1.

VERB TENSES
1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS

A. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs in their correct forms.

Bridget Damon is a housewife. She doesn't work so she has a lot of free time. Bridget
(1)______________ getting up early so she gets up at 6:30 every morning. Then, she
(2)______________ breakfast. After breakfast, she (3)______________ the dishes.
Bridget (4)______________ for a walk in the park every day. In the afternoons, she
(5)______________ physical exercises because she wants to (6)______________ weight.
On weekends Bridget sometimes (7)______________ golf with her friends.

***
Yolanda Smith is from Oxford, London. She is a student and she is 17 years old. Yolanda
goes to school by bus. She usually (8)______________ out of the window when she is on
the bus. She (9)______________ a sandwich for lunch or she sometimes
(10)______________ to the cafeteria. When she is at the dormitory, she
(11)______________ television or (12)______________ to music. Sometimes she
(13)______________ cards with her friends or (14)______________ a book.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.

Bob and Cindy (1)______________ (be) married. They live in London but they
(2)______________ (be) from England. They are from Australia. They
(3)______________ (have) a son. His name (4)______________ (be) Peter. He
(5)______________ (have) blue eyes and black hair. Peter (6)______________ (be) a
student. He is just two years old.

***

Jaya Rajah is fifteen, but he (7)________________ (go) to high school. He studies

medicine at New York University. His class-mates (8)_______________ (be) in their
twenties. Jaya was born in Madras, India, but his family moved to the U.S.A. when he was
two. He (9)_______________ (live) in a house in New York with his parents and his
younger brother. His father is a doctor. Jaya (10)_______________ (have got) any friends.
He never (11)________________ (go) out in the evenings, but he sometimes
(12)____________________ (watch) TV. He says, "I live for one thing - I

1
(13)_________________ (want) to be a doctor before I'm seventeen. Other children of my
age are not interesting. They (14)___________________ (understand) me, so I don't
usually talk to them."
***

Mike Parrish (15)______________________ (be) a modern cowboy. He

(16)__________________ (live) in a small caravan in the mountains. He
(17)___________________ (get up/ always) with the sun -- about half past four in the
summer and half past seven in the winter. For breakfast he (18)______________ (eat) eggs,
sausages and potatoes. His dog, Lance, is always by his side. At the moment, he
(19)______________ (make) coffee for himself. There are birds (20)______________ (fly)
in the sky, and Lance (21)______________ (watch) them.

***

Dear Sir,

I (22)_______________ (write) this letter because it (23)______________ (seem) to me

that far too many changes (24) ____________________ (take) place in my country these

days and consequently, we (25)__________________ (lose) our identity. I

(26)_______________ (live) in a small town, but even this town

(27)_________________ (change) before my eyes. For instance, they

(28)_____________ (build) a burger bar in the place of my favourite restaurant. Our

culture (29)_____________ (belong) to everyone, and I (30)_____________ (understand)

why the authorities (31)__________________ (do) anything to preserve it. In fact, I

(32)______________ (think) of starting an action group. I (33)__________________

(appear) on TV 4’s “You Talk” programme on Friday night to make people aware of the

importance of this issue. It’s time for us to start doing something before it

(34)__________________ (get) too late.

Yours sincerely,

Andy Archer

***
2
Rupert : Hi Nigel! How are you?

Nigel : Fine, fine. It's been a long time, hasn't it? So tell me about yourself.

Rupert : Well, for the time being I (35)___________________________ (work) in a

language school in Cairo but I want to change my job as soon as I
(36)____________________ (find) a better-paid one.

Nigel : I see. What (37)___________________________ (do/you) here in London?

Rupert : I (38)___________________________ (have) a holiday.

Nigel : That's lovely. And what (39)___________________________ (think/you) of

Cairo?

Rupert : Actually, I like it very much. It is a very exciting place.

Nigel : And what about your job? Is it difficult?

Rupert : Not really. I (40)___________________________ (teach / usually) from 11

a.m. to 1 p.m. and then later again from 6.30 to 9.30. In the evenings, my
friends and I (41)___________________________ (go) into town very
often. We prefer to come together at each other's houses and chat.

Nigel : You (42)___________________________ (seem) to enjoy your days in

Cairo. So when are you going back?

Rupert : Next week on Friday. My plane (43)__________________________ (leave)

early, at about 7.00 a.m.

Nigel : By the way, how is your brother?

Rupert : Chris... oh, he's OK. He is married with two children and as usual he
(44)___________________________ (stop) telling me that I should settle
down and get married. These days he (45)_____________________ (play) a
lot of football. I (46)___________________________ (guess) he wants to
get fit!

***

47. Alice is an annoying guest; she __________________ (constantly / complain) that

the house is cold.

48. My dog is very intelligent. It __________________ (understand) everything I say.

49. The white building opposite the street __________________ (belong) to a famous
pop-singer but she is planning to sell it.

50. You shouldn't lift that heavy box. You __________________ (expect) a baby.

***

3
A: Why (51)_____________ you _____________ (wear) a suit and a tie?

B: I have a job interview this afternoon. I (52)_____________ (want) to look good.

***
53. A: _____________ you _____________ (remember) your first day at school?
B: Yes. What about you?

54. A: What's all that noise?

B: Our neighbours _____________ (have) a party.

***

A: Where is Jane this morning? (55)_____________ she _____________ (bath) the

baby?

B: No. She (56)_____________ (bath) him in the evenings.

***

A: Why (57)________________ (Bill/try) to finish the report so quickly?

B: It's Tuesday. He (58)__________________ (give) his reports to his boss to be

checked on Tuesdays.

***

A: Where is your fiance? I haven't seen him recently.

B: He (59)_______________ (work) as a receptionist at a hotel in Leeds for the

summer.

A: Oh! (60)_____________ he _____________ (come) back for our class reunion in

July?

B: No, but he'll be back as soon as he (61)_______________ (earn) enough money to

get married because he isn't very happy there. He (62)_______________ (seem) to
get on with the manager.

***

63. A: Barbara! Can't you hear? Someone __________________ (ring) the doorbell!
My hands are greasy. Could you please open the door for me?

B: Sure, mum.... Oh, it's Uncle Harry!

***
4
 October 13th, 1997

Hi, Teresa!

I (64)_________________ (write) this letter from Berlin. It's a very big city.
There are a lot of interesting people here. School is great!

Our classes (65)_________________ (finish) at 1 p.m. We

(66)_________________ (usually/have) lunch in the restaurant opposite the
school. The food is very good and quite cheap there. In the afternoon we
(67)________________ (often/visit) a museum, but this afternoon we
(68)_________________ (go) swimming in the big swimming pool in
Heidelberg Park.
Hope to hear from you soon.

Love, Hugo

***

It's Saturday night, and I'm at home. That's very unusual. I

(69)______________________ (often/stay) at home on a Saturday night, but today I

(70)___________________ (have) a terrible headache. I (71)__________________ (sit)

in my balcony to get some fresh air now. It's a warm night and the streets are crowded. In

front of the cinema, there is an old woman (72)______________________ (sell) flowers.

She (73)______________________ (wear) a long colourful skirt.

***

We (74)___________________ (like) spending time at home and we

(75)___________________ (never/go) out in the evenings, but at the moment our friend

from the States (76)________________ (visit) us and we (77)_________________ (take)

him to restaurants, theatres and many other interesting places in the evenings.

***

5
C. Ask questions.

Linda and Mark Nelson are from Canada. They have two children — a girl and a boy.

Their daughter, Sue, is 3 years old. She doesn't go to school. Their son, Tom, is 12. He

goes to secondary school. The Nelsons live in a beautiful house in Toronto. Their house is

big. There are five bedrooms, three bathrooms, a living room, a dining room and a big

kitchen. There is also a garage behind the house.

1. ________________________________________________________________?
No, she doesn't. She is only 3 years old.
2. ________________________________________________________________?
It's in Toronto.
3. ________________________________________________________________?
Five.
4. ________________________________________________________________?
Yes, there is. It's behind the house.

Complete the questions.

Clarissa and Robert are talking:

Robert : (5)_____________________________________, Clarissa?

Clarissa : I'm an accountant.

Robert : (6)_____________________________________ in a bank?

Clarissa : Yes, I do. In Central Bank.

Robert : (7)_____________________________________ Central Bank?

Clarissa : It's in High Street opposite the Sports Centre.

Robert : Selton Sports Centre?

Clarissa : Yes. Jack and I go swimming at the Centre every day.

Robert : (8)_____________________________________ Jack?

Clarissa : Jack's my husband. We've got two daughters.

Robert : (9)_____________________________________ they?

Clarissa : Jane is five and Mary is seven years old.

***
6
10. A : ________________________________________ lunch?
B : My husband? At the restaurant next to his office.

11. A : _________________________________________ ?
B : One. It's an old Volkswagen. I bought it ten years ago.

12. A : _________________________________________ in this city?

B : No. They live in Cambridge.

13. A : _________________________________________ after dinner ?

B : Well, we usually watch TV. And when the weather is good, we go out for a
walk.
***

Alice and Marco meet at a party for the first time.

Alice : Hello. My name is Alice. What's yours?

Marco : It's Marco.

Alice : (14)______________________________________ ?

Marco : Italian. I came to London in 1992.

Alice : (15)______________________________________, Marco ?

Marco : In the Italian restaurant in Maple Street. I'm a cook there.

(16)______________________________________ Italian food?

Alice : Yes, I have. I think it's delicious. Are you married?

Marco : Yes, I am.

Alice : (17)______________________________________ at home?

Marco : My wife does. She is a very good cook.

***
Alberto : Hello. I'm Alberto.
Brenda : Oh, hi. I'm Brenda.
Alberto : (18)___________________________________________________?
Brenda : I'm from the USA.
Alberto : Really! I'm from Italy. (19)____________________________________ girl?
Brenda : That's Lisa.
Alberto : (20)___________________________________________ friend?

Brenda : No, she isn't. She is my sister.

7
Alberto : (21)___________________________________________________?

Brenda : She's seventeen.

Alberto : (22)___________________________________________________?

Brenda : No, I'm not a student. Actually, I'm a teacher.

***

Mary is talking to her mother about her new friend, Linda.

Mary : Linda is a new student in our class. She is staying at the school dormitory.

Her mother : I see. (23)___________________________________________________?

Mary : Her parents? Well, they live in North Carolina.

Her mother : (24)_____________________________________ to North Carolina at

weekends?

Mary : No, she doesn't. She has a part-time job in a restaurant on Saturdays and
Sundays. She wants to save some money.

Her mother : (25)______________________________________ to save money?

Mary : Because she is planning to buy herself a new computer.

Her mother : I see. Why don't you invite Linda over for dinner? I really want to meet her.

Mary : That's a good idea.

***

Martin is talking to Sally on the phone.

Martin : I want to go to the library tomorrow morning. I need to get some information
about new computer programs.

Sally : Let's go there together after school.

Martin : OK but my lesson finishes at 5 o'clock. (26)_____________________________

____________________________?
Sally : It closes at 7 o'clock.
Martin : That's good. Let's go together after school then.

8
D. SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS?
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: ‘the present simple’ or ‘the present
continuous’.

A : Oh, the house (1)______________________ (smell) wonderful.

B : I've just baked a chocolate cake.

A : Where is John?

B : He is in his room. Please don't disturb him. He (2)___________________ (study).

A : Have you finally found a good job?

B : No, not yet. I've got a part-time job at a club downtown. I

(3)_____________________ (serve) drinks at the bar.

A : Tell me what you (4)_____________________ (think) of it.

B : I (5)_____________________ (like) working at late hours. It's very tiring.

***

The album I bought for Jenny (6)______________________ (hold) more than 100
photographs. She can put all her holiday photographs in it.

***

A : Do you like it here in Cambridge?

B : Yes, very much. I (7)______________________ (have) a wonderful time. There

is so much to see.

***

A : Don't forget to tell Paul about the meeting.

B : Don't worry. I'll do that as soon as he (8)______________________ (arrive).

***

9. On my desk I have an old mug that _____________________ (hold) things like pens,
pencils or paper clips.

10. When you are travelling by underground, you have to be quick and get off as soon as
it _____________________ (stop).

11. Tell me what you _____________________ (think) about in front of that fire place.

12. Now I _____________________ (see) what to do in case of emergency. Thanks for

teaching me.

9
13. Why _____________________ (clean / you) your car? Look at the dark clouds in the sky.
It's going to rain.

14. I _____________________ (see) some customers so I can't deal with these people at the
moment.

15. The new pub has been decorated in such a way that it ____________________ (look) like
an ancient castle.

16. Why _____________________ (still / think / you) about what has happened? Let's forget
all about it and try to cheer up.

***

17. John _________________ (go) to the cinema twice a month.

18. She looks very thoughtful. Do you know what she _________________ (think) about?

19. She speaks French, but she _________________ (come) from France.

20. I _________________ (feel) depressed everytime I hear that song.

21. Tom _________________ (meet) the company director in a few minutes.

22. The Smiths _________________ (have) a cottage in the mountains.

23. Charlie and Jane are in the laboratory. They _________________ (do) an experiment.

24. My secretary is away for a fortnight, so I _________________ (type) my own letters.

25. Oil _________________ (float) on water.

26. We _________________ (give) a party tonight to celebrate our first wedding anniversary.

***

27. A: Are you still living with your parents?

B: Yes, but I __________________ (think) of moving into a flat of my own soon.
A: How will you afford to pay the rent then?
B: I'm not sure. Perhaps I'll get a part-time job.

***

28. Look at the liquid in the test tube in my hand. It __________________ (boil) at 109˚C.

29. He’ll send me an e-mail message as soon as he ____________________ (finish) the

experiment so I’ll meet him to talk about the results he obtained.

10
30. She hasn’t decided which bar of soap to buy yet; she _______________ (smell) the
pink one.

31. How often ____________________ (they/hold) a committee meeting? I’d like to

know about the regular events in their firm.

***

* I wonder about the bowl which you (32)____________________ (hold). How much
sugar (33)____________________ (it/contain)?

***

* Listen to that! I (34)______________________ (hear) some lovely piano music. I

(35)____________________ (think) it’s from the next-door neighbour.

***

36. You __________________ (always/find) excuses for being late. I am beginning to

lose my patience with you.

37. David __________________ (write) a new book called “Up in the Mountains” while
his wife is on vacation.

38. Jeffrey __________________ (feel) that his life as an athlete will soon be over.

39. Don't disturb me, please. I __________________ (have) my dinner.

1.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS

A. Mark the best choice.

Between 5:55 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. on December 20th, somebody (1)______________ Mrs.

Haan's precious diamond necklace from her room in the Excelsior Hotel. At the time,

Mrs. Haan was in her room. She (2)____________ a bath. The police think Sandy, the

chambermaid, is the thief.

1. a) stole 2. a) had
b) is stolen b) has been having
c) has stolen c) has had
d) stealing d) was having

3. She __________ her back while she __________ some furniture.

a) hurt....was carrying c) is hurting.... has carried
b) was hurting....carried d) hurts....is carrying

11
B. Complete the sentences using either ‘the past simple’ or ‘the past continuous’.

1. They haven't got a car any more.

________________________________________________________ it last month.
(sell)

2. A: _________________________________________ (watch) TV at 9 o'clock?

B: No, I wasn't. I was having dinner with Tom.

3. A: _____________________ (he/buy) this car?

B: Three months ago.

4. She was injured in the accident because she __________________ (wear) a seat belt.

5. Jane : Richard is in hospital with a broken leg.

Anne : ________________________________________________ (break) his leg?
Jane : During his trip to the Alps.

6. Olivia Bates ___________________ (live) in Brighton between 1982 and 1992.

7. A: __________________________ (do) when you hurt your back?

B: I was carrying a big box of books when it happened.

Bruno and his family arrived in the United States on March 4, 1999. In the beginning, they
stayed at their relatives' house because their money was not enough to rent a house. Two
months later, Bruno's father found a well-paid job. Today, he earns $2000 a month and the
family is very happy but they say they miss Italy a lot.

8. ___________________________________ when they arrived in the United States ?

No, they didn't. That's why they stayed at their relatives' house.

9. ______________________________________________________________?
$2000.

10. A: ________________________ (go) to Jane’s wedding last month?

B: Because I was on a business trip in France. How was it?

11. Look at the sun! Can you believe that this time yesterday we _________________ (make)
a snowman ?

12. Last year Susan ____________________ (seek) a well-paid job but she couldn't find one
so she set up her own business.

13. When his father ____________________ (swear) at the other drivers, the little boy told
his father that swearing was a bad habit.

14. I __________________ (just / begin) to study when the lights went off.

12
C. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

I.

Detective : What (1)_____________________ (do/you) when you

(2)____________________ (hear) the shot last night?

Andy : I was in the living room (3)_____________________ (watch) TV.

Detective : I see. What (4)_____________________ (do / you) then?

Andy : I immediately (5)________________ (run) to the window to look out.

There were two men (6)_____________________ (run) towards a car
and one of them (7)_____________________ (hold) a gun in his hand.

Detective : Was there anyone in the car?

Andy : Yes, a young woman (8)____________________ (sit) in the driving

seat. The two men (9)__________________ (get) in the car and she
(10)_______________ (drive) away. While the car
(11)_______________ (drive) away, I (12)_________________ (write)
down the car's registration number. Here it is.

Detective : Thank you very much for your cooperation. I will let you know as soon
as I learn something.
***

I hate travelling. It makes me very nervous. Yesterday, I

(13)__________________________ (fly) from London to New York. When the plane
landed at the airport, that strange feeling (14)__________________________ (start) again
- a feeling of fear in my stomach. Was my passport still in my briefcase? Had I forgotten
the visa? Had someone put diamonds in my bag? I turned to look at the other people
around me. None of them seemed to be worried. They (15)____________________ (wait)
patiently in the queue. My heart (16)__________________________ (continue) beating
hard until I went through the customs. When everything was over, I
(17)__________________________ (take) a deep breath.
***
Dear Anna,
I'm sorry about taking so long to write my first letter. As you know, I
(18)___________________ (move) to Long Beach two months ago. At the moment, I
(19)____________________ (stay) with my cousin Jefferson until I find a flat at a

13
reasonable price. Jefferson and I (20)____________________ (attend) English classes at a
community college these days. In Long Beach, it usually (21)_____________________ (rain)
in September but today it is quite hot and the sun (22)__________________ (shine). Now I'm
in Audubon Park. There are a lot of students around (23)_________________ (enjoy) the
sunny day in Long Beach.
Every weekend my cousin Jefferson (24)____________________ (take) me sightseeing
around Long Beach . Last weekend we (25)__________________ (visit) Catalina Island. It
(26)______________ (be) fun!
This is all for now. Please write me soon. I want to hear the latest gossip!
Love, Blanca
***
At 10:30 last Saturday night, there was a power failure in the city. Ian Jones, a barman, is
describing his experience:
"At 10:30 last Saturday night the pub was full of customers. All the people
(27)____________ (talk) at the same time. Some students (28)____________ (sing), and
there were some customers (29)______________ (play) darts. I (30)_____________ (pour)
out a drink for someone when the lights (31)______________ (go) out. I
(32)______________ (drop) the glass, and (33)______________ (break) it. While I
(34)______________ (try) to pick up the glass, I (35)______________ (cut) my hand."

***
It was a beautiful Sunday morning. While Mark and Paul (36)______________ (walk) along
the beach carrying their surfboards, they (37)______________ (come) to a sign which read
"No Swimming — Sharks". They (38)______________ (pay) attention to the sign and
(39)______________ (go) into water. They (40)______________ (surf) when a shark
(41)______________ (appear) a few meters away. "Mark! Jump onto my board and push
yours towards the shark," Paul shouted and Mark did so. When they (42)_____________ (be)
safe on the beach, they (43)______________ (look) at each other. Both of them
(44)______________ (know) that they were lucky to be alive.

***
A : Mum, do you remember the blue hat that Lauren gave me for my birthday?
B : Yes, your favourite one.
A : Well, the wind (45)___________________ (blow) it away while Jack and I
(46)___________________ (try) out his new speed boat. We returned to look for it,
but with no luck.

14
B : I'm sorry to hear that.

***
A : Did you manage to talk to her last night?

B : Unfortunately not. She (47)____________________ (be) out when I

(48)______________ (phone) her.

II.
The detectives (1)_____________ (wait) for flight SA 140 from Johannesburg,
South Africa. The plane was late and with every passing minute they
(2)________________ (get) more and more impatient. They (3)_____________ (expect)
a valuable parcel of diamonds. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that some
thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane (4)____________________
(arrive/finally), some of the detectives (5)________________ (sit) inside the main
building while others (6)__________________ (stand) on the airfield. Two men
(7)_____________ (take) the parcel off the plane. After they (8)_____________ (carry) it
to the Customs House, they (9)_____________ (open) it. To their surprise, the precious
parcel was full of stones and sand!

***
I'd like to describe a scene I (10)________________________ (witness) several
years ago. At the time of the incidence, I (11)______________________ (live) in Hawaii.
One morning, returning from a nearby building to my office, I
(12)____________________ (come) upon three or four dozen mynah birds. As they
(13)_______________________ (make) an incredible amount of noise, I
(14)__________________ (decide) to investigate. The mynah birds were in a large circle
in the shade of a kiawe tree. In the center of this circle, two birds
(15)__________________ (fight) while the others (16)________________ (have) a great
time watching the fight. After a few minutes, one of the mynah birds
(17)_________________ (drop) to the ground. The other bird (18)_____________ (walk)
proudly for a few seconds and then (19)____________________ (fly) away. I have no
idea about the reason for the fight between the two mynah birds, but the behaviour of the
other birds clearly proved that human beings are not the only members of the animal
kingdom that enjoy a good fight.

