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Content:
1. Third advanced estimate (2018-19) of Horticulture Crops
2. Fourth advance estimates of production of major crops
3. Micro- Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
4. Composite Fish Culture
5. Subsidy for Fisheries (NFDB)
6. Union Budget 2019 for Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Sector
7. Registration of new breeds of livestock and poultry
8. Agriculture input use in India
9. Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana
10. Live Fish Carrier System (LFCS)
11. Export Subsidy
12. Fair and Remunerative Price
13. National Livestock Mission
14. Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme
15. SAMPADA Scheme
16. Water conservation in India
17. Agricultural Development in Uttar Pradesh
18. Some important points
19. Current affairs MCQs
20. Quiz on Indian Agriculture
21. General Agriculture Quiz

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Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare releases

the Third Advanced Estimate (2018-19) of Area and Production of
various Horticulture Crops

Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare has released the Third
Advanced Estimate (2018-19) of Area and Production of various Horticulture Crops.
This is based on the information received from different State/UTs and other source
agencies. (Question from advance estimate asked in RRB SO-2018)
Highlights
➢ The Total Horticulture Production of the country is estimated to be 313.85 Million
Tonnes which is 0.69% higher than the Horticulture Production in 2017-18.
➢ As area under Horticulture Crops has remained broadly at the same level, the higher
production owes mainly to Productivity gains.

2018-19
Total Horticulture 2017-18
(Third Advanced Estimate)
Area (Million Ha) 25.43 25.49
Production
311.71 313.85
(Million Tonnes)

➢ Overall increase is observed in production of Fruits, Vegetables, Spices, Flowers and

Honey whereas decrease is observed in production of Plantation and Aromatics &
Medicinal crops as compared to last year.
➢ Fruits Production is estimated to be around 98.57 Million Tonnes, compared to 97.36
Million Tonnes last year.
➢ Vegetables Production is estimated to be around 185.88 Million Tonnes, which is 0.81%
higher than the production last year.
➢ Onion Production is estimated to be around 23.48 Million Tonnes, which is 0.95%
higher than the production last year.
➢ Potato Production is estimated to be around 53.03 Million Tonnes, which is 3.4% higher
than the production last year.
➢ Tomato Production is estimated to be around 19.39 Million Tonnes, which is 1.8%,
lower than the production last year.
➢ Spices Production is estimated to be around 9.22 Million Tonnes, which is higher than
the production last year.

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th
4 Advance Estimates of production of major crops for 2018-19
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The 4th Advance Estimates of production of major crops for 2018-19 have been released by the
Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare on 19thAugust, 2019. The
assessment of production of different crops is based on the feedback received from States and
validated with information available from other sources. The estimated production of various
crops as per the 4th Advance Estimates for 2018-19 vis-à-vis the comparative estimates for the
years 2005-06 onwards is enclosed.

As per 4th Advance Estimates, the estimated production of major crops during 2018-19 is as
under:

Food grains - 284.95 million tonnes:

Rice-116.42 million tonnes (record)

Wheat- 102.19 million tonnes (record)

Nutri / Coarse Cereals – 42.95 million tonnes.

Maize - 27.23 million tonnes

Pulses - 23.40 million tonnes

Gram – 10.13 million tonnes

Tur - 3.59 million tonnes

Oilseeds - 32.26 million tonnes:

Soybean – 13.79 million tonnes

Rapeseed and Mustard – 9.34million tonnes

Groundnut – 6.69 million tonnes

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➢ Cotton – 28.71 million bales (of 170 kg each)

➢ Sugarcane – 400.16 million tonnes (record

➢ As per Fourth Advance Estimates for 2018-19, total Food grain production in the
country is estimated at 284.95 million tonnes which is higher by 19.20 million tonnes
than the previous five years’ (2013-14 to 2017-18) average production of foodgrain.
➢ Total production of Rice during 2018-19 is estimated at record 116.42 million tonnes.
Production of rice has increased by 3.66 million tonnes than the production of 112.76
million tonnes during 2017-18. It is also higher by 8.62 million tonnes than the five
years’ average production of 107.80 million tonnes.
➢ Production of Wheat, estimated at record 102.19 million tonnes, is higher by 2.32
million tonnes as compared to wheat production of 99.87 million tonnes achieved during
2017-18. Moreover, the production of wheat during 2018-19 is also higher by 7.58
million tonnes than the average wheat production of 94.61 million tonnes
➢ Total Pulses production during 2018-19 is estimated at 23.40 million tonnes which is
higher by 3.14 million tonnes than the last Five years’ average production of 20.26
million tonnes.
➢ Total Oilseeds production in the country during 2018-19 is estimated at 32.26 million
tonnes which is higher than the production of 31.46 million tonnes during 2017-18.
Moreover, the production of oilseeds during 2018-19 is also higher by 2.61 million
tonnes than the average oilseeds production.
➢ With an increase by 20.25 million tonnes over 2017-18, total production of Sugarcane
in the country during 2018-19 is estimated at 400.16 million tonnes. Moreover, the
production of sugarcane during 2018-19 is also higher by 50.38 million tonnes than the
average sugarcane production of 349.78 million tonnes.
➢ Production of Cotton estimated at 28.71 million bales (of 170 kg each) and production
of Jute & Mesta estimated at 9.77 million bales (of 180 kg each).

Micro- Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

➢ Definitions of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises In accordance with the provision
of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 the Micro,
Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) are classified in two Classes:
1. Manufacturing Enterprises- The enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production
of goods pertaining to any industry specified in the first schedule to the industries
(Development and regulation) Act, 1951) or employing plant and machinery in the process

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of value addition to the final product having a distinct name or character or use. The
Manufacturing Enterprise are defined in terms of investment in Plant & Machinery.
2. Service Enterprises: The enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of services and
are defined in terms of investment in equipment.
➢ The limit for investment in plant and machinery / equipment for manufacturing / service
enterprises are as under:

Manufacturing Sector

Enterprises Investment in plant & machinery

Micro Enterprises Upto ₹25 lakh
Small Enterprises Above ₹25 lakh to ₹5 crore
Medium Enterprises Above ₹5 crore to ₹10 crore

Service Sector
Enterprises Investment in equipments
Micro Enterprises Upto ₹10 lakh
Small Enterprises Above ₹10 lakh to ₹2 crore
Medium Enterprises Above ₹2 crore to ₹5 crore

