LEMBAGA KAJIAN DAN PENGAJARAN BAHASA

TOEFL ONLINE CLASS

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SECTION 1 (C) The rest of the people are tired.

LISTENING COMPREHENTION (D) She needs to take a nap.
Part A 4. (A) He'll continue to stand in line for texts.
Directions : in part A you will hear short (B) He has enough to pay for the texts.
conversation between two people. After each (C) He agrees with the woman about the texts.
conversation, you will hear a question about the (D) He thinks the woman's in the wrong line to
conversation. The conversation and questions get the texts.
will not be repeated. After you hear a question,
read the four possible answers in your test book 5. (A) He was given the wrong key.
and choose the best answer. Then, on your (B) The key was on top of the clock.
answer sheet, find the number of the question (C) It was lucky that he got the key.
and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter (D) The key was at his feet.
of the answer you have chosen.
Listen to an example. 6. (A) He went to the conference.
On the recording, you will hear : (B) He saw his friends at the conference.
(man) : That exam was just awful. (C) He was in his place at the conference.
(woman) : Oh, it could have been worse. (D) He sent a representative.
(narrator) : What does the woman mean?
In your test book, you will read : 7. (A) She will see the lawyer tomorrow.
(A) The exam was really awful. (B) She needs to phone the lawyer.
(B) It was the worst exam she had ever seen. (C) The lawyer will call her tomorrow.
(C) It couldn’t have been more difficult. (D) The lawyer has called off their meeting.
(D) It wasn’t that hard.
You learn from the conversation that the man 8. (A) There's a lot of difficult homework in it.
thought the exam was very difficult and that the (B) There are not very many exams in it.
woman disagreed with the man. The best answer (C) There is little homework.
to the question, “What does the woman mean?” (D) There is no homework.
is (D), “it wasn’t that hard.” Therefore, the
correct choice is (D). 9. (A) Returning to it later.
(B) Coming back home.
1. (A) She has rules about how to play (C) Finishing the math book.
(B) Her goal is to pay with school (D) Leaving for class
(C) She is praying not to have a low
schore 10. (A) He'll make a charitable contribution.
(D) She’ll be acting in a school project (B) He couldn't get into the classroom.
(C) He didn't have very much to say.
2. (A) She’d like something to drink (D) He was not given the chance to speak.
(B) She’d like to have thirty
(C) She’d like a bite to eat 11. (A) He thought it was extremely fruitful.
(D) She’d like a bit thirfty (B) He's happy he didn't attend it.
(C) A lot of people missed it.
3. (A) She's moving in the opposite (D) It was perturbing.
direction.
(B) She's wide awake.
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12. (A) He'd like the woman to repeat herself. (C) That she didn't need the notes.
(B) The woman should talk to a physician. (D) That the lecture had been canceled.
(C) He shares the woman's position.
(D) What the woman said was unimportant. 21. (A) She listened allentively during class.
(B) She must make the list five pages long.
13. (A) To see a dentist. (C) She did not allend all of the class.
(B) To see a cardiologist. (D) She was inallentive during some of the class.
(C) To see a podiatrist.
(D) To see an ophthalmologist. 22. (A) He's not quite sure when the projects
should be finished.
14. (A) She is too scared to try it. (B) He's doing his project for music class now.
(B) She would like another opportunity. (C) Music class meets for the first time in
(C) Her time is very scarce. December.
(D) She has gone skiing for the last time. (D) He believes the music will be available on
December I.
15. (A) He really enjoyed the conference.
(B) He'll be able to go to the conference. 23. (A) The tuition increase was unexpected.
(C) He couldn't attend the conference. (B) She was prepared for the tuition increase.
(D) He heard everything at the conference. (C) She doesn't believe that fees were increased.
(D) She believes that tuition will not go up.
16. (A) She doesn't need a jacket for the game.
(B) She was very uncomfortable last time. 24. (A) She answered his question a minute ago.
(C) She will take a jacket with her this time. (B) She just bit her tongue.
(D) Her jacket does not feel very comfortable. (C) It's hard for her to put the answer into words.
(D) The tip of he: tongue is quite sore.
17. (A) He parked the car to buy the tickets.
(B) He left the car where he shouldn't have. 25. (A) Some of them are lying down.
(C) He got a speeding ticket. (B) Some of them will lose their positions.
(D) He didn't park the car. (C) Some of them are choosing part-time jobs.
(D) Some of them laid down their newspapers.
18. (A) She prepared' him for what he was going
to do. 26. (A) She's unhappy about the score.
(B) She was unprepared for what she had to do. (B) She hasn't seen her score yet.
(C) She probably didn't spend much time on her (C) She's really pleased with her score.
presentation. (D) She hasn't taken the exam yet.
(D) She was really ready for her presentation.
27. (A) He didn't believe the course was hard.
19. (A) He has never gone sailing. (B) He heard that the course was closed.
(B) He doesn't like sailing. (C) It was hard for him to get to the class.
(C) He hasn't had much time for sailing. (D) He registered for the course.
(D) He doesn't have any time to go sailing.
28. (A) He didn't go because he was sleeping.
20. (A) That the man had been in class. (B) He didn't miss the commillee meeting.
(B) That the man didn't have the notes. (C) He never returned from class.
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(D) He was unable to fall asleep. 34. (A) Visit the club once.
(B) Take out a membership.
29. (A) That he would be working all weekend. (C) Try the club unless he hurts himself.
(B) That no one ever worked on weekends. (D) See if he has time to go.
(C) That he would not be in the office this
weekend. 35. (A) A presentation for political science
(D) That the office would be open this weekend. (B) How quickly time passes.
(C) The differences between the various types
30. (A) They should not let what happened of courts.
bother them. (D) A schedule for preparing for a
(B) They should keep on trying to talk to Mary.
(C) They should try to flatter Mary. 36. (A) Three levels of courts.
(D) Their project is already as good as it's going (B) Only the municipal courts.
to get. (C) The state but not the federal courts.
(D) Only the state and federal courts.
Part B
Directions : in this part of the test, you will hear 37. (A) On Thursday.
longer conversation. After each conversation, (B) On Monday.
you will hear several questions. The (C) In a week.
conversation and questions will not be repeated. (D) Before Monday.
After you hear a question, read the four possible
answers in your test book and choose the best 38. (A) Plenty of time.
answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the (B) Until Monday.
number of the question and fill in the space that (C) About one week.
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have (D) Until a week from Monday.
chosen.
Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or Part C
write in your test book. Directions : in this part of the test, you will hear
31. (A) To a doctor's appointment. several talks. After each talk, you will hear some
(B) To an exercise club. class. questions. The talks and questions will not be
(C) To a swimming pool. repeated. After you hear a question, read the four
(D) To a school. possible answers in your test book and choose
the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet,
32. (A) They're both regular members. find the number of the question and fill in the
(B) He likes to go there occasionally. political space that corresponds to the letter of the answer
science exam. you have chosen.
(C) She wants him to try it out. Here is an example.
(D) She hates to exercise alone. On the recording, you will hear :
(narrator) : Listen to an instructor talk to his
33. (A) A limited number. class about painting.
(B) Racquetball courts and a swimming pool. (man) : Artist Grand Wood was a
(C) Exercise machines. but not classes. guilding force in the school of painting known as
(D) Just about anything. American regionalist, a style reflecting the
distinctive characteristics of art from natural art
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from rules area of the United States. Wood