***

15
Linda is talking about how she started her job at the ‘Your House’ magazine.

Well, I (20)___________________ (see) the advertisement in the paper and

(21)________________ (decide) to apply immediately. I (22)________________ (call) for an

interview a week later. I (23)___________________ (arrive) there half an hour before the

interview. One other person, a middle-aged man with a big briefcase,

(24)___________________ (wait) in the secretary’s room. I (25)________________ (be) a

very sociable person and I normally (26)___________________ (like) talking to strangers, so

we (27)___________________ (sit) there in silence, waiting for our turn to go in. More than an

hour passed like that. I (28)___________________ (get) rather angry when the interviewer

finally (29)___________________ (invite) me in. I (30)___________________ (have) much

hope of getting the job, but to my surprise, I (31)___________________ (tell) to start the

following Monday. That was five years ago. I am the editor of the magazine now. It

(32)___________________ (publish) every two weeks. More and more people

(33)___________________ (become) interested in their homes these days so we

(34)___________________ (work) on a big advertising campaign to increase our circulation.

We hope we will be more successful in the future.

***

Last night, Cheryl (35)________________ (feel) the ground

(36)_____________________ (shake) for a second. She (37)_______________ (lie) in her bed

and (38)_________________ (read) a book at the time. She (39)______________ (get)

frightened and (40)______________ (sit) up in her bed, wondering whether it was an

earthquake or not.

***

This time yesterday I (41)___________________ (give) blood in a hospital. I want to tell

you about the experience that I had as I believe everyone should give blood at least once in his

or her lifetime. The idea of donating blood didn't come to me suddenly. I had had the intention

ever since I (42)___________________ (receive) someone else's blood to save my life. I was

just waiting for the right time to do it.

16
 Last night, while I (43)___________________ (drive) home from work, I

(44)___________________ (hear) an announcement on the radio. The doctors at St.

Mary's Hospital (45)___________________ (look) for blood type AB Rh(-) to be given

to a patient who had been seriously injured in a car accident.

As the blood type mentioned was the same as mine, I drove to the hospital

immediately. When I (46)___________________ (arrive) there, the nurses first made

certain that my blood wasn't contaminated and that I was healthy.

After everything was over, I (47)___________________ (give) a big glass of orange

juice and had to rest for a while. When I (48)___________________ (get) home, I was a

little tired, but it was worth it since I (49)___________________ (feel) very happy.

D. Rewrite the sentences using the clues.

1. They are not married any more.

________________________________________________________ last month.
(get divorced)

2. I was making a salad when my mother arrived.

________________________________________________________________.
(while)

3. He started doing the experiment at 6.00 and finished at 8.00.

_____________________________________________________ the experiment.
(take)

4. Our teacher saw the mouse under the table. She screamed.
_______________________________________________________________.
(when)

5. On my way to school, I found a purse.

While __________________________________________________________.
(go)

1.3 FUTURE

A. Complete the sentences. Use be going to.

1. I feel terrible. I have a toothache. I _____________________________.
2. There are dirty dishes everywhere. She _____________________________.
3. It’s warm and sunny outside. They _____________________________.
4. I’m writing an article. I don’t know how to spell a word. I _____________________.

17
5. Larry is thirsty. He _____________________________.
6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are going to the swimming pool. They ____________________.
7. It’s late at night. I feel tired and sleepy. I _____________________________.
8. It’s freezing outside. He _____________________________.
9. Our TV doesn’t work properly. My father _____________________________.
10. I haven’t got enough eggs to make a cake. I _____________________________.

B. Complete the sentences with your own predictions. Use will.

1. In the year 2100 there _________________ (be) enough food to eat.
2. It _________________ (be) snowy next week.
3. Brazil _________________ (win) the next football World Cup.
4. The weather _________________ (get) much colder in the next few years.
5. Buses _________________ (disappear) before the year 2100.

C. Complete the sentences using will or be going to and the verbs in brackets.
1. Look at that pregnant woman over there. I think she __________________ (have) a baby
very soon.
2. I expect she ________________ (lend) us some money.
3. Oh, no! Look at that boy! He __________________ (drop) and break that vase.
4. Look at her face! She looks terrible. I think she __________________ (faint).
5. A: Why don’t you come to the party tonight?
B: O.K. I __________________ (come) at 9:30.

D. Look at Barbara’s diary. Write down what she is doing next Monday.

June, 12th Monday

9:30 play tennis
11:00 meet David
13:15 have lunch with Sally
15:00 go to a party
19:30 meet husband in his office

18
 Next Monday at 9:30 I am
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
____.

E. Complete the sentences using ‘the present continuous’, ‘the present simple’ or
going to.
1. Be careful! You __________________ (fall) into the lake.
2. A: What’s the weather report?
B: It __________________ (rain) tomorrow.
3. The lecture __________________ (start) at 8:40 and __________________ (finish)
at 9:30.
4. Hurry up! We __________________ (miss) the train.
5. I’ve bought some cheese and eggs. Tonight we __________________ (eat) an
omelette.
6. The plane to New York __________________ (take off) at 9 o’clock and
__________________ (arrive) there at 12 o’clock.
7. I’ve bought the tickets and packed my suitcases. I __________________ (leave) for
Antalya tonight.

F. Mark the best choice.

We usually ___(1)___ to Spain on holiday, but next year we ___(2)___ to Florida.

1. a) have been 2. a) 're flying

b) go b) 've flown
c) are going c) 'd like
d) have gone d) like flying
***

Galatasaray is 3-2 ahead, and there is only five minutes left. Milan _____(3)____ the
game. In that case, they ____(4)____ attend the UEFA championship.

3. a) loses 4. a) won’t be able to

b) going to lose b) don't have to
c) lost c) mustn't
d) will probably lose d) ought not to
19
 ***

The new tunnel will ____(5)____ by a Japanese firm. In 5 years' time, they ____(6)____ it and
thousands of drivers ____(7)____ it during the rush hours.

5. a) construct 6. a) are finished 7. a) will be using

b) be constructing b) will be finished b) will be used
c) have constructed c) will have finished c) are used
d) be constructed d) are going to finish d) will have used

***

Pat is a sales representative with excellent skills and qualifications. She’s definitely going to
get a promotion. You’ll see, in about three months’ time she ____(8)____ the sales manager.
And this time next year, she ____(9)____ our firm in Paris.

8. a) becomes 9. a) will be representing

b) has become b) will represent
c) will have become c) will have represented
d) will be becoming d) will be represented

***
We are writing to confirm your travel arrangements from London to Ankara. The plane
___(10)___ the Heathrow airport at 10 a.m. so you have to check in at 9 a.m. When you get to
İstanbul, you ___(11)___ change planes because there is no direct flight to Ankara. Your
journey to Ankara is on flight OA 512 at 4 p.m. local time if there ___(12)___ no delay. We
expect you ___(13)___ in Ankara at about 5 o'clock.
One of your guides ___(14)___ for you when you get there. It is a good idea to confirm your
return flight before you leave the airport because by the time you get to the city centre, the
travel agency ___(15)___.

10. a) will be left 11. a) won't be able to 12. a) will be

b) leaves b) will have to b) isn't
c) going to leave c) won't have to c) hasn't been
d) will have been leaving d) will be able to d) is

13. a) will arrive 14. a) will wait 15. a) is closed

b) can arrive b) is waiting b) will be closing
c) must arrive c) will be waiting c) will close
d) are arriving d) will have waited d) will have closed

***
16. I’ll have finished university ________________.
a) since 1994 c) in 1996
b) 3 years ago d) by next June

20
17. I've found a job in Italy. I've already rented a flat there. I ____________ on the 22nd.
a) 've moved c) going to move
b) am moving d) was moving

18. A : Janet and I are going to study at the library this afternoon.
B : Is it all right if I come at 5 o’clock?
A : Five is fine. We ________ our studies by then.
a) have finished c) will be finished
b) are finishing d) will have finished

G. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Alice ______________________ (probably/ go) to university after she finishes high

school. She wants to get married and become a housewife.

2. Don't tell dad about my bad grades or I ______________________ (lend) you my car
next weekend.

3. A: I told you not to stay out after midnight without my permission.

B: I know, and I promise I _____________(do) it again.

4. If we keep to our schedule, we _________________ (rest) in our hotel at this time

tomorrow.
***
If nothing goes wrong, we (5)____________ (construct) this bridge by the end of May
and the tourist coaches (6)_____________________ (have to / use) the rocky road into
the village any longer.
***
7. A: I didn't know that you were taking judo lessons!
B: Well, I am. I ___________________ (learn) judo for a year by next June.

8. He's going into surgery at 1:30 this afternoon. I expect he _______________ (be)
tired after the operation, so let's wait until tomorrow to visit him.
***

At this time tomorrow, Mr. Higgins (9)____________________ (have) a press

conference, so you (10)_____________________ (be able to / see) him then. However, he

will be free after the conference.

***

A : Have you got any idea what you (11)_____________ (do) this time next year?

B : Who knows? However, I know that I (12)______________ (move) to New York

by next month.

21
A : Really? I didn't know that you were planning to move.

A : (13)__________________________________ (you / able to / support) yourself in New

York? It is difficult to find a good position over there. I doubt if you
(14)______________________________ (find) a job as good as the one you have
now.

B : I don't worry about finding a job. We talked this over with my uncle, Fred. He is the
owner of a software company there. I (15)_______________ (work) in his company.

A : That sounds great. So you have planned everything.

B : Oh, yes. However, I (16)_____________________ (miss / probably) my friends very

much.
***

17. We've waited long enough. Pay us our wages or we ___________ (go) on a strike!

18. A : What are you doing?

B : I'm preparing the guest room. I expect Roger and Helen ____________ (be)
tired after the long journey. They may want to rest right away.

19. A : Do you think you can get away with what you have done?

B : I'm sorry. I know that I shouldn't have cheated during the exam. I
promise, I __________________ (do / never) it again. Please, don't send me to the
principal.
***
It's 8 o'clock in the morning. Joe is phoning his next-door neighbour Bill.

Joe : Good morning, Bill. I know it's early but my car broke down and I have an important
meeting this morning.(20)________________ (can / borrow) your car?

Bill : Yes, of course you can.

Joe : Oh, great! Is it OK with you if I come and get the car keys?

Bill : Don't come now. I have to take the children to school but it won't take long. Why
don't you come round at about 8:30? I (21)_______________ (drive) the children to
school by then.
Joe : 8:30! But that's too late. The meeting starts at 8:30. If I don't get there on time, I
(22)_______________ (look for) another job pretty soon.
***
23. A : I don't know London very well. I might get lost.

B : Don't worry! I _______________ (wait) for you at the station when your train
arrives.

22
24. Please, hurry up. By the time you finish getting ready, we _______________ (miss)
the train.
***
My husband is an ambulanceman. I wish he weren’t. I want him to be fit and well when
he (25)_______________ (retire) but he (26)_______________ (probably / be) so,
because the pressure of doing such a stressful job may ruin his health.
***

27. A : I have lost the car key.

B : I _______________ (help) you look for it.

28. A : Why are you carrying that ladder?

B : I _______________ (change) a broken bulb downstairs.
***
Cindy : Why have you spent so much money on that strange dress, Sally?

Sally : Well, you know, next Saturday is my birthday and I

(29) _______________ (intend) to (30) _______________ (give) a fancy dress
party in my flat. I (31) _______________ (wear) this dress at the party.
***

32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. People say
they_______________________ (publish) it by the end of this month.
33. It looks like everyone is against us. I doubt if we ________________________
(give) another chance to complete the project.
34. I ________________________ (watch) my favourite TV programme from nine to
ten tomorrow evening, so please call me before that.
***

A : Mr. Preston (35)_______________ (probably / get) the most votes in the election
tomorrow.
B : Who's Mr. Preston?

A : He's the president of the company. In fact, he (36)_______________ (run) this

company ever since he (37)_______________ (elect) president in 1987, and he's
such a successful administrator that the staff (38)______________ (certainly/vote)
for the other candidate, who they know almost nothing about.

H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Sharon calls her friend Judy.

Sharon : Judy, I have something important to tell you. Can we meet at 12:30 in your
office?

23
Judy : Well, I ___________________ (have) lunch with a group of businessmen from
Turkey then, but I don't have anything else to do after 2 o'clock. Is it all right
if we meet some time after 2 o'clock?
Sharon : Sure. I'll come to your office around 2:30.

2. I ______________ (repair) that chair for you, if you like.

3. I’m getting old. I ______________ (be) 56 next Monday.

4. Jenny : John hasn't phoned me yet.

Mary : Don't worry. I'm sure he ______________ (call) soon.

5. I wonder if he ______________ (still / love) me when I'm 64.

6. A: Is it all right if I come and see you at 5 tomorrow?

B: Sure. I __________________ (cook) the dinner then but you can sit in the kitchen,
chat with me and then we can eat together.
***
7. Sam and Linda are at Mr. Brown's office talking about the yearly budget of the
company.
Sam : Linda, look at Mr. Brown. He looks awfully pale. I think he
______________________ (faint).
Linda: Well, I guess you are right. Sorry, Mr. Brown, are you feeling OK?

8. Helga is talking to her son's English teacher, Ms. Gold.

Helga : Do you think my son will be ready to take the TOEFL exam this spring?

Ms. Gold : Sure. The test is in June. By that time, he __________________ (study) for
the exam for more than six months.

9. Bill is talking to his father, Frank.

Frank : How did your job interview go today?
Bill : Well, I doubt if I _____________________ (get) the job. I guess they are
looking for someone with more job experience than I have, but knowing
Spanish might be an advantage.

10. Bob is talking to his girlfriend, Liz, on the phone.

Bob : I've made a reservation at a nice Italian Restaurant for 7 o'clock tonight.
Liz : That's great but I ______________________ (have) an important meeting with the
sales representatives of the company at the time. Can you change the
reservation to 9 o'clock? I'll be free then.
Bob : Sure.

24
I. Rewrite the following.

1. The plane takes off in forty minutes and it'll take us an hour to get to the airport.
By the time we get to the airport, ____________________________________.

2. I will finish the decoration before you come home.

By the time _____________________________________________________.

3. We moved to this flat on December 1st this year.

By December 1st next year, ____________________________ for exactly a year.

4. Would you like me to help you with your homework?

I'll _____________________________________________________________.

5. This report will take me three hours to type.

In three hours' time, I ______________________________________________.

1.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

 PRESENT PERFECT / Simple

A. Use the list and write down what you have done or what you haven’t done so far today.

Have a shower Do homework

Eat breakfast Comb hair
Drink tea or coffee Brush teeth
Read newspaper Have a pop quiz
Watch TV Make bed
Make a phone call Wash the dishes
eg. I have eaten breakfast.
I haven’t had a shower.
1. _________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________.
4. _________________________________________________________________.
5. _________________________________________________________________.
6. _________________________________________________________________.
7. _________________________________________________________________.
8. _________________________________________________________________.
9. _________________________________________________________________.
10. _________________________________________________________________.

25
B. You have come across an old school friend. Read the information given in the
bubbles and tell her the latest news by using present perfect simple tense.

eg. 2 4
My sister /
I / start going out Jane / have
get married. with Tom. twins.

1 3 5
I / go to the
We / buy a new
Your ex- Far East.
house.
boyfriend / have
an operation.

6
My dog / die.

Eg. My sister has got married.

1. _________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________.
4. _________________________________________________________________.
5. _________________________________________________________________.
6. _________________________________________________________________.

C. Tom is a doctor in Los Angeles. His life was different 2 years ago. Study the
table and write about the changes in his life.

2 years ago Now

I lived in New York. I live in Los Angeles.

I was a medical student. I am a doctor.
My eyesight was good. My eyesight is poor.
I was single. I am engaged.
I was very thin. I am a bit overweight.
I used to play video games. I don’t have any free time.
I didn’t have a beard. I have a beard.
Eg. He has moved to Los Angeles.
1. _________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________.

26
3. _________________________________________________________________.
4. _________________________________________________________________.
5. _________________________________________________________________.
6. _________________________________________________________________.

D. Complete these conversations.

eg. A: ever/go to/circus? Have you ever been to a circus?
B: yes. Yes, I have.
A: when? When did you go there?
B: 11 years old. I went there when I was 11years old.

1. A: ever/eat/sushi? ______________________________________?
B: yes. ______________________________________.
A: where? ______________________________________?
B: Tokyo. ______________________________________.

2. A: ever/do/rock climbing?______________________________________?
B: yes. ______________________________________.
A: what/be/like? ______________________________________?
B: exciting. ______________________________________.

3. A: ever/write/story? ______________________________________?
B: yes. ______________________________________.
A: when? ______________________________________?
B: 2 years ago. ______________________________________.

4. A: ever/plant/tree? ______________________________________?
B: yes. ______________________________________.
A: when? ______________________________________?
B: last spring. ______________________________________.

E. There will be a party at Mary’s flat at the weekend. Today is Friday and she is
at home. She is making the preparations. Look at her list and make sentences
using just, yet and already.

Decorate the flat-yet Clean the flat-already

Make sandwiches-already Tidy up the living room-yet
Buy drinks-just Blow the balloons-just
Invite the guest-already Lay the table-yet

27
Eg. She hasn’t decorated the flat yet.

1. _________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________.
4. _________________________________________________________________.
5. _________________________________________________________________.
6. _________________________________________________________________.
7. _________________________________________________________________.

F. Fill in the gaps using gone or been.

1. Tom isn’t at home now. He’s __________ to school.

2. Oh, hello Jim! I was looking for you. Where have you __________?

3. I’m sorry I’m late. I’ve __________ to the hairdresser’s.

4. There isn’t anybody at home. I think they’ve __________ away for the meeting.

5. Peter knows a lot about Los Angeles. He’s __________ there many times.

6. ‘Have you ever __________ to Miami?’ ‘No, never.’

7. There is a very good café in Elm street. Have you __________ there?

8. Alice is on holiday now. She’s __________ to Madrid.

G. Read the dialogue and complete the sentences using the given information and the
clues. Use just, yet or already.
Jim has invited his girlfriend to meet his parents. They are going to have dinner at Jim's house.
Jim : Where are my trousers, Mum?
Mum : I took them to the dry cleaner's two days ago. I called him today and he said, "You can
get your trousers. They are ready." But I didn't have enough time to go and get them.
Jim : Oh, well. I have to wear my jeans.
Mum : I ironed them this morning. I put them on your bed.
Jim : Thanks, Mum.
Mum : Can you make the salad, Jim?
Jim : Of course, I can. I'll make it in a few minutes. Don't worry. Where's Dad? He is late.
Mum : I think he is still at work. Oh, wait! Listen! I think that is your father's car.
Jim : Yes, I think that's him.

28
1. Jim's parents _______________________________________________________.
(meet )
2. The dry cleaner's ____________________________________________________.
(clean)
3. Jim's mum _________________________________________________________.
(iron)
4. Jim _______________________________________________________________.
(make)
5. Jim's father _________________________________________________________.
(arrive)

H. Rewrite/Complete the sentences below using the clues where given.

1. He died two years ago.

He _______________________________________________________ two years.

2. This will be our third holiday abroad.

We ________________________________________________________ two times.
(be / already)

3. This is my fourth job this year.

____________________________________________________________ this year.
(change)

4. They are still looking for the burglar.

____________________________________________________ yet.
(find)

5. Tom is going to England for the first time.

___________________________________________________________________.
(never)

6. This is Alex, my husband.

We __________________________ married for only a week.
(be)

7. Sam is hungry.
Sam _______________________________________________ dinner yet.

8. Amy bought a car two months ago.

____________________________________________________________ .
(for)

9. I painted my first picture four years ago. I’ve just finished my 100th one.
___________________________________ 100 pictures since then.

10. We settled down in Chicago three years ago.

We ______________________________________________________ three years.
(live)

29
11. He has stopped playing cards.
____________________________________________ any more.

12. She hasn't found a flat yet.

She ___________________________________________________ a flat.
(look for / still)

13. She's still in her office.

______________________________________________________ her office yet.

14. He's still working for Mrs. Robbins.

_______________________________________________________________ yet.
(get the sack)
15. A: ____________________________________________ the report yet, have you?
(write)
B: You're right. I haven't. But don't worry, I'm going to write it this afternoon.

16. Molly's kitchen is still very dirty.

Molly _____________________________________________________.
(yet)

17. Jack last watched a play at the Royal Theatre last year.
___________________________________________________________.
(since)

18. He became famous after he published his book on scandals.

________________________________________________ his book on scandals.
(ever since)

19. She hasn't had a check-up for a long time.

It's _______________________________________________________ a check-up.

20. They haven't visited their grandparents for ages.

It’s _________________________________________________________________.

***

21. The last time I rode a horse was fifteen years ago.
It's _________________________________________________________ a horse.

22. The last time we saw them was at university.

We ______________________________________________________ at university.
(since)

23. The last time I went to the theatre was years ago.
It's ________________________________________________________________.

30
24. She hasn't ridden a bike since she was at high school.
The last time _________________________________________________________.

25. He hasn't seen an opera since he was 25.

The last time _________________________________________________________.

I. Complete the conversational exchanges using the given words.

1. A: Is Peter still looking for a job?

B: Yes. Unfortunately ______________________________ (find / one / yet).

2. A: Would you like something to drink?

B: No, thanks. ______________________________ (just / have / some tea).