➢ The revival and rehabilitation of MSMEs having loan limits up to Rs.25 crore will be
in terms of these operating instructions. (RRB-AO 2018-19)
➢ Before a loan account of a Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise turns into a Non-
Performing Asset (NPA), banks or creditors should identify incipient stress in the
account by creating three sub-categories under the Special Mention Account (SMA)
category as given in the Table below:

SMA Sub- Basis for classification

categories
SMA-0 Principal or interest payment not overdue for more than 30
days but account showing signs of incipient stress
SMA-1 Principal or interest payment overdue between 31-60 days
SMA-2 Principal or interest payment overdue between 61-90 days

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Composite Fish Culture:

❖ The technology developed for fish culture in which more than one type of compatible fishes
are cultured simultaneous is the most advanced and popular in the country.
❖ This technology enables to get maximum fish production from a pond or a tank through
utilization of available fish food organisms in all the natural niches, supplemented by
artificial feeding.
❖ Any perennial freshwater pond/tank retaining water depth of 2 meters can be used for fish
culture purpose.
❖ The minimum level should not fall below one meter.
❖ Even seasonal ponds can also be utilized for short duration fish culture.
❖ Depending on the compatibility and type of feeding habits of the fishes, are recommended
for Composite Fish Culture.

The area under tanks and ponds available for warm freshwater
aquaculture -2.41 million ha.

The area under swamps, beels, etc. - 1.31 million ha

Species Feeding Habit Feeding Zone

Indian Major Carp
Catla Zoo plankton feeder Surface feeder
Rohu Omnivorous Column feeder
Mrigal Detrivorous Bottom Feeder
Exotic carps
Silver carp Phytoplankton feeder Surface feeder
Grass carp Herbivorous Surface, column and
marginal areas
Common Carp Detritivorous/Omnivorous Bottom feeder

Eligible Borrowers

The following category of borrowers are eligible to avail credit.

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a) An Individual.
b) A company.
c) A Partnership firm.
d) A co-operative society.
e) A group of fish farmers.
Training in fish farming is being
provided by the FFDA's to the eligible
borrowers and it is essential that the
borrower has prior knowledge of fish
farming before availment of bank loan.
Repayment: Repayment of bank loan is
possible in 8 years with 1-year
moratorium (temporary prohibition of an
activity)

Technical parameters that needs to be considered for Composite Fish

Culture

1. Selection of Pond :
Soil should be water retentive, adequate supply of water is assured and that the pond is
not in a flood prone area.
❖ Pond Management:
➢ Pre-stocking: In case of new ponds, pre stocking operations starts with liming
and filling of the pond with water. However, the first step for existing pond
requiring development deals with clearing the pond of unwanted weeds and
fishes either by manual, mechanical or chemical means.
Different methods are employed for this.
➢ Removal of weeds by Manual/Mechanical or through Chemical means.
➢ Removal of unwanted and predatory fishes and other animals by repeated netting
or using mahua oil cake @ 2500 kg/ha meter or by sun drying the pond bed.
➢ Liming: The soils/ tanks which are acidic in nature are less productive than
alkaline ponds.

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In addition, lime also has the following effects –

a) Increases the pH.
b) Acts as buffer and avoids fluctuations of pH.
c) It increases the resistance of soil to parasites.
d) Its toxic effect kills the parasites; and
e) It hastens organic decomposition.

The normal doses of the lime desired ranges from 200 to 250 Kg/ha. However, the actual
dose has to be calculated based on pH of the soil and water as follows:

Soil pH Lime (kg/ha)

4.5-5.0 2,000
5.1-6.5 1,000
6.6-7.5 500
7.6-8.5 200
8.6-9.5 Nill
➢ Fertilization/ Manuring: Fertilization of the pond is an important means for
intensifying fish culture by increasing the natural productivity of the pond. A
combination of both Organic and Inorganic fertilizers may be used for best results.
a) Organic Organic manure to be applied after a
gap of 3 days from the date of liming.
Cow dung @ 5000 kg/ha or any other
organic manure inequivalent manurial
value.
b) Inorganic Inorganic fertilisation to be undertaken
after 15 days of organic manuring.

❖ STOCKING: The pond will be ready for stocking after 15 days of application of
fertilizers. Fish fingerlings of 50- 100 gm size (approx) should be used for stocking @
5000 nos. per hectare.
The present model envisages stocking of advanced fingerlings and rearing for 10-12
months.
❖ POST STOCKING

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➢ Supplementary feeding: Fishes need much more food than what is available
naturally in the pond. Fishes can be fed with a mixture of rice bran and oilcakes
in the ratio 4:1.
➢ The recommended feeding rate is 5 - 6 % of the body weight upto 500gmsize
of fish and then reduce to 3.5% of body weight from 500- 1000gm size .

Manuring

➢ Organic manuring may be done in monthly instalments @ 1000 kg/ha.

➢ Inorganic fertilization may be done at monthly intervals alternating with organic
manuring.
➢ However, the monthly rate of fertilization will depend on pond productivity and the
growth of the fishes. It should be ensured that excess fertilization does not take place
which may result in eutrophication.

Harvesting

➢ Harvesting is generally done at the end of 1st year, when the fishes attain average
weight of 800 gm to 1.25 kg.
➢ With Proper management a production of 4 to 5 tons/ha can be obtained in a year.
➢ Harvesting is done by partial dewatering and repeated netting.

Subsidy for Fisheries (NFDB)

➢ The fish production levels have increased from about 500 kg/ ha/yr to about 2200 kg/
ha/yr.
➢ Indian major carps (IMC) and exotic carps (silver carp, grass carp and common carp)
form the mainstay of Indian freshwater aquaculture and contribute over 90 percent of
the total freshwater aquaculture production.
➢ Fast growing species, which include minor carps (Labeo calbasu, L.bata),catfishes
(singhi, magur) and murrels Channa species)
➢ An amount of Rs 620 crores have been earmarked for development of intensive
aquaculture in ponds and tanks and the proposed activities are expected to generate
substantial investments resulting in an annual production of 26.5 lakh tonnes of fish as
well as creating employment opportunities in the rural areas.

