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Blood urea nitrogen 7-18 mg/dL Increased in renal disease and dehydration;
(BUN) decreased in liver damage and malnutrition
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 23-30 mmol/L Useful to evaluate acid-base balance by
(includes bicarbonate) measuring total carbon dioxide in the blood:
Elevated in vomiting and pulmonary disease;
decreased in diabetic acidosis, acute renal
failure, and hyperventilation
Chloride (Cl) 98-106 mEq/L Increased in dehydration, hyperventilation, and
congestive heart failure; decreased in
vomiting,diarrhea, and fever
Creatinine 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Produced at a constant rate and excreted by
the kidney; increased in kidney disease
Glucose Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL Increased in diabetes and severe illness;
Random: 85-125 mg/dL decreased in insulin overdose or hypoglycemia
Potassium (K) 3.5-5 mEq/L Increased in renal failure, extensive cell
damage, and acidosis; decreased in vomiting,
diarrhea, and excess administration of diuretics
or IV fluids
Sodium (Na) 101-111 mEq/L or 135-148 Increased in dehydration and diabetes
mEq/L (depending on test) insipidus; decreased in overload of IV fluids,
burns,diarrhea, or vomiting
Alanine 10-40 U/L Used to diagnose and monitor treatment of
aminotransferase liver disease and to monitor the effects of
(ALT) drugs on the liver; increased in myocardial
infarction
Albumin 3.8-5.0 g/dL Albumin holds water in blood; decreased in
liver disease and kidney disease
Albumin-globulin ratio Greater than 1 Low A/G ratio signifies a tendency for edema
(A/G ratio) because globulin is less effective than albumin
at holding water in the blood
Alkaline phosphatase 20-70 U/L (varies by method) Enzyme of bone metabolism; increased in liver
(ALP) disease and metastatic bone disease
Amylase 21-160 U/L Used to diagnose and monitor treatment of
acute pancreatitis and to detect inflammation
of the salivary glands
Aspartate 0-41 U/L (varies) Enzyme present in tissues with high metabolic
aminotransferase activity; increased in myocardial infarction and
(AST) liver disease
Bilirubin, total 0.2-1.0 mg/dL Breakdown product of hemoglobin from red
blood cells; increased when excessive red
blood cells are being destroyed or in liver
disease
Calcium (Ca) 8.8-10.0 mg/dL Increased in excess parathyroid hormone
production and in cancer; decreased in
alkalosis, elevated phosphate in renal failure,
and excess IV fluids
Cholesterol 120-220 mg/dL desirable Screening test used to evaluate risk of heart
range disease; levels of 200 mg/dL or above indicate
increased risk of heart disease and warrant
further investigation
Creatine Men: 38-174 U/L Women: 96- Elevated enzyme level indicates myocardial
phosphokinase (CPK or 140 U/L infarction or damage to skeletal muscle. When
CK) elevated,specific fractions (isoenzymes) are
tested for
Gamma-glutamyl Men: 6-26 U/L Women: 4-18 Used to diagnose liver disease and to test for
transferase (GGT) U/L chronic alcoholism
Globulins 2.3-3.5 g/dL Proteins active in immunity; help albumin keep
water in blood
Iron, serum (Fe) Men: 75-175 g/dL Decreased in iron deficiency and anemia;
Women:65-165 /dL increased in hemolytic conditions
High-density Men: 30-70 mg/dL Used to evaluate the risk of heart disease
lipoproteins (HDLs) Women:30-85 mg/dL
Lactic 95-200 U/L (Normal ranges Enzyme released in many kinds of tissue
dehydrogenase(LDH or vary greatly) damage, including myocardial infarction,
LD) pulmonary infarction, and liver disease
Lipase 4-24 U/L (varies with test) Enzyme used to diagnose pancreatitis
Low-density 80-140 mg/dL Used to evaluate the risk of heart disease
lipoproteins (LDLs)
Magnesium (Mg) 1.3-2.1 mEq/L Vital in neuromuscular function; decreased
levels may occur in malnutrition, alcoholism,
pancreatitis, diarrhea
Phosphorus ((Page*)) 2.7-4.5 mg/dL Evaluated in response to calcium; main store is
(inorganic) in bone: elevated in kidney disease; decreased
in excess parathyroid hormone
Protein, total 6-8 g/dL Increased in dehydration, multiple
myeloma;decreased in kidney disease, liver
disease, poor nutrition, severe burns, excessive
bleeding
Serum glutamic > See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
oxalacetic
transaminase (SGOT)
Serum glutamic > See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
pyruvic transaminase
(SGPT)
Thyroxin (T4) 5-12.5 g/dL (varies) Screening test of thyroid function; increased in
hyperthyroidism; decreased in myxedema and
hypothyroidism
Thyroid- 0.5-6 mlU/L Produced by pituitary to promote thyroid gland
stimulatinghormone function; elevated when thyroid gland is not
(TSH) functioning
Triiodothyronine (T3) 120-195 mg/dL Elevated in specific types of hyperthyroidism
Triglycerides Men: 40-160 mg/dL Women: An indication of ability to metabolize fats;
35-135 mg/dL increased triglycerides and cholesterol indicate
high risk of atherosclerosis
Uric acid Men: 3.5-7.2 mg/dL Produced by breakdown of ingested purines in
Women:2.6-6.0 mg/dL food and nucleic acids; elevated in kidney
disease, gout, and leukemia
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