3. A: What’s the matter with Joanne?

B: ______________________________ (break / leg).

4. A: I’m waiting for Ann.

B: Oh, ______________________________ (leave / already).

5. A: Can you lend me £10?

B: Sorry, ______________________________ (not / be / bank / today).

6. A: Why don’t you ask Paul to help you?

B: ______________________________ (already / ask) but he’s busy.

7. A: Be careful! I ______________________________ (paint / door / just).

B: Oh dear. Why didn’t you tell me when I came in?

8. A: Would you like a piece of cake?

B: No, thanks. ______________________________ (just / have / one).

9. A: Don’t forget to post the letter.

B: ______________________________ (already / post).

10. A: Is Jane still writing the report?

B: Yes. ______________________________ (finish / yet).

J. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. In the last six months, I _____________________ (complete) two English courses.

2. Work on the new building _____________________ (begin).

3. Fred _____________________ (serve) in Northern Ireland and in Cyprus.

4. Flight 707 from Amsterdam _____________________ (land).

5. How long _____________________ (you / know) him?

6. I _____________________ (knock) five times. I don’t think anybody is in.

7. The Browns ______________ (find) a flat yet. They ____________ (still / look for) one.

31
K. Complete the sentences with the ‘present perfect’ or ‘simple past’.

1. More than ten students ______________________ (send) abroad by our university

over the last two years.

2. I _______________________________ (have) trouble sleeping all last week.

3. He __________________ (be) unemployed ever since he ____________ (finish)

university.

4. I feel sorry for Jane. She __________________________ (have) trouble all her life.

5. We ___________________________ (not/learn) much in that course.

6. The children ______________________ (feel) ill before the New Year, but they
______________________ (be) better since then.

7. She ____________ (not / work) hard when she _____________ (be) at high school.

8. Jenny _______________ (want) to be a pilot until she _____________ (be) fifteen.

9. In those days we ____________________________ (often / visit) our grandparents.

10. Elvis Presley ___________________________________ (be) a famous rock singer.

His albums _______________________ (be) popular since his death.

11. We _____________________ (live) in Lisbon for two years before we got married.

12. How many letters __________________________________________ (you / type) today?

13. Joe and I ______________________________ (play) a lot of basketball this month.

14. I ________________________________ (never / try) cooking Chinese food before.

15. How many times ______________________________________ (you / be) in love?

16. I ___________________________ (never / enjoy) a Christmas as much as this one.

17. A : Can you ice-skate?

B : I used to when I was a child, but I'm not sure if I can now. It's ages since I last
______________________ (skate).

32
L. Read the situation and ask a question.

1. Mary bought a winter house in the Alps in 1981. Jack asks Helen about it.
Jack : _____________________________________________________?
Helen : Since 1981.

2. Jack is in a French restaurant. He is not sure whether to order snails or not; he doesn't
know how they taste. You ask Eric about Jack.
You : _______________________________________________________?
Eric : No, never.

3. You are at a café with your friend. He wants to go to Spain and he asks you about it.
Tom : _______________________________________________________?
You : Yes, I have. I was there last summer.

4. Nicky and Victor are talking about their old classmate John. Nicky asks Victor about
John.
Nicky : _______________________________________________________ ?
Victor : Yes, I have. I phoned him yesterday.

 PRESENT PERFECT / Continuous

A. Complete the conversations using the clues in brackets.

1. A : ‘You look tired.’

B : ‘ _______________________________________________.’ (paint the ceiling)

2. A : ‘Are you hungry?’

B : ‘No, ____________________________________________.’ (eat all day)

3. A : ‘Why is the room so untidy?’

B : ‘_______________________________________________.’ (Ann / study)

4. A : ‘Mary seems exhausted.’

B : ‘_______________________________________________.’ (wash / clothes)

5. A : ‘Why are her eyes red?’

B : ‘_______________________________________________.’ (cry)

6. A : ‘You look hot.’

B : ‘_______________________________________________.’ (play / tennis)

33
B. Rewrite or complete the following using the clues if given.

1. He started studying 3 hours ago. He is still studying.

He _______________________________________________________________.
(for)

2. I started watching TV at 9 o'clock and I am still watching.

___________________________________________________________________.
(since)
3. A : Is Tommy still in front of the computer?

B : I'm afraid he is. He ______________________ (play) that silly computer game for
hours.

A : I think he should turn it off and go to bed now.

4. Tom : It's 5 o'clock. Why isn't Jane going home? She looks tired.

Bill : Yes, I think she is very tired. ________________________________ (type)

the boss' letters since 9 o'clock this morning.

5. A : _______________________________________________________ TV?
(watch)
B : Not for very long. Jack and I turned it on only 10 minutes ago.

6. A : ______________________________________________ on that report?

(work)
B : Since 9 this morning, and I haven't finished yet.

7. I started reading this book two hours ago. I’m still reading it.
____________________________________________________ two hours.

8. A : You look exhausted.

B : I ________________________________ (go) to bed late recently.

9. Alex sees Tom waiting in the rain in front of the cinema.

Alex : Tom, you're wet all over. You're going to catch a cold.
__________________________________________ (wait) here in the rain?

Tom : For half an hour. Janet is late. I hope she comes soon.

10. The students at the D.B.E. started learning English two months ago.
_______________________________________________________ two months.

34
C. Write what these people have been doing using since.
eg. The workers got a pay rise a month ago.
They’ve been working harder since they got the pay rise.
1. Jane started university three months ago.
_______________________________________________________________.
2. Steve had a car accident last month.
_______________________________________________________________.
3. Graham came out of prison a year ago.
_______________________________________________________________.
4. The Baileys won a large amount of money on the football pools six months ago.
_______________________________________________________________.
5. Tony had a nervous breakdown some time ago.
_______________________________________________________________.

D. Write two sentences for each situation using the ‘present perfect simple’ and
‘continuous’.

eg. The secretary started typing an hour ago. Five letters are ready now.
She’s been typing for an hour.
She’s typed five letters so far.

1. Bill is a fashion photographer. He came into the studio at ten this morning and is
leaving in a minute with six used rolls of film.

___________________________________________________________________.

___________________________________________________________________.

2. Hay Campbell, the famous heart- surgeon, became a doctor 40 years ago. A lot of
patients remember him with his successful operations.

___________________________________________________________________.

___________________________________________________________________.

3. Andy smokes a lot when he is working. He opened a packet of cigarettes and lit the
first one a few hours ago and now there is an empty packet in front of him.

___________________________________________________________________.

___________________________________________________________________.

35
4. The room was in a terrible mess when Bill started cleaning an hour ago. He hasn’t
finished yet but now at least the floor is clean and the bookcase is tidy.

______________________________________________________________________.

______________________________________________________________________.

E. Ask and answer questions using the given words.

eg. learn English / September
start English classes / several months
How long have you been learning English?
Since September.
How long ago did you start your English classes?
Several months ago.
1. move to this house / last year
live in this house / last year
_________________________________________________________________?
__________________________.
_________________________________________________________________?
__________________________.

2. know your friend Bill / ten years

meet your friend Bill / ten years
___________________________________________________________________?
__________________________.
___________________________________________________________________?
__________________________.

3. John, break, leg / October

Walk on crutches / several weeks
___________________________________________________________________?
__________________________.
___________________________________________________________________?
__________________________.

36
4. be ill / a long time
become ill / a long time
___________________________________________________________________?
_________________________.
___________________________________________________________________?
_________________________.

5. buy this car / last August

have this car / last August
___________________________________________________________________?
_________________________.
___________________________________________________________________?
_________________________.

F. Ask two questions for each situation, in the ‘present perfect’ and ‘simple past’
and give short answers as in the example.

eg. Dan Riley was born in India and lived there until he was twenty. Then he went to
England. He is thirty now and is still living there.

How long did he live in India? For twenty years.

How long has he been living in England? For ten years.

1. It started raining early this morning and hasn’t stopped yet. It also rained yesterday,
but only for half an hour.

___________________________________________________________________?

_________________________.

___________________________________________________________________?

_________________________.

2. Mary got a job as a translator 5 years ago. She left the job only last week and started
teaching in a school.

___________________________________________________________________?

_________________________.

___________________________________________________________________?

_________________________.

37
3. John Graine travelled all over the world as a pilot for 40 years. He retired two years ago
and bought a house in the country. Now he enjoys living there.

___________________________________________________________________?

_________________________.

___________________________________________________________________?

_________________________.

III. REVIEW OF THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

Nancy : Hi, Kathy. It's Nancy.

Kathy : Oh, hi, Nancy! Where are you? I (1)_____________________ (phone) you on
Tuesday, Wednesday and last night, but you (2)_____________________ (be) at
home.

Nancy : You're right. I (3)_____________________ (be) at home. I'm not in London. I'm
in Turkey! I (4)_____________________ (call) you from Istanbul now.

Kathy : Istanbul? Oh, my god! What (5)_____________________ (you / do) there?

Nancy : Visiting some friends with my brother, Tom. We're here on holiday.

Kathy : That's great. How long (6)_____________________ (you / be) in Istanbul?

Nancy : For 5 days. We (7)_____________________ (arrive) on Tuesday.

Kathy : (8)____________________ (you / visit) the Topkapı Palace and the Blue Mosque
yet?

Nancy : We (9)________________________ (already / be) to the Blue Mosque, but we

(10)____________________ (see) the Topkapı Palace yet. We
(11)____________________ (go) there tomorrow. Two days ago we
(12)_______________________ (go) on a city tour by bus. Istanbul is a wonderful
city. (13)_______________________ (you / ever / eat) kebabs?

Kathy : No, what are they like?

Nancy : They're small pieces of meat. They're delicious. Yesterday we

(14)________________ (drink) some Turkish coffee, too.

38
Kathy : (15)_____________________ (you / like) it?

Nancy : Yes, very much. I had two cups!

Kathy : (16)____________________ (Tom / be) with you now? I'd like to talk to him, too.

Nancy : Oh, yes. Tom, come here! Nancy wants to talk to you.

B.

Charles rings Peter at 7 a.m.

Charles : I (1)________________________ (go) fishing now, Peter. Would you like

to come with me?

Peter : But it's so early. I (2)__________________________ (have) breakfast yet.

Why didn't you tell me last night?

Charles : Actually, I (3)__________________________ (call) you several times but

you (4)__________________________ (be) home. Anyway, we can go
together next week then.

C.

In spite of the forty years she has spent on stage, the 58-year-old actress Raga Woods
(1)_____________________ (affect) by time so far. Although she is in her fifties, she
(2)_______________________ (look) about 35. "Oh yes," she says. "Some people
(3)______________________ (think) it is genetic, but it may be the vegetarianism. I
(4)______________________ (eat) any red meat since I had a heart attack." Right now
Mrs. Woods (5)______________________ (appear) in a new play by Samuel Dawson.
She (6)_______________________ (expect) this play to continue for a long time.

D.

Mike and Anna (1)________________________ (get) married next month. They

(2)________________________ (already / buy) a fridge, a sofa, a bed and some

armchairs but they (3)_________________________ (find) a flat yet. They

(4)_______________________ (look) at the newspaper advertisements now. Mike

(5)___________________________ (just / read) about a flat in Elm Street. It's in a busy

street, but they don't mind (6)_________________________ (live) in the city center.

39
E.

Dear Peter,

Hello from Hotel Talya in Antalya! What is the weather like in London? It is hot and
sunny here. Our hotel (1)___________________ (be) near the beach, but it has got a big
swimming pool. There are also three tennis courts. We (2)___________________
(play/usually) tennis in the morning.

There are a lot of interesting places to see. We (3)________________________

(see/already) Manavgat and Side. The food here is excellent. Last night, we
(4)____________________ (eat) fish at a beautiful restaurant.

We (5)_______________________ (be) to Alanya yet. We

(6)_______________________ (drive) there tomorrow. My parents want to go to the
disco tonight but I want to stay at the hotel. You know, I (7)_______________________
(hate/dance).

See you soon.

Love
Judy

F.

My parents (1)___________________ (have) a beautiful house in the country. They

(2)_________________ (buy) it when I was 8. It (3)_________________ (be) very big—only

2 rooms and a living room, but my parents like it. They (4)_______________ (live) there for

20 years. My father (5)_______________ (spend) all his time in the garden and my mother

(6)_______________ (go) for long walks in the beautiful countryside. I always tell them to

come to London and live with me, but they say they (7)_________________ (want) to leave

their quiet home.

G.
Mrs. Simms (1)______________ (do) her shopping with her husband, Mr.Simms, on
Saturday mornings. They go to the bazaar. Mr. Simms never enjoys these visits, but Mrs.
Simms comes to the bazaar to buy fresh fruit and vegetables. The fruit and vegetables in the
bazaar are very fresh because they (2)_________________ (grow) by the farmers in the area.
Last Saturday the bazaar (3)________________ (be) very crowded so Mr. Simms said, "I don't

40
want (4)___________________ (come) with you. I (5)_________________ (wait) for you
here." Mrs. Simms (6)________________ (leave) Mr. Simms in front of the bazaar. Two
hours later, Mr. Simms (7)____________________ (wait / still) for his wife when a man
(8)_________________ (come) up to him. He said, "Excuse me. Is your name Simms? Your
wife (9)___________________ (finish / just) shopping, but her bags are very heavy. She is
asking you to carry them home for her." Mr. Simms was very angry. He said, "I
(10)___________________ (stand) here for two hours and I am very tired. She can carry the
bags alone. I am going home!"

H.
Andrew Pollard is a successful 30-year-old journalist from London. He
(1)___________________ (arrive) in New York a year ago and since then he
(2)____________________ (work) for the New York Times. In addition to this, he
(3)____________________ (study) graphic design part time at Hunter College, but he
(4)___________________ (pass) his final exams yet. His boss at the newspaper is very
happy with his work and Andrew (5)___________________ (just/give) a promotion. He
will start working as an editor soon. However, Andrew still finds time to do other things. He
likes the night life in New York and (6)__________________ (go) out to bars quite often
recently. He also travels at weekends with his new friends. He (7)________________ (visit)
several different cities, including Los Angeles, Boston and Denver. Last summer, he
(8)____________________ (spend) a weekend in San Francisco and he wants to go there
again as soon as possible.

1.5 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
I.
Sandy Stewart is an American. She was fifteen when this happened:
“I (1)_______________ (go) to the supermarket with my mother one day, and over the
car radio came I Want To Hold Your Hand. They were the Beatles and I
(2)_______________ (hear/not) them before. I went, Wow! What a strange sound! I
(3)______________ (affect) deeply by the tune of the song. No tune
(4)__________________ (impress) me so much until that moment. Later, I
(5)_____________ (find) that a lot of girls at school (6)______________ (hear/also) it and
felt the same. I (7)______________ (remember) walking down the street with two of my
friends and discussing them. We all said they (8)_________________ (look) ugly in their
photographs, especially with no collars on their jackets. The music
(9)____________________ (be) great, we (10)_______________ (think), but they did look
ugly.”

***
41
II.

1. When we ___________________ (enter) the hotel lobby, we realized that the curtains
___________________ (change) to match the furniture.

2. Before boarding the plane, I wanted to buy a magazine to read during the flight. I didn't
want to carry my heavy luggage into the store, so I left it outside. When I came out, it
wasn't there any more. Someone ___________________ (steal) it.

3. She ___________________ (lay) the table long before the guests arrived but she forgot
the salt and pepper.

4. The strikers were getting restless because they ___________________ (stand) in front of
the company director's office for five hours, waiting for a response.
***

Thirty years ago, Suzy Szabo was the greatest film star in the world. She used to live in a big

house in Hollywood where she (5)_______________ (have) twelve servants. When we asked

people about her, many thought that she (6)_________________ (already / die). That's

because Ms Szabo (7)_________________ (give) any interviews to the press since 1972.

Where is she now?

Ms Szabo (8)_______________ (still/be) a very rich woman but she (9)_____________ (live)
in Hollywood any more. Twenty years ago, she moved to a small village in the south of
France, where the sun (10)__________________ (always/shine). These days, she
(11)_______________ (have) a wonderful time with her husband on a cruise in the Greek
Islands.

Last month one of our reporters asked permission to publish Ms Szabo's memories. At the
moment she (12)________________ (think) about whether it's a good idea to have her
biography published or not. She is a little worried about having her recent pictures taken and
printed in the newspapers as she (13)_________________ (believe) that she has changed a lot.
***

There was nobody at home when I came back from work. Jim's wardrobe was empty, his
clothes were gone. However, he (14)______________________ (leave) me a note on the
kitchen table. After reading it, I realized that he (15)____________________ (want) to see
me any more.
***

A motorist saw two men who (16)______________________ (carry) heavy bags along a

lonely country road. Earlier that day he (17)________________________ (read) in the

42
newspaper about two thieves who (18)_______________________ (stop) a train and stolen

mail-bags containing a lot of money, so he (19)_____________________ (inform) the police

immediately. The police soon arrived on the scene. They questioned the men but neither of

them was able to speak English. The men tried hard to resist the arrest. When they arrived at

the police station, the bags (20)______________________ (open) at once. A terrible mistake

(21)___________________ (make)! The men were French onion-sellers and their bags were

full of onions!

***

The first man to jump out of an aeroplane when travelling at a speed greater than sound was

Arthur Ray Hawk. Up to that time, jumps of this sort (22)_______________________

(regard) as impossible but this outstanding United States Navy pilot proved the world that

such jumps (23)_______________________ (be) possible.

During an air show over Mississippi in 1954, Hawk (24)____________________ (fly) an

entirely new type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the plane

(25)___________________ (dip) sharply. As Hawk (26)_____________________ (try) to

pull the plane out of the dive, he noticed the speedometer (27)_____________________ (go)

up very fast. A few minutes later it reached a speed faster than sound.

(28)_____________________ (trap) in his seat, and hanging upside-down, the pilot

(29)_____________________ (be able / press) the button that would put the plane on

automatic pilot. Near him, however, there was another button which was to be used only in

times of great danger. Hawk pressed it, the glass shell above his head opened up and he was

thrown up into the air. Then he went down with great speed,

(30)_____________________(try) to pull the ribbon which would open his parachute. He

failed in his attempt. He was fortunate because if his parachute had opened, at that rate of

speed, it (31)_______________________ (tear) to pieces by such a strong wind. At about

29,000 feet, Hawk managed to open his parachute. Soon afterwards, he landed safely in a

field of cotton.
***

43
Last week I (32)_______________________ (have) the strangest experience when I
(33)___________________ (take) my poodle, Suzette for a walk on the 5th Avenue. We
(34)_______________________ (get/just) to the corner when I
(35)__________________________ (notice) a man a few houses behind me. He
(36)__________________________ (walk) with his large Doberman pinscher, so I quickly
(37)__________________________ (move) to the other side of the street to let them
(38)______________________ (pass). Suzette (39)_________________ (have) a fight and
she (40)_________________ (bite) by another dog the week before so I
(41)__________________ (want) her to get into trouble. I (42)______________________
(start) walking really fast in order to keep far ahead of them. Suddenly, the man called out and
asked me to stop. He said that his dog really (43)_______________________ (like) poodles.
He also added that he was hoping our dogs could meet! I told him that I
(44)____________________ (allow/never) my dog to make friends with strangers till that
time and that I (45)___________________ (be) glad if he left us alone. Without saying
anything, the man walked away with his dog.

***

Yesterday during the final exam, Lata (46)______________________ (daydream) at her desk
in the examination room while the other students (47)______________ (answer) the
questions. Lata (48)_______________ (attend) all the lectures throughout the year, and on the
day of the final exam, she was really determined to do well. However, she couldn't help
thinking about the boy she (49)________________ (start) going out the week before the
finals.
When the invigilator announced the time left, Lata (50)__________________ (realise) that
she (51)________________ (answer) even a single question and immediately
(52)__________________ (begin) to answer the questions. Leaving the examination room,
Lata was upset as she was sure she (53)___________________ (do) badly in the exam but
when she saw her boyfriend who (54)______________________ (wait) for her for two hours
outside, she stopped worrying about the exam.
***

Let me tell you what happened today at the store where I work. It
(55)_____________________ (be) the end of the day – about 7.00 pm. We
(56)_____________________ (serve) customers for more than eight hours. I
(57)_____________________ (think) of going home and taking a nice hot shower when I
noticed Julie, one of the cashiers, (58)_____________________ (put) a bundle of hundred-
dollar notes in her purse. She (59)_____________________ (take) the bills from the open till

44
in front of her. As the girl (60)_____________________ (always/be) nice to me before, I
(61)_____________________ (know) what to do – report her to the manager or ignore
the whole thing. By that time, almost everyone (62)________________ (leave) the store. I
could hear the cleaning women (63)_____________________ (talk) among themselves.
Suddenly, Julie (64)_____________________ (walk) up to me and said she
(65)_____________________ (have) financial difficulties for the past three months.
Surprised by this confession, I ...
***
The room (66)_____________________ (be) in a mess – the children
(67)_____________________ (throw) everything on the floor.
***
After Alan (68)_____________________ (leave) for the airport, I
(69)_____________________ (realise) that he (70)_____________________ (take) his
passport with him.
***

There (71)_____________________ (be) any apples in the fridge. My brother

(72)_____________________ (eat) them all.
***

I once had a part – time job in a big department store in Liverpool. I’ll always remember

the first day of the sales. I (73)_____________________ (reach) the store half an hour

before the opening time and saw that hundreds of people (74)_____________________

(wait) outside the doors. The crowd was quite impatient to get in. I could see why our
boss (75)_____________________ (plan) the sale like a military operation the previous

day. At five to nine the crowd...