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Components of Assistance
The NFDB will assist the following five components to support intensive aquaculture
in ponds and tanks:
➢ Intensive aquaculture in existing ponds and tanks.
➢ Intensive aquaculture in new ponds and tanks
➢ First-year one-time inputs for intensive aquaculture in ponds and tanks.
➢ Establishment of hatcheries for production of fish seed.
➢ Establishment of fish seed rearing units for production of fish fingerlings.
➢ Training and demonstration.
❖ Intensive aquaculture in existing tanks and ponds: The NFDB proposes to bring about
one-third (33 %) of this area i.e. about 8.0 lakh hectares under intensive aquaculture in the
next six years. Generally, the Board will not provide subsidy for the program. However, in
areas where potential for freshwater aquaculture exists but the activity has not picked up
due to various reasons, 25 percent of the estimated8.0lakh hectare will be covered with
subsidy during a span of six years.
❖ Intensive aquaculture in new ponds and tanks: It is proposed to bring in an
additional area of 50 000 ha under intensive aquaculture in the country in a span of 5-6
years. To promote this development, subsidy would be extended to cover 50 percent of
the area i.e. 25 000 hectares in the next 5-6 years.
❖ First-year inputs: In intensive aquaculture, the inputs constitute almost 60 percent of
the total expenditure. To enable the farmer to adopt scientific farming practices and
optimize the per hectare yield, it is essential to provide partial support for input costs
during the first year of operation.
Establishment of hatcheries for production of fish seed: Availability of quality seed of
cultivable freshwater fish species has been a limiting factor for intensification of fish
farming and for coverage of additional area under aquaculture.
❖ To meet the requirements of farmers in seed-deficit and new areas of aquaculture, it is
proposed to support entrepreneurs/farmers in setting up of about 500 hatcheries for
production of quality fish seed.
❖ The subsidy provided to the entrepreneur/ farmer shall be back ended.

Establishment of Fish seed rearing units for production of fish fingerlings:

Requirement of quality fingerlings size of 100 mm and above is apre requisite for
reservoir development.

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S.No Item Activities Unit Cost Subsidy Remarks

1. Intensive (i)Reclamation/ Rs 30 i. Farmers - Subsidy shall be
aquaculture in Renovation of 000/ ha 20 % of the provided to cover
existing ponds ponds and tanks. Unit Cost 2.0
and tanks (Rs.6,000/) lakh ha out of
ii. SC/ST & eight lakh
NE States- ha under existing
25% of the ponds
Unit Cost and tanks
(Rs. 7,500/-)
2. Intensive (i) Construction Rs I Farmers - Subsidy shall be
aquaculture in Of ponds and 2,00,000 20% of the available for
new ponds tanks. /ha Unit Cost development of
and (Rs.40,000/-) 25000ha new
tanks ii. SC/ST & area out of the
NE States – proposed total of
25% of the 50000ha.
Unit Cost
(Rs. 50,000/-)
3. First-year i. Input costs for Rs 60 i. Farmers - Input subsidy
inputs reclamation/renov 000/ ha 20 % of the available
ation of Unit Cost (Rs. for both existing
tanks/ponds and 12,000/-) and
construction of ii. SC/ST & new tanks and
new ponds NE States – ponds
25% of the developed under
Unit Cost NFDB
(Rs. 15,000/-) programme.
4. Establishment Setting up of a Rs 10 20 % of the 500 freshwater
of hatchery hatchery with 00000/uni Unit Cost fish
for production t10 (Rs200000) hatcheries to be
production of capacity set up
fish seed of 8-10 million
fry per annum.

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5. Fish seed (i) Construction Rs.3.00 i. Farmers - Subsidy shall be

rearing units of fish seed lakhs 20% of the available for
to produce rearing units Unit Cost development of
quality fish (Rs.60,000/-) fish
fingerlings ii. SC/ST and seed rearing units
NE States – for
25% of the production of
Unit quality advanced
Cost(Rs.75,00 fish fingerlings.
0)
(ii) Repairs to the Rs50,000 i. Farmers - Subsidy shall be
existing fish seed 20% of the provided to
rearing units Unit Cost farmers having
(Rs.10,000/-) ponds and willing
ii. SC/ST and to take up
NE States – fingerling
25% of the production
Unit Cost (Rs.
12,500/-)
(iii) Input costs Rs i. Farmers – Input subsidy
for 60,000/- 20% of the available
new/renovated ha Unit for new fish seed
fish Cost(Rs.12,00 rearing
seed rearing units. 0/-) units developed
ii. SC/ST and under
NE States – NFDB
25% of the programme.
Unit Cost
(Rs. 15000/-)

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6. Training and (i) Assistance to (i) Daily allowance of Rs 125/ day /trainee and
Demonstratio farmers for reimbursement of actual to and fro travel,
n participation in subject to a maximum of Rs 500 per trainee.
10 (ii) Honorarium of Rs 1250 and actual to and
days training fro travel expenses, subject to a maximum of
programme Rs 1000.
(batch of 25 – (iii) Rs 75/ trainee/ day to the Implementing
30). Agency towards identification, mobilization of
(ii) Honorarium beneficiaries, supply of training material, etc.
to (iv) Development of existing fish farm @ Rs 1
Resource 00 000/- (one time grant) to the Implementing
Persons. Agency (State Govt.) to conduct regular
(iii) Assistance to training/ demonstration activities.
implementing (v) In absence of own facility, grant of Rs 50
agency for 000/- shall be available to the State
training Government to lease village Panchayat
and pond(s) and its development for conduct of
demonstration training/demonstration, etc.
(vi) In the absence of (iv) and (v) above, Rs 5
000/- per training program for hiring suitable
facility from private farmer.
(vii) ICAR Fisheries Institutes/ Colleges of
Fisheries under State Agriculture
Universities/Other Agencies using their own
facilities will get a lump sum amount of Rs 5
000/-per training programme for this purpose.

Union Budget 2019 for Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Sector

➢ India is the second largest fish producing nation in the world accounting for 6.3% of global
production, registering an average annual growth of more than 7% in recent years.
➢ The sector provides livelihood to about 1.45 crore people at the primary level. To provide
sustained and focused attention towards development of this sector, the government has
decided to create a separate Department of Fisheries.
➢ To provide a further push to the animal husbandry and fisheries sector, the Union
Government has decided to increase allocation to the Rashtriya Gokul mission to Rs 750
crore in the current year itself.

