should preferably be
higher.
The ball - The standard volleyball is made of leather or synthetic leather, weighs between 9 and
10 ounces and has a circumference of 25.6 to 26.4 inches. The ball has a rubber bladder and
can be one color or a combination of colors.
 Basic Skills in Volleyball
A. Serve - is the MOST important skill of the game. It is the first offensive weapon and there
are no other variables involved other than the player and the ball. It is very important that a
player takes their time, focus, concentrate, and be aggressive.
Types of Serves
1. Underhand Serve - is a type of serve in which the player holds the ball in one hand swings
the other in an arc motion below the waist and strikes the ball from the bottom with a fist to
put it in play.
2. Overhand Serve - this serve is done by tossing the ball up into the air then striking it with
the opposite hand above the shoulder.

- Float Serve - this is done by contacting the ball is such a way that the ball does not spin
which makes it more likely to float.

- Jump Serve - is a serve in which the server tosses the ball, takes an approach and
jumps to spike the ball.

Top Spin Serve - An overhand serve with top spin is more effective and powerful.

Forearm Pass - Used to receive the ball from your opponents, as in service, or as a technique to
accurately control the ball in a way that eliminates lifting or carrying the
ball. The fundamental action of passing is to rebound the ball off of the forearms (which are
held together tightly with the palms and thumbs positioned together) from a slightly squatted
and balanced position.

Body Position
 Feet are in a wide base about shoulder
width apart. One foot slightly in front of
the other.
 Knees are bent.
 Torso is bent at the waist,
 Shoulders are low and extend pass the
knees.
 Head is kept still throughout the
movement. Eyes should track the ball
until contact is made.
 Arms are in front of the body
straight. Remember: straight to
straight.
 Form the platform with the thumbs and
heels of palms together with one hand
inside the other. Wrist should be turned
 down so thumbs point to the floor. This
will keep the platform straight. Try to
keep a consistent passing platform.

BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS IN VOLLEYBALL

The Serve

 Server must serve from behind the end line until after contact

 Ball may be served underhand or overhand

 Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve

 Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for point

 First game serve is determined by a volley, each subsequent game shall be served by the
previous game loser

 Serve must be returned by a bump only. no setting or attacking a serve

Scoring

 Rally scoring will be used.

 There will be a point scored on every score of the ball.

 Offense will score on a defense miss or out of bounds hit.

 Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit, or serve into the net.

 Game will be played to 25 pts.

 Must win by 2 points.

Rotation

 Team will rotate each time they win the serve

 Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner
 There shall be 4-6 players on each side.
Playing the Game

 Maximum of three hits per side

 Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A block is not considered a hit)
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on serve
 A ball touching a boundary line is good
 A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player body above and including the waist which does
not allow the ball to visibly come to a rest
 If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play and the
players involved may not participate in the next play
 A player must not block or attack a serve
 Switching positions will be allowed only between front line players. ( After the serve only )
Basic Rule Violations

 Stepping on or over the line on a serve

 Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully
 Hitting the ball illegally (Carrying, Palming, Throwing, etc.)
 Touches of the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. If the ball is driven into
the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be
called, and the ball shall continue to be in play
 Reaching over the net, except under these conditions a) When executing a follow-through b)
When blocking a ball which is in the opponents court but is being returned ( the blocker
must not contact the ball until after the opponent who is attempting to return the ball makes
contact). Except to block the third play
 Reaches under the net ( if it interferes with the ball or opposing player )
 Failure to serve in the correct order
Blocks or spikes from a position which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line while in a back row
position
 Player Specialization
Players do not usually master all six skills, but rather focus on one or more of them in
connection with the tactics employed by each team. The most common specialization comprises
5 positions: Setter, Outside Hitter/Left Side Hitter, Middle Hitter, Opposite Hitter/Right Side
Hitter and Libero/Defensive Specialist. Each of these positions plays a specific, key role in
winning a volleyball match.

 Setters have the task for orchestrating the offense of the team. They aim for second
touch and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air where the attackers can
place the ball into the opponents' court for a point.
 Libero’s are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or serve.
They are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time and best
passing skills.
 Middle blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast attacks that
usually take place near the setter. They are specialized in blocking, since they must
attempt to stop equally fast plays from their opponents and then quickly set up a double
block at the sides of the court.
 Outside hitters or Left side hitters attack from near the left antenna. The outside hitter is
usually the most consistent hitter on the team and gets the most sets.