***
Yesterday evening I (76)_____________________ (run) into Mr. Page, who was my
physics teacher at high school. I (77)_____________________ (look) at the new
publications when he entered the bookstore. I immediately recognised him as he
(78)_____________________ (change) much. He looked almost the same except that he
(79)_____________________ (wear) glasses at school. You know, at those times contact
lenses were not so common. Anyway, we talked about the good old days for sometime
and then I invited him to have a cup of tea at my place. He kindly turned down my
invitation, but said that he (80)_____________________ (visit) me soon.

***

45
A: Yesterday morning was a nightmare.

B: Why? What (81)_____________________ (happen)?

A: Well, I overslept because I (82)_____________________ (forget) to set the alarm clock the
night before. Not surprisingly, I was late for the mid-term. When I got to the classroom, the
teacher (83)_____________________ (let) me in as she (84)_____________________
(start) reading the listening section. I waited until ...

***

I (85)_____________________ (feel) terribly embarrassed when I realized that I

(86)_____________________ (leave) my wallet at home. It was the first time Debra and I were
going out and I (87)_____________________ (have to/ask) her to pay the bill.
***

Yesterday while my two brothers and I (88)________________ (paint) my room, my sister

(89)_________________ (open) the door suddenly. Nobody (90)__________________ (tell)
her that we would be there. So instead of painting the wall, we spent all morning cleaning the
paint on the carpet.
***
Students in Terror Ride
The driver of a school bus was questioned by police yesterday after parents complained that he
(91)_____________________ (take) twenty of their children on a high speed terror ride and left
them thirty miles away from home. When the students (92)_____________________ (get) out
of the bus, they telephoned their parents. The students explained that some of them were not in
their seats and when the driver noticed them (93)_____________________ (run) up and down
the aisle in the bus, he got angry and accelerated. Anxious parents
(94)_____________________ (telephone) the bus company and the school as their children
(95)_____________________ (return/still). Mrs. Ann Stalker, whose children were on the bus,
said "Anything (96)_____________________ (can/happen). It was quite wrong to drop them
thirty miles away from home. Most of the children (97)_____________________ (have) no
money. I am extremely angry." A spokesman for the bus company said they
(98)_____________________ (look) into the matter and that there were some other complaints
about this driver as he (99)___________________ (drive) very fast for some time.

B. Join the following sentences using when.

1. He worked for 10 years at the bank. He became the manager.

__________________________________________________________________.

2. He gained some experience. He received a promotion.

__________________________________________________________________.

46
3. The police supplied evidence. The man was convicted.
__________________________________________________________________.

4. They moved to a different town. He died.

__________________________________________________________________.

5. He kissed the children. He left the house.

__________________________________________________________________.

6. They became members of the club. They changed all the rules.
__________________________________________________________________.

7. They consulted a lawyer. They bought the house.

__________________________________________________________________.

8. He drove through the red light. He got a fine.

__________________________________________________________________.

9. She did all the shopping. He came in and offered to help.

__________________________________________________________________.

C. Put the verbs in brackets into their ‘simple past’ or ‘past perfect simple /
continuous’ forms.

1. They ______________ (never find) where he ______________ (hide) the knife.

2. As my sister ______________ (forget) to tell people about the party, it

______________ (be) a complete failure.

3. Most of the guests we ______________ (invite) came, but the one who was supposed
to give a speech ______________ (appear).

4. I arrived at the bus stop and I suddenly ______________ (realise) that I

______________ (leave) the electric cooker on.

5. We ______________ (feel) too tired as we ______________ (work) in the garden for

so long.

6. Most of the houses ______________ (be) under water as it ______________ (rain)

heavily all day long.

7. Since he ______________ (have) his car serviced for a long time, it ______________
(break) down.

8. After I ______________ (do) exercise for about an hour, I ______________ (stop)

and______________ (decide) to have something to drink.

9. She ______________ (look) a lot healthier because she ______________ (give up)
smoking.

10. When we ______________ (finish) painting the living room, we

_________________ (realised) that the colour ______________ (go) with the
furniture so we ______________ (decide) to change it.

47
1.6 REVIEW OF TENSES
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
A.
Mike and Anna (1)__________________ (get) married next month. They
(2)____________________ (already/buy) a fridge, a sofa, a bed and some armchairs but they
(3)___________________ (find) a flat yet. They (4)____________________ (look) at the
newspaper advertisements now. Mike (5)__________________ (just/read) about a flat in Elm
Street. It's in a busy street, but they don't mind living in the city center.

B.
I'm Bernard Lesling. I (1)______________________ (work) in the Los Angeles Zoo. I'm
the manager there. It's one of the largest zoos in the world. There are all kinds of animals;
kangaroos, crocodiles, tigers, penguins and even chameleons. Last month, I
(2)___________________ (receive) a letter from the zoo in Peking, China. The letter was
about a female baby panda called Ling Ling. My assistant, Mrs. Parker, and I immediately
(3)_________________ (fly) to Peking to see it.
We're in Peking now. We (4)___________________ (stay) at a hotel near the Peking Zoo.
I can't forget the moment I saw Ling Ling. It (5)_________________ (sleep) on her mother's
stomach. Ling Ling is very healthy, and we're very happy about that. Pandas
(6)____________________ (eat) bamboo, but Ling Ling is too young to eat it. She
(7)___________________ (probably / start) eating bamboo next month.
Mrs. Parker is very busy today. She (8)___________________ (organize) a press
conference. We (9)__________________ (have) the conference tomorrow. I expect there
(10)________________ (be) lots of journalists. Some of the reporters
(11)___________________ (already/arrive). There is one taking photos in front of Ling Ling's
cage right now.

C.
Tonight I (1)_______________ (go) to a Beethoven concert. I want to tell you about
Beethoven. He is a famous composer. He was born in Bonn, in 1770. He
(2)_______________ (work) as a pianist there. In 1792, he (3)_______________ (go) to
Vienna. He (4)_______________ (study) with Haydn. He (5)_______________ (die) in
Vienna, in 1827.

D.
I thought everything was ready for the party and stepped into the garden to have a final look.
Just then I realized that there were no sandwiches left for our guests. I
(1)_______________________ (prepare) them myself and put them on the tables in the
garden, but they were not there. Obviously, our neighbour’s dogs
(2)_____________________ (eat) them! I was mad and immediately
(3)_____________________ (ring) their door to complain about the situation.

48
 "Mrs. Meyer," I shouted angrily, "You'd better start preparing some sandwiches
before this place (4)___________________ (get) crowded because I believe your dogs
have finished all of them, leaving not even one to our guests." Mrs. Meyer responded very
calmly, "If I were you, I would ask your children and their friends before accusing my
dogs, because I (5)_______________________ (see) them running away with the
sandwiches."

E.

A: May I talk to Boby?

B: I'm afraid he (1)____________ (sleep) at the moment. Jane also wanted to talk to
him but I didn't want to wake him up when I (2)_________ (see) him sleeping on
the couch. He must have been very tired when he came in from school. I'll tell him
that you've called as soon as he (3)_________________ (wake) up.

A: Thanks, Mrs. Meadows.

F.
Last Saturday an old friend from abroad, whom I was expecting to stay with me,
telephoned from the airport to tell me that he (1)__________________ (arrive). I was still
at the office at the time, but I (2)__________________ (make) arrangements for his
arrival. After I (3)__________________ (explain) where my flat was, I told him that the
key was under the door-mat.

Two hours later, my friend phoned me from the flat. He said that at that moment he
(4)__________________ (listen) to some of my records. When I asked him if he had
reached the flat without difficulty, he answered that he hadn't been able to find the key
under the door-mat, but luckily the living-room window just by the apple tree had been
left open and he had climbed in. I realized that he (5)__________________ (enter) the
wrong flat. He was lucky because my neighbours (6)__________________ (be) away for
the weekend. If they had been at home, they would have called the police.

G.
I have a pen-friend in England. His name is Ken Roberts. I
(1)________________________ (know) him very well, but I
(2)_________________________ (never/meet) him. We often write to each other. Ken is
a writer. His first book was published in 1992. He (3)__________________ (be) a very
popular writer since then.

49
H.
Carlos Santoya (1)____________________ (come) to the United States from Mexico six
months ago. He (2)____________________ (live) with his aunt and uncle in Burbank,
California since then. When he (3)____________________ (be) in High School in Mexico City,
Carlos (4)____________________ (study) English and computer science so after his arrival in
California, he (5)____________________ (get) a job as an office assistant for a small company
that sells business machines. Then one day, while he (6)____________________ (chat) with his
friends from work, Carlos (7)__________________ (hear) about Glendale Community College,
which has a good data processing program to train students for future employment. Although
Carlos enjoys working as an office assistant, he (8)_________________ (plan) to apply for the
program to improve his computer skills because he believes that he will have better
employment opportunities if he successfully completes the data processing program at Glendale
Community College.

I.
Dear Julie,
As you know, I (1)_________________ (arrive) in Paris a week ago but there was a
problem with my suitcases. Unfortunately, they had been sent to Madrid instead of Paris.
Yesterday, they (2)___________________ (call) me from the airport in the afternoon to go
there and pick them up. That's why I (3)_______________ (be) at home when you
(4)______________ (phone). At the time, I (5)_____________ (try) to find my suitcases
among those which had arrived at Heathrow Airport from Madrid. You know what? It took me
the whole afternoon to do that. Well, I'm sure you are curious about what's going on here in
Paris.
The family who I (6)________________ (stay) with now are very nice. They treat me
exactly like one of the family. They (7) _____________________ (introduce/already) me to all
their friends. I share a room with Penny, the daughter of the family, who is my age. It is
amazing... Every morning her mother (8)________________ (wake) us up with a cup of tea!
Mr. Phillips, Penny's father, is also very nice. He (9)_______________ (let) Penny and me do
everything we want. He even allows us to borrow his car if we need to go somewhere far.
Tomorrow will be my first day at the language school and I'm really looking forward to it.
They told me to be there at 9 o'clock. I (10)___________________ (take) a placement test in
the morning. I expect they (11)____________________ (announce) the results by the end of
the day. As soon as I learn which level I'm at, I (12)____________________ (give) you a call.
Well, that's all from me now. Please write soon. I really would like to know what's going
on there.
Love, Claire

50
J.
The day after the big marathon, I was still in bed, trying to relieve the pains in my legs. "
What a close race," I thought to myself and turned to have a look at my beautiful trophy
sparkling on the top shelf of my bookcase. My family and I (1)________________________
(put) it there hoping that others would follow it. The pride and joy that I felt each time I
looked at it was indescribable. Realizing that I (2)______________________ (spend) too
much time resting, I decided to get some exercise because I knew that a short workout
would do my legs good. The sun (3)________________________ (shine), so I thought it
would be a good idea to ride my bike around the block for a while.
I (4)__________________ (cycle) down the hill when I (5)________________ (see) a car
travelling towards me at top speed. I hoped it would slow down, but it didn't. I didn't have
enough time to escape and it (6)________________________ (crash) right into me, knocking
me off my bike. There was no sign of the driver after the accident. The police are still
searching. They (7)________________________ (look) for him everywhere since the
accident. Unfortunately, they (8)________________________ (can/find) him yet. The
doctors told me that I (9)______________________ (never/able to/run) again. And, I guess,
this trophy will be the only one I'll ever have on my shelf.

K.
The first man to jump out of an aeroplane when travelling at a speed greater than sound was
Arthur Ray Hawk. Up to that time, jumps of this sort had been regarded as impossible but this
outstanding United States Navy pilot proved the world that such jumps
(1)_________________ (be) possible.
During an air show over Mississippi in 1954, Hawk (2)____________________ (fly) an
entirely new type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the plane
(3)___________________ (dip) sharply. As Hawk (4)_____________________ (try) to pull
the plane out of the dive, he noticed the speedometer going up very fast. A few minutes later
it reached a speed faster than sound. Trapped in his seat, and hanging upside-down, the pilot
(5)_____________________ (be able / press) the button that would put the plane on
automatic pilot. Near him, however, there was another button which was to be used only in
times of great danger. Hawk pressed it, the glass shell above his head opened up and he was
thrown up into the air. Then he went down with great speed, trying to pull the ribbon which
would open his parachute. However, he (6)__________________ (fail) in his attempt. He was
fortunate because if his parachute had opened, at that rate of speed, it would have been torn to
pieces by such a strong wind. At about 29,000 feet, Hawk managed to open his parachute.
Soon afterwards, he landed safely in a field of cotton.

51
L.
Junko Tabei, a Japanese from Hokkaido, was the first woman to climb Mount Everest. In 1975, a
Tokyo newspaper-television company (1)_____________________ (choose) fifteen women
from mountaineering clubs to go to Nepal. The group (2)_____________________ (climb)
Mount Everest for several days. Then there was an avalanche. Because of the heavy ice and
snow, ten of the women (3)_____________________ (want) to continue the climb. Among the
other five, only
Mrs. Tabei was able to climb the last 70 meters. Today, 24 years after her worldwide success,
Mrs. Tabei still (4)_____________________ (go) mountain climbing every year. Her husband
and children (5)__________________ (like) climbing mountains, too but they
(6)_______________ (have) enough time to go with her all the time.
Mrs. Tabei is very busy these days. She (7)__________________ (work) on her third book,
which includes her experiences of her latest adventures. She expects that her third book
(8)________________ (be) as popular as the other two. When Mrs. Tabei
(9)_________________ (finish) her book, she (10)_________________ (travel) around the
United States to give lectures at several universities.

M.
Matt is talking to Mary, a member of the police force.

Matt : Hi, I'm Matt Rotell, a friend of Alice’s.

Mary : Oh, yes. Alice (1)_______________________ (mention) you the other day. Gee!
You (2)_______________________ (look) like a detective.

Matt : Well, that's good, I guess. It means I don't have to disguise myself in order not to be
recognized.

Mary : Tell me, when (3)_______________________ (decide / you) to become an

undercover police?

Matt : Well, my interest in detectives and their stories began when I was ten years old. One
day, I (4)_______________________ (wander) around the bookstore looking for
something interesting to read. An old man holding an Agatha Christie book in his
hand (5)_______________________ (approach) me. He advised that I should buy
one of Agatha Christie's detective stories. Taking his advice into consideration, I
bought my first Agatha Christie book that day.

52
Mary : I see. Well, as far as I know, you (6)_______________________ (attend) law
school these days.

Matt : Right. I (7)_______________________ (mind) being on the police force when I

(8)_______________________ (be) single but ever since I got married to Nicole,
I (9)_______________________ (consider) doing something less dangerous.

Mary : I understand. By the way, have you had any luck yet with those counterfeiters?

Matt : Well, I (10)___________________ (follow) them for the last three months but so
far I (11)___________________ (succeed) in catching them in act.
I (12)_________________ (think) that, by the time they are caught, I'll have my
law degree.
Mary : In that case, you might defend them!

N.

Batman, one of the most popular twentieth-century fictional heroes, has a long past. He first

(1)__________________(save) Gotham City from evil, in a comic book in 1939 and

(2)__________________(fight) crime with his partner, Robin, for the past fifty-eight years.

They (3)__________________(make) three TV series so far. Batman

(4)__________________(appear) in a few movies recently, too. With criminals like the

Penguin, Catwoman and the Joker added to the story each time, he (5)__________________

(probably / live) on in fiction in the future.

1.7 TIME EXPRESSIONS

A. Mark the best choice.
1. The shopkeeper waited _____________ all the customers had left the shop. He then
put up a 'closed' sign and started cleaning up the shop.
a) before b) as soon as c) until d) when

2. Mrs. Riggs rushed to the hospital _____________ she heard about the accident.
a) by the time b) firstly c) afterwards d) as soon as

3. She'll be ready in ten minutes. _____________, we can take a look at her wedding
photos.
a) While b) Meanwhile c) During d) After

4. __________ my brother joined the army, he had never been abroad.

a) Since b) While c) During d) Until

53
August 1995 was the hottest August ___(5)___ Britain has ever had. Some unusual things
happened in London ___(6)___ this extremely hot period. Twenty cats fell off window ledges
___(7)___ they were sleeping in the sun. ___(8)___ this, two rhinos at the London Zoo had to
have sun cream on their backs to stop their skin from burning.

5. a) of which 6. a) until
b) when b) during
c) — c) for
d) where d) on

7. a) while 8. a) Apart from

b) before b) Despite
c) after c) Because of
d) and d) In spite of

9. This is the fourth quiz we've had ___________ two weeks.

a) for b) in c) during d) at

10. It wasn't ________ she left college that she realized how much she had enjoyed her time
there.
a) as soon as b) meanwhile c) until d) when

11. It really wasn't such a revolutionary idea as it had seemed ___________.

a) at first b) firstly c) afterwards d) lastly

12. The teacher will not begin the lesson ________ all the students are quiet.
a) until b) when c) by d) after

B.
I. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

before during when while after

1. ________________ going on a holiday, you should reserve a room at a hotel.

2. He was only 19 years old ________________ he graduated from university.

3. ________________ using the electric drill, he injured his finger. He immediately stopped the
machine and went to the hospital.

II. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

when before during while after

Emma was having a shower (1)_________________ the telephone rang, so she didn't hear it.
The telephone rang again (2)_________________ she was getting out of the shower. This time
Emma heard it. She quickly put on her bathrobe (3)_________________ she ran to the living
room to answer the phone. It was her friend, Sally. This is their telephone conversation:

54
Sally : Let's go to the cinema (4)_________________ school today.
Emma : I can't. I have to go to the library to do my science homework.
Sally : You can go to the library (5)_________________ the lunch break.
Emma : That's a good idea. I'll do that.
Sally : OK. See you later.
Emma : Bye.

III. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. You can use the words more
than ONCE.

X when during at the

until on so for such

I can't forget (1)__________________ dinner (2)__________________ we had at Jack's

house. The food and the drinks were (3)__________________ good and we had

(4)__________________ a good time that we didn't leave (5)__________________

dawn. The sun was about to rise (6)__________________ we got into our cars and drove

off to our homes. It was (7)__________________ three o'clock in the afternoon

(8)__________________ I woke up and had (9)___________________ breakfast. I had

to drink four cups of coffee before I was able to really wake up and get ready to catch

(10)___________________ four o'clock bus to Oxford, where I had promised to meet a

friend.

IV. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

during meanwhile previously while since

afterwards as soon as until at first lastly
firstly at last as by for

1. We can leave __________________ I finish typing this letter.

2. Using this machine is not as difficult as it seems. __________________ , make sure

that all the green buttons are lit. You can do this by pushing this knob. Next, adjust
the volume by ....

3. The students silently watched the documentary and __________________ had a

discussion about it.

4. I'm afraid you can't see Mr. Brian on Monday. He's on a business trip and won't be
back __________________ Wednesday.

5. I'm sorry for making you wait. It won't take long. I'll be ready in ten minutes.
__________________, you can make yourself a cup of coffee or watch TV.

55
6. I ran into Jack in a pub the other day. We hadn't seen each other for twelve years.
__________________, I didn't recognize him. He had grown a beard and lost most of his
hair. What made me remember him, however, was the look in his eyes. It hadn't changed at
all.

7. You can reach me in the morning and in the afternoon. Don't call me __________________
my lunch break because I'm not in my office then.

V. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

then lastly so that as soon as while

firstly during until in order to after that

Scrabble is a very popular game all around the world. You need a Scrabble board, a set of
tiles with letters of the alphabet on them, a pencil and some paper (1)________________ play
scrabble.
(2)________________ each person takes one tile from the bag and the person with the
highest number on his tile will start the game. (3)________________ each person takes six
more letters from the bag because everyone in the game must have seven letters.
The first player starts by making a word which covers the star in the centre of the board.
(4)________________ the next player makes another word by either creating a new word
which crosses the original word or by adding more letters to the original word.
(5)________________ players make a word, they must take more letters from the bag
(6)________________ they always have seven letters. All the players continue making words
in this way (7)________________ there are no more letters in the bag and one person has used
all his tiles.
(8)________________ playing, players try to cover the coloured squares because these
increase the number of points on the tile. (9)________________ the game, one person keeps the
score by adding up all the numbers in each word played. (10)________________, when the
game is over, each player adds up the number of points on his remaining tiles and subtracts it
from the total.
It should be remembered that Scrabble can take a long time if the players are really keen
and, of course, players get better with practice.

VI. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

immediately afterwards previously finally

later then after first
as soon as meanwhile

Mina Cahill arrived home quite late. (1)____________________ she saw her front door open,
she realized that someone had broken into her house. When she saw the man in her living room,
she knew at once that he was a dangerous criminal who had escaped from prison a few days ago

56
because she had (2)____________________ seen him on TV. The man was busy going
through the drawers so he did not notice Mina. Trying to be quiet, she
(3)____________________ went into the kitchen and phoned the police.
(4)____________________, the man had left the living room. He was walking through the
hallway towards the kitchen. At (5)____________________ Mina did not know what to do
but (6)____________________ she decided to hide behind the kitchen door. A few minutes
(7)____________________ the man entered the kitchen. (8)____________________ turning
the light on, he went straight to the refrigerator and helped himself to some food. Mina was
relieved when she heard the sound of police sirens. They had (9)____________________
arrived. (10)____________________, Mina learnt that the man was sent to Brixton Prison to
serve a life sentence.