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➢ Two percent interest subvention will be given to farmers who are engaged in animal
husbandry and fisheries when loans taken through Kisan Credit Card.
➢ An additional 3 per cent relaxation will be given in case of timely repayment of loans.
Registration of new breeds of livestock and poultry:

Livestock New breed name State

Cattle Badari uttrakhand
Goat Teressa Andman&Nichobar
KadiAdu Tamilnadu
Sheep Chevaadu Tamilnadu
Kendrapada Odisa
Pig Tenyi Vo Nagaland
Nicobari Andman&Nichobar
Doom Assom
Chicken Kaunayen Manipur

Agriculture input use in India:

Sr. No. Component State/UT (1st) State/UT (2nd) State/UT (3rd)

01 Irrigation coverage % Punjab (98.7%) Haryana (89.1 %) Uttar Pradesh

(80.2 %)
02 Cropping intensity % Punjab (190.8 %) Haryana (185.6 Himachal
%) Pradesh (167.0
%)
03 Fertilizer use (kg/ha) Punjab (249) Andhra Bihar &
Pradesh(226) Haryana (220)
04 Credit (Rs/ha) Tamil Nadu Kerala (212406) Punjab (205525)
(218339)
05 Land holding (ha) Nagaland (5.06) Punjab (3.77) Arunachal
Pradesh (3.51)

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Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana

➢ It was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 12 in Ranchi, Jharkhand.

The Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana aims to secure the lives of farmers.
➢ Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana will secure the lives of 5 crore small and marginal farmers by
providing a minimum pension worth Rs 3000 each month, to those who attain 60 years of
age.
➢ The Union Government has kept aside funds
worth Rs 10,774 crores for the scheme for
the next three years.
➢ All small and marginal farmers, who are
currently aged between 18 and 40 years,
will be eligible to apply for the scheme.
➢ The farmer’s monthly contribution can be
made from the installments of PM-KISAN
or through CSCs.
➢ The farmers will have to make a monthly
contribution of Rs.55 to Rs.200, depending
on their age of entry, in the Pension Fund
till they reach the retirement date i.e. the
age of 60 years.
➢ The Life Insurance Corporation of India
(LIC) shall be the Pension Fund Manager
and responsible for Pension pay out.
➢ If the farmer dies after the retirement date, the spouse will receive 50% of the pension as
Family Pension. After the death of both the farmer and the spouse, the accumulated corpus
shall be credited back to the Pension Fund.

Women Farmer from Gorakhpur harvests highest yield from latest Wheat
Variety - Karan Vandana (DBW 187)

❖ The Karan Vandana (DBW 187) is the latest wheat variety released for irrigated timely
sown conditions of North Eastern Plains Zones comprising of Eastern Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and West Bengal.
❖ The variety had significant yield advantage over the existing cultivars, viz., HD 2967, K
0307, HD 2733, K 1006 and DBW 39 of the zone. It possesses better resistance against

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the important diseases of the region like leaf rust and leaf blight. The Karan Vandana
variety flowers in 77 days and matures in 120 days after sowing. Its average height is 100
cm and has the potential of 64.70 q per ha. The variety has better Chapatti quality with
7.7/10 score and high iron content (43.1 ppm) in the grains.

Live Fish Carrier System (LFCS)

➢ The ICAR-Central Institute on Post harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana has
developed a system for transporting live fish to help the farmers to sell their produce in

Live condition and earn more income. The system - "Live Fish Carrier System (LFCS)"
runs solely by DC power drawn from four lead acid batteries that is non-polluting. By
one time charging, it can run about 80 km with a total carrying capacity of 500 kg. It has
all facilities including aeration, filtration and ammonia removal to keep fish alive during
transportation. The fish mortality is less than 1% per trip of 40 km with carps of 0.5-1.5
kg individual weight. The vehicle is useful for both freshwater and saltwater fishes.

❖ Cabinet approves Sugar export policy for evacuation of surplus stocks

Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) chaired by Prime Minister Narendra

Modi has given its approval for sugar export policy for evacuation of surplus stocks
during sugar season 2019-20. The policy provides lump sum export subsidy of Rs.
10,448 per Metric Tonne (MT) to sugar mills for season 2019-20.

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Export Subsidy

➢ It will be provided for expenses on marketing costs including handling, upgrading and other
processing costs, international and internal transport costs and freight charges.
➢ It will be directly credited into farmers’ account on behalf of mills against cane price dues
and subsequent balance, if any, will be credited to mill’s account.
➢ It shall be in conformity with the provisions of Article 9.1 (d) & (e) of Agreement on
Agriculture (AoA) and thus World Trade Organisation (WTO) compatible. The decision
will benefit millions of farmers in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Karnataka as
well as other states.

❖ Assam’s Dikom Tea Estate brand fetches record Rs. 75000/kg

➢ A rare variety of tea named ‘Golden Butterfly’ from Upper Assam’s Dikom Tea Estate set
a new record on as it was auctioned for Rs.75,000 per kg at Guwahati Tea Auction Centre
(GTAC). It broke the record for highest price fetched by a tea at a public auction for 3rd
time in a fortnight.

CCEA approves Nutrient Based Subsidy rates for P&K

fertilizers

➢ Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) chaired by Prime Minister has approved
proposal for fixation of Nutrient Based Subsidy Rates for Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K)
Fertilizers for the year 2019-20. This proposal was forwarded by Department of Fertilizers.
❖ Nutrient Based Subsidy Rates 2019-20
➢ Expenditure: The expected expenditure (during 2019-20 period) on releasing
subsidy on P&K Fertilizers will be Rs. 22875.50crore.

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➢ Union Government makes available Urea and 21 grades of P&K fertilizers to

farmers at subsidized prices through fertilizer manufacturers/importers. This
subsidy on P&K fertilizers is governed by Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS)
Scheme.
❖ About Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS)
➢ Under it fixed amount of subsidy is decided by Government on annual basis and is
provided on each grade of subsidized P&K fertilizers, except for Urea, based on
the nutrient content present in them.
➢ It was launched 2010. It is being implemented by Department of Fertilizers, under
Ministry of Fertilizers.
➢ It is largely meant for secondary nutrients like N, P, S and K and micronutrients
which are very important for crop growth and development. It is implemented with
expectation that it will promote balanced fertilization of soil, which will lead to
increased agricultural productivity and consequently better returns to the farmers.