began drawing animals on the family farm at the 44. (A) Synthetic detergents.
age of three, and when he was thirty-eight one of (B) A major cause of water pollution.
his paintings received a remarkable amount of (C) Substances that break down into simpler
public notice and acclaim. This painting, called fomls.
“American Gothic,” is a starkly simple depiction (D) The reason for the foaming water supply.
of a serious couple starting directly out at the
viewer. 45. (A) They broke down into simpler forms.
Now, listen to a sample question. (B) They caused the water to become foamy.
(narrator) : What style of painting is known as (C) They released phosphates into the water.
American regionalist? (D) They damaged only the underground water
In your test book, you will read : supply.
(A) American Regionalist.
(B) The Family Farm in lowa 46. (A) Water pollution in the 1950s.
(C) American Gothic (B) Nonbiodegradable synthetic detergents.
(D) A Serious Couple (C) The foamy water supply.
The best answer to the question, “What style of (D) Problems caused by the phosphates.
painting is known as American regionalist?” is
(C). “American Gothic.” Therefore, the correct 47. (A) The static atmosphere.
choice is (C). (B) The cause of changes in the atmosphere.
39. (A) A university administrator. (C) The evolution of plant life.
(B) A student. (D) The process of photosynthesis.
(C) A librarian.
(D) A registrar. 48. (A) Two hundred million years ago.
(B) Twenty million years ago.
40. (A) How to use the library. (C) Two hundred thousand years ago.
(B) The university registration procedure. (D) Twenty thousand years ago.
(C) Services offered by the Student Center.
(D) Important locations on campus. 49. (A) The evolution of plants and
41. (A) To provide students with assistance and photosynthesis.
amusement. (B) The variety of gases in the atmosphere.
(B) To assist students in the registration process. (C) The high percentage of nitrogen.
(C) To allow students to watch movies. (D) The ammonia and methane in the original
(D) To provide textbooks for university courses. atmosphere.