VII. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

from time to time on time at the time after a time

at one time at the same time for a time
1. I always find it difficult to do two things ___________________________________.
2. He chatted to us _______________________________________________, then left.
3. Don't panic! This is the kind of problem that we have ________________________.
Therefore, I know what we should do.
4. I was a student in the 1950's, and things were very different ____________________.
5. The meeting starts at 10 a.m. sharp. Be here ________________________________.
Otherwise, the boss will go crazy!
6. At the party, I felt very restless at first. However, ______________________ I
started enjoying myself.

VIII. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

at the same time from time to time after a time

for a time at the time on time
in time at one time some time

1. ___________________, people believed that the earth was flat.

2. I can’t give you an exact time, but I’ll call you _________________ in the afternoon.
3. We didn’t have to wait for our flight-the plane was exactly ____________________.
4. I didn’t hear you call me. I was listening to music ____________________________.
5. I feel home sick ________________________, but on the whole I can say I am used
to living in a foreign country.

57
C. Rewrite the sentences using the clues given.
1. Paul broke his arm while he was playing football.
Paul _______________________________________________________________.
(during)

2. The orchestra had played for several hours. The embassy provided the musicians with
refreshments.
___________________________________________________________________.
(after)

3. You visit Washington. Where do you stay there ?

___________________________________________________________________?
(when)

4. It was only when we started working on the same project that I realised how ambitious she
was.
___________________________________________________________________.
(until)

D. Put in during, while or before.

1. The teacher didn’t speak _____________ the exam.

2. ____________ I was asleep, I fell out of bed.

3. Mary bought nice presents ___________ Christmas.

4. The students enjoyed themselves a lot ______________ their visit to the museum.

5. _______________ leaving for Rome, he had his car serviced.

6. He doesn’t usually smoke ____________ he goes to bed.

7. Your parents called you up ___________ you were away.

8. __________ the day she is full of energy but at night she feels terribly tired.

9. ____________ you buy a new food product, you must check the additives in it.

58
 2. PRONOUNS
2.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A. Use the table to fill in the blanks. You can use them more than once.

they're my he's ours we these

they her there it our this
it's one me him mine theirs
his who's whose hers

My brother gave me and my sister, Felicia, two very nice Chinese blouses.

(1)________________ made of silk and have got big flowers on them.

(2)________________ blouse is more colorful than Felicia's blouse. I think the best and

also the cheapest silk blouses are made in China.

***

Mrs. Palmer, the teacher, is talking to her students in the classroom.

Teacher : (3)________________ umbrellas are (4)________________?

Tom : I think the blue (5)_______________ is Susan's umbrella.

Jenny : No, it's not (6)________________. The red one is Susan's.

Susan : Yes, Mrs. Palmer. Jenny's right. The red umbrella is (7)________________.
Thank you. I left it in the classroom yesterday.

Teacher : And what about the blue umbrella?

Susan : It's Billy's, but (8)________________ not in the classroom today. I can take
the umbrella and give it to (9)________________ this afternoon. We're
neighbours.
***

Jack and Mary are leaving the party at Laura's flat.

Laura : Are these your jackets?

Mary : No, they aren't. (10)___________________________ are upstairs.

(11)_________________________ is blue and Jack's is black.

***
It was (12)________________ birthday yesterday. I'm twenty-five! Some friends took
(13)________________ to a restaurant last night. (14)________________ all had pizzas.
(15)________________ were very good. At the end of the dinner, Janet opened
(16)________________ bag and took out a small package...

***

59
Our son, Tom, broke (17)________________ arm last night. My wife and I took
(18)________________ to the hospital right away. All the doctors were very busy when
(19)________________ got (20)____________. Fortunately, a beautiful young nurse saw us.
(21)______________ was very helpful and took us to the emergency room.
(22)________________ was quite a large room with cupboards full of medicine.

B. Substitute pronouns for the italicized words.

Eg. George and John like comedy films.

They like them.
1. Mr.Smith eats spaghetti every week.
_____________________________________________________________.
2. Tommy and I play football very often.
_____________________________________________________________.
3. This coffee is for Mary and her friends.
_____________________________________________________________.
4. Mr. and Mrs.Brown sell eggs.
_____________________________________________________________.
5. Teachers ask questions to students.
_____________________________________________________________.
6. Edward knows the answer.
_____________________________________________________________.
7. My brother and I have a big house.
_____________________________________________________________.
8. My mother cooks the food.
_____________________________________________________________.

C. Complete the sentences with somebody, anybody, everybody, or nobody.

1. This problem is too difficult. ______________ can solve it.

2. It’s very easy to cook omelette. ______________ can do it.

3. ______________ is knocking the door, can you hear it?

4. There isn’t ______________ to help us.

5. There is ______________ at home. This is the third time I’m phoning and
______________ answers.

6. Can ______________ carry this suitcase for me?

7. ______________ was tired after the picnic as we did a lot of things.

60
8. I didn’t see ______________ there.

9. Why isn’t ______________ phoning me?

10. Helen gave the packet to ______________ but we don’t know who.

2.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Fill in the blanks with the suitable reflexive pronouns myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself, themselves, ourselves, yourselves.

1. Tom did the housework ______________.

2. The students talked among ______________.

3. The stewardess ______________ signed the letter.

4. If you want it to be well done, do it ______________.

5. We looked at ______________ in the mirror.

6. He went to England ______________.

7. The dog opened the door ______________.

8. Alice started singing to ______________.

9. You and your sister must finish the report ______________.

10. I looked after the baby ______________ for 10 months.

2.3 FORMS OF OTHER

Fill in each blank with one of the words in the box.
other the other another others one another

1. There are many kinds of insects in the world. Ant is one kind. The wasp is
______________.

2. There are two books on the table One is a novel. _______________ is a course book.

3. He had a really serious accident. He is alright but his car is badly damaged. He needs
to get _______________ car.

4. I have two sisters. One is named Mary. ______________ is named Sylvia.

5. There are many kinds of trees in the world. The oak is one kind. Some
_____________ are pine trees, willows, sycamores.

6. There are many kinds of trees in the world. The oak is one kind. Some ____________
kinds are willows, sycamores.

61
7. It snowed a lot this morning, and from the looks of those dark clouds, there is going to be
_______________ snowstorm.

8. Of the four girls, one of them is blonde. _____________ are quite dark.

9. There are four girls. One of them is blonde. ____________ girls are quite dark.

10. There are many tourists from different countries. Many of them are from Japan.
__________are from Germany, England and the U.S.A.

11. Mr. And Mrs. Miller are a happily married couple. They love ______________ very
much.

12. One common illness among children is chicken pox.____________ common one is
mumps. _____________ are yellow fever, measles.

13. One of the two countries I would like to visit is Tibet._______________ is India. Of
course, besides these two , there are _____________ mystical places I would like to see.

14. Some students are hardworking; ___________ are lazy. Still ___________are indifferent
to everything.

15. They have four children. One is married. ______________ is a graduate of university and
has a nice job. _________________ two are high school students.

62
3. NOUNS
3.1 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Choose the correct answers in parentheses.

1. There (isn’t, aren’t) any letters in the mail for you today.

2. There (isn’t, aren’t) any mail for you today.

3. There (is, are) a lot of problems in the world.

4. There (is, are) an insect in this room. Where is the insecticide?

5. There (is, are) over 600,000 kinds of insects in the world.

6. How many kinds of birds (is, are) there in the world?

7. Why (isn’t, aren’t) there a hospital close to those villages?

8. There (is, are) a green pen on Tim’s desk.

9. There (is, are) a blue pen and a yellow notebook on Sue’s desk

10. There (is, are) some pens and notebooks on Jack’s desk.

11. Some of the furniture in my house (needs, need) painting.

12. Some of my books (was, were) stolen.

13. Physics (is, are) the most difficult course for me.

14. The police always (comes, come) late in Turkish films.

15. Two thousand miles (is, are) too much to go by train.

16. Japanese (is, are) one of the most difficult languages to learn.

17. One of the languages I want to learn (is, are) German.

18. Every child (needs, need) love and affection.

19. A million dollars (is, are) enough for him.

20. Most of the students (lives, live) in the dormitories.

21. The blind always (needs, need) help.

22. Most of the food in the fridge (is, are) delicious.

23. Some of that information (is, are) wrong.

24. Each of the students (is, are) ready for the examination.

25. Five hours of sleep (is, are) not enough for a child.
63
26. Half of my money (was, were) stolen.

27. Everybody (like, likes) chocolate.

28. The people in my country (is, are) friendly.

29. Everyone (has, have) his own ideas.

30. A couple of people (is, are) demonstrating in front of the parliament.

31. Mary and Tim were on time for the meeting, but the rest of us (was, were) late.

32. (Is , Are) bacon and eggs what you want to eat?

33. If everybody (want, wants) to come to the convention, they have to register first.

34. Not only her family but also her relatives (was, were) at the conference to listen to her.

35. A group of us (have, has) decided to stay at the hotel.

36. The youth of today (don’t, doesn’t) know manners.

37. What (is , are) the percentage of nitrogen in the air?

38. 50% of oxygen in the air ( is, are) wasted in the process.

39. 50% of students (is, are) likely to fail.

40. There (seem, seems) to be a few minor points of disagreement yet to be settled.

41. Neither Mark nor Kate (love, loves) pets.

42. Neither Mark nor his sisters (love, loves) pets.

43. Not only Mark but also Kate (attend, attends) classes regularly.

44. Not only Mark but also his sisters (study, studies) regularly.

45. Both Mark and Kate (was, were) in the class.

46. Both Mark and his sisters (was, were) at the party.

3.2 THERE+BE AND HAVE GOT

Rewrite / Complete the sentences using there is/are or has/have (got).

1. Denver is an interesting city and it _____________ lots of theatres and art galleries.

2. The classrooms have got white boards.

_________________________________________________ in the classrooms.

3. There's a rack at the top of the car.

The car _________________________________________________________ top.
***
64
A: Excuse me, (4)___________________ a chemist in the town?
B: Yes, (5)___________________ one in Elm Street, opposite the bank.
***

Sam and Mark are talking about the hotel they are planning to stay at during their holiday.

Sam : (6)__________________________________ swimming pool at the hotel?

Mark : Yes, there are two. Remember it's a five-star hotel.

Sam : OK. What about the rooms? (7)________________________________ TV

sets? There's a very important match on Sunday and I don't want to miss it.

Mark : Of course, they have. Don't worry. The hotel has all kinds of facilities.
***

Jack doesn't know much about Wilmington because he has just moved there. He has a lot
of questions about the town. He is talking to his neighbour, Peter.

Jack : I like reading very much. (8)_________________________ a library near

here?

Peter : Yes, the Lincoln Library is in Olden Street. It's a very big library with many
books and also a nice selection of magazines.

Jack : What about pubs? When I was in London, my friends and I went to a pub every
weekend. (9)_________________________ any good ones in Wilmington?

Peter : Sure. Wilmington is famous for its pubs. The music in these pubs is excellent.

Jack : That's great. We can go to one tonight.

Peter : Fine, but I'm very hungry right now. Let's eat something.

Jack : What about Chinese food?

Peter : I'm afraid (10)_________________________ a Chinese restaurant in

Wilmington.

Jack : I saw a small restaurant across the street. Let's go there.

Peter : That's a nice steak-house, but it (11)_________________________ got any

vegetarian food.

Jack : I'm not a vegetarian.

Peter : But I am.

***

65
We live in a small, old house in Guilford. It (12)________________ two bedrooms, a living
room, a dining room, a kitchen and a bathroom, of course. In the living room,
(13)________________ two blue armchairs and a red sofa. We also (14)________________ a
television, a video and a radio. In the evenings, we sit in the living room and watch television
or listen to music. In the dining room, (15)________________ a table and four chairs. The
kitchen is new. We have breakfast in the kitchen, but we have lunch and dinner in the dining
room.

3.3 ARTICLES
Put a, an, the or X in exercises A, B, C, D and E.
A.
We were so tired when we arrived in New York that we wanted to go straight to
(1)___________ bed. We took (2)___________ taxi from the airport to the centre of town.
(3)___________ taxi-driver who took us to our hotel told us that (4)___________ streets of
Manhattan were not crowded because most people do not go to work on (5)___________
Saturdays.

B.
1. Harold is _____________ most interesting person I know.
2. Diana is ____________ very nice person.
3. Last night we went out for _____________ meal.
4. Tonight we are probably going to eat in ______________ hotel restaurant and then get to
bed early. I hate staying in hotels but it’s part of the job.
5. I can’t remember if I saw that film on television or at ____________ cinema.
6. I’m sure it won’t be long before people are living and working in ___________ space.
7. Have you already had _______________ lunch?
8. I spoke to several people at the cocktail party. Was John____________ one with the red
hair?
9. I’d like to invite him to_____________ dinner next week, if that’s OK with you?
10. Could you close ____________ door, please? It’s really cold.
11. We have got new offices near ______________ center of the city.
12. Have your new offices got ______________ canteen?
13. For lunch I had a sandwich. I can’t remember what filling was in _____________
sandwich.

66
14. When you come out of the lift, you’ll see two doors,___________ red one and
___________ blue one. My door is ____________ red one.
15. We need to do more for _______________ poor.
16. The greatest invention of the 20th century is _________________ computer.
17. I’m looking for ______________ new job.
18. I saw ______________ man going into the office. I don’t know who ___________
man was.
19. When you are ready, I’ll take you to ________________ airport.
20. ____________ United Nations is an international organization.

C.
1. Watch out! There is ________________ policeman coming.
2. Phil wanted to see ________________ photos which Jane took on holiday.
3. Many people believe that ________________ honesty is ________________ best
policy.
4. It's known that ________________ Japanese are very hard-working.
5. She bought ________________ furniture for her new flat.
6. It is very important to have ________________ varied diet and not to eat
________________ unhealthy food.
7. Her flat is on ________________ first floor.
8. It's getting late. The children must go to ________________ bed.
9. What would be _______________ best way to get to the nearest bank?

10. A : I'm starving. I haven't had anything to eat since ____________________ lunch
they served us on the plane.
B : I know an Italian restaurant down the street. Let's go there.

***
Anne : Jack, you're here! I wasn't expecting you until (11)___________________
dinnertime.
Jack : I managed to find a ticket and came on (12)_____________________ early train.

***
13. As he missed __________________ 7.30 train to New York, Mark couldn't attend the
party that was organized to celebrate his exceptional progress at work.
***
If you are planning to get there before (14)__________________ sunset, you have to set off
early in (15)__________________ morning.

67
(16)__________________ tea Sam brewed from different herbs for (17)__________________
breakfast was extremely delicious.

D.
Many common objects are named after (1)_______________ famous people who used or
invented them. One of (2)_______________ most famous examples of these are ‘Wellington’
boots. (3)_______________ ‘Wellington’ got its name from (4)_______________ Duke of
Wellington, who was (5)_______________ famous British general. Among other things, he was
responsible for defeating (6)_______________ Napoleon at (7)_______________ Battle of
Waterloo in 1815. Wellington wanted (8)_______________ special pair of boots made for him.
He asked (9)_______________ bootmaker to make (10)_______________ boots from rubber so
they would be both comfortable as well as waterproof. Wellington was very pleased with
(11)_______________ boots and wore them constantly while he was campaigning. As he was
(12)_______________ famous military figure, a lot of (13)_______________ people started to
use (14)_______________ same kind of boots, which soon became very popular. It is also true
that this type of boot is perfect for (15)_______________ British climate, which is cold and wet
for much of the time. Today (16)_______________ British still use Wellington boots, or ‘
wellies’.

***

Roger spent three months in (17)__________ Himalayas. He tried climbing (18)__________

Mount Everest, but with no luck. He was caught in (19)__________ snow storm and had to

return. Now, he is in Brazil discovering the secrets of (20)__________ Amazon river. I

suppose he'll never give up being (21)__________ adventurous person.

E.

1. I come home on ______________ 8.30 train every evening. If I miss it, I either have to
wait for two hours or take a taxi, which costs a fortune.

2. Linda prefers to go out for ______________ lunch because she doesn't like eating in the
office.

***

68
Last Sunday my friends and I decided to go to Kartalkaya. We set off at (3)___________
sunrise so that we could get there early in (4)___________ morning and spend the whole
day skiing but because of the bad weather, we were not able to reach the mountain until
(5)___________ noon.

***

Sally met Linda at a party.

Sally : What lovely (6)______________ earrings! Where did you get them from?

Linda : Do you remember (7)______________ girl I introduced you at John's wedding?

She gave them to me as a birthday present.

8. As Bob Golden was sentenced to life-long imprisonment for killing his wife and her
lover, he is going to spend the rest of his life in ______________ prison.

***

We spent our holiday at (9)______________ nice hotel near (10)______________ River

Thames. Although (11)______________ hotel was not as good as we had expected, we
still had a lot of fun.

12. We came here by __________ car we bought last month.

13. I haven't been to __________open-air theatre before.

14. Let's have a holiday in __________ Alps.

15. We need __________ thousand pounds.

16. Can you pass __________ marmalade?

17. __________ Thames River flows into __________ North Sea.

18. Sally spent six weeks out of __________ work.

19. Where are ______________ scissors you borrowed last week?

20. _____________dinner we had with my sister's friends was very nice. We really enjoyed it.

21. To start our journey we had to get up at _____________ dawn.

22. I always take _____________7.45 bus to school.

69
3.4 PREPOSITIONS
A. Mark the best choice.

1. Janet has decided to study hard because she has a very important exam _____________
the end of December.
a) in b) on c) at d) since

2. My sister is 7 months pregnant. She is going to have a baby __________ 2 months.

a) at b) on c) next d) in

3. I'm sorry for breaking your favourite vase. It just happened _____________ accident.
a) on b) for c) by d) in

4. Cecilia is my best friend from school. She is Peruvian. Cecilia is a tall girl in her twenties
________ dark green eyes. She is a hard-working student. She gets very high grades in all
her exams but because she is modest, she never boasts. That's why I like her very much.
a) has b) and c) with d) —

5. I received a letter of congragulation from my teachers ______________ my finishing

university in the top five list.
a) on b) with c) in d) of

6. It's 7:00 now. The train leaves at 8:00. We must hurry or we will never get to the station
__________ time to catch the train.
a) at b) in c) by d) on

7. She is getting married __________ two weeks.

a) next b) in c) about d) this

8. She is still young. She is __________ her early twenties.

a) in b) on c) about d) at

9. There is an index ___________ of this book.

a) in the end b) at the end c) in the final d) at last

10. She never knows what to do ___________ difficulty.

a) out of b) in c) at d) on

70
B.
I. Look at the map and fill in the blanks using the words in the box.

in front of next to in convenient

behind opposite at the front reliable
I live in North Street. My flat is
Carpark very (1)____________________
Café Bank Shop
for the shops. I can walk to the
Supermarket
bank, to the cinema or to the
library. When I have a lot of
NORTH STREET shopping to do, I take my car to
Bus
B Stop the supermarket. I can park my
car very easily there, because the
Library Museum My Shop car park is just (2)___________
Cinema Pub
house
the supermarket. My school is
outside the city.

I go there by bus every day. The bus stop is (3)______________________ the museum.
When I need money, I go to the bank. It's (4)_____________________ my house.

II. Look at the map below and fill in the blanks.

Books for older children Puzzles Kid Tales is a bookshop. It is

(1)__________________ the first
floor of a big building. The shop is
open (2)_______________ 9 in the
morning to 8 in the evening. It is
Videos, cassettes also open (3)________________
and CDs the weekend. When you go
Shop
assistant's (4)_________________ the shop,
Counter
chair there are picture books
Picture books (5)__________________ the left.
(6)______________ these books,
Shop window Shop window there are shelves of videos and
cassettes. There are also some CDs
(7)_____________ these shelves.

(8)_________________ the videos, cassettes and CDs there are books for older
children. There are puzzles (9)_________________ the opposite corner. There are
lots (10)_________________ puzzles here. The counter is (11)________________
the puzzles and the shop window. The shop assistant sits (12)________________ the
counter.

71
III. Study the pictures and fill in each blank with ONE WORD ONLY to complete
the texts.

My
flat
POST OFFICE

NEWS
STAND

I live in a small town called Saxborrow. It's a quiet little town. There (1)_____________ any

big cinemas, restaurants or crowded pubs there. I live in a flat (2)_____________ the post

office. There is a news-stand in (3)_____________ of the post office. I always buy my

newspapers and magazines there.

***
My living room is not very large but it's
very nice. It's got two big armchairs and a
sofa. There's also a television set
(4)___________________ the room. It's
(5)___________________ the two
armchairs. The sofa is
(6)________________ the television set.
It's very comfortable and I usually lie on
(7)________________ and relax after
work. My grandfather died 5 years ago and
I put his picture (8)________________ the
wall (9)________________ the television
set. There isn't (10)________________
table in my living room but there's
(11)________________ in the kitchen. I
have my meals there and I don't mind it,
because it's a big kitchen.

72
IV. Martin is giving a party at his house this evening. He gave his friends a map to help
them find his house more easily. Look at the map and complete the following
directions to Martin’s house. Fill in each blank with ONE word only.

Martin’s House CITY PARK

M
A
I
N

WHITE STREET

SUPERMARKET FLORIST’S

BROWN STREET Carlton Bridge

BANK
S
T
R
GREEN STREET
E
LAKE COLLEGE E
DORMITORY T

You are here

'Go out of the Lake College dormitory. Walk (1)______________ Main Street and go under

Carlton Bridge. Carry on walking (2)________________ you get to the florist's, then turn

(3)________________ (4)_______________ White Street. Walk (5)_______________ the

City Park. You will see my house (6)_________________ your right. It is at the end of the

street, (7)________________ the supermarket.'