❖ Govt. approves creation of buffer stock for 40 lakh MT of sugar for 1 yr.
➢ Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved creation of a buffer
stock of 40 lakh metric tons (LMT) of sugar. This buffer stock would be created for
one year starting from 1 August 2019 to 31 July 2020. The decision of approving a
buffer stock is to maintain demand-supply balance and to stabilize sugar prices.
Estimated Cost & Review: Government will spend an estimated Rs.1674 crore for
creation of a buffer stock of 40 LMT. However, based on market price and availability
of sugar, this may be reviewed by Department of Food and Public Distribution under
Union Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution any time for
withdrawal or modification.
Reimbursement: provided under scheme would be met on a quarterly basis (3
months) to sugar mills. It would be directly credited into farmers’ account on behalf of
mills against cane price dues. In case of any subsequent balance, it would be credited
to mill’s account.
❖ CCEA keeps Fair and Remunerative Price of sugarcane at Rs275/quintal
➢ Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) chaired by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi has approved the proposal for Determination of Fair and
Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane payable by sugar mills for 2019-20
sugar season.

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➢ CCEA kept FRP at Rs 275 per quintal the same as last year (2018-19) for
sugarcane sold to mills during forthcoming sugar season of 2019-20, much to
distress of sugarcane growers.
➢ FRP is based on recommendation of Commission of Agricultural Costs & Prices
(CACP) as per its August 2018 report on- Price Policy for Sugarcane for 2019-
20 season.
➢ CCEA also approved to provide a premium of Rs.2.75 per quintal for every
0.1% increase above 10% in recovery.
➢ Price of sugarcane is fixed by Centre/State, while price of sugar is market
determined.

What is Fair and Remunerative Price?

➢ It is the minimum price at which rate sugarcane is to be purchased by sugar mills from
farmers. FRP is fixed by Union government on basis of recommendations of
Commission for Agricultural Costs and
Prices (CACP), an attached office of
Union Ministry of Agriculture &
Farmers Welfare.
➢ Sugarcane’s FRP is determined under
Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966 which
will be uniformly applicable all over
country. Besides FRP, some states like
Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu announce a
State Advised Price, which is generally
higher than the FRP.
➢ Recommended FRP is achieved by
taking into account various factors such
as cost of production, demand-supply
situation, inter-crop price parity,
domestic & international prices etc.

❖ National Livestock Mission-EDEG Component -Year 2019-20.

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The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Animal Husbandry,

Dairying and Fisheries, Government of India has approved the continuation of the
captioned Scheme for the year 2019-20.
The total budget allocation for 2019-20 is Rs.199.89 crores and the State-wise, Category-
wise allocation as communicated the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying
Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Government of India.
NABARD will be the implementing agency under Entrepreneurship Development
& Employment Generation (EDEG) component of National Livestock Mission. This
includes i.e.
➢ Poultry Venture Capital Fund (PVCF),
➢ Integrated Development of Small Ruminants and Rabbit (IDSRR),
➢ Pig Development (PD),
➢ Salvaging of Male Buffalo Calves (SMBC)
Beneficiaries: - Farmers, individual entrepreneurs, NGOs, Companies, Cooperatives, Groups
of organized and unorganized sector which includes Serf-Help Groups ( SHGs) and Joint
Liability Groups (JLGs).
Eligible Financial Institutions: - Commercial Banks, Urban Banks, Regional Rural Banks,
State Cooperative Banks, State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks and
such other Institutions eligible for refinance from NABARD.
Repayment period / grace period:
EDEG Component Repayment Period Grace Period
Poultry Venture Capital Fund 5 to 9 years 6 months to 1 year
(PVCF)

Integrated Development Maximum 9 Years 2 Years

of Small Ruminants and
Rabbits (II)SRR)
Pig Development (PD) 5 to 6 years 1 Year
Salvaging of Male Buffalo 4 to 6 years 1 Year
Calves (SMBC)

❖ Time limit for completion of the project: - Time limit for completion of project would be
as envisaged under the project subject to maximum of 12 months from the date of
disbursement of first instalment of loan. This maximum period may be extended by 3

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months by the financing bank/Financing Institutions in cases where justification given by

the beneficiary is found adequate.
➢ Top 3 states of budgetary allocated for Component-EDEG of National Livestock Mission
for FY 2019-20 is:

Maharashtra
(2400.00 lakh)
Telangana(3060.00
lakh)
Andhra Pradesh
(4501.00 lakh)

❖ Credit flow to agriculture – collateral free agricultural loans

➢ Keeping in view the overall inflation and rise in agriculture input cost over the years since
2010, it has been decided to raise the limit of Rs 1 lakh to Rs 1.6 lakh.
❖ Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) Continuation of the Scheme for
the Financial Year 2019-20.
➢ A budget provision of Rs.325.00 crore has been by Government of India for the year
2019-20.
➢ Background The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying is implementing Dairy
Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) since 01.09.2010 with the objective of
generating self-employment opportunities in the dairy sector, covering activities such as
enhancement of milk production, procurement, preservation, transportation, processing and
marketing of milk, by providing back ended capital subsidy for bankable projects. The scheme
is being implemented by National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).

❖ Objectives of the Scheme

➢ To generate self-employment and provide infrastructure for dairy sector.
➢ To set up modern dairy farms and infrastructure for production of clean milk;
➢ To encourage heifer calf rearing for conservation and development of good breeding
stock
➢ To bring structural changes in the unorganized sector, so that initial processing of milk
can be taken up at the village level;

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➢ To upgrade traditional technology to handle milk on a commercial scale and

➢ To provide value addition to milk through processing and production of milk products.
❖ Eligible Beneficiaries
➢ Farmers, Individual Entrepreneurs and Groups of unorganized and organized Sector Group
of organized sectors, includes Self-Help Groups Cooperative societies, Milk unions on
behalf of their members, Milk federations, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIS) etc. are
eligible under the Scheme.
❖ Pattern of Assistance
➢ Back ended capital subsidy @25 % of the project cost for general category and
@33.33 % for SC/ST farmers.
❖ Implementing Agency and Area of Operation
➢ The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) will be the nodal
agency for implementation of DEDS scheme in all the States and UTs throughout the
country.
❖ Outlays of the scheme and implementation Period
➢ There is budget provision of Rs 325 crore during the year 2019-20, which includes Rs
196.99 crore under MH2404 (General Component), Rs 49.60 crore under MH2404 (SC
Component), Rs 25.79 crore under MH2404 (Tribal Component) and Rs 45.70 crore
under MH 2552 (North Eastern Region) & Rs 4.56 crore under MH2552 (SC Component),
Rs 2.36 crore under MH2552 (Tribal Component).

Food processing for non-farm sector

What is Food Processing?