42. (A) In administrators' offices. 50. (A) Read about the composition of the
(B) In the Student Center. atmosphere.
(C) In an auditorium. (B) Study the notes of today's lecture.
(D) In the Student Records Office. (C) Prepare for a quiz.
(D) Read the following chapter.
43. (A) Natural soaps.
(B) Synthetic detergents.
(C) Biodegradable detergents.
(D) Phosphates.
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SECTION 2 6. Mary Garden, … the early 1900’s was

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN considered one of the best singing actresses of
EXPRESSION her time.
(A) a soprano was popular
1. Refugee migration is at …. worldwide. (B) in a popular soprano
(C) was a popular soprano
(A) an all-time high (D) a popular soprano in
(B) the all time high
(C) all times high 7. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret
(D) the high all-time F. Washburn was a dualist … that motor
phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
2. United States spends more money on (A) who she believed
advertising …. country in the world. (B) who believed
(C) believed
(A) Other (D) who did she believe
(B) other than
(C) than any other
(D) while other 8. This year will be more difficult for our
organization because....
3. The Dallas Theater Center presents plays in (A) we have less money and volunteers than
two buildings,…. was designed by the last year.
internationally renowned architect, Frank Lloyd (B) there is a little money and volunteers than
Wright. last year.
(C) it has less money and fewer volunteers
(A) Which than it had last year.
(B) which one (D) it has fewer money and less volunteers
(C) that which than it had last year.
(D) one of which
9. Professor Baker told his students that...
4. … the demands of aerospace, medicine, and (A) they can turn over their reports on
agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new Mondays.
metallic substances. (B) the reports can turn over on Monday.
(A) Meet (C) they could hand in their reports on
(B) Being met are Monday.
(C) To meet (D) the reports they can hand in on Monday.
(D) They are meeting
10. The adder is a venomous snake ... bite may
5. … James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old prove fatal to humans.
Virginny” was adopted is the state song of (A) its
Virginia in 1940. (B) whom its
(A) Was written b (C) that
(B) His writing was (D) whose
(C) He wrote the
(D) Written by
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11. .... a bee colony gets, the more the queen's

egglaying capability diminishers.
(A) It is more overcrowded.
(B) The more overcrowded.
(C) More overcrowded than.
(D) More than overcrowded.

12. The chairwoman requested that ....

(A) the participants studied more careful the
problem.
(B) the participants study the problem more
carefully.
(C) the participants studied the problem with
more careful.
(D) the problem be studied more carefully.

