17.

The surface conditions on the planet Mars are the

. Contoh Soal TOEFL Structure
more like the Earth’s than are
1. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, A
and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic B C
new metallic substances. those of any other planet in the solar system.
(A) Meet D
(B) Being met are
(C) To meet 18. The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which
(D) They are meeting the Sun visible remains in the sky
A
2. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old B C
Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia for twenty-four hours or longer.
in 1940. D
(A) Was written b
(B) His writing was 19. The Humber River
(C) He wrote the and its valley form a major salmon-fishing,
(D) Written by lumbering, hunting,
A B C
3. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was and farmer region in western Newfoundland,
considered one of the best singing actresses of her Canada.
time. D
(A) a soprano was popular
(B) in a popular soprano Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban
(C) was a popular soprano
A. Structure
(D) a popular soprano in
1. Jawab : (C) To meet
Keyword : the demands of aerospace
4. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F.
Pembahasan : Pola infinitive phrase: to
Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor
infinitive + object of to infinitive
phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan
(A) who she believed
tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive
(B) who believed
phrase.
(C) believed
Sehingg pilihan phrase yang
(D) who did she believe
tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to
meet.
Susah cari soal-soal TOEFL yang lengkap?
Sudah kami sediakan superlengkap, praktis, dan
2. Jawab : (D) Written by
aplikatif!
Keyword : James A. Bland
Klik Selengkapnya Pembahasan : Kalimat di atas
membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk
A. Contoh Soal TOEFL Written Expression menerangkan kata benda “Carry Me Back to Old
Virginny”.
16. On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil
Frasa ajektif yang paling
forest consist of a nearly hundred
tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa disebut frasa
ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang
A B
tidak ditemani bentuk be atau
large stumps scattered on an exposed coal
have adalah sebuah ajektif.
bed.
C D
3. Jawab : (D) a popular soprano in
Keyword : Mary Garden
Pembahasan : Kalimat pada soal
membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden
dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano)
memiliki makna yang sama. Contoh Soal Pembahasan Reading Comprehension
Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah a popular Tes TOEFL
soprano in. @Genius_Content

4. Jawab : (B) Who believed Kategori: Reading Comprehension

Keyword : a dualist
Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + Ditayangkan: 22 Juli 2016
S + V).
Untuk menerangkan kata Diperbarui: 08 Oktober 2016
benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah
who believed. Dilihat: 281518

B. Written Expression.  download soal toefl,

16. Jawab : (B) a nearly
Keyword : hundred large stumps
Pembahasan : a nearly -> nearly
Kata “a nearly” tidak  contoh soal toefl,
memerlukan indefinite article/determiner “a”,
karena kata benda stumps adalah plural.

17. Jawab : (B) The more

 reading comprehension,
Keyword : the planet Mars
Pembahasan : the more -> more
Pola comparative: more ___
than ___
Maka seharusnya tidak
perlu definite article “the” tapi cukup “more” saja.

18. Jawab : (B) visible remains

Keyword : the sun
Pembahasan : visible remains -> remains
visible
Kata the sun dalam anak
kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate bukan noun
phrase (visible remains). Tes TOEFL
Yang tepat seharusnya bagian Reading Comprehension Section bertujuan
remains visible. untuk menguji kemampuan Anda dalam
memahami, menginterprestasikan, dan
19. Jawab : (D) farmer menganalisa teks atau bacaan mengenai berbagai
Keyword : and macam topik. Bagian ini terdiri dari empat sampai
Pembahasan : farmer -> farming enam teks/bacaan kira-kira 200 - 450 kata. Setiap
Konjungsi and digunakan teks biasanya diikuti oleh 7-12 pertanyaan. Jumlah
untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. soal untuk Reading Comprehension adalah 50 soal.
Karena sebelum “and” bentuk Topik bacaan biasanya berkaitan dengan masalah-
katanya adalah gerund maka masalah akademik, terutama textbook mengenai
kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk Biologi, Fisika, Geografi, Sejarah Amerika, Biografi,
gerund juga yaitu farming. Ekonomi, Ilmu-ilmu Sosial, dan Seni.
Jenis Pertanyaan for our neighbors.
(B) The traditions of society are timeless.
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan bagian Reading
(C) An accepted way of measuring time is essential
Comprehension ini, memahami jenis pertanyaan
for the smooth functioning of society.
sebagai persiapan menghadapi tes
(D) Society judges people by the times at which
TOEFL sangatlah penting. Berikut ini berbagai tipe
they conduct certain activities.
pertanyaan yang sering muncul dalam tes TOEFL.
1. Pertanyaan tentang topik atau tema.
The main idea of the passage is that societies
2. Topik utama merupakan subjek utama bacaan,
need to agree about how time is to be measured
tentang apa bacaan itu.
in order to function smoothly. Therefore, you
3. Topik atau tema bisa berupa: inti isi tulisan (the
should choose (C).
text is about) atau judul tulisan (title).
Example II
Contoh Soal Tes TOEFL Bagian Reading
In line 4, the phrase “this tradition” refers to....
Comprehension
(A) the practice of starting the business day at
Reading Comprehension dawn
(B) friendly relations between neighbors
(C) the railroad’s reliance on time schedules
Time: Approximately 55 Minutes (D) people’s agreement on the measurement of
50 Questions time
DIRECTIONS
In this section you will read several passages. The phrase “this tradition” refers to the preceding
Each one is followed by several questions about it. clause, “people have been in rough agreement
For questions 1-50, you are to choose the one best with their neighbors as to the time of day.”
answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Therefore, you should choose (D).
Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of
the question and fill in the space that corresponds Now begin work on the questions.
to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Questions 1-5
Answer all questions following a passage on the A distinctively American architecture began with
basis of what is stated or implied in that passage. Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart the
admonition that form should follow function and
READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE: who thought of buildings not as separate
The railroad was not the first institution to impose architectural entities but as parts of an organic
regularity on society, or to draw attention to the whole that included the land, the community, and
importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as the society. In a very real way the houses of
merchants have set out their wares at daybreak colonial New England and some of the southern
and communal festivities have been celebrated, plantations had been functional, but Wright was
people have been in rough agreement with their the first architect to make functionalism the
neighbors as to the time of day. The value of this authoritative principle for public as well as for
tradition is today more apparent than ever. Were it domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the
not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those
time, social life would be unbearably chaotic: the churches that did so much to revolutionize
massive daily transfers of goods, services, and ecclesiastical architecture in the United States.
information would proceed in fits and starts; the Thereafter he turned his genius to such
very fabric of modem society would begin to miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office
unravel. buildings, and factories, among them the famous
Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the
Example I
Johnson Wax Company building in Racine,
What is the main idea of the passage?
Wisconsin.
(A) In modem society we must make more time
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest 50,000 square kilometers of land covered with ice
in meaning to which of the following? for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When
(A) Taken seriously portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean,
(B) Criticized they form ice shelves.
(C) Memorized About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet
(D) Taken offence covered nearly all the mountains in southern
Alaska, western Canada, and the western United
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its
from most of those built by earlier architects? thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are
(A) They were built on a larger scale. only two sheets left on Earth, those covering
(B) Their materials came from the southern Greenland and Antarctica.
United States. Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all
(C) They looked more like private homes. directions but covers less than 50,000 square
(D) Their designs were based on how they would kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps
be used. are rare nowadays, there are a number in
northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because, Queen Elizabeth Islands.
it The second category of glaciers includes those of a
(A) was Wright’s first building variety of shapes and sizes generally called
(B) influenced the architecture of subsequent mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are
churches typically identified by the landform that controls
(C) demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical their flow. One form of mountain glacier that
architecture resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in
(D) was the largest church Wright ever designed several directions is called an ice field. The
difference between an ice field and an ice cap is
4. The passage mentions that all of the following subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is
structures were built by Wright EXCEPT somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and
(A) factories thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap.
(B) public buildings There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St.
(C) offices Elias, and Chugach mountains of Alaska and
(D) southern plantations northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most
5. Which of the following statements best reflects common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque
one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in
principles? depressions in the surface of the land and have a
(A) Beautiful design is more important than utility. characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys,
from traditional designs. curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.
(C) A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public buildings does not 6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
need to be revolutionary (A) Where major glaciers are located
(B) How glaciers shape the land
Questions 6-16 (C) How glaciers are formed
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that (D) The different kinds of glaciers
flow outward in all directions with little regard for
any underlying terrain and those that are confined 7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in
by terrain to a particular path. meaning to
The first category of glaciers includes those (A) huge
massive blankets that cover whole continents, (B) strange
appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over
(C) cold (C) important
(D) recent (D) measurable