➢ Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into
food or food into other forms for consumption by humans or animals either in the home or by
the food processing industry.
➢ Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or slaughtered and butchered animal
products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable, and often long-life food products
and animal feeds.

❖ What is the status of Indian Food Processing Industry?

➢ The Indian food and grocery market is the world’s sixth largest, with retail
contributing 70 per cent of the sales.

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➢ The Indian food processing industry accounts for 32 per cent of the country’s total
food market, one of the largest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of
production, consumption, export and expected growth.
➢ It contributes around 8.80 and 8.39 per cent of Gross Value Added (GVA) in
Manufacturing and Agriculture respectively, 13 per cent of India’s exports and six
per cent of total industrial investment.
➢ The Indian gourmet food market is currently valued at US$ 1.3 billion and is growing
at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20 per cent.
➢ India's organic food market is expected to increase by three times by 2020.

❖ What is SAMPADA (Scheme For AgroMarine Processing And Development Of

Agro-Processing Clusters) Scheme is about?
➢ SAMPADA is an umbrella scheme incorporating ongoing schemes of the Ministry
like Mega Food Parks, Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure,
Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure, etc. and also new schemes like
Infrastructure for Agroprocessing Clusters, Creation of Backward and Forward
Linkages, Creation / Expansion of Food Processing & Preservation Capacities.
➢ The SAMPADA is a comprehensive package to give a renewed thrust to the food
processing sector in the country.
➢ It includes new schemes of Infrastructure for Agro-processing Clusters, Creation of
Backward and Forward Linkages and Creation / Expansion of Food Processing &
Preservation Capacities aim at development of modern infrastructure to encourage
entrepreneurs to set up food processing units based on cluster approach, provide
effective and seamless backward and forward integration for processed food industry
by plugging gaps in supply chain and creation of processing and preservation
capacities and modernization/ expansion of existing food processing units.
➢ It will also help in reducing wastage of agricultural produce, increasing the
processing level, availability of safe and convenient processed foods at affordable
price to consumers and enhancing the export of the processed foods.

❖ What are the various other measures taken by GOI to boost food processing sector?
➢ To provide impetus to investment in food processing and retail sector, govt. has
allowed 100% FDI in trading including through e-commerce, in respect of food
products manufactured and / or produced in India.
➢ This will benefit farmers immensely and will create back – end infrastructure and
significant employment opportunities.

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➢ The govt. has also set up a Special Fund of Rs. 2000 crore in NABARD to make
available affordable credit at concessional rate of interest to designated food parks
and agro processing units in the designated food parks.
➢ Food and agro–based processing units and cold chain infrastructure have been
brought under the ambit of Priority Sector Lending (PSL) to provide additional credit
for food processing activities and infrastructure thereby, boosting food processing,
reducing wastage, create employment and increasing farmers’ income.

Non-farm sector in India

❖ What is Rural Non - Farm sector?
Rural-Non-Farm-Sector (RNFS) includes all economic activities viz., household and non-
household manufacturing, handicrafts, processing, repairs, construction, mining and
quarrying, transport, trade, communication, community and personal services etc. in rural
areas.
❖ What are the GOI interventions for the promotion of this sector?
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is a scheme to extend collateral free loans by
Banks, Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) and Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) to
small/micro business enterprises in the nonagricultural sector to individuals to enable them to
setup or expand their business activities.
➢ The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA),
2005 which provides at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in every
financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled
manual work.
➢ Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) - The Ministry of
Rural Development implements DDU-GKY to drive this national agenda for inclusive
growth, by developing skills and productive capacity of the rural youth from poor
families.
➢ Deendayal Antodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)
is a flagship programme of the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) that seeks to
alleviate rural poverty through building sustainable community institutions of the poor.
➢ The centrally sponsored programme is implemented in partnership with the State
governments.
➢ Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana (AGEY) - The Self Help Groups under DAY-
NRLM will operate road transport service in backward areas.

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This will help to provide safe, affordable and community monitored rural transport
services to connect remote villages with key services and amenities (such as access to
markets, education and health) for the overall economic development of backward rural
areas.
➢ This will also provide an additional avenue of livelihood for SHGs.

Water conservation in India

➢ Water crisis and its conservation are major concerns in India.

➢ Out of our total groundwater availability, we use 6% for domestic use and another 5% for
industrial purpose. The remaining 89% goes for agriculture.”
➢ Our studies say that to grow one kilograms of paddy, we consume 5,600 liters of water
whereas China produces the same amount of paddy with just 330-340 liters of water.”

❖ Need of water conservation in India:

➢ Minister of Jal Shakti, Gajendra Shekhawat said that out of the 178.7 million rural households
in the country, only 32.7 million or 18% got drinking water from tap connections.
➢ According to the Economic Survey, by 2050, India will be in the global hot spot for ‘water
insecurity.’
➢ China and India are the two largest rice producers in the world respectively. Both countries
contribute nearly half of the world’s total rice production.
➢ Around 89% of groundwater extracted is used for irrigation and crops such as paddy and
sugarcane consume more than 60% of irrigation water.
➢ According to the Economic Survey, the focus should shift from land productivity to irrigation
water productivity so that farmers can work on conserving water.
➢ Israel has become a perfect example for the world for water conservation as it treats about 94
% of its wastewater and recycles around 85% water.

❖ Sugarcane production and water consumption:

➢ India gets around 5.2 kg of sugarcane in one cubic meter of water. This is better than the global
average of 4.80 kg/m3. But South Africa produces up to 7.8 kg with the same quantity of water
and Thailand gets between 5.8 and 6.5 kg/m3 of water.

❖ How to manage water?

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➢ About 1500mm amount of water is required for irrigated rice in the Asian region. Rice crop
needed 34−43% of the total world’s irrigation water or about 24−30% of the entire world’s
developed freshwater resources. The following procedure can be adapted to use less water in
rice farming:
➢ Some field channels can be constructed in the farmland to improve control over water by
individual farmers. Such channels can be constructed in any type of irrigation system.
➢ According to the studies, performing shallow tillage operations before land soaking can be a
great help for water conservation. It will fill the cracks and can greatly reduce the amount of
water used in land preparation.
➢ Farmers level their fields from time to time so that it can save more water. This is nearly an
extra 10% of the total water requirement to grow the crop.
➢ Farmlands must be covered with the construction of bunds around it. The average height of
bunds should be high enough (at least 20 cm) to avoid overflowing during heavy rainfall.