Opposite hitters or Right-side hitters carry the defensive workload for a volleyball team in the
front row. Their primary responsibilities are to put up a well formed block against the
opponents' Outside Hitters and serve as a backup setter. Sets of the opposite usually go to the
right side of the antennae.
Court Positions:
Right Back
The player acting as a right back is placed in the backcourt on right side of the court in the
rotation position. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 1. When a team
rotates, it's the player rotating to the right back position that goes back to serve.
Right Front
Right front is a position at the net on right side of the court. The player that is right front is
in the rotation in a clockwise direction. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in
Zone 2.
Middle Front
The player that is middle front is in the rotation position at the net in the center. At the
start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 3 and then keeps on revolving in a
counter clockwise direction in each serving.
Left Front
The player that is left front is in the clockwise rotation position at the net on left side of the
court. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 4.
Left Back
Left back is a position in the backcourt on the left side of the court in the rotation position.
At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 5.
Middle Back
 The player that is middle back is in the rotation position in the backcourt in the middle. At
the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 6.
 BASKETBALL
HISTORY OF BASKETBALL

The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by
Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than
football. The game became established fairly quickly, very popular as the 20th century
progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established
in American colleges, the professional game followed; the American National Basketball
Association (NBA), established in 1949, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the
century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture.
The game of basketball as we know it today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December
1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts to condition young athletes during the cold. It consisted of
peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new game. He divided his
class of 18 into two teams of nine players each and set about to teach them the basics of his
new game. The objective of the game was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed
to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so
the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms of the fruit
baskets were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield College,
Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.

Playing Court
Dribbling is one of the most fundamental skills that must be learned. Not only is it important to
learn how to dribble well, but it is important to know when, and when not, to dribble. To
become a good dribbler and ball handler, you must practice dribbling as often as you can, using
both hands.
Ball Handling – the control of the ball, as in basketball or soccer, by skillful dribbling and
accurate passing.
Slaps - This is good way to start off the ball-handling drills. Slap the ball hard. Pound it!
Tips - Extend your arms out straight (elbows straight) and tip the ball back and forth as
quickly as you can. Do it out in front, up high over your head and down low by your feet.
This gentle tipping is a good drill to do immediately following the "slapping" drill.
Around each leg - Pass the ball as quickly as you can around the right leg, with the leg
extended forward. Then switch over and circle the left leg.
Figure 8 - After doing the circle drills around each leg, now combine it into this "figure 8"
drill. Challenge yourself to go as fast as you can!
Around the waist - Pass the ball around your middle as quickly as you can!
Around the legs - Put your feet together, bend at the waist and pass the ball as quickly as you
can around both legs.
Candy cane - After doing the circle drills around each leg, around both legs, and around
your waist and neck, then put it all together and do the "candy cane" drill.
Drops - Put the ball between your feet and grab it with both hands. Start with the left hand
behind your left leg and your right hand in front of your right leg. Drop the ball. Quickly,
move your left hand in front of your left leg and your right hand behind your right leg,
and catch the ball before it hits the floor. Drop it again and switch your hands back to
the original position (left behind, right in front) and catch it. Repeat.
Toss and catch behind - Here's a fun drill the players like. Toss the ball up over your head.
Reverse pivot and catch the ball behind your back.
Crab walk - The ball is brought over the front of the thigh, then through the legs and then
behind the opposite thigh and around and over the thigh.
One-Ball Dribbling Drills
Pound it - Get into a "basketball position" with knees and waist bent (like in "triple threat"
position). As in all dribbling drills, keep your eyes focused forward. Dribble the ball waist
high at the side... do both sides. Although not shown here, instead of the waist-high
dribble, also try dribbling it as low as you can. You can follow this with "kills".
 Left & Right hand "Kills" - Dribble the ball waist high at the side, and then suddenly "kill" the
dribble as low as you can go. Then bring it back up and do it over again. Don't forget to
do the left hand also.
Side V-Dribble (left & right) - Bend at the waist and knees. Dribble the ball low on your right
side. With your hand in front and on top of the ball, bounce it backward. Roll (supinate)
your wrist over and "catch" the ball behind and bounce it forward. Rotate (pronate) your
wrist back over and catch the ball in front. Then continuously repeat. Don't forget to do
the left hand also.
Front V-Dribble - Bend at the waist and knees. Dribble the ball low in front of you. Swing it
toward the middle, then allow your hand to roll over the top of the ball to the inside and
push (dribble) it back outside. Shown here with the right hand, also practice it with the
left hand. Getting the feel of rolling your hand over the top of the ball with this drill will
help you with your "in-and-out" dribble move.
Around left & right leg - Extend the right leg forward and dribble the ball low around the leg
in a circular fashion. Then do it around the left leg.
Basic Passes:
Passing – “The deliberate attempt to move a live ball between two teammates.”
TYPES OF PASSES