8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named 15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
for which of the following reasons? (A) cirque glaciers
(A) They are confined to mountain valleys. (B) ice caps
(B) They cover large areas of land. (C) valley glaciers
(C) They are thicker in some areas than in others. (D) ice fields
(D) They have a characteristic circular shape.
16. Which of the following types of glaciers does
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be the author use to illustrate the two basic types of
found glaciers mentioned in line 1?
(A) covering an entire continent (A) Ice fields and cirques
(B) buried within the mountains (B) Cirques and alpine glaciers
(C) spreading into the ocean (C) Ice sheets and ice shelves
(D) filling deep valleys (D) Ice sheets and mountain glaciers

10. According to the passage, where was the Susah cari metode belajar TOEFL yang
Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest? Efektif?... Susah cari downloadannya?
(A) Alaska
Sudah kami sediakan superlengkap!
(B) Greenland
(C) Alberta Klik Selengkapnya
(D) Antarctica Questions 17-26
Tools and hand bones excavated from the
11. The word “rare” in line 12 is closest in meaning Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest
to that a close relative of early humans known as
(A) small Australopithecus robustus may have made and
(B) unusual used primitive tools long before the species
(C) valuable became extinct I million Line years ago. It may
(D) widespread even have made and used primitive tools long
before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and
fields resemble ice caps in which of the following its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with
ways? Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South
(A) Their shape Africa for more than a million years.
(B) Their flow The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been
(C) Their texture under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest
(D) Their location fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the
cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and
13. The word “it” in line 16 refers to contain extensive remains of animals, primitive
(A) glacier tools, and two or more species of apelike
(B) cap hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones
(C) difference from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the
(D) terrain first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the
14. The word “subtle” in line 17 is closest in Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical
meaning to distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The
(A) slight bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely
(B) common human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had
previously been found only in more recent
ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus (A) Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that (B) Purposes for which hominids used tools
would allow them to grip objects, including tools. (C) Methods used to determine the age of fossils
The researchers also found primitive bone and (D) Significant plant fossils found in layers of
stone implements, especially digging tools, in the sediment
same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- 21. It can be inferred from the description in the
more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus was
successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, so named because of the species’
and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were (A) ancestors
used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous (B) thumb
underground plant parts. They walked upright, (C) build
which would have allowed them to carry and use (D) diet
tools. Most experts had previously believed that
Homo habilis were able to supplant 22. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in
Australopithecus robustus because the former’s meaning to
ability to use tools gave them an innate (A) exploit
superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus (B) displace
robustus also used tools means that researchers (C) understand
will have to seek other explanations for their (D) imitate
extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally
occurring plants led to their downfall as the 23. The word “them” in line 23 refers to
climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo (A) tools
habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able (B) Homo habilis
tomake more sophisticated tools. (C) Australopithecus robustus
17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that (D) experts
all of the following may have made and used tools
EXCEPT. 24. What does the author suggest is unclear about
(A) Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus robustus?
(B) Homo erectus (A) Whether they used tools
(C) Homo habilis (B) What they most likely ate
(D) Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors (C) Whether they are closely related to humans
(D) Why they became extinct
18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in
meaning to 25. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in
(A) numerous meaning to
(B) exposed (A) impact on
(C) ancient (B) dependence on
(D) valuable (C) tolerance of
(D) discovery of
19. Which of the following does the author
mention as the most important recent discovery 26. Where in the passage does the author mention
made in the Swartkrans cave? the materials from which tools were made?
(A) Tools (A) Lines 7-9
(B) Teeth (B) Lines 12-13
(C) Plant fossils (C) Lines 15-17
(D) Hand bones (D) Lines 21-23