73
V. Study the picture and fill in the blanks with the words in the box.

Oak Hill
SPORTS CENTRE

wc
gym swimming running
pool track
café

reception shop

squash courts

tennis courts

above next to in in front of

behind between opposite below

1. There is a café_______________ the gym and the swimming pool.

2. The shop is _______________ the gym.

3. The running track is _______________ the swimming pool.

4. There is a toilet _______________ the café.

74
 VI.
Look at the picture and fill in the blanks with a suitable word/phrase from the
box. Use each only once. Be careful! There are more words than you need.

NEWSAGENT

Mr. Smith’s Flat

SUPERMARKET
PUB

CAFÉ
ssu

TOY SHOP

below convenient above crowded

on behind comfortable dangerous
in front of next to at the end of between
opposite reliable

Mr. Smith has got a flat in Main Street. He lives (1)_________________________

the pub. There is a supermarket (2)_________________________ the pub and the

newsagent. Mr. Smith bought this flat because it is very

(3)_________________________ for shopping. Main Steet is a

(4)_________________________ street. There are always a lot of people and cars. Look

at the picture. Can you see Mr. Smith? He is carrying a briefcase. He is talking to a man

(5)_________________________ the pub. And can you see his car? He has parked it

(6)_________________________ the newsagent and the supermarket. Mr. Smith works

in a toy shop. It is (7)_________________________ the café.

75
C. Fill in the blanks using the words in the boxes.
I.

past out of until from

through into along on

James is in the train station. He is talking to the man at the information desk.

James : Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the public library?

The man : Yes, of course. Go (1)___________________ the station and turn left
(2)___________________ Main Street. Walk (3)___________________
Main Street. Turn left again at the end of the street. Carry on
(4)___________________ you get to the town square. Go
(5)___________________ the town square and you'll see the public library
(6)___________________ your right.

II.

by with to on
for at between in
1. She's still going out _______________ the same boy. I think they are going to get
married.
2. I'd like to invite you _______________ the concert at the exhibition center.
3. Prep School students get to class _______________ 8:40 everyday.
4. I usually have salad _______________ lunch.
5. In Turkey planes never leave or arrive _______________ time.

III.

by with to on between
for at in from off
1. As soon as I get ____________________ the car, I fasten my seat belt.
2. Chicken á la Basque is a kind of casserole. It's made ____________________
chicken, wine, tomatoes and garlic.
3. If you catch the 8 o'clock bus you can get ____________________ school on time.
4. Nowadays a lot of people have toast and tea or coffee ____________________
breakfast.
5. The train to İstanbul leaves ____________________ 9:30 from platform 4. We'd
better hurry up or we'll miss it.

76
IV.

from in about of over into

up with for round by at on

The workers didn't agree (1)______________ the company manager (2)______________

the rate of increase to their wages. The manager accused the workers (3)______________
asking for an unreasonable amount of increase, which made them even more furious.
Workers claim that the manager's rude attitude discourage them (4)______________
working efficiently. They also add that they came up against similar problems with the
previous manager, who was just as uncompromising.

***

Two days ago, we went to the Italian restaurant that my wife and I had been to several
times previously. We were planning to spend a pleasant evening and at the same time
celebrate our tenth wedding anniversary but things did not go as we had expected. You just
cannot imagine how furious we were (5)________________ the waiter
(6)________________ serving us most unsatisfactorily. When we arrived, we discovered
that our table overlooking the garden had been allocated to some other customers. The new
table we eventually received was by the door. I complained to the waiter
(7)________________ the table we had got. In response to my complaint, he just laughed.
He seemed to be fed up (8)________________ what he was doing. That may be the reason
why he served the food so casually and at the end collected the plates in a most messy
fashion. In addition to the low quality of the service, the food was not good, either. It did
not live (9)________________ to our expectations at all. On the menu it was stated that
coffee was free (10)________________ charge. However, when I received the bill, I saw
that they had charged us $10 for the coffee we had had after dinner. I immediately called
the waiter over and tried to explain it to him but he didn't seem to catch
(11)________________ so I gave up and paid $10 for the coffee. As I was extremely
annoyed (12)________________ what had happened at the restaurant, I wrote a letter of
complaint to the manager the next day.

77
D. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions where necessary.
I.

1. My husband is very upset. He's had a fight with his boss. He came home at 11:30 a.m. and
started to drink ________________ midday.

2. Felicia's birthday is ________________ November 30th. I'm going to buy her a blouse.

3. Mr. Sanders will be at a meeting _____________ 10 a.m. till lunch time.

4. Brighton is _______________ the south coast _______________ England.

5. The boy who sits _______________ my right is _______________ Spain.

6. Harvard is not far _______________ Boston.

7. The train was passing _______________ a tunnel.

8. Simon is taking Janet _______________ a party _______________ tomorrow night.

9. The student's composition was quite good except _______________ a few spelling
mistakes.

10. Contrary _______________ all advice, he didn't quit smoking and had another heart
attack.
***

The train to Oxford leaves (11)_________ London at 9 pm. It arrives (12)_________ Oxford
at 11 p.m.. I prefer trains, because they are never late. They're always (13)_________ time.
But buses are not very reliable. Last month I travelled from Brighton to Lexington. We
reached (14)_________ Lexington at 2 in the morning. All the passengers were very tired
when the bus got to the station.
***
15. A : Where did he spend his holiday last year?
B : ______ Italy.

16. A : Where did they go?

B : ______ Miami.

17. A : Where are Jack and Susan?

B : ______ Berlin.

18. A : When are your parents coming back?

B : ______ June 6th.

19. A : How long did Alice stay there?

B : ______ two weeks.

20. A : When's the boss going to leave?

B : ______ two weeks.

78
21. A : When did they get married?
B : ______ January, 1976.

22. A : When were they in Hawaii?

B : ______ July.

***
Roger Monroe visited Bangkok last summer. Bangkok is a big city
(23)_______________ Thailand. Roger travelled (24)_______________ plane. He flew
(25)_______________ London to Bangkok and he arrived there (26)______________ July
12th. He stayed there (27)______________ three weeks. He got back to London
(28)_______________ August.

II.

We've got a cafe near Lake Bismark. It's open from May to October, but it's closed
(1)________________ the winter. It's (2)_______________ a lovely position. It looks out
(3)________________ a park and has got a wonderful view (4)________________ the
forest. It's a family business. We opened it three years ago, (5)________________ May.
(6)________________ Last Tuesday, a group of Japanese tourists came. They sat in the
garden, ate cheese cake and took hundreds of photographs.

***

7. I don’t think Sue will get that job. She has no experience _________ computer work.

8. William can help you repair your car. He has a good knowledge _________ car
engines.
***

Simon is a student at Oxford University. He lives in an attic room (9)_______________ the

third floor of an old house. His room has got a sloping ceiling because it's just
(10)_______________ the roof. The room is quite small. There's a bed
(11)_______________ the corner. (12)_______________ to the bed, there's an armchair.

***
13. My parents got married ______________ 12th August ______________ 1968. This
year, they gave a garden party to celebrate their 30th anniversary.

14. Mike usually plays tennis ______________ the weekends but ______________ last
weekend he stayed at home because he had flu.

15. I started writing my thesis three months ago and I hope I will finish it ______________
four months. Otherwise, I will be dismissed.

16. Her parents called Sally ______________ yesterday morning. When they called, it
was ______________ 7 o'clock and Sally was asleep so she didn't hear the phone.

79
17. Is it too late for the 8.45 train?
Oh, yes, it's 8.50 now and the train left 5 minutes _______________.

18. I'll see you _______________ lunch time.

19. I was born _______________1972.

20. _______________ Saturdays, I usually work _______________ the morning but

_______________ last Saturday I didn't work.

21. I am planning to go and see my grandparents _______________ this afternoon.

22. She came to see me _______________ 25th May.

23. We are going to Spain _______________ March.

24. I prefer going to the cinema _______________ the weekend.

25. Are you interested ____________ antiques?

26. She was surprised _____________ how cheap the watercolour was.

27. Is he aware _____________ how long we have been waiting for the tour to start?

28. Pisa is famous _____________ its Leaning Tower.

29. When I was at school, I was really bad ___________ history.

30. We were extremely impressed _______________ the guided tour.

31. This festival is similar ____________ the one in Rio.

32. The flood was responsible _________________ damaging the statue.

33. I’m really tired ___________ looking at monuments.

34. She was terribly disappointed ____________ the tour.

35. This portrait of her is completely different ____________ that one.

36. We’re not keen ____________ visiting the ruins.

37. I’m sorry _____________ being so late. I had to go back _________ my camera.

38. Sorry ______________ the delay. We should still get to the museum before it closes.

80
III.
1. Bernhard Goetz was convicted ___________ illegal gun possession.
2. He was fined $5,000 __________ his crime, and he was sentenced __________ six
months in jail.
3. He was acquitted __________ attempted murder.
4. In bad weather, we can’t rely ____________ public transportation.
5. Bus drivers in New York are sometimes rude ______________ passengers.
6. Smoking is prohibited on public transportation because it’s harmful _________ the
health of the passengers.
7. We need to allocate more money ____________ mass transit.
8. New Yorkers often complain _____________ the problems in the subway.
Straphangers’ Campaign is trying to do something ______________ them.
9. In some subway stations there are always beggars asking ________________
money.
10. When a policeman stops someone ___________ speeding, he always wants to look
__________ the driver’s license and the car registration.
11. If you run ____________ gas on the highway, you may have to walk to the nearest
gas station.
12. Robert wants to transfer ___________ the state university, where he is now,
____________ a small college.
13. What are his reasons ___________ wanting to transfer?
14. He says that the professors at a small college really care _____________
individuals.
15. If you want a good grade, never shout ___________ your professor!
16. There is a book written by children called Cry for Our Beautiful World, the aim
___________ which is to bring adults’ attention to the state of the world
__________ which we live today.
17. They hated the food __________ Spain. Nonetheless, they enjoyed the weather and
the Spanish.
18. Here is the list of videos we can select ________________.
19. Which was the newspaper you saw the advert __________________?
20. Motivation is essential ___________________ being successful in whatever you
are doing.
21. She has to give up the habit ___________________ drinking too much coffee.
22. Water is vital ___________________ all living things.
23. If you want to go on working here, you have to learn the art ___________________
cooperation.
24. We have decided to cut down on transportation expenses so I go to school
___________________ foot.
25. They won't let you ___________________ the restaurant unless you have a tie.
81
26. The government is trying hard to cope _______________ the high rates of inflation.
27. He's not conscious ____________ his bad manners and keeps complaining that people
do not understand him at all.
28. She is very easygoing so she gets _______________ well with people.
29. The town council decided to turn the old school _______________ a museum.
30. They usually go out _________________ Saturday evenings, but tonight they will
stay in.
31. What kind _________________ music are children most interested
_________________?
32. She doesn't feel well. She is lying _________________ bed.
33. As soon as he gets _______________ the car, he switches _______________ the radio.
34. Her husband isn’t _________________ work today, he is at home.
35. She is listening _________________ the news _________________ TV.
36. Her youngest sister is engaged _______________ an engineer.
37. The rich businessman had just got out off his car when someone walked
______________ him and shot him right __________________ the eyes.

3.5 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AND NUMBER

A. Fill in the blanks with quantity expressions.

Bob : Jack! Wait! I've got something to tell you!

Jack : Is it important? I haven’t got (1)___________________ time—only ten minutes.
My class starts at 3 o'clock.
Bob : It won't take long.
Jack : O.K. Go ahead. What is it that you want to tell me?
***
Peter : Do you like your new flat?
Paula : I'm afraid I don't.
Peter : Why not?
Paula : It's on a busy street. It's very noisy. There is (2)__________________ much
traffic.
Peter : Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.
Paula : That's not all. There isn’t (3)__________________ hot water! Can you believe it?
Peter : That's terrible. What do you do with the dishes?
Paula : I heat the water for the washing up.
Peter : It's a furnished flat, isn't it?
Paula : Yes, there is (4)__________________ furniture in it. Only a bed, a wardrobe, a
bookshelf, and a table. When my friends come to visit me, some have to sit on my
bed. There aren't (5)__________________ chairs — only two.
82
 Peter : Why don't you move to another flat?
Paula : I can't afford a better flat.
***
Dear Mom and Dad,
This is my second week at school. I like my school but I don't like the city. There is
too (6)_______________________ noise from traffic. I have classes from 8:30 a.m. to
3:30 p.m. I go to school on foot. It takes about 15 minutes to get to school. Last Friday I
got up late and got to class at 8:29, just in time before the bell.
My room in the dormitory is on the first floor. It hasn't got
(7)_______________________ furniture so it is not cluttered. I put some of my books on
the bookshelves but some of them are still on the floor because there aren't
(8)_____________ bookshelves. My room looks out on a beautiful park. My desk is by
the window. I am writing this letter at my desk and I can see the park. There are some
students sitting on the grass.
I have got a room mate. She is Spanish. I don't know her well but I think we'll be
good friends. You know, I haven't got (9)_______________________ friends here - just
one or two people from my class.
I don't go out very often, only on Saturdays. I have to study a lot.
This is all for now. I'll write again soon.
Love, Sarah

B. Choose one expression from Column A and one from B and fill in the blanks.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
wasn’t
weren’t any
isn’t enough
aren’t much
was many
are quite a lot
is
were

I went to Country Restaurant on Thursday evening. There (1a)___________________

(1b)___________________ customers-only three-but still the waiters were very slow to serve
me.

I looked at the menu and wanted some tomato soup. The waiter said: “I’m afraid, there
(2a)___________________ (2b)___________________ tomato soup”, so I asked for their
mushroom soup. It was O.K., but there (3a)___________________
(3b)___________________ salt in it, so I added some more.

Next, I ordered the home-cooked cheese pie. It was terrible. It was called a cheese pie but it
was more like a potato pie. There (4a)___________________ (4b)___________________ of
potatoes in it. I didn’t enjoy it at all and I don’t think I’ll ever go there again.
83
C. Rewrite the following without changing the meaning.
1. Jane works in a bank, and so does her sister.
Both ____________________________________________________________.
2. Mary and I have not been to France.
Neither __________________________________________________________.
3. Both Martin and Frank are single.
Neither __________________________________________________________.
4. We can eat before or after the show.
_________________________________________________________________.
(either...or)
5. I feel miserable and tired.
_________________________________________________________________.
(not only...but also)

D. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. You can use them more than
once.

many quite much enough

some not any

A : I'd like (1)___________________ eggs, please.

B : How (2)___________________ would you like?
A : Six, please.
***

A : Is there (3)_________________ petrol in the car?

B : Yes, there is (4)___________________, but (5)___________________ much. I have
to fill it up at the nearest petrol station.

***
A : I want to buy this book but I can't pay for it because I haven't got
(6)___________________ money. I've got only £30.
B : How (7)___________________ do you need?
A : £20. The book costs £50.
B : Here you are.
A : Oh, thanks a lot.
***

A : How was the party last night?

B : Not very good. There were too (8)___________________ people. You know, I hate
crowded parties. You can't dance or find a place to sit. (9)___________________ a lot
of people didn't even have anything to eat because the food finished so soon.

84
E. Mark the best choice.

My brother has saved ____(1)____ money by working in two jobs. He wants to change
his car but he hasn't got ____(2)____ money to buy a brand new one so he's looking for a
second-hand Audi.
1. a) any 2. a) enough
b) a lot b) too much
c) some c) lots
d) many d) very much

3. My grandmother hasn't got _____________ relations so we try to visit her every

weekend.
a) any b) much c) many d) more

4. She had to phone home but ________________ the phones was working so she
couldn’t.
a) none of b) not all c) not enough d) a few of

5. There are ___________ new films showing at the new movie theatre, but ___________
appeals to me.
a) several ... none b) many ... all c) few ... neither d) a lot of ... either

6. Neither her sisters nor Jane __________ skiing.

a) don't like b) like c) doesn't like d) likes

F. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the boxes below. You can use them
more than once.
I.

neither little no both

none each either enough

1. There are two films on at the Capitol but _________________ of them is worth

seeing, so let's go somewhere else.

2. We've had hundreds of guests but _________________ of them has ever complained
about the food.

3. I asked my neighbour for some milk as I found out there was _________________ in
the fridge.

4. _________________ painting was individually wrapped and delivered to the

exhibition hall.

5. He was very sad to see that _________________ of his classmates had come to watch
his performance. He would have been happy if only one or two had come.

85
6. Jenny doesn't want to invite Tom or Billy. She likes _________________ of them.

7. They have _________________ money problems at all. Their parents are wealthy and
willing to help them.

II.

none very few neither both plenty of

each every hardly any either too much

1. He spends _________________ money on his clothes. He has been wearing his blue
suit, for example, for at least seven years.

2. I tried on two beautiful swimsuits. Unfortunately, _________________ fitted me. We're

going on vacation next week and I'm still without a swimsuit.

3. He needs _________________ experience before he can be accepted to our firm.

4. At the police station, they made me look at the pictures of several criminals. I examined
_________________ very carefully and finally recognized the man that had robbed me.

5. We spent hours interviewing hundreds of applicants, but _________________ of them

was suitable for the job.

6. _________________ TV set comes with a five-year guarantee.

G. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use each only ONCE.

all none both every

either neither each

One day, my father finally declared, "I have decided that you are mature enough to have your
own car." Oh, what joy! Though we actually have two family cars, (1)______________ fits
within my modest student budget in terms of running costs. So I immediately sat down to
call the car dealers in town and carefully jotted down (2)________________ the information
they had to offer. My father and I then went over (3)________________ detail and, after
long discussions, agreed on a make that was (4)________________ sporty and inexpensive.
The next step was to visit the dealer closest to our house. As soon as we arrived, I noticed the
two cars in the window, one bright red, the other British racing green. (5)________________
would have been all right with me. My father, who is not easily impressed by attractive
colors, started asking endless questions. While he got a patient and thorough answer from the
dealer to (6)______________ one, my father looked as if (7)________________ of the
answers satisfied him. After half an hour, I was really getting anxious, thinking we were not
going to buy the car today. How was I to know that my father was just enjoying the
occasion? I am now the proud owner of a beautiful sports car.

86
H. Fill in the blanks with quantity expressions.

1. The shopkeeper asked him how _______________ sugar he wanted.

2. He is going to the shops to get _______________ cheese.

3. I take my dog out for a walk _______________ a day — before I leave for work, and
after I come back home.

4. The dealer showed us two cars, _______________ of which were too expensive.

87
4. QUESTIONS
4.1 YES/NO, ‘WH-’, SUBJECT/OBJECT AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS

A. Ask questions to complete the dialogues. (Use the clues if given)

Tom Susan
job doctor secretary
work hospital office
go running — Tuesday

1. ___________________________________________________________?
No, he isn’t. He’s a doctor.
2. ___________________________________________________________?
On Tuesdays.
3. _________________________________________________ in an office?
Yes, she does.
***

4. A : __________________________________ lunch?
B : My husband? At the restaurant next to his office.

5. A : _________________________________________ in this city?

B : No. They live in Cambridge.

6. A : _________________________________________ after dinner ?

B : Well, we usually watch TV. And when the weather is good, we go out for a walk.
***

Mr. Carter is a bank manager. He is talking to the new secretary, Pamela Sanders.
Mr. Carter : Hello, Pamela. Sit down, please.
(7)___________________________________________________?
Pamela : 32.
Mr. Carter : (8)___________________________________________________?
Pamela : It’s 746-6613.
Mr. Carter : (9)___________________________________________________?
Pamela : My house? It’s in Green Street.
Mr. Carter : (10)________________________________________ a computer?
Pamela : Yes, I can.
Mr. Carter : And what about ….......
***

88
Jasmin is a waitress. She works in a night club. She starts work at 6 p.m. and finishes at 2
a.m. She goes to work by bus, but she doesn’t like it. She wants to buy a car.

Jasmin usually gets up at about 1 p.m. The night club is closed on Sundays, so she
usually goes out with her boyfriend, George.
You : (11)_______________________________________________?
Jasmin : At about one o’clock in the afternoon.
You : (12)_______________________________________________?
Jasmin : No, I haven’t. I go to work by bus.
You : (13)_______________________________________________?
Jasmin : No, I don’t. The club is closed.
***
David is a reporter. He is writing an article about spare time activities. Now, he is talking
to Mary.
David : (14)___________________________________ in your spare time, Mary?
Mary : Listening to rock music. In fact, I was at the Rolling Stones concert in New
York last month.
***
Robert : We’ve got a new English teacher. Her name’s Mrs. Higgins.
Clara : Is she a good teacher?
Robert : Yes, very good.
Clara : (15)_____________________________________ like?
Robert : She’s quite tall and slim.
Clara : (16)_____________________________________ eyes?
Robert : They’re blue. She’s got big blue eyes.
Clara : (17)_____________________________________ is?
Robert : I think she’s in her twenties.
***

A : You can go to Birmingham by bus.

B : (18)________________________________________?
A : About two hours.
B : (19)________________________________________ ?
A : A ticket? £ 24.
***

20. A : ___________________________________________________ suitcases?

B : They’re ours.

21. A : ___________________ the cinema?

B : It is between the post office and the police station.

89
22. A : How ___________________ there in Selton?
B : Restaurants? Three. One in Main Street and two in Elm Street.

23. Mary : You’ve got a car, Paul. ______________________________ (take) the bus to
school every morning?
Paul : Because my school hasn’t got a car park.