Agricultural Development in Uttar Pradesh:

Important facts for Exams

➢ Agriculture is called the backbone of economy of Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh is the
top producer of food grain in the country. This state produces all weather crops i.e.
(Rabi, Kharif and Zayed).
➢ There are 59% population of the Uttar Pradesh is employed by the agriculture sector.
➢ Uttar Pradesh is the largest milk producing state in the country. The state's share in the
total milk production of the country is approximately 16.83 percent. During the
financial year 2016-17, the state's milk production was approximately 27.77 million
tonnes.
➢ The average holding size of agriculture in Uttar Pradesh is 0.76 hectares which is less
than the national average of 1.08 hectares.
➢ In the year 2017-18, the state was the largest producer (28,226 thousand tonnes) of
vegetables in India.
➢ In the financial year 2016-17, food grain production in the state was 49,144.6 thousand
tonnes. In the year 2016-17, its contribution in the country's total grain production was
about 17.83 percent.
➢ The main food grains produced in the state includes rice, wheat, maize, millet, gram,
peas and lentils. In the year 2017-18, pulses production in the state was 1,985 thousand
tonnes.

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➢ Uttar Pradesh occupies the top position in the production of the following items;
Wheat, Barley, Sugarcane, Potato and Lentils.
➢ The most important cash crop of state is sugarcane. Sugarcane of Meerut district is
considered to be the best.
➢ Wheat is produced mainly in these districts of the state; Meerut, Bulandshahr,
Saharanpur, Agra Aligarh, Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Etawah, Kanpur, Farrukhabad
and Fatehpur.
Source: Dainik Jagran

Some important points

➢ A specific rural infrastructure programme called Bharat Nirman was launched as a time-
bound business plan. The six components included under the programme were irrigation,
drinking water electrification, roads, housing, and rural telephony.
➢ As per a recent government estimate, the average annual water potential in the country is
1,869 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM)whereas the utilizable water availability is only 1,137
BCM per annum that comprises 690 BCM of surface water and 447 BCM of replenishable
ground water.
➢ The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)'s concerted focus on creation and
Sustaining the rural drinking water infrastructure resulted in the development of
infrastructure and capacities for successful operation of drinking water supply schemes in
rural areas.
➢ Further, the country's long-term goal is to achieve Har Ghar Jal by 2030, in line with the
UN's Sustainable Development Goals, i.e. providing safe and adequate drinking water to
each rural household.
➢ Interim Budget 2019-20 has allocated Rs. 7750 crores against Rs, 6611 crore budgeted for
2018-19 to expedite initiatives under NRDWP.
➢ The National Nutrition Mission: The National Nutrition Mission (NNM) has been set up
with a three year budget of Rs.9046.17 crore commencing comprehensive from 2017-18.
➢ Four new services added to Kisan Suvidha mobile app during the year, raising the services
available on the app to 10.
➢ MUDRA: The Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency launched in April 2015 and
the loan disbursement Target is set at Rs. 3 trillion (3 lakh crore).

Some general points

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❖ About 70% of India’s arable land is drought prone, 12% is flood prone and 8% is
cyclone prone (2014)
❖ Most Agricultural states are experiencing groundwater depletion, Haryana, Punjab,
Rajasthan, and Delhi have reached hazard point.
❖ By 2015-16 it had risen to 26.2 MT. Although India's average fertilizer consumption is
relatively low (at 128 kg per hectare),it varies across states.
❖ States like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Telangana have a consumption of
237, 231, 221 and 227 kg/hectare respectively, much higher than global average for
middle income countries, i.e. 154 kg/hectare.
❖ The National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology was initiated to
restructure and strengthen agricultural extension to enable delivery of appropriate
technology and improved agronomic practices to the farmers.
❖ Crop Residue Management: The State Governments have also been directed to
provide Rs. 4,000 per ha the funds available for demonstration of machines under Sub-
Mission on Agricultural Mechanization for demonstration of straw management
machinery at farmers' fields.

IMPORTANT CURRENT QUESTIONS

1. Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare has released the Third
Advanced Estimate (2018-19) various Horticulture Crops. What is the total Horticulture
Production of the country is estimated to be……. (2018-19)
a. 285 million tonnes b. 300 million tonnes c. 313 millon tonnes
d. 325 million tonnes e. None of these
2. Which among the following horticulture crop has highest production? (In third
advance estimate 2018-19)
a. Onion b. Potato c. Tomato d. Spices e. both c & d
3. Nari Shakti Purskar Yojna guideline was revised in which year?
a. 2014 b. 2015 c. 2016 d. 2018 e. 2019
4. What is the MSP of common paddy according to 2018 -19?
a. 1750 b. 1740 c. 1670 d. 1550 e. 1780

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5. What is the minimum age eligibility criteria for Nari Shakti Purskar?
a. Above 30 years b. 22 years c. 25 years d. 28 years
e. 30 Years
6. Under PMFBY the premium % to be paid by Farmer of the total cost? According to
kharif season crop?
a. 2 % b. 1.5 % c. 5 % d. 3 % e. None of these
7. What is the assistance cost of reclamation of acidic soils under RKVY?
a. 60000 Rs./ha b. 40000 Rs./ha. c. 30000 Rs./ha. d. 20000 Rs./ha.
e. 15000 Rs. /ha.
8. First hybrid variety of sorghum is CSH 1 was introduced in which year?
a. 1952 b. 1962 c. 1964 d. 1966 e. None of these
9. Phal Phool is a bi-monthly magazine in Hindi. It is developed by
a. ICAR b. IARI c. IIHR d. CISH e. None of these
10. In India beekeeping was introduced in?
a. 1851 b. 1882 c. 1951 d. 1911 e. 1999

Quiz on Indian Agriculture

11. Which among the following is not a commercial crop in India?

a. Jute b. Cotton c. Sugarcane d. Mustard e. Brinjal
12. Which among the following is largest producer of sugarcane?
a. UP b. MP c. Haryana d. Punjab e. Gujarat
13. Which Indian state is the largest producer of pulses?
a. UP b. MP c. Haryana d. Punjab e. Gujarat
14. What is the correct ascending order of rice producing states in India?
a. Punjab, UP, West Bengal b. West Bengal, UP, Punjab
c. UP, Punjab, West Bengal d. West Bengal, Punjab, UP e. None of these

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15. Which among the following doesn’t match correctly?