20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly Questions 27-38

discuss? The first two decades of this century were
dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters (C) The progress of modem medical research
had tracked down one after another of the (D) The discovery of enzymes
microbes responsible for the most dreaded
scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, 28. The word “which” in line 4 refers to
diphtheria. But there, remained some terrible (A) diseases
diseases for which no microbe could be (B) microbe
incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. (C) cholera
Then it was discovered that these diseases were (D) diphtheria
caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance
in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or 29. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is closest in
cured by consuming foods that contained the meaning to
vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and (A) investigated
1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin (B) blamed
hunters replaced the microbe hunters. (C) eliminated
In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to (D) produced
learn why each of the vitamins was essential for
health. They discovered that key enzymes in 30. Which of the following can be cured by a
metabolism depend on one or another of the change in diet?
vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry (A) Tuberculosis
that provides cells with energy for growth and (B) Cholera
function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied (C) Cystic fibrosis
center stage. (D) Pellagra
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been
replaced by a new breed of hunters who are 31. The word “strived” in line 9 is closest in
tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the meaning to
enzymes-and are discovering the defective genes (A) failed
that cause inherited diseases-diabetes, cystic (B) tried
fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, (C) experimented
use recombinant DNA technology to identify and (D) studied
clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells
and plants to create factories for the massive 32. How do vitamins influence health?
production of hormones and vaccines for medicine (A) They are necessary for some enzymes to
and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology function.
has become a multibillion-dollar industry. (B) They protect the body from microbes.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we (C) They keep food from spoiling.
can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced (D) They are broken down by cells to produce
in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind energy.
of hunter will dominate the scene in the last
decade of our waning century and in the early 33. In the third paragraph, the author compares
decades of the next? I wonder whether the cells that have been genetically altered by
hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be biotechnicians to
neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the (A) gardens
enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the (B) factories
brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I will (C) hunters
return to them later. (D) spotlights

27. What is the main topic of the passage? 34. The word “them” in line 16 refers to
(A) The microbe hunters (A) cells and plants
(B) The potential of genetic engineering (B) hormones
(C) genes of manufacture, and their centers of distribution.
(D) gene hunters or genetic engineers The railroads contributed to the industrial growth
not only by connecting these major centers, but
35. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 22 is also by themselves consuming enormous amounts
closest in meaning to of fuel, iron, and coal.
(A) receive the most attention Many factors influenced emerging modes of
(B) go the furthest production. For example, machine tools, the tools
(C) conquer territory used to make goods, were steadily improved in the
(D) lighten the load latter part of the nineteenth century-always with
an eye to speedier production and lower unit
36. The author implies that the most important costs. The products of the factories were rapidly
medical research topic of the future will be absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the
(A) the functions of the brain workers and the distributors. The increased urban
(B) inherited diseases population was nourished by the increased farm
(C) the operation of vitamins production that, in turn, was made more
(D) the structure of genes productive by the use of the new farm machinery.
American agricultural production kept up with the
37. Which of the following best describes the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to
author’stone in the last paragraph of the passage? the industrial centers of Europe.
(A) Critical
(B) Speculative The labor that ran the factories and built the
(C) Appreciative railways was recruited in part from American farm
(D) Emotional areas where people were being displaced by farm
machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from
38. With which of the following statements would Europe. Europe now began to send tides of
the author be most likely to agree? immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-
(A) The focus of medical research will change in most of whom were originally poor farmers but
the next two decades. who settled in American industrial cities. The
(B) Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck. money to finance this tremendous expansion of
(C) Medical research throughout the twentieth the American economy still came from European
century has been dominated by microbe hunters. financiers for the most part, but the Americans
(D) Most diseases are caused by defective genes. were approaching the day when their expansion
could be financed in their own “money market.”
Questions 39-50
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States 39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
had tremendous natural resources that could be (A) The history of railroads in the United States
exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most (B) The major United States industrial centers
of the raw materials that are valuable in the (C) Factors that affected industrialization in the
manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, United States
and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into (D) The role of agriculture in the nineteenth
wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic ingredients of century
industrial growth-were plentiful and needed only
the application of technical expertise, 40. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in
organizational skill, and labor. meaning to
One crucial development in this movement toward (A) minerals
industrialization was the growth of the railroads. (B) products
The railway network expanded rapidly until the (C) methods
railroad map of the United States looked like a (D) components
spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting
all important sources of raw materials, their places
41.Why does the author mention “a spider’s web” 47. Which of the following is NOT true of United
in line 8? States farmers in the nineteenth century?
(A) To emphasize the railroad’s consumption of oil (A) They lost some jobs because of
and coal mechanization.
(B) To describe the complex structure of the (B) They were unable to produce sufficient food
railway system for urban areas.
(C) To explain the problems brought on by railway (C) They raised their productivity by using new
expansion machinery.
(D) To describe the difficulties involved in the (D) They sold food to European countries.
distribution of raw materials
48. According to the passage, what did the United
42. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to States supply to European cities?
(A) sources (A) Machine tools
(B) centers (B) Money
(C) railroads (C) Raw materials
(D) places (D) Agricultural produce