24. Jerry : Is that Mr. Miller over there?

David : Yes.
Jerry : __________________________________________(talk) to Janet?
David : No, that’s not Janet. That’s his wife.
Jerry : Really? She looks like Janet, doesn’t she?

25. Billy sees Janet with a book in her hand.

Billy : ____________________________________ Janet?
Janet : A novel. It’s a very good one.
Billy : I’d like to read it too after you’ve finished it.

26. Bill and Jane own a restaurant. Before they go shopping, they always check the food and
the drinks in the kitchen.
Bill : ______________________________________________ there?
Jane : Oil? Not much.
Bill : What about potatoes?
Jane : It’s O.K. We have a lot.
***
Sally is in a shop. She wants to buy a sweater.
Shop assistant : (27)____________________________________ you?
Sally : Yes, please. I’d like a sweater.
Shop assistant : (28)___________________________________ (take)?
Sally : Size 40.
Shop assistant : Here are some sweaters, size 40.
Sally : Oh, the red sweater is very nice. (29)___________________________
(cost)?
Shop assistant : £75.
Sally : Fine. I’ll have it.
***
A tourist is in London. He is talking to a policeman, asking for information.
Tourist : Excuse me. (30)______________________________________________ here?
I have to make a phone call.
Policeman : Yes, there is one in Elm Street.
Tourist : (31)_________________________________ the nearest exchange office?
Policeman : In Queen Street.
Tourist : And (32)________________________________________ the city centre?
David : By bus.

90
Tourist : (33)________________________________________________?
David : Less than 15 minutes.
Tourist : Thank you.
***

Fred Gates has just won the marathon. Now a reporter is talking to him.
Reporter : (34)_______________________________________________, Mr. Gates?
Fred : I am very happy, of course.
Reporter : (35)________________________________________________________?
Fred : Tired? Yes, a little.
***

Jack and Paul were at a party last night. They are talking about it.
Paul : (36)_____________________________________________ (see) Maria at the
party last night?
Jack : No. Who’s Maria?
Paul : She’s Patrick’s new girlfriend. She’s not English.
Jack : (37)______________________________________________ she?
Paul : She’s French.
Jack : (38)______________________________________________ (live) in London?
Paul : Yes. She’s a student at Patrick’s school.
Jack : (39)______________________________________________ (meet)?
Paul : Patrick and Maria? Three weeks ago.
Jack : (40)_________________________________________ (be) happy in England?
Paul : Oh, yes. She loves London.
***
Mr. And Mrs. Wilson have been married for 30 years. Mr. Wilson met his wife when
they were students at university. They live in a house in Oxford. They have got three
sons and one daughter. They are all married. Mrs. Wilson is a housewife. She likes
reading in her spare time. She has got more than five hundred books. Mr. Wilson is a
professor at Oxford University. He is going to retire next month. The Wilsons want to
move to a warmer country — Italy or Spain — because they do not like the weather in
England, but they haven’t decided yet.

41. _________________________________________________________________?
30 years ago.
42. __________________________________________________________ his wife?
At university.
43. _________________________________________________________________?
More than five hundred.

91
44. _____________________________________________ when Mr. Wilson retires?
They’ll probably live abroad.
***
45. A : _____________________________________________________________?
B : One. It’s an old Volkswagen. I bought it ten years ago.

46. A : ___________________________________________________ there by car?

B : About one hour. (get)

47. A : _____________________________________________________________?
B : 39. (shoes/wear)

48. A : _________________________________ shirt should I wear with this jacket?

B : Blue would go well with it.

49. A : __________________________________ the dog out?

B : Twice a day. (you / take)

***
Sally and Linda are going home from school.
Sally : Our English teacher Mrs. Brown gave us our first pop-quiz this morning.
Linda : Really! (50)______________________________________ ?
Sally : No, it wasn’t. Actually, it was quite easy.
Linda : (51) _____________________________________________ each semester?
Sally : Normally, she gives about 20 but this year she said she is planning to give more
pop-quizzes.
***
Mike is talking to his friend Bob on the phone.
Mike : Bob, we had a meeting yesterday. You weren’t there and Mr. Green got very
angry. (52)_____________________________________ to the meeting?
Bob : Because I had a terrible backache and I had to leave early. I left a message for Mr.
Green but I guess he didn’t get my message.
Mike : I see. (53)_________________________________________today ?
Bob : I’m feeling much better, thank you, because I rested all night.
***
54. Martin is talking to his girlfriend about his plans for the future.
His girlfriend : ____________________________________________ after you complete
your master’s?
Martin : Well, I’m not sure. Maybe I’ll work in my father’s business. My father and
I discussed it last night and he offered me a position in the Sales
Department.
His girlfriend : That’s a good idea.
***

92
Anna : My brother has hurt his back. He’s in hospital now.
Grace : Oh! (55)______________________________________ (be) in hospital?
Anna : Since last month.
Grace : That’s a long time. Do you visit him every day?
Anna : Yes, I do.
Grace : (56)_____________________________________ (go) to the hospital
tomorrow?
Anna : At 2 p.m.
Grace : I’d like to go with you.
***
57. David : I went to Mrs. Tiger’s office at 5 o’clock yesterday, but she refused to
talk to me. Her secretary said, “ Mrs. Tiger’s busy at the moment.”
Helen : ________________________________________________ yoga ?
David : Yes, she was. How did you guess?
Helen : Well, she always does yoga for half an hour, starting at 5 p.m. every day.
She doesn’t answer the phones or meet anybody in those 30 minutes.

58. A : _______________________________________ (pay) for this encyclopaedia?

B : By credit card. I didn’t have cash with me.

59. Anne : ____________________________________________ (go) to the hairdresser,

Susie?
Susie : Once a week — usually on Saturdays.
***
A : I saw you in the park last night. (60)______________________________ (do)
there at 11 p.m. ?
B : Just walking around. I couldn’t sleep last night. I wanted to get some fresh air.
(61)_______________________________ (drive) home when you saw me?
A : Yes. You know, I finish work at 10:45 p.m.
B : (62)_______________________________ (stop) your car and walk with me?
A : Well, because Alice was waiting for me at home. She gets very angry when I’m
late.
B : I understand.
***
Jane : Richard is in hospital.
Anne : (63)______________________________ (happen) to him?
Jane : He has broken his leg.
Anne : (64)_______________________________ (break) it.
Jane : During his trip to the Alps.
***
Alice : (65)________________________________________ (stay) with you?
Nancy : My parents? For a week. They left yesterday.
93
Alice : (66)_________________________________________ (visit) them in their new
home in Florida, too?
Nancy : Of course. Next summer.
***
67. Jenny : I’d like to see that red dress. Size 40, please.
Shop assistant : Here you are.
Jenny : Hmmm. It looks beautiful. ______________________________?
Shop assistant : £ 45.

68. Helen is talking to Maria. Maria is Spanish and she is studying Science at London
University.
Helen : ________________________________ a student at London University?
Maria : For a year.
***
Mike and Jenny are friends from school.
Mike : (69)__________________________________________________ at eight last
night? I phoned your house, but nobody answered.
Jenny : I was at Mum’s Pizza Place in the new shopping centre.
Mike : Oh! (70)_________________________________________________ dinner there
with your boyfriend, Larry?
Jenny : No, I wasn’t. You know, I don’t see Larry any more. I work at Mum’s Pizza Place.
Mike : Really? Do you like it?
Jenny : Yes, I do. I work for only three hours in the evenings and the pay is good.
Mike : (71)__________________________________________________ there?
Jenny : Well, I have to clean the tables and help with the washing up.
***
Betty and Thelma are two secretaries. They work for the same company.Their manager, Mr.
Hutwill, retired a few days ago. The new manager started work yesterday.
Betty : (72)______________________________________________ the new manager?
Thelma : No, I haven’t. I wanted to talk to her yesterday, but she was busy.
(73)_________________________________________________fifties?
Betty : No, she isn’t. She is quite young.
Thelma : (74)_________________________________________________?
Betty : She is tall and slim with short curly hair.
***

75. The burglars broke into an old woman’s flat while she was watching TV in her
bedroom. A policeman asks a neighbour about the old woman.
Policeman : What ______________________________________?
Neighbour : She was watching TV in her bedroom then.

76. Leila is looking at a jug in a shop and she wants to know about its exact capacity.
Leila : Excuse me. How much liquid _____________________________?
Shopkeeper : 2 liters, madam.
94
77. Alex : ________________________________ (invitations / send) so far?
Bill : About sixty. I’m going to send the rest this afternoon.

78. Mary : ____________________________ (try / ever) doing hang-gliding?

Carlos : Yes, once. It was absolutely wonderful. I enjoyed it very much.
***
A reporter is interviewing the famous football player Maradona.
Reporter : (79)_________________________________________ the championship?
Maradona : I am not sure. My team might win. We are a good team, but the other teams
are also good.
Reporter : (80)___________________________________________ in this team?
Maradona : For about two years.
Reporter : (81)____________________________________________ every day?
Maradona : Yes, I do. I must train for at least 3 hours each day.
Reporter : (82)_______________________________________ a football player?
Maradona : Like! I love it.
Reporter : And what about money? (83)______________________________?
Maradona : About 500 a year.
Reporter : 500 dollars!
Maradona : No! 500 thousand dollars.
***
84. A : What____________________ ice-cream do you like most?
B : Chocolate.

85. A : How___________________ is the hotel from the airport?

B : Only 10 kilometers.

86. A : How ___________________ does it take you to cycle home?

B : Not more than 20 minutes.
***
Bill is at his friend Tom’s house. They are in the garage now.
Bill : (87)_______________________________________________________?
Tom : It is my father’s.
Bill : It’s a beautiful car. (88)________________________________________?
Tom : In Japan.
Bill : (89) ________________________________________________________?
Tom : I’m not sure but I think he paid approximately $4500.
Bill : Not too much for a Japanese car. What (90) _________________________?
Tom : It has a lot of features such as central locking system, power steering and sun
roof.
***

95
It’s Mary’s mother’s birthday tomorrow and she wants to give her a nice birthday present.
She wants her friend Jane to help her.
Jane : (91)_______________________________ does your mother listen to?
Mary : She usually listens to classical music.
Jane : Why (92)_______________________________ her a CD of Beethoven’s 9th
Concerto?
Mary : That’s a good idea.
***

93. Paul : ____________________________________ flight to New York?

Rick : Wonderful. It took eight hours, but we were not bored at all. We watched a
very nice movie on the plane.

94. A : How _____________ do you go to the sports center?

B : Every day.
***
David : (95) ___________________________________ at the concert?
Mary : More than 30,000. I was lucky. My brother lives in New York and he got the
tickets.
David : (96) ___________________________________?
Mary : At 8:30 p.m., and it finished after 11 p.m.
David : And….

(SUBJECT+OBJECT QUESTIONS)

B. Ask questions to obtain the underlined information.

1. Bill shouted at someone a few minutes ago.

______________________________________________________________?

2. Something has happened to her arm.

______________________________________________________________?

3. Someone gave her a lot of money last month.

______________________________________________________________?

4. She went out with someone last weekend.

______________________________________________________________?

5. Something fell off the table.

______________________________________________________________?

6. He knows something.
______________________________________________________________?

96
7. Something happened last month.
______________________________________________________________?

8. She sent plenty of letters to someone.

______________________________________________________________?

9. Someone won the lottery.

______________________________________________________________?

10. Something is wrong.

______________________________________________________________?

C. Complete the questions.

1. The farmers of Northwick village have come to the market place for a competition.
Mr. Brick, a member of the jury, is tasting some of the tomatoes.
Mr. Brick : Hmm... these tomatoes are delicious. __________________ (grow)
them?
Mrs. Meadows : I did.
Mr. Brick : Well, I think they deserve the first prize.

2. A : _______________________________________________ to your foot?

B : I slipped on the wet floor and broke it.

3. A : ____________________________________________________ the washing?

B : Every two days. I have five children and I have a lot of dirty clothes to wash.

4. A : ______________________________________________________________?
B : My brother? He is a very sociable person.
5. A : ________________________________ that beautiful sweater you are
wearing?
B : My friend, Alicia, did. It was a birthday present.

D. Choose the question to get the answer for the missing information in the blank.

1. My mother brought ___?___ up.

a) Who did my mother bring up? c) Who brought up my mother?
b) Who did I bring up? d) Who brought me up?

2. She was writing ___?___ to Susan.

a) What was she writing to Susan? c) When was she writing to Susan?
b) Who was she writing to? d) What was she doing?

3. ____?_____ live in igloos.

a) Who live in igloos? c) Who lives in igloos?
b) Where do they live? d) Do they live in igloos?

***

97
Last night (4)___?____ called Mary and said that he wanted to see her. Together, they went to
(5)___?_____ at 5 o’clock. It was a very lovely place and not very crowded. They had a
wonderful meal there. After dinner, he gave her a (6)___?_____. She opened it and saw a
pretty ring in it.

4. a) Who called her? 5. a) What did they do? 6. a) Which did she give him?
b) What did he call? b) Who did they go with? b) What did he give her?
c) Who called him? c) Who did they go to? c) What did he do?
d) Who did she call? d) Where did they go? d) Who did he give it to?

***
7. ___?____ dog is out in the garden? It's ruining the flowers.
a) Whose is that out in the garden? c) Who is that dog?
b) Which dog is that out in the garden? d) Whose dog is that?

***
E. There is some missing information in the following texts. Ask questions to find the
missing information.
I.

Mrs. Craig's son, Bill, lives in (example) . Mrs. Craig visits him every _____(1)_____. Last
week she was in Oxford again to see her son. She went there by _____(2)______.
_____(3)______ met her at the station. Mrs. Craig was very happy to see him. Bill gave his
mother _____(4)______. He had to find a porter because _____(5)______.
eg. Where does Bill / Mrs. Craig's son live?

1. _________________________________________________________________?

2. _________________________________________________________________?

3. _________________________________________________________________?

4. _________________________________________________________________?

5. _________________________________________________________________?

***
II.
Sister Wendy was ____(example)___ years old when she became a nun (a religious woman).
She lives in a caravan in the grounds of a monastery in Norfolk but she leaves her caravan
_____(1)_____ a year to travel round Europe. She visits the world's most famous art treasures
and presents an arts programme for BBC. _____(2)_____ like her clear and plain
explanations of art. That's why her programmes are very popular all around the world. Last
year Sister Wendy made _____(3)_____ programmes and she earned _____(4)_____ for the
first series of her programme. The money was used to provide shower rooms for the
monastery. Now, she wants to _____(5)_____ so she is spending most of her time in her
caravan working on it.

98
eg: How old was Sister Wendy when she became a nun?

1. _____________________________________________________________?

2. _____________________________________________________________?

3. _____________________________________________________________?

4. _____________________________________________________________?

5. _____________________________________________________________?

***
III.

Mike is a tourist guide. He works during the summer and goes on tours ____(1)_____ a
week. Last week, he took a group of British tourists to Ürgüp during the first World Air
Games. There were _____(2)____ pilots from different countries taking part in the
competitions. On the last day of the tour, he met ____(3)____. He told Mike that he had
become a hot-air balloon pilot after leaving school and offered to give the group a ride in his
balloon. That was very kind of him. The group enjoyed every minute of that exciting ride.
Then, _____(4)_____ took them to a pub. Mike drank only _____(5)_____ wine because he
was still on duty. A few hours later, .....

1. _________________________________________________________________?

2. _________________________________________________________________?

3. _________________________________________________________________?

4. _________________________________________________________________?

5. _________________________________________________________________?
***
IV.

Nasuh Mahruki was ___(example)___ years old when he first started mountain climbing.
He is the first Turkish and Muslim climber in the world to climb Mt. Everest in May 1995.
He also participated in the 'Seven Summits' project of climbing the highest peaks of each
of the continents in 1996. Although _____(1)_____ climbers completed the 'Seven
Summits' project, Nasuh was the youngest to achieve this. Nasuh Mahruki is not only a
climber but also a writer, a photographer and a documentary producer. He lives in Istanbul
but he goes abroad _____(2)_____ a year. On these trips, he collects data for his books and
documentaries. Nasuh Mahruki is also the founder of AKUT, which was set up in
_____(3)_____ in Istanbul. AKUT has a lot members from different professions such as
doctors, teachers, engineers and _____(4)_____ also join AKUT to learn search and rescue
techniques. Nasuh Mahruki wants to _____(5)_____ in the coming years. In this way he is
planning to improve the effectiveness of AKUT in Turkey.

99
eg: How old was Nasuh Mahruki when he first started mountain climbing?

1. _______________________________________________________________?

2. _______________________________________________________________?

3. _______________________________________________________________?

4. _______________________________________________________________?

5. _______________________________________________________________?
***
V.

Laura is talking about her career as a model.

I am ___(example)___ old now and modelling has always been a part of my life.
_____(1)_____ introduced me to modelling when I was six months old, for a baby-clothes
catalogue. It's quite an exciting job. I fly to Jamaica _____(2)_____ a year to model summer
clothes and last year I made _____(3)______ television advertisements - more than I'd ever
done before. Now I want to _____(4)______, so I'm doing a drama course at college at the
moment. Of course, my appearance is important. I'm very lucky there. I eat _____(5)_____
junk food but I never get fat.

eg. How old is Laura now?

1. ________________________________________________________________?

2. ________________________________________________________________?

3. ________________________________________________________________?

4. ________________________________________________________________?

5. ________________________________________________________________?

***

VI.
Jane Webb is a widow and is ___(example)___ old. She lives alone in a small bungalow in a
very quiet street. She doesn't like going out much. _____(1)_____ she goes to the cinema to
watch a horror film. In the evenings she _____(2)_____.
At 11:00 p.m. on January 7, 1999, _____(3)_____ called the Toronto police and reported a
suicide. When the police arrived, she was _____(4)_____ at the door. Mrs. Webb took the two
inspectors to _____(5)_____. There, in the study, they saw a man's dead body on the floor
near the desk.

100
eg : How old is Mrs. Webb?

1. _________________________________________________________________?

2. _________________________________________________________________?

3. _________________________________________________________________?

4. _________________________________________________________________?

5. _________________________________________________________________?

***
4.2 TAG QUESTIONS
A. Add the missing question tags.
1. She is a very clever girl, _____________?
2. There are many absent students today, _____________?
3. Mr.Smith left for Los Angeles last week, _____________?
4. Your dog doesn’t bite, _____________?
5. She hasn’t had dinner yet, _____________?
6. I paid you, _____________?
7. You haven’t ever been to Europe, _____________?
8. Mary can help us, _____________?
9. You have studied English for many years, _____________?
10. You will be in class tomorrow, _____________?
11. Helen doesn’t know how to swim, _____________?
12. That car isn’t very slow, _____________?
13. The bus wasn’t going fast at the time, _____________?
14. His wife didn’t come with him, _____________?
15. She isn’t a very dependable person, _____________?
16. Ann wasn’t hurt badly in the accident, _____________?
17. You won’t give the secret away, _____________?
18. It was a good film, _____________?
19. It was snowing at the time, _____________?
20. The bus stops on this corner, _____________?

101
B. Mark the best choice.
1. You are going to come to the party, __________?
a) do you b) aren't you c) will you d) won't you

2. You'd better apologize to him, _____________ you?

a) wouldn't b) don't c) didn't d) hadn't

3. I'm going to miss my train, _____________?

a) aren't I b) is it c) am I d) isn't it

4. Nobody has to stay late this evening, _____________?

a) has she b) do they c) isn't it d) don't they

C. Add the missing question tags.

1. At first we were really surprised, ____________________?

2. Everything will soon be all right, ____________________?

3. She can knit very well, ______________________?

4. They’ve been working on that project recently, _____________________?

5. She won’t win the game, ________________________?

6. He had acted like a clown, _______________________?

7. She never phoned, _______________________?

8. There is no food, ______________________?

9. Everybody makes a mistake, _____________________?

10. Somebody’s turned off the lights, ______________________?

11. We are going swimming this afternoon. You are coming with us, _____________?

12. Nothing could make you change your mind, _____________?

13. Tom and Ben like jazz, ____________?

14. A : It was the dog that ruined Mum's rose garden, but don't tell anyone,
________________?
15. B : Don't worry. Nobody saw the dog, ___________________?
A : No, I don't think so.
B : Mum will go crazy if she finds out. Keep her busy in the kitchen until I've finished
replanting the flowers. OK?

16. Give me a hand, ______________________?

17. Let’s go on a picnic, ______________________?

18. Don’t shout, _____________________?

102
19. Pass me the sugar, ______________________?

20. I suspect although he is married, he has a relation with his secretary,

______________________?

21. I think he is intentionally needling me about my background,

______________________?

22. I think your father has been under great stress, ______________________?

23. I hope there won’t be another economic recession, ______________________?

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5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
5.1 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words given in brackets.
1. He always does his homework ____________________ (careful).
2. He is a very ____________________ (careful) student.
3. Come ____________________ (quick). We need your help.
4. You should drive more ____________________ (slow) along this road.
5. Helen is a very ____________________ (slow) student. Her brother, on the other
hand, learns ____________________ (rapid).
6. Mr. Gonzales has a ____________________ (permanent) visa. He hopes to
remain in this country ____________________ (permanent).
7. This is an ____________________ (easy) exercise. I can answer all these
questions ____________________ (easy).
8. Helen works very ____________________ (hard) in her new job.
9. You walk very ____________________ (fast).
10. They are both ____________________ (serious) students and they both study
English very ____________________ (serious).
11. I agree with you ____________________ (complete) in that matter.
12. This pillow is very ____________________ (soft).
13. She speaks ____________________ (soft) to her children.
14. Helen is a ____________________ (beautiful) girl and she also plays the violin
____________________ (beautiful).