There are essentially two types of passes:

1. 1. Air Pass - The pass travels between players without hitting the floor.
2. 2. Bounce Passes - The pass is thrown to the floor so that it bounces to the intended receiver.

Each type of pass comes with its own variations.

Chest Pass - The chest pass is named so because the pass originates from the chest. It is
thrown by gripping the ball on the sides with the thumbs directly behind the ball.
Bounce Pass - The bounce pass is thrown with the same motion however it is aimed at the
floor. It should be thrown far enough out that the ball bounces waist high to the receiver.
Overhead Pass - The overhead pass is often used as an outlet pass. Bring the ball directly
above your forehead with both hands on the side of the ball and follow through.
Wrap Around Pass - Step around the defense with your non-pivot foot. Pass the ball with one
hand (outside hand). It can be used as an air or a bounce pass.
Advance Passes:
Baseball Pass - A baseball pass is a one-handed pass that uses the same motion as a
baseball throw. This is often used to make long passes. Be careful with young kids. You
don't want them throw their arms out.
Dribble Pass - The dribble pass is used to quickly pass the ball with one hand off of the
dribble. This can be an air or bounce pass.
Behind-the-back Pass - A behind-the-back pass is when you wrap the ball around your
back to throw the ball. It is used to avoid the defender when making a pass across the
front of you would be risky. It can also be used to throw the ball to a player trailing on
the fast break.
 Pick and roll Pass - This is a pass that is used when the defenders double-team or
switch on the pick and roll. The pass is used to shield the ball from the defender, and
many times is thrown in "hook shot" fashion. Advanced players can do this while
slightly fading away from the defender.
You heard the saying “Shooters are made, not born” – which translates to this – great
shooters take hundreds of shots per day in the off season, there is no other way to become a
great shooter! Shooting the basketball is an art form that can only be developed through hard
work and repetition. With the proper determination and routine, you can become a proficient
shooter.
Steps for proper shooting form:
1. Player should be properly balanced, with feet shoulder width apart.
2. Keep the knees bent (use your legs to shoot).
3. Keep shooting hand under the ball with elbow locked (elbow should be in – never outward,
away from the body), opposite hand should be to the side of the ball helping to “balance” the
ball, never helping to “shoot” the ball.
4. Find the target (front or back of the rim – differs from coach to coach), and focus on a
“consistent” target (the rim) every time. I prefer teaching players to use the front of the rim as
a target.
5. Square Up to the basket – Which means your shoulders are “square” (parallel) to the basket
(toes pointing straight at the basket).
6. Shoot with lots of “arc” on the ball (60 degrees is the preferred arc), try to get lots of
“rotation” on the ball.
7. And most importantly – Follow through: Keep the shooting hand up and fully extended, keep
your fingers pointed at the rim, and keep your arm up until the ball goes in the basket, (or
misses).
Shooting Form Notes: “BEEF”
Use the phrase “BEEF” = Balance (bend your knees slightly), Elbow in, Eyes on target (front or
back of rim, stay consistent), and Follow through!
Types of Shooting:
Jump shot – a shot with one or both hands in which a player leaps into the air and
shoots the ball at the basket at the moment of reaching the highest point of the leap.
Set shots/free throw - The two-handed set shot was once the common way to shoot
from the perimeter. A free throw, however, is basically a type of set shot, although it’s
almost always performed with one hand.
Layup – a shot with one hand from a point close to the basket, in which a player shoots
the ball toward the basket, often off the backboard.
Post shot - Centers and power forwards who typically operate near the basket often use
short shots. A turn-around jumper begins with your back to the basket.
Dunk - The dunk, basketball’s most spectacular shot, relies more on jumping ability
than shooting skill. If you can jump high enough, and hands large enough to control
the ball, leap, lift the ball above the rim and push or throw it through the net.