43. According to the passage, all of the following 49. The word “ran” in line 19 is closest in meaning
were true of railroads in the United States in the to
nineteenth century EXCEPT that (A) operated
(A) they connected important industrial cities (B) hurried
(B) they were necessary to the industrialization (C) constructed
process (D) owned
(C) they were expanded in a short time
(D) they used relatively small quantities of natural 50. Where in the passage does the author mention
resources the financial aspect of industrial expansion?
(A) Lines 1-2
44. According to the passage, what was one effect (B) Lines 9-11
of the improvement of machine tools? (C) Lines 17-18
(A) Lower manufacturing costs (D) Lines 22-25
(B) Better distribution of goods
(C) More efficient transportation of natural Gak punya waktu cukup untuk menguasai
resources materi TOEFL yang banyak?
(D) A reduction in industrial jobs Kami punya solusinya dengan
kehebatan Genius TOEFL
45. According to the passage, who were the
Klik Selengkapnya
biggest consumers of manufactured products?
(A) Railway workers
(B) Farmers Pembahasan Soal Jawaban Reading
(C) City dwellers Comprehension
(D) Europeans
Questions 1-5
A distinctively American architecture began with
46. The word “nourished” in line 16 is closest in
Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart the
meaning to
admonition that form should follow function and
(A) protected
who thought of buildings not as separate
(B) fed
architectural entities but as parts of an organic
(C) housed
whole that included the land, the community, and
(D) paid
the society. In a very real way the houses of
colonial New England and some of the southern
plantations had been functional, but Wright was apa nantinya bangunan itu digunakan dan
the first architect to make functionalism the jawaban yang demikian ditemukan di pilihan D.
authoritative principle for public as well as for
domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the 3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because,
Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those it
churches that did so much to revolutionize Jawab : B → influenced the architecture of
ecclesiastical architecture in the United States. subsequent churches
Thereafter he turned his genius to such Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…the first of those
miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office churches that did so much to revolutionize
buildings, and factories, among them the famous ecclesiastical architecture in the United States”
Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the menyatakan bahwa bangunan itu sangat
Johnson Wax Company building in Racine, mempengaruhi desain bangunan-bangunan
Wisconsin. selanjutnya. Jawaban yang mengandung ide
Terjemahan serupa ada pada pilihan B.
Arsitektur khas Amerika dimulai oleh Frank Lloyd
Wright, yang telah dikenal bahwa bentuk harus 4. The passage mentions that all of the following
mengikuti fungsi dan siapa yang berpikir bangunan structures were built by Wright EXCEPT
tidak dipisahkan oleh arsitektur tetapi sebagai Jawab : D → southern plantations
bagian keseluruhan organik yang termasuk tanah, Pembahasan : Pada kalimat terakhir jelas bahwa
masyarakat, dan kumpulan masyarakat. Dalam offices, factories dan public building, termasuk
cara yang sangat nyata ,rumah-rumah kolonial churches adalah karyanya. Sedangkan South
New England dan beberapa perkebunan Selatan Plantations bukanlah hasil karyanya karena sudah
telah berfungsi, tetapi Wright adalah arsitek didesain oleh orang terdahulu seperti yang
pertama yang membuat fungsionalisme prinsip disebutkan dalam bacaan.
otoritatif untuk umum juga domestik. Sejak 1906,
ia membangun Persatuan Candi di Oak Park, 5. Which of the following statements best reflects
Illinois, gereja-Gereja yang pertama dari yang one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural
melakukan begitu banyak merevolusi arsitektur principles?
gereja di Amerika Serikat. Kemudian Jawab : C → A building should fit into its
menggunakan kejeniusannya untuk struktur yang surroundings.
berbeda-bedaseperti rumah, sekolah, bangunan Pembahasan : Kalimat “…as parts of an organic
perkantoran dan pabrik-pabrik, di antaranya whole that included the land, the community, and
Gedung Larkin terkenal di Buffalo, New York, dan the society” menyatakan bahwa bangunan
perusahaan bangunan Johnson Wax di Racine, seharusnya dianggap sebagai bagian dari
Wisconsin. keseluruhan lingkungan dan masyarakat sekitarnya
sehingga dengan kata lain bangunan tersebut
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest harus sesuai dengan lingkungannya.
in meaning to which of the following?
Jawab : A → Taken seriously Questions 6-16
Pembahasan : Frasa taken to heart adalah There are two basic types of glaciers, those that
bentuk ungkapan idiomatik dan memiliki arti flow outward in all directions with little regard for
“melakukan dengan sepenuh hati/serius”. any underlying terrain and those that are confined
by terrain to a particular path.
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ The first category of glaciers includes those
from most of those built by earlier architects? massive blankets that cover whole continents,
Jawab : D → Their designs were based on how appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over
they would be used. 50,000 square kilometers of land covered with ice
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…that form should for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When
follow function…” menunjukkan bahwa desain portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean,
seharusnya berdasarkan pada fungsinya, untuk they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet meliputi hampir semua pegunungan di Alaska
covered nearly all the mountains in southern Selatan, Kanada Barat dan barat Amerika Serikat.
Alaska, western Canada, and the western United Itu adalah sekitar 3 kilometer yang mendalam
States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its pada titik tertebal di northern Alberta. Sekarang
thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are yang ada hanya dua lembar yang tersisa di dunia,
only two sheets left on Earth, those covering orang-orang yang meliputi Greenland dan
Greenland and Antarctica. Antartika.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all Badan domelike es yang juga mengalir keluar di
directions but covers less than 50,000 square segala penjuru tetapi mencakup kurang dari
kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps 50.000 kilometer persegi yang disebut topi es.
are rare nowadays, there are a number in Meskipun ice caps langka saat ini, ada beberapa di
northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the timur laut Kanada, Baffin Island, dan di Kepulauan
Queen Elizabeth Islands. Ratu Elizabeth.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a Kategori kedua gletser termasuk orang-orang dari
variety of shapes and sizes generally called berbagai bentuk dan ukuran yang umumnya
mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are disebut gunung atau alpine gletser. Gunung
typically identified by the landform that controls gletser biasanya diidentifikasi dengan bentang
their flow. One form of mountain glacier that alam yang mengendalikan aliran mereka. Salah
resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in satu bentuk gunung gletser yang menyerupai topi
several directions is called an ice field. The es yang mengalir ke luar dalam beberapa arah
difference between an ice field and an ice cap is disebut medan es. Perbedaan antara medan es
subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is dan topi es halus. Pada dasarnya, arus medan es
somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and agak dikendalikan oleh daerah sekitarnya dan
thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap. dengan demikian tidak memiliki bentuk seperti
There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St. topi. Ada beberapa bidang es di Wrangell. St Elias,
Elias, and Chugach mountains of Alaska and dan pegunungan Chugach di Alaska dan British
northern British Columbia. Columbia Utara.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most Kurang spektakuler daripada besar es bidang yang
common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque paling umum jenis gunung gletser: cirque dan
and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in lembah gletser. Cirque gletser ditemukan dalam
depressions in the surface of the land and have a depresi di permukaan tanah dan memiliki bentuk
characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley melingkar yang khas. Es lembah gletser, terikat
glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys, oleh daerah, mengalir ke lembah, kurva yang
curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs. disudut-sudut mereka dan jatuh diatas tebing.