13. Unlike the earth, which rotates once every

twenty-four hours ... once every ten hours.
(A) the rotation of Jupiter
(B) Jupiter rotates
(C) Jupiter rotation
(D) Jupiter rotate

14. Jackson,... capital of Mississippi, is the

largest city in the state.
(A) the
(B) it is the
(C) is the
(D) where the

15. The various types of bacteria are classified

according to...shapes.
(A) Whose
(B) how they are
(C) have
(D) their
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16. The American (A) Declaration of 26. Should we (A) really speak of(D) the
Independence has been (B) signed on (C) July 4, “breakdown” of families when we are (B)
1776 (D) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. perhaps witnessing new family forms and a new
social structure arising(C) late capitalism?
17. Russia’s (A) surprise withdrawal from the
region was (B) both (C) welcomed or (D) 27. Public opinion polls(A) have consistently(B)
demonstrated the public’s willingness for(C)
18. Cambodia’s (A) top court is to hear the case 'tradeoff' economic growth forenvironmental (D)
as early (B) the start (C) of next winter (D). protection.

19. Energy research, medicinal (A), tourism, and 28. The economy is heavy(A) dependent on
copper and molybdenum mining (B) are industry(B), and economic growth has always
important to (C) the economy (D) of Butte, been(C) of greater concernthan(D)
Montana. environmental preservation.

20. Liberty of speech (A) is one of the (B) pillars 29. Advocacy for child war victims, children
of (C) Western democracy (D). in(A) hazardous work, abused children and
those(B) variously exploited or handicapped has
21. The United States capital in Washington, attracted(C) the attention and commitment of
D.C., developed slow (A), assuming (B) its legislators and policy-makers through(D) the
present (C) gracious aspect, with wide (D) world.
avenues and many parks, only in twentieth
century. 30. The increase(A) population, and rapid
economic growth in recent years(B), have put a
22. Phoenix, Arizona, stands (A) where the large and increasing stress on the water
Honokam Indians built a canal system (B) and resources(C) and environment in(D) Ho Chi
carried on (C) irrigated farming before long (D) Minh City, Vietnam.
the time of Columbus.
31. Most of(A) the large industries in the
23. Founded by (A) the Spanish as (B) Yerba (B)country are(C) well organised and structured
Buena in 1835, what is now San Francisco was and are sometimes backed(D) upinternationally
taken (C) over by the United States in 1846 and reputable mother companies.
later renamed it (D).
32. Full-time jobs for men are declining,
24. Was opened (A) in 1918, the Philips while(A) more women are finding part- and
Collection in (B) Washington, D.C., was the first full-time work. The result is(B) declining social
museum in the United States devoted (C) to status for men so(C) they lose their role as(D)
modern art (D). the sole financial provider

25. The Hopi, the westernmost tribe of (A) 33. The camp on the inhospitable, mosquito-
Pueblo Indians, have traditionally (B) lived large infested(A) banks of the River Sekonyer, was
(C) multilevel structures clustered in towns (D). set up(B) to track the primates and learn from(C)
their habitat, diet and behaviour(D).
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34. Italian citizens lead their counterparts(A) in

the UK, France and Germany in supporting
moves(B) to bring the service standards and
practices of government's(C) departments
closer to those achieved(D) by the best private
sector companies.

35. 'Everybody holds hands(A). This is the

energy that will get you(B) through the evening.
We're going to be a winning team. Let's(C)
make it the best shift we've ever had. Go for
it(D), guys!'.

36. Aspen, where(A) the limousines have four-

wheel drive(B) and an empty plot can cost ten
million dollars, has been(C) declared the more
expensive(D) town in America.

37. Evidently, the increasing popularity of (A)

Internet shares has led to(B) further investment
out of(C) this sector and there are persistent
rumors of(D) takeovers.

38. Over 5000 years of(A) Chinese Culture will

soon have(B) a world-wide audience,
following(C) to a collaboration between (D)
IBM Taiwan and the National Palace Museum in
Taipei

39. Woody Guthrie finally died, after a(A)

lengthy illness, in October 1967, but this project
will help his name live on(B), and perhaps
provoke a re-evaluation about his(C) influence
on popular music in the(D) 20th century.