a. Rabi Crop: Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard
b. Zayad Crop: Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber
c. Kharif Crop: Paddy, maize, jowar, moong, jute, groundnut and soyabean
d. Both A and B
e. None of these
16. What is the correct descending order of food grain producing states?
a. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh b. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal
c. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab d. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Punjab
e. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh
17. Which of the following statement is not correct?
a. India is the largest producer of fruits in the world
b. India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world.
c. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of the wheat in India.
d. Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of pulses in India
e. India is the largest producer of turmeric in the world
18. Which agency is responsible for procurement, distribution and storage of pulses and
oilseed production in India?
a. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers welfare b. NAFED c. FCI d. CCI
e. CWC
19. Which of the following is a not cash crop in India?
a. Rice b. Cashew c. Tobacco d. Jute e. Coffee
20. Which among the following agency/authority approves MSP in India?
a. CACP b. CCEA c. APMC d. GOI e. DMI
21. Which among the following agency/authority approves FRP in India?
a. CACP b. CCEA c. APMC d. GOI e. DMI

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22. Which among the following statement is incorrect regarding KISAN Scheme?
a. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (KISAN) is to provide assured income to small and
margiunal farmers
b. Farmers who own around 2 hectares of land, will get direct income support of Rs 2000 per
year.
c. The income support will be transferred directly to the account of the beneficiary farmer in
three equal installments of Rs 2000 each.
d. The programme will be implemented from December 2018.
e. Rs 20,000 crore will be spent this financial year.
23. Which among the following is not the benefit of millets?
a. Millets are known as nutri-cereals or dryland-cereals
b. Millets are sorghum, pearl millet, ragi, small millet, foxtail millet, proso millet, barnyard
millet, kodo millet
c. They are nutritionally superior to wheat and rice
d. Millets has high glycemic index and are high in dietary fibre and antioxidants.
e. Millets are the solution for current climate change and water scarcity
24. In PMFBY, insurance is given to the crops for damage by natural calamities (like heavy
rain). Which crop from this year is excluded from these criteria?
a. Maize b. Wheat c. Rice d. Groundnut e. Soybean
25. A new variety of potato is being released by CPRI, which will be purple black in colour,
rich in antioxidant, vitamin B6. What is the name of the variety?
a. Kufri Purple b. Kufri Baingni c. Kufri Neelkanth d. Kufri Purple black
e. Kufri Kesar

General Agriculture Quiz

26. Which among the following is boron tolerant crop?

a. Onion b. Apple c. Pear d. walnut e. Wheat

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Boron content of Boron Crops to be grown

irrigation water (ppm) tolerance of
crops
0.3 – 1.0 Sensitive Citrus, Apricot, Peach, Apple, Pear,
Plum, walnut
1.0 – 2.0 Semi-tolerant Sweet potato, Oats, Sorghum, Maize,
Wheat, Barley, Radish, Peas, Tomato,
Cotton, Potato, Sunflower
2.0 – 4.0 Tolerant Carrot, Cabbage, Onion, Beans, Sugar
beet, Alfalfa, Date

27. Which among the following chloride grading of irrigation water is considered as unsafe
for the plants?
a. 0 – 4 b. 4 – 7 c. 7 – 12 d. More than 20
e. 12- 20

Chloride (meq/lit) Class

0–4 Excellent
4–7 Good
7 – 12 Permissible
12- 20 Doubtful
More than 20 Unsafe

28. What is the EC of irrigation water which is not suitable for irrigation?
a. 0.25 b. 0.75 c. 1 d. 2 e. 4
Conductivity Class Symbol Inference
(dS/m)

0.00 – 0.25 Low salinity C1 (i) Can be used for most soil for most crops
(ii) Little likelihood of salinity

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0.25 – 0.75 Medium C2 (i) Can be used with moderate leaching

salinity (ii) Moderate salt tolerant crops
should be grown

0.75 – 2.25 High salinity C3 (i) Cannot be used where drainage is restricted

2.25 – 5.00 Very high C4 (i) Not suitable for irrigation

salinity

29. Irregular fruit development is the deficiency symptoms of which nutrient?

a. B b. P c. K d. S e. N

Nutrients Visual deficiency symptoms

Light green to yellow appearance of leaves, especially older leaves, stunted

N
growth, poor fruit development

Leaves may develop purple colouration, stunted plant growth and delay in plant
P
development

K Marginal burning of leaves, irregular fruit development

Ca Reduced growth or death of growing tips, poor fruit development and appearance

Initial yellowing of older leaves between leaf veins spreading to younger leaves,
Mg
poor fruit development and production

Initial yellowing of young leaves spreading to whole plant, similar symptoms to N

S
deficiency but occurs on new growth

Initial distinct yellow or white areas between veins of young leaves leading to
Fe
spots of dead leaf tissue

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Mn Interveinal yellowing or mottling of young leaves

Interveinal yellowing on young leaves, reduce leaf size, short internodes, brown
Zn
leaf spot on paddy

Stunted growth, terminal leaf buds die, leaf tips become white and leaves are
Cu
narrowed and twisted.

Terminal buds die, breakdown of internal tissues in root crops, internal cork of
B
apple, impairment of flowering and fruit development

Resemble N deficiency symptoms, whiptail diseases of qualiflower, leaves show

Mo
scorching and whithering

Cl Chlorotic leaves, some leaf necrosis

30. What is the percentage of nitrogen in Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)?

a. 13 b. 16 c. 19 d. 24 e. 29
Sources of Name of fertilizer Percentage Reaction
nitrate of N (Acidity/Basicity)
Nitrate Sodium nitrate 16.0 Basic
Calcium nitrate 15.0 Basic
Potassium nitrate 13.0 Basic

Ammonium Ammonium sulphate 20.6 Acidic

Ammonium chloride 25.0 Acidic
Diammonium phosphate 18.0, 46 % Acidic
P

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Nitrate and Ammonium nitrate 33.5 Acidic

Ammonium Ammonium sulphate 26.0 Acidic
nitrate
Calcium ammonium 20.5 Neutral
nitrage

Amide Urea 46.0 Acidic

Calciumcynamide 22.0 Basic
(CaCN2)

ANSWER KEY:
1. c 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. e 8. d 9. a 10. b

11. e 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. e 16. e 17. a 18. b 19. a 20. d

21. b 22. b 23. d 24. c 25. c 26. a 27. d 28. e 29. c 30. b

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