Terjemahan 6. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Ada dua jenis dasar gletser, yang mengalir ke luar Jawab : D → The different kinds of glaciers
dalam semua arah dengan kurang memperhatikan Pembahasan : Ide pokok teks di atas dapat
setiap daerah yang mendasari dan orang-orang ditemukan pada paragraf pertama kalimat pertama
yang dibatasi oleh medan untuk suatu jalan yang menjelaskan dua jenis gletser yang berbeda
tertentu. dan selanjutnya masing-masing dijelaskan lebih
Kategori pertama gletser mencakup selimut yang lanjut pada paragraf berikutnya.
besar yang mencakup seluruh benua, tepat
disebut lembaran es. Harus ada lebih dari 50.000 7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in
kilometer persegi tanah yang ditutupi dengan es meaning to
untuk gletser untuk memenuhi syarat sebagai Jawab : A → huge
lembar es. Pembahasan : Padanan kata massive adalah
Ketika bagian dari lembaran es menyebar huge (sangat besar).
samudera, mereka membentuk es rak. Sekitar
20.000 tahun yang lalu Cordilleran es lembar
8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named 14. The word ”subtle” in line 16 is closest in
for which of the following reasons? meaning to
Jawab : B → They cover large areas of land. Jawab : A → slight
Pembahasan : Frasa whole continents pada Pembahasan : Padanan kata subtle adalah slight
kalimat those massive blankets that cover whole yang keduanya memiliki arti “tipis, halus, atau
continents appropriately called ice sheet sedikit”.
menunjukkan bahwa daratan yang tertutup gletser
mencakup wilayah yang sangat luas, hampir 15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
keseluruhan daratan. Jawab : B → ice caps
Pembahasan : Jenis alpine/mountain glacier
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be adalah ice fields, cirque glaciers dan valley glaciers
found yang semuanya dipengaruhi oleh aliran dan tidak
Jawab : C → spreading into the ocean memiliki domelike cap seperti ice caps.
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada
kalimat terakhir paragraf kedua bahwa jika ice 16. Which of the following types of glaciers does
sheet tersebar (spread out) di lautan akan the author use to illustrate the two basic types of
terbentuk ice shelves. glaciers mentioned in line 1?
Jawab : D → Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
10. According to the passage, where was the Pembahasan : Ada dua jenis gletser yaitu ice
Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest? sheet yang mengalir keluar ke segala arah dan
Jawab : C → Alberta mountain glacier yang arah alirannya terbatas
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada hanya di aliran tertentu.
baris ke-8: it was about 3 kilometers deep at its
thickest point in northern Alberta. Questions 17-26
Tools and hand bones excavated from the
11. The word “rare” in line 11 is closest in meaning Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest
to that a close relative of early humans known as
Jawab : B → unusual Australopithecus robustus may have made and
Pembahasan : Rare berarti jarang atau tidak used primitive tools long before the species
biasa ditemukan sehingga jawaban yang paling became extinct 1 million Line years ago. It may
mendekati arti dari rare adalah unusual. even have made and used primitive tools long
before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and
fields resemble ice caps in which of the following its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with
ways? Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South
Jawab : B → Their flow Africa for more than a million years.
Pembahasan : Kalimat Mountain glaciers are The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been
typically identified by the landform that controls under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest
their flow dan dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada kalimat fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the
One form of mountain glacier that resembles an cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and
ice cap in that it flows outward in several contain extensive remains of animals, primitive
directions is called an ice field menunjukkan tools, and two or more species of apelike
bahwa pembentukan ice caps dipengaruhi oleh hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones
alirannya (their flow). from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the
first time such bones have been found.
13. The word “it” in line 15 refers to The most important feature of the
Jawab : A → glacier Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical
Pembahasan : It pada kalimat di atas merujuk distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The
pada mountain glacier atau gletser. bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely
human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had
previously been found only in more recent Fitur yang paling penting dari tangan
ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus Australopithecus robustus adalah ujung jari distal
robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that pollical, tulang di jempol. Tulang itu memiliki titik
would allow them to grip objects, including tools. lanjutan untuk otot ’manusia unik ’, otot flexor
The researchers also found primitive bone and pollicis longus, yang sebelumnya telah ditemukan
stone implements, especially digging tools, in the hanya di jaman nenek-moyang yang terdahulu.
same layers of sediments. Otot yang memberikan Australopithecus robustut
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- jempol, bengkak fitur yang akan memungkinkan
more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their mereka untuk mencengkeram objek, termasuk
successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, alat. Para peneliti juga menemukan tulang primitif
and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were dan alat-alat batu, terutama menggali alat-alat,
used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous pada lapisan sedimen yang sama.
underground plant parts. They walked upright,
which would have allowed them to carry and use Australopithecus robustus yang lebih berat
tools. Most experts had previously believed that dibangun-lebih ’kuat’ dalam antropologi-daripada
Homo habilis were able to supplant penerus mereka. Mereka memiliki wajah yang
Australopithecus robustus because the former’s lebar, jaws berat, dan dapat penghancur besar
ability to use tools gave them an innate dan penggilingan gigi yang digunakan untuk
superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus makan buah-buahan yang keras, benih, dan
robustus also used tools means that researchers bagian berserat bawah tanah tanaman. Mereka
will have to seek other explanations for their berjalan tegak, yang akan memungkinkan mereka
extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally untuk membawa dan menggunakan alat-alat.
occurring plants led to their downfall as the Kebanyakan ahli sebelumnya telah percaya bahwa
climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo Homo habilis mampu menggantikan
habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able Australopithecus robustus karena lebih dahulu
tomake more sophisticated tools. mampu untuk menggunakan alat-alat memberi
mereka keunggulan bawaan. Penemuan bahwa
Terjemahan Australopithecus robustus juga menggunakan alat
Alat dan tulang tangan yang digali dari kompleks berarti bahwa para peneliti harus mencari
gua Swartkrans di Afrika Selatan telah menjadi penjelasan lain untuk kepunahan mereka. Mungkin
informasi bahwa kerabat dekat awal manusia yang mereka ketergantungan pada tanaman alami yang
dikenal sebagai Australopithecus robustus telah menyebabkan kejatuhan mereka sebagai iklim
dibuat dan alat primitif telah digunakan jauh menjadi pengering dan pendingin, atau mungkin
sebelum spesies punah 1 juta tahun lalu. Bahkan Homo habilis, dengan otak mereka yang lebih