40. Movie directors are accused(A) of assuming

the audience is stupid. But contemporary
thrillers seem more often to(B) make the
opposite mistake: assuming that(C) the audience
is astonishingly sophisticated, able to see into(D)
a plot in seconds.
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SECTION 3 3. Scientists estimate the age of the Earth as …

READING COMPREHENTION A. 4 billion years old.
B. 3 1/3 billion years old.
Question Number 1-5 C. 4.6 billion years old.
D. 6 billion years old.
We believe the Earth is about 4.6 billion years
old. At percent, we are forced to look to other 4. Which of the following processes led to the
bodies in the solar system for hints as to what the obliteration of the craters formed by the
early history of the Earth was like. Studies of our bombardment of the Earth by the celestial
moon, Mercury, Mars, and the large satellites of bodies?
Jupiter and Saturn have provided ample evidence A. Volcanic activity
that all these large celestial bodies had formed. B. Solar radiation
This same bombardment must have affected C. Gravity activity
Earth as well. The lunar record indicates that the D. Crustal motions
rate of impacts decreased to its present low level
about 4 billion years ago. On Earth, subsequent 5. According to the passage, why are scientists
erosion and crustal motions have obliterated the forced to look at other bodies in the solar system
craters that must have formed during this epoch. to determine the early history of the Earth?
A. Human alteration of the Earth.
Scientists estimate the Earth’s age by measuring B. Erosion and crustal motions.
the ratios of various radioactive elements in C. Solar flares.
rocks. The oldest Earth’s rocks tested thus far D. Deforestation and global warming.
are about 3 1/3 billion years old. But no one
knows whether these are oldest rocks on Earth. Question Number 6-10
Tests on rocks from the moon and on meteorites
show that these are about 4.6 billion years old. Solar is popping up just about everywhere, even
Scientists believe that this is the true age of the landfills and parka pockets. So why not roads?
solar system and probably the true age of the The Netherlands built the first solar road, a bike
Earth. path, in 2014. France announced a bolder move
in January—over the next five years, it plans to
1. Inline 8, the word “obliterated” means. install 1,000 kilometers of solar roads, designed
A. created to supply power to five million people.
B. destroyed
C. changed That’s not all. Idaho-based Solar Roadways has
D. erosion received three rounds of U.S. government
funding with an additional $2 million in venture
2. According to this passage, how do scientists capital to test its technology. The tempered-glass
estimate the age of the Earth? panels offer asphalt-like traction, support the
A. By measuring the ratios of radioactive weight of semi-trucks, include LEDs for signage,
elements in rocks. and contain heating elements to melt snow and
B. By examining fossils ice. Could solar panels really pave the roads of
C. By studying sunspots the future? Proponents see endless possibilities,
D. By examining volcanic activity but others raise questions about cost, efficiency,
and durability.
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The sheer amount of surfaces each country (D) France and the Netherlands aren’t the
devotes to roadways is enormous. Allowing this only ones who have integrated solar
space to double as a solar farm could have very roads
positive implications in the battle to put a halt to
climate change. They estimate that their panels, 8. Which of the following is closest in
if used in lieu of existing U.S. roads and meaning to the word “rounds” in line 3?
walkways, could produce more than three times
the electricity used in the United States. Besides, (A) Ammunition
they say their panels could charge electric (B) Times
vehicles, first on solar parking lots. With enough (C) Circles
solar highways and cars with the right equipment (D) praise
(to pick up energy from induction plates in the
road) they might even be able to charge vehicles 9. The word “proponents” in line 5 refers
while moving. to:

“Aside from road dust, particularly black tire (A) Foe

dust and diesel exhaust, which will quickly cover (B) Detractor
a portion of each panel, the continuous traffic (C) Enemies
covering panels will reduce their solar output,” (D) advocates
says Jacobson, adding they’ll likely suffer more
wear and tear and need more repairs than other 10. According to the passage, what would
solar panels. Despite high costs, company happen if all US roadways and sidewalks
chairman Peter Harrop says solar roads might became solar?
work in places that are putting down roads for
the first time. “They need early technology (A) The US would triple its electricity
adopters like China that want to leapfrog in production
development.” (B) Americans would use three times
as much electricity as they do
6. What is the main subject of the passage? today
(C) American electricity companies
(A) bike paths would lose 33% of their profits
(B) solar panels (D) The US would charge customers
(C) solar roads triple to use the road systems
(D) chinese interstate systems
Question Number 11-21
7. In line 2, the author uses the expression
“That’s not all” to indicate that? There are two basic types of glaciers, those that
flow outward in all directions with little regard
(A) The Netherlands was the only country for any underlying terrain and those that are
involved confined by terrain to a particular path.
(B) France and the Netherlands worked The first category of glaciers includes those
together massive blankets that cover whole continents,
(C) He has no futher examples appropriately called ice sheets. There must be
over 50,000 square kilometers of land covered
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with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. 12. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in
When portions of an ice sheet spread out over meaning to
the ocean, they form ice shelves. (A) huge
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice (B) strange
Sheet covered nearly all the mountains in (C) cold
southern Alaska, western Canada, and the (D) recent
western United States. It was about 3 kilometers
deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. 13. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named
Now there are only two sheets left on Earth, for which of the following reasons?
those covering Greenland and Antarctica. (A) They are confined to mountain valleys.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in (B) They cover large areas of land.
all directions but covers less than 50,000 square (C) They are thicker in some areas than in
kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice others.
caps are rare nowadays, there are a number in (D) They have a characteristic circular shape.
northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on
the Queen Elizabeth Islands. 14. According to the passage, ice shelves can be
The second category of glaciers includes those found
of a variety of shapes and sizes generally called (A) covering an entire continent
mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers (B) buried within the mountains
are typically identified by the landform that (C) spreading into the ocean
controls their flow. One form of mountain (D) filling deep valleys
glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows
outward in several directions is called an ice 15. According to the passage, where was the
field. The difference between an ice field and an Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest?
ice cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice (A) Alaska
field is somewhat controlled by surrounding (B) Greenland
terrain and thus does not have the domelike (C) Alberta
shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the (D) Antarctica
Wrangell. St. Elias, and Chugach mountains of
Alaska and northern British Columbia. 16. The word “rare” in line 12 is closest in
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the meaning to
most common types of mountain glaciers: the (A) small
cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are (B) unusual
found in depressions in the surface of the land (C) valuable
and have a characteristic circular shape. The ice (D) widespread
of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down
valleys, curves around their corners, and falls 17. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice
over cliffs. fields resemble ice caps in which of the
following ways?
11. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Their shape
(A) Where major glaciers are located (B) Their flow
(B) How glaciers shape the land (C) Their texture
(C) How glaciers are formed (D) Their location
(D) The different kinds of glaciers
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18. The word “it” in line 16 refers to under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest
(A) glacier fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in
(B) cap the cave date from about 1.9 million years ago
(C) difference and contain extensive remains of animals,
(D) terrain primitive tools, and two or more species of
apelike hominids. The key recent discovery
19. The word “subtle” in line 17 is closest in involved bones from the hand of
meaning to Australopithecus robustus, the first time such
(A) slight bones have been found.
(B) common The most important feature of the
(C) important Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical
(D) measurable distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The
bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely
20. All of the following are alpine glaciers human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that
EXCEPT had previously been found only in more recent
(A) cirque glaciers ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus
(B) ice caps robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that
(C) valley glaciers would allow them to grip objects, including
(D) ice fields tools. The researchers also found primitive bone
and stone implements, especially digging tools,
21. Which of the following types of glaciers in the same layers of sediments.
does the author use to illustrate the two basic Australopithecus robustus were more heavily
types of glaciers mentioned in line 1? built- more “robust” in anthropological terms-
(A) Ice fields and cirques than their successors. They had broad faces,
(B) Cirques and alpine glaciers heavy jaws, and massive crushing and grinding
(C) Ice sheets and ice shelves teeth that were used for eating hard fruits, seeds,
(D) Ice sheets and mountain glaciers and fibrous underground plant parts. They
walked upright, which would have allowed them
Question Number 22-23 to carry and use tools. Most experts had
previously believed that Homo habilis were able
Tools and hand bones excavated from the to supplant Australopithecus robustus because
Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa the former’s ability to use tools gave them an
suggest that a close relative of early humans innate superiority. The discovery that
known as Australopithecus robustus may have Australopithecus robustus also used tools means
made and used primitive tools long before the that researchers will have to seek other
species became extinct I million Line years ago. explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their
It may even have made and used primitive tools reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their
long before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo downfall as the climate became drier and cooler,
habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger
habilis and its successor, Homo erectus, brains, were simply able tomake more
coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the sophisticated tools.
plains of South Africa for more than a million
years. 22. It can be inferred from the first paragraph
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been that all of the following may have made and
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used tools EXCEPT. 28. The word “them” in line 23 refers to