***
As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane
was moving (15)____________________(unsteady) through the air, and although the
passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were (16)____________________(sudden)
thrown forward. At that moment the air-hostess appeared. She looked pale but her voice was
quite (17)____________________(calm). She informed everyone that the pilot had fainted
and asked if anyone could help. A man got up (18)__________________(immediate) and
followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin. All the passengers were getting
(19)____________________(tense). The plane was now
(20)___________________(dangerous) close to the ground. The worst moment of the flight
came when they had to land. When the plane touched the ground, however, they only felt a
(21)____________________(slight) bump. It was a narrow escape.
***

104
22. I can't put up with the chequebook journalism, in which even criminals are paid
lots of money to tell their __________________( terrible ) stories.

23. This company is _________________ (high )specialized on that subject.

24. This is Saturday night so we can _______________(hard) find any tickets for the
show.

5.2 ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ING AND -ED

Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. It is illegal to buy a _______________ (steal) TV set.
2. Bill looked _______________ (surprise) when he heard the news.
3. The children couldn't get to sleep after they watched the film because it was very
_______________ (frighten).
4. The little girl was _______________ (excite) about going to the circus.
5. I enjoy talking to Mrs. Jennings. She is an _______________ (interest) person.

***

John went to the doctor because he had a pain in his chest. The doctor's comments were

(6)_________________ (reassure) to John, who had been extremely

(7)_________________ (frighten) before the doctor told him that the pain was just

heartburn.

***

I didn't understand the (8)_______________ (confuse) income-tax forms that I got from
the government. I was so (9)_________________ (worry) about them that I asked my

neighbour to help me. However, he gave me a lot of (10)_________________ (mislead)

information so I went to a tax consultant. Hearing his explanations on how to fill in the

forms, I realized that it was not that (11)_________________ (frustrate) at all.

5.3 ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS

A. Fill the gaps with correct prepositions.

1. Whenever we went to the seaside, I used to spend my days on the beach collecting
things such as shells, rock pieces and pebbles. I was very fond _________________
doing that. Back home, I used to put the shells and little stones in a jar filled with
water and keep them in my room.

105
2. A : They left for the zoo without taking me. I'll never talk to them again.

B : Come on. Cheer up. There is nothing to be upset ______________________ this. I

promise I'll take you there this weekend.

3. A : I'm fed up ______________________ his complaints. I'm going to resign right away.
B : Don't rush into things. He doesn't really mean it. He just wants us to do a better job.
That's all.

4. We were all surprised _______________ the news that he had gotten married.

5. Jane is very excited ________________ her trip to the United States.

6. She is an extremely efficient secretary and her employers are very happy

_______________ her work.

7. I never use garlic when I cook because my children are not very keen
_________________ it.

***
8. Carla is very keen __________________ keeping fit. As a rule, she gets up very early
and goes jogging. She also goes swimming at the Sports Centre every three days, and
plays tennis with her friend, Suzy, regularly.

9. Jenny and Fred met when they were at university. They fell _______________ love with
each other and got married two years later. The couple had great financial difficulties
during the first years of their marriage. However, today Fred earns much more than he did
ten years ago and they lead a comfortable and luxurious life in their villa.

***

Jack used to be my best friend – at least I thought he was. He had always been fond
(10)_____________________ gambling, so he borrowed a considerable sum of money from
me. (11)_____________________ return for his debt, he promised to help me with the
painting of the house, but he didn’t keep his promise. I was rather angry
(12)_____________________ this, but I decided to forget it all. Then he borrowed my new
Timex watch and somehow managed to break it. Fortunately, it was still
(13)_____________________ guarantee, so the shop repaired it free
(14)_____________________ charge. However, the worst thing he did was stealing my
girlfriend away from me. I was really upset (15)_____________________ him
(16)_____________________ doing such a thing. With friends like that, who needs enemies?

106
B. Circle the correct choice.

I was attracted ____(1)____ the sight of the chocolate cake and ordered it.
However, it did not taste ____(2)____.
1. a) at 2. a) well
b) with b) good
c) by c) better
d) for d) much

3. I always have difficulty ________ choosing original birthday presents. My

imagination never seems to get beyond ties, handkerchiefs, or pairs of socks.
However, strangely enough, it did not take me long to decide on Tom's birthday
present. For the first time in my life, I had a good idea; I would buy him a bottle of
champagne.
a) at b) of c) by d) in

4. Last night my wife, Emma, and I decided to try the new Italian Restaurant in Main
Street. The dinner we had in the restaurant was good, but we were not very pleased
__________ the wine. It tasted horrible and it was also very expensive .

a) with b) of c) in d) at

C. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given in the box. Use each ONCE. There
are more than you need.

for of in to
about under as with
through by on

1. Most people are keen ______________ scuba diving these days, which I find really
dangerous.
2. She was so delighted ______________ her final exam results that she decided to give
a big farewell party for her friends.
3. The mother was furious with her children ______________ not listening to what she
was saying to them.
4. Sue's grandmother is always described ______________ a cheerful and pleasant
person.
5. Nowadays lots of people are fond _____________ doing exercises such as stretching
or yoga.
6. ______________ return for her help, Sheila's neighbours bought her a very nice
present.
7. The employees were surprised ______________ the last minute notice sent by the
director.
8. If your fridge is still ______________ guarantee, you can get it repaired free of
charge.
9. I am delighted _______________ see that you're out of hospital.
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5.4 NUMBERS USED AS ADJECTIVES

Rewrite the following without changing their meanings.

1. This is a holiday which lasts two weeks.

This is a two _____________________________________________________.

2. I have to attend a meeting which will last for 3 hours.

I have to attend _____________________________________________ meeting.

3. The exam will probably last four hours.

It will probably be ____________________________________________ exam.

4. The flat has four rooms.

It is __________________________________________________________ flat.

5. This bottle holds one litre of liquid.

This is ______________________________________________________ bottle.

6. The hotel has five stars.

It is _________________________________________________________ hotel.

7. She is a student. She is eighteen years old.

She is ______________________________________________________ student.

8. The plane was six hours late.

There was __________________________________________ delay on our flight.

9. You have to walk ten minutes to reach the house.

It is ________________________________________________ walk to the house.

10. I gave her twenty pounds.

I gave her ______________________________________________________ note.

5.5 ADJECTIVE ORDER

A. Write the adjectives in brackets in the correct order.

eg. Cups (green, old) some old green cups
table (blue, plastic) a blue plastic table
1. car (old, American) ____________________________________
2. plates (new, blue) ______________________________________
3. curtains (beautiful, red) _________________________________
4. cooker (old, gas) _______________________________________
5. chairs (brown, comfortable) ______________________________
6. furniture (Italian, modern) _______________________________

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7. painting (oil, old) ______________________________________
8. bag (large, sports) ______________________________________
9. stone (round, small) ____________________________________
10. students (French, young) ________________________________

B. Complete the sentences.

1. Thomas served the meal on a colourful plate which he had bought from China. It was
made of porcelain.
Thomas served the meal on a _______________________________________ plate.

2. I was given a small music box for my birthday. It is made of wood and it is black in
colour.
I received a ________________________________________________ music box
for my birthday.

3. Their carpet is Turkish. It’s big and colourful.

They have got _______________________________________________________.

4. My brother was given a pair of new riding boots for his birthday. They are made of
leather and they are black in colour.
My brother got a pair of _______________________________________________
riding boots for his birthday.

5.6 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

 COMPARATIVES
A. Rewrite the following.

1. Trains are safer than buses.

Buses ____________________________________________________________.

2. New York is bigger than Washington D.C.

Washington D.C ____________________________________________________.

3. His handwriting is worse than mine.

My handwriting ____________________________________________________.

4. He writes more neatly than Mary.

He has a__________________________________________________________.

5. A Volvo is more expensive than a Fiat.

A Fiat ___________________________________________________________.

6. Gold is more valuable than silver.

Silver ___________________________________________________________.

7. My English is not as fluent as my sister's.

My sister ___________________________________________________ I do.

109
8. She used to eat more than she does now.
She _____________________________________________________ she used to.

9. It's easy to park a car. However, parking a truck is not so easy.

A truck can be parked __________________________________________ a car.

10. She doesn’t play tennis as often as she does yoga.

________________________________________________________________.

11. I feel confident when I speak on the phone but not in public.
I speak __________________________________________________________.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets.

The geography teacher, Mrs. Swanson, is asking Bill questions.

Mrs. Swanson : Bill, as you know, the Nile and the Amazon are the two best-known rivers
in the world. (1)________________________(long), the Nile or the
Amazon?

Bill : The Nile. It is 6670 km long but the Amazon is 6440 km.

Mrs. Swanson : Very good.

***

2. The exam was _____________________________________ (difficult) the students

expected. Most of them failed it.
***

It’s six months since I moved to my own flat. At first, it wasn’t (3)_____________________

(easy) for me to live alone, but in time I got used to it and now I find it

(4)_____________________ (difficult). Of course, there are times when I miss the comfort I

had at my parents’ place. I used to have (5)_________________ (few) responsibilities than I

do now as I had almost everything done for me. Now, however, I have a lot to do. I don’t

mind cooking as I’ve always been (6)_________________ (good) at it, but cleaning the flat is

very time-consuming. There are good things about living on my own, though. I am not

(7)_____________________ (shy) I used to be and have become far

(8)_____________________ (self-confident).
***

110
One day the children in a kindergarten were standing around in the playground and

talking about their fathers. One little girl started a game and said : 'My daddy is

(9)______________ (tall) your daddy'. Another said, 'My daddy is

(10)_______________ (handsome) your daddy'. A (11)______________ (loud) voice

then shouted, 'My daddy can run (12)______________ (fast) your daddy'. The game

continued for a few minutes, and each child tried to think of something that their daddy

could do (13)______________ (good) other dads. There was one little girl who was very

(14)______________ (quiet). She was much (15)______________ (thoughtful) the

others. She was obviously trying to think of something good, but she was having some

trouble. The other children continued with the game. Suddenly the little girl's face lit up.

She shouted (16)______________ (excited): 'Well anyway, my daddy is far

(17)______________ (fat) any of your daddies'. The rest of the group were very

surprised. The game stopped and the children walked away as

(18)___________________ (quick) as they could.

C. Ask questions for the given answers.

1. _________________________________________________________________?
The Kızılırmak . It is longer than The Sakarya.

2. _________________________________________________________________?
Mauna Kena is. It is 1,000 metres higher than Everest.

3. _________________________________________________________________?

The Italian Parliament. It has 615 members whereas there are 550 members in the
Turkish Parliament.

D. Complete the sentences with a suitable adjective from the box below.Use each
adjective only ONCE. There are more than you need. Do not forget to make the
necessary changes.

quiet big beautiful

convenient tall boring
comfortable expensive heavy
bad

1. Lake Superior in North America is _______________________ Lake Victoria in

Africa.

2. Tokyo is _______________________ London; for example, rents are very high in

Tokyo.

111
3. The pollution in İstanbul is _______________________the pollution in Ankara. There
isn't too much pollution in Ankara.

4. The houses in the city centre are ___________________________ the houses in the
suburbs. When you live in the suburbs, it takes half an hour to get to the nearest shop.

5. My dishwasher makes too much noise. I am going to buy a _______________________

one.

 AS ... AS
A. Complete / Rewrite the following without changing the meaning and use the words
in brackets, where given.

1. My brother plays tennis better than I do.

I don't _____________________________________________________________.

2. He drives faster than I do.

I am a fast driver but not _______________________________________________.

3. Dorothy is a singer. Melody is a better singer.

Dorothy is not _______________________________________________________.

4. A : Are you happy with your new secretary?

B : Yes. She works___________________ the old one did.

5. Their house is much bigger than mine.

My house __________________________________________________________.

6. London is much more interesting than Newcastle.

Newcastle isn’t _____________________________________________________.

7. There are 8 students in my class, and 16 in yours.

There are ________________________________________ in your class as in mine.

8. German cars are far better than American cars.

American cars _______________________________________________________.

9. Chris practises his skating routine 27 hours a week whereas Andre practises only 14.
Chris ______________________________________________________________.

10. Compared with my new computer, my old computer was very slow.
My old computer ___________________ my new one.

11. Andrew is slightly older than John.

John ______________________________________________________________.

12. Mike speaks English a bit more fluently than Juliet.

Juliet _____________________________________________________________.

13. Motorbikes are more difficult to ride than bicycles.

Bicycles __________________________________________________________.

112
14. Travelling by bus is not _____________________________________ (comfortable)
travelling by car. Besides, the buses are very slow.

15. Sheila works much better than Angela.

Angela ___________________________________________________________.

16. I’m quite easy-going these days, but I used to be bad-tempered.

I _______________________________________________________________.

17. Gina smokes 13 cigarettes a day whereas Maria smokes only 6.

Maria smokes ____________________________________________________.

18. Henry does more judo than he does weightlifting.

________________________________________________________________.

B. Circle the correct choice.

1. The blue dress is £40 and the red one is £42. I think I'll buy the red dress. It isn't
_____________ as cheap as the blue one, but it is prettier.
a) slightly b) nearly c) quite d) a bit

2. People say that I can sing as __________ as Barbara Streisand.

a) beautiful c) beautifully
b) more beautiful d) more beautifully

3. It costs nearly twice as much to join a private sports club ____________ it does to
join the university sports centre.
a) than c) as
b) for d) rather

4. A : I'm afraid I've run out of eggs.

B : Don't worry. I've got plenty. I can give you as (10)_________________ as
you like.
a) much c) quite
b) many d) nearly

5. A : This food is delicious.

B : Eat as __________ as you like.
a) much c) quite
b) many d) nearly

 SUPERLATIVES
A. Complete these sentences.

Eg. It is a very cheap restaurant. It is the cheapest restaurant in the town.

1. It was a very happy day. It was __________________________ of my life.

2. He is a very good player. He is __________________________ of the team.

113
3. It is a very old castle. It is ______________________________ in Britain.

4. It was very hot yesterday. It was _________________________ of the year.

5. She is very intelligent. She is ____________________________ student in her class.

6. You cook badly. You are _______________________________in the world.

7. Pele is a very famous footballer. He is _____________________ in the world.

B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in the box. Add any word if
necessary. Use each only ONCE. There are more than you need.

quiet big beautiful

convenient tall boring
comfortable expensive heavy
bad efficient

1. _______________________ building in London is the Canary Wharf Tower at 243

metres.

2. The world's _______________________ man is Tommy Benville. He weighs 230 kilos.

3. India's _______________________ sight is the Taj Mahal.

4. I always sit in the big armchair; it's _______________________ chair in the house.

5. My uncle always wants to talk about himself. He never listens to other people and talks
about the same thing again and again. He is _____________________ person in the
family.

6. No one in the world works as efficiently as you do!

You are __________________________________________ person I have ever seen.

C. Fill the gaps using the correct forms of the words in brackets.
Sao Paulo is (1)______________ (rich) area in South America, (2)______________ (fast)
growing and the pride of all Brazilians. The city has (3)______________ (popular)
restaurants in Latin America, (4)______________ (comfortable) theatres and some of
(5)______________ (good) schools. Edificio Italia, (6)______________ (tall) building in
South America, is located at (7)______________ (high) point in Sao Paulo. Ibirapuera Park
is (8)______________ (big) and (9)______________ (impressive) of its kind in the world.
In the park’s Pavillion Pereira, the world famous Bienal art exhibitions,
(10)______________ (great) show of contemporary art in Latin America are held. Porto
Alegre is one of (11)______________ (modern) cities of Sao Paulo. (12)______________
(good) Brazilian wine is produced in this area.

***

114
A : How is your biochemistry course?
B : It is really hard. In fact, it is one of (13)______________ (difficult) courses I have
ever taken.
A : Really?
B : Yes, even some of (14)______________ (clever) students in the class are having
trouble.
***
A : Men cannot cook.
B : That is not true. (15)_____________ (good) cooks in (16)______________ (fine)
restaurants in the world are men.

 REVIEW OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets. Do not forget
to make the necessary changes.

I always travel by train because I think it is (1)_____________________ (good) way to

travel. I do not like travelling by bus because there are (2)_____________________ (many)

accidents on roads than on railways. For this reason, I think bus travel is

(3)_____________________ (dangerous) the other. Train travel is also

(4)_____________________ (cheap) kind of transportation; for example, a train ticket costs

$12, but a bus ticket costs $25 and a plane ticket costs $100! There is only one problem

when you travel by train. It is (5)_____________________ (slow) the other kinds of

transportation. It takes too much time to get from one place to another.

***

In Belgium, you can see (6)_______________ (big) bike in the world. It's 20 meters long
and it carries 35 people. It isn't very (7)_______________ (fast) because it's

(8)_____________________ (heavy) a normal bike. It weighs about one ton. Is it

(9)_____________________ (good) normal bikes? Maybe not, but I think it's

(10)_____________________ (interesting) one in the world.

***
A : Where are you going to stay in Bristol?
B : At the Paramount.
A : Oh, that's (11)________________ (expensive) hotel in the town. Why don't you stay at
the Princess Hotel? It's (12)_________________ (cheap) the Paramount. Its restaurant
is (13)___________________ (good) the other hotel restaurants and its rooms are
very (14)_____________________ (clean).

115
B : Yes, but I want a quiet hotel, and the Paramount is (15)_____________ (peaceful) the
other hotels.

***
The Meridian is (16)_____________________ (expensive) hotel in the town. A room at this
hotel is $200 a night; at the Windsor it's only $70. However, the Windsor Hotel is
(17)_____________________ (beautiful) the Meridian because it's got an excellent garden.
There are flowers everywhere and tourists say that they love the sight of the lovely swimming
pool a lot. Both the Meridian and the Windsor are
(18)_____________________ (good) hotels, so you can stay in whichever you want.
***
Peter is in a hardware store. He wants to buy an electric drill, but he doesn't know much about
this tool. He's talking to a salesman in the store.

Salesman : May I help you, sir?

Peter : I'd like to buy an electric drill, but there are so many of them, and they're all so
expensive. Could you help me choose one?

Salesman : Of course. I understand you don't want to spend too much on a drill. Look at this
model— the TRX. It's (19)______________________ (expensive) one that we
have in the store, but that doesn't mean it is (20)______________________
(bad) the rest. You see, the price does not always reflect quality. Actually, the
TRX is one of (21)__________________ (reliable) models on the market. You
can always depend on it. There is nothing (22)_________________ (annoying) a
tool that doesn't work (23)___________________ (proper) when you want to
use it. Here, take it and look at it (24)_______________ (close).

Peter : Hm, it's quite (25)________________ (light).

Salesman : Yes. Weight is an important aspect when you consider buying a drill. Holding a
heavy drill is (26)_________________ (terrible) difficult, especially when you
are trying to make a hole in the ceiling.

Peter : Thank you. You've been very helpful. I'll take the TRX.

***
Bill and Jane are going to Oxford next week. Bill wants to travel by car, but Jane doesn't agree
with him. Here is the dialogue between Bill and Jane.

Jane : Bill, I don't want to travel by car. Why don't we travel by train instead? We can sit
(27)__________________ (comfortable) and enjoy the scenery.

Bill : You might be right, but the train isn't nearly (28)__________________ (fast) the car.

116
Jane : Listen to me. There are a lot of traffic accidents every day. And you drive very
(29)__________________ (careless). If we travel by car, I will drive.

Bill : I know you are a good driver, Jane, but I'm a good driver too. I drive
(30)__________________ (good) you do. Don't worry, I will drive very
(31)__________________ (careful). Let's go by car because it is also
(32)__________________ (easy) way to get around.

Jane : Yes, but I think travelling by train is far (33)__________________ (interesting)

travelling by car. It is also a bit (34)__________________ (cheap).

Bill : OK Jane lets go by train.

***

Shopping is my favourite pastime. I am (35)_______________________ (happy) person in

the world when I go shopping because it really makes me feel relaxed. I always do my

shopping at North Carolina's (36)_______________________ (famous) store, called K-

Mart. K-Mart provides its customers with a very (37)_______________________ (large)

variety of products. All the products at K-Mart are (38)_______________________ (cheap)

those in most stores. The sales clerks there are also (39)_____________________ (helpful)

the ones in other shops.

***

Tommy wants to buy a motorcycle but his mother doesn't agree to it.

Mother : I still cannot understand why you want to buy a motorcycle instead of a car. A
car is (40)_______________________ (convenient) a motorcycle and it's
much (41)_____________________ (practical) too!

Tommy : I know, but it isn't nearly (42)______________________ (economical) a

motorcycle. I can get 50 miles to a gallon with a motorcycle!

Mother : Listen to me, Tommy! We live in one of (43)__________________ (large)

cities in the world and there are a lot of crazy people out there on the streets.
As most of these people do not drive (44)______________________
(careful), the risk of accidents today is a lot (45) _______________________
(great) it used to be.

117
Tommy : I agree mom, but I can ride the motorcycle (46)_________________ (good) most
of the other motorcyclists and I promise that when I buy a motorcycle, I will be
(47)______________________(slow) motorcyclist in New York. I will never
exceed the speed limit. Believe it or not mom, but (48)____________________
(high) speed I will make will be 50 miles per hour, not more. Besides, I can find a
parking place for it in the city far (49)_________________________ (easy) I can
for a car.

Mother : Tommy, I