mungkin alat primitif telah dibuat dan digunakan besar, yang hanya dapat membuat alat-alat yang
jauh sebelum leluhur manusia langsung, Homo lebih canggih.
habilis atau ‘manusia pembantu’ mulai
melakukannya. Homo habilis dan penerusnya, 17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that
Homo erectus berdampingan dengan all of the following may have made and used tools
Australopithecus robustus di dataran Afrika Selatan EXCEPT
selama lebih dari satu juta tahun. Jawab : D → Australopithecus robustus’
Gua Swartkrans di Afrika Selatan telah di bawah ancestors
penggalian sejak tahun 1940-an. Fosil pertama Pembahasan : Paragraf di atas menjelaskan
yang mengandung lapisan batuan sedimen di gua bahwa alat-alat primitif itu mulai digunakan oleh
berasal dari sekitar 1,9 juta tahun yang lalu dan Australophitecus robustus bersama-sama dengan
berisi bangkai binatang, alat-alat primitif, dan dua Homo Habilis dan penerusnya, Homo erectus.
atau lebih spesies hominid yang seprti kera. Berarti yang bukan adalah nenek moyang
Penemuan baru-baru ini menemukan tulang dari Australophitecus robustus.
tangan Australopithecus robustus, pertama kalinya
seperti tulang telah ditemukan sebelumnya.
18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat tersebut
Jawab : A → numerous merujuk pada subjek yang disebutkan sebelumnya
Pembahasan : Extensive memiliki arti luas atau yaitu Homo habilis.
dalam jumlah besar sehingga kata yang paling
dekat artinya dengan kata tersebut adalah 24. What does the author suggest is unclear about
numerous. Australopithecus robustus?
Jawab : D → Why they became extinct
19. Which of the following does the author Pembahasan : Jawaban tersebut bisa ditemukan
mention as the most important recent discovery pada paragraf terakhir kalimat The discovery that
made in the Swartkrans cave? Australopithecus robustus also used tools means
Jawab : D → Hand bones that researchers will have to seek other
Pembahasan : Jawaban tersebut bisa dilihat pada explanations for their extinction yang
paragraf 2 kalimat The key recent discovery menyarankan kepada para peneliti untuk mencari
involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus sebab-sebab lain kepunahan jenis manusia primitif
robustus, the first time such bones have been tersebut.
found yang menyatakan bahwa penemuan yang
paling penting adalah hand bones. 25. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in
meaning to
20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly Jawab : B → dependence on
discuss? Pembahasan : Reliance on memiliki arti
Jawab : A → Features of Australopithecus kebergantungan yang bersesuaian dengan kata
robustus’ hand dependence on (ketergantungan).
Pembahasan : Jawaban sangat jelas ditemukan
pada kalimat pertama paragraf tersebut yaitu 26. Where in the passage does the author mention
membahas tentang ciri (feature) dari the materials from which tools were made?
Australopithecus robustus. Jawab : C → Lines 15-17
Pembahasan : Penulis menyebutkan beberapa alat
21. It can be inferred from the description in the serta asal bahannya pada baris 15-17: “…an
last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus was opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them
so named because of the species’ to grip objects, including tools. The researchers
Jawab : C → build also found primitive bone and stone implements,
Pembahasan : Paragraf 4 kalimat pertama, especially digging tools, in the same layers of
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- sediments.” Yaitu bentuk tulang yang
more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their memungkinkan mereka mencengkeram alat dan
successors menjelaskan bahwa kata robustus alat dari batu untuk peralatan menggali.
berasal dari robust, istilah antropologi yang
merujuk pada perawakan atau bentuk fisik (build) Questions 27-38
dengan ciri-ciri yang dijelaskan pada kalimat The first two decades of this century were
selanjutnya. dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters
had tracked down one after another of the
22. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in microbes responsible for the most dreaded
meaning to scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera,
Jawab : B → displace diphtheria. But there, remained some terrible
Pembahasan : Kata supplant memiliki arti diseases for which no microbe could be
“menggantikan” sehingga kata yang paling dekat incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi.
artinya dengan kata tersebut pada pilihan yang Then it was discovered that these diseases were
tersedia adalah displace (menggantikan). caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance
in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or
23. The word “them” in line 23 refers to cured by consuming foods that contained the
Jawab : B → Homo habilis vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and
1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin Di tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an, ilmuwan berusaha
hunters replaced the microbe hunters. untuk mempelajari mengapa setiap vitamin sangat
In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to penting untuk kesehatan. Mereka menemukan
learn why each of the vitamins was essential for bahwa kunci enzim dalam metabolisme tergantung
health. They discovered that key enzymes in pada satu sama lain dari vitamin sebagai koenzim
metabolism depend on one or another of the untuk menghasilkan kimia yang menyediakan sel
vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry dengan energi untuk pertumbuhan dan fungsinya.
that provides cells with energy for growth and Sekarang, pemburu enzim ini menduduki peringkat
function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied atas.
center stage. Kalian menyadari bahwa pemburu enzim
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been digantikan oleh generasi baru para pemburu yang
replaced by a new breed of hunters who are melacak gen- biru untuk masing-masing enzim-
tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the dan menemukan kecacatan gen penyebab
enzymes-and are discovering the defective genes penyakit-diabetes, cystic fibrosis. Pemburu gen ini,
that cause inherited diseases-diabetes, cystic atau genetik insinyur, menggunakan teknologi
fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, kombinasi DNA untuk mengidentifikasi dan
use recombinant DNA technology to identify and mengkloning gen dalam sel bakteri dan tanaman
clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells untuk membuat pabrik-pabrik untuk produksi
and plants to create factories for the massive besar-besaran hormon dan vaksin untuk obat dan
production of hormones and vaccines for medicine untuk tanaman yang lebih baik untuk pertanian.
and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology Bioteknologi telah menjadi multibillion-dolar
has become a multibillion-dollar industry. industri.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we Dari pandangan yang tak terelakkan tentang
can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced kemajuan di bidang ilmu pengetahuan ini, kita
in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind berharap gen pemburu akan diganti secepatnya.
of hunter will dominate the scene in the last Kapan dan oleh siapa? Jenis hunter yang mana
decade of our waning century and in the early yang akan mendominasi dalam dekade terakhir
decades of the next? I wonder whether the abad ini dan pada awal dekade berikutnya? Aku
hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be bertanya-tanya apakah para pemburu yang akan
neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the menempati sorotan akan neurobiologists yang
enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the menerapkan teknik enzim dan gen pemburu fungsi
brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I will otak: Disebut apa mereka itu? Kepala pemburu.
return to them later. Aku akan kembali kepada mereka nanti.