(A) Australopithecus robustus (A) tools
(B) Homo erectus (B) Homo habilis
(C) Homo habilis (C) Australopithecus robustus
(D) Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors (D) experts

23. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in 29. What does the author suggest is unclear
meaning to about Australopithecus robustus?
(A) numerous (A) Whether they used tools
(B) exposed (B) What they most likely ate
(C) ancient (C) Whether they are closely related to humans
(D) valuable (D) Why they became extinct

24. Which of the following does the author 30. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest
mention as the most important recent discovery in meaning to
made in the Swartkrans cave? (A) impact on
(A) Tools (B) dependence on
(B) Teeth (C) tolerance of
(C) Plant fossils (D) discovery of
(D) Hand bones
31. Where in the passage does the author
25. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly mention the materials from which tools were
discuss? made?
(A) Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand (A) Lines 7-9
(B) Purposes for which hominids used tools (B) Lines 12-13
(C) Methods used to determine the age of fossils (C) Lines 15-17
(D) Significant plant fossils found in layers of (D) Lines 21-23
sediment
Question Number 32-34
26. It can be inferred from the description in the
last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus The first two decades of this century were
was so named because of the species’ dominated by the microbe hunters. These
(A) ancestors hunters had tracked down one after another of
(B) thumb the microbes responsible for the most dreaded
(C) build scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis,
(D) diet cholera, diphtheria. But there, remained some
terrible diseases for which no microbe could be
27. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi.
meaning to Then it was discovered that these diseases were
(A) exploit caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance
(B) displace in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or
(C) understand cured by consuming foods that contained the
(D) imitate vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s
and 1930’s, nutrition became a science and the
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vitamin hunters replaced the microbe hunters. (C) cholera

In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to (D) diphtheria
learn why each of the vitamins was essential for
health. They discovered that key enzymes in 34. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is closest
metabolism depend on one or another of the in meaning to
vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry (A) investigated
that provides cells with energy for growth and (B) blamed
function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied (C) eliminated
center stage. (D) produced
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have
been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are 35. Which of the following can be cured by a
tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the change in diet?
enzymes-and are discovering the defective genes (A) Tuberculosis
that cause inherited diseases-diabetes, cystic (B) Cholera
fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic (C) Cystic fibrosis
engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to (D) Pellagra
identify and clone genes and introduce them into
bacterial cells and plants to create factories for 36. The word “strived” in line 9 is closest in
the massive production of hormones and meaning to
vaccines for medicine and for better crops for (A) failed
agriculture. Biotechnology has become a (B) tried
multibillion-dollar industry. (C) experimented
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we (D) studied
can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced
in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which 37. How do vitamins influence health?
kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last (A) They are necessary for some enzymes to
decade of our waning century and in the early function.
decades of the next? I wonder whether the (B) They protect the body from microbes.
hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be (C) They keep food from spoiling.
neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the (D) They are broken down by cells to produce
enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the energy.
brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I
will return to them later. 38. In the third paragraph, the author compares
cells that have been genetically altered by
32. What is the main topic of the passage? biotechnicians to
(A) The microbe hunters (A) gardens
(B) The potential of genetic engineering (B) factories
(C) The progress of modem medical research (C) hunters
(D) The discovery of enzymes (D) spotlights