Terjemahan 27. What is the main topic of the passage?

Dua dekade pertama di abad ini didominasi oleh Jawab : C → The progress of modem medical
pemburu mikroba. Pemburu ini telah melacak satu research
demi satu mikroba yang bertanggung jawab untuk Pembahasan : Ide pokok bacaan di atas adalah
penyakit paling ditakuti selama berabad-abad: perkembangan penelitian medis modern, mulai
tuberkulosis, kolera, difteri. Tapi masih ada dari microbe hunters, enzyme hunters hingga gene
beberapa penyakit mengerikan yang mikroba tidak hunters yang masing-masing selanjutnya
bisa menyerang: penyakit kudis, pellagra, rickets, dijelaskan dengan lebih detil.
beri-beri. Kemudian ditemukan bahwa penyakit ini
disebabkan oleh kekurangan vitamin, bahan 28. The word “which” in line 3 refers to
makanan untuk diet. Penyakit ini dapat dicegah Jawab : A → diseases
atau disembuhkan dengan mengkonsumsi Pembahasan : Which pada kalimat tersebut
makanan yang mengandung vitamin. Jadi pada merujuk pada penyakit-penyakit serius (terrible
dekade tahun 1920-an dan tahun 1930-an, gizi diseases) yang tidak bisa dilawan oleh mikroba.
menjadi sebuah ilmu dan pemburu vitamin
digantikan pemburu mikroba.
29. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is closest in 35. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 21 is
meaning to closest in meaning to
Jawab : B → blamed Jawab : A → receive the most attention
Pembahasan : Incriminate memiliki arti Pembahasan : Occupy the spotlight memiliki arti
“menyalahkan” sehingga yang paling tepat di “mendapatkan tempat yang dapat menarik
antara pilihan tersebut adalah blamed yang perhatian banyak orang” sehingga ungkapan yang
memiliki makna yang sama. paling dekat untuk menggantikan frasa tersebut
adalah receive the most attention.
30. Which of the following can be cured by a
change in diet? 36. The author implies that the most important
Jawab : D → Pellagra medical research topic of the future will be
Pembahasan : Berdasarkan paragraf pertama baris Jawab : A → the functions of the brain
4, beberapa penyakit yang dapat disembuhkan Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada
melalui perubahan pola makan yang lebih sehat, paragraf terkahir yang menyatakan bahwa penulis
yaitu makanan yang banyak mengandung vitamin berasumsi pada masa yang akan datang, yang
seperti scurvy, pellagra, rickets dan beriberi. menjadi sorotan utama adalah mereka yang
menerapkan teknik pemburu-pemburu sebelumnya
31. The word “strived” in line 8 is closest in dengan fungsi otak sehingga fungsi otak
meaning to diramalkan mejadi isu utama nantinya.
Jawab : B → tried
Pembahasan : Strived memiliki kesamaan arti 37. Which of the following best describes the
dengan attempt, try, dan make effort yang author’stone in the last paragraph of the passage?
semuanya berarti berusaha atau berjuang. Jawab : B → Speculative
Pembahasan : Nada yang tersirat dari
32. How do vitamins influence health? pernyataan-pernyataannya adalah spekulatif. Ini
Jawab : A → They are necessary for some jelas terlihat dari pernyataannya pada paragraf
enzymes to function. terakhir di empat baris terakhir bahwa ia pun ingin
Pembahasan : Fungsi vitamin terhadap kesehatan tahu mana nantinya yang akan menguasai isu
tubuh adalah untuk membantu enzim (sebagai penelitian medis. Di sini ia memprediksi bahwa
coenzyme) untuk menghasilkan kimia yang mereka yang mampu menggabungkan temuan
meyediakan sel dengan energi untuk pertumbuhan yang sudah ada dan mengaitkannya dengan otak
dan fungsinya. Penjelasan ini dapat dilihat pada manusia. Namun ia belum bisa mengambil
baris ke 9-11. kesimpulan dengan pasti karena belum terjadi.

33. In the third paragraph, the author compares 38.With which of the following statements would
cells that have been genetically altered by the author be most likely to agree?
biotechnicians to Jawab : A → The focus of medical research will
Jawab : B → factories change in the next two decades.
Pembahasan : Jawaban bisa ditemukan pada Pembahasan : Pernyataan penulis pada kalimat
baris 14-17 yang membandingkan sel-sel yang Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in
dihasilkan oleh ahli biologi melalui recombinant the last decade of our waning century and in the
DNA dengan sel-sel bakteri dan tanaman yang early decades of the next? menyiratkan bahwa ia
menciptakan pabrik-pabrik untuk memproduksi berpendapat bahwa akan terjadi perubahan fokus
hormon dan vaksin. penelitian medis pada dua dekade mendatang
yang akan mendominasi ranah penelitian.
34. The word “them” in line 15 refers to
Jawab : C → genes Questions 39-50
Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat tersebut In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States
mengacu pada gen yang diidentifikasi dan had tremendous natural resources that could be
dikloning melalui rekombinan DNA. exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most
of the raw materials that are valuable in the berat. Sebagian besar bahan baku yang berharga
manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, dalam pembuatan mesin, fasilitas transportasi, dan
and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into barang-barang konsumen siap untuk bekerja. Besi,
wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic ingredients of batubara dan minyak- bahan dasar pertumbuhan
industrial growth-were plentiful and needed only industri-yang berlimpah dan diperlukan hanya oleh
the application of technical expertise, keahlian teknis, keterampilan organisasi dan
organizational skill, and labor. tenaga kerja.
One crucial development in this movement toward Salah satu perkembangan penting dalam gerakan
industrialization was the growth of the railroads. menuju industrialisasi adalah pembuatan rel kereta
The railway network expanded rapidly until the api. Jaringan kereta api berkembang pesat sampai
railroad map of the United States looked like a peta kereta api Amerika Serikat tampak seperti
spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting seekor jaring laba-laba, dengan filamen baja yang
all important sources of raw materials, their places menghubungkan semua sumber bahan baku
of manufacture, and their centers of distribution. penting, tempat pembuatan dan pusat-pusat
The railroads contributed to the industrial growth distribusi. Rel kereta api memberikan kontribusi
not only by connecting these major centers, but terhadap pertumbuhan industri yang tidak hanya
also by themselves consuming enormous amounts dengan menghubungkan pusat-pusat utama ini,
of fuel, iron, and coal. tetapi juga dengan mengkonsumsi jumlah besar
Many factors influenced emerging modes of bahan bakar, besi, dan batu bara.
production. For example, machine tools, the tools Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya
used to make goods, were steadily improved in the modus produksi. Sebagai contoh, mesin perkakas,
latter part of the nineteenth century-always with alat-alat yang digunakan untuk membuat barang-
an eye to speedier production and lower unit barang, terus ditingkatkan di bagian terakhir abad
costs. The products of the factories were rapidly ke-19 dengan pandangan untuk memproduksi
absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the yang lebih cepat dan biaya unit yang lebih rendah.
workers and the distributors. The increased urban Produk-produk dari pabrik dengan cepat diserap
population was nourished by the increased farm oleh kota-kota berkembang yang lebih
production that, in turn, was made more banyak pekerja dan distributor. Peningkatan
productive by the use of the new farm machinery. populasi urban dipelihara oleh peningkatan
American agricultural production kept up with the produksi pertanian yang, pada gilirannya, dibuat
urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to lebih produktif dengan menggunakan mesin
the industrial centers of Europe. pertanian baru. Produksi pertanian Amerika terus
The labor that ran the factories and built the meningkatkan permintaan perkotaan dan masih
railways was recruited in part from American farm memiliki surplus dijual ke pusat-pusat industri
areas where people were being displaced by farm Eropa.
machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from Tenaga kerja yang mengendalikan pabrik dan
Europe. Europe now began to send tides of membangun jalur kereta api direkrut sebagian dari
immigrants from eastern and southern Europe- daerah pertanian Amerika di mana orang-orang
most of whom were originally poor farmers but yang digantikan oleh mesin pertanian, sebagian
who settled in American industrial cities. The dari Asia, dan sebagian dari Eropa. Eropa sekarang
money to finance this tremendous expansion of dimulai untuk mengirim gelombang imigran dari
the American economy still came from European Timur dan Eropa Selatan -sebagian besar adalah
financiers for the most part, but the Americans petani yang awalnya miskin tapi yang menetap di
were approaching the day when their expansion kota-kota industri Amerika. Uang untuk membiayai
could be financed in their own “money market.” ekspansi ini luar biasa, ekonomi Amerika masih
berasal dari dana Eropa untuk sebagian besar, tapi
Terjemahan Amerika yang mendekati hari ketika perluasan bisa
Pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas, Amerika dibiayai dengan ‘uang pasar sendiri.
Serikat memiliki sumber daya alam besar yang
dapat dieksploitasi untuk mengembangkan industri
39. What does the passage mainly discuss? Pembahasan : Karena perkembangan peralatan
Jawab : C → Factors that affected industrialization mesin yang mulai menggantikan tenaga manusia
in the United States menjadikan biaya produksi mejadi lebih rendah.
Pembahasan : Bacaan tersebut terutama
membahas faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi 45. According to the passage, who were the
industrialisasi di AS yang antara lain mencakup biggest consumers of manufactured products?
perkemabangan rel kereta api, peralatan mesin Jawab : C → City dwellers
dan tenaga kerja. Pembahasan : Kalimat The increased urban
population was nourished by the increased farm
40. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in production that, in turn, was made more
meaning to productive by the use of the new farm machinery
Jawab : D → components menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara pesatnya
Pembahasan : Kata ingredients mempunyai arti pertumbuhan penduduk perkotaan dan produksi
bahan, unsur, komponen, atau elemen yang peralatan yang dibutuhkan oleh penduduk
membentuk sesuatu. Maka jawaban yang paling tersebut. Dengan kata lain permintaan terbesar
tepat adalah components. berasal dari penduduk kota yang terus
berkembang.
41. Why does the author mention “a spider’s web”
in line 8? 46. The word “nourished” in line 16 is closest in
Jawab : B → To describe the complex structure of meaning to
the railway system Jawab : B → fed
Pembahasan : Istilah spider’s web Pembahasan : Kata nourished memiliki
menggambarkan rumitnya susunan sistem rel kesamaan arti dengan fed yang bermakna disuplai,
kereta api pada waktu itu seperti jaring laba-laba. disediakan atau dipenuhi.

42. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to 47. Which of the following is NOT true of United
Jawab : C → railroads States farmers in the nineteenth century?
Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat tersebut Jawab : B → They were unable to produce
mengacu pada jalan kereta api itu sendiri yang sufficient food for urban areas
berkontribusi tidak hanya dalam menghubungkan Pembahasan : Pengaruh dari industrialisasi
kota-kota penting tetapi juga karena kereta itu adalah peningkatan produksi karena
sendiri mengonsumsi bahan bakar. perkembangan peralatan yang ada hingga bisa
menjualnya ke daratan Eropa. Namun hal ini juga
43. According to the passage, all of the following berdampak pada pengurangan tenaga kerja yang
were true of railroads in the United States in the telah digantikan oleh mesin dengan perbandingan
nineteenth century EXCEPT that biaya produksi yang jauh lebih rendah. Oleh
Jawab : D → they used relatively small quantities karena itu jawaban yang tidak sesuai dengan
of natural resources. kenyataan di atas adalah jawaban B.
Pembahasan : Berdasarkan informasi pada
paragraf 2, jalur kereta api berkembang sangat 48. According to the passage, what did the United
cepat hingga menyerupai jaring laba-laba, States supply to European cities?
menghubungkan pusat-pusat kota industri di Jawab : D → Agricultural produce
negara itu serta berkontribusi besar dalam Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan di
pertumbuhan industri. Oleh karena itu jawaban kalimat terakhir paragraf 3 bahwa American
yang tidak benar adalah pilihan D karena agricultural production kept up with the urban
berlawanan dengan fakta yang ada. demand and still had surpluses for sale to the
industrial centers of Europe.
44. According to the passage, what was one effect
of the improvement of machine tools? 49. The word “ran” in line 19 is closest in meaning
Jawab : A → Lower manufacturing costs to
Jawab : A → operated
Pembahasan : Run mempunyai arti menjalankan
atau mengoperasikan sehingga jawaban yang
paling tepat adalah operated.

50. Where in the passage does the author mention

the financial aspect of industrial expansion?
Jawab : D → Lines 22-25
Pembahasan : Pada baris 22-25 dijelaskan
bahwa perkembangan industri telah merambah
sampai daratan Eropa dengan adanya arus migrasi
di daratan itu dan berkontribusi besar dalam
menyokong pembiayaan perkembangan industri di
Amerika karena sebagai konsumen mayoritas bagi
negara itu.