33. The word “which” in line 4 refers to 39. The word “them” in line 16 refers to
(A) diseases (A) cells and plants
(B) microbe (B) hormones
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(C) genes worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic
(D) gene hunters or genetic engineers ingredients of industrial growth-were plentiful
and needed only the application of technical
40. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 22 expertise, organizational skill, and labor.
is closest in meaning to One crucial development in this movement
(A) receive the most attention toward industrialization was the growth of the
(B) go the furthest railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly
(C) conquer territory until the railroad map of the United States
(D) lighten the load looked like a spider’s web, with the steel
filaments connecting all important sources of
41. The author implies that the most important raw materials, their places of manufacture, and
medical research topic of the future will be their centers of distribution. The railroads
(A) the functions of the brain contributed to the industrial growth not only by
(B) inherited diseases connecting these major centers, but also by
(C) the operation of vitamins themselves consuming enormous amounts of
(D) the structure of genes fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of
42. Which of the following best describes the production. For example, machine tools, the
author’stone in the last paragraph of the tools used to make goods, were steadily
passage? improved in the latter part of the nineteenth
(A) Critical century-always with an eye to speedier
(B) Speculative production and lower unit costs. The products of
(C) Appreciative the factories were rapidly absorbed by the
(D) Emotional growing cities that sheltered the workers and the
distributors. The increased urban population was
43. With which of the following statements nourished by the increased farm production that,
would the author be most likely to agree? in turn, was made more productive by the use of
(A) The focus of medical research will change the new farm machinery. American agricultural
in the next two decades. production kept up with the urban demand and
(B) Medical breakthroughs often depend on still had surpluses for sale to the industrial
luck. centers of Europe.
(C) Medical research throughout the twentieth The labor that ran the factories and built the
century has been dominated by microbe hunters. railways was recruited in part from American
(D) Most diseases are caused by defective farm areas where people were being displaced by
genes. farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part
from Europe. Europe now began to send tides of
Question Number 44-50 immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-
most of whom were originally poor farmers but
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States who settled in American industrial cities. The
had tremendous natural resources that could be money to finance this tremendous expansion of
exploited in order to develop heavy industry. the American economy still came from European
Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the financiers for the most part, but the Americans
manufacture of machinery, transportation were approaching the day when their expansion
facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be could be financed in their own “money market.”
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44. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Lower manufacturing costs
(A) The history of railroads in the United States (B) Better distribution of goods
(B) The major United States industrial centers (C) More efficient transportation of natural
(C) Factors that affected industrialization in the resources
United States (D) A reduction in industrial jobs
(D) The role of agriculture in the nineteenth
century 50. According to the passage, who were the
biggest consumers of manufactured products?
45. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in (A) Railway workers
meaning to (B) Farmers
(A) minerals (C) City dwellers
(B) products (D) Europeans
(C) methods
(D) components

46.Why does the author mention “a spider’s

web” in line 8?
(A) To emphasize the railroad’s consumption of
oil and coal
(B) To describe the complex structure of the
railway system
(C) To explain the problems brought on by
railway expansion
(D) To describe the difficulties involved in the
distribution of raw materials

47. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to

(A) sources
(B) centers
(C) railroads
(D) places

48. According to the passage, all of the

following were true of railroads in the United
States in the nineteenth century EXCEPT that
(A) they connected important industrial cities
(B) they were necessary to the industrialization
process
(C) they were expanded in a short time
(D) they used relatively small quantities of
natural resources

49. According to the passage, what was one

effect of the improvement of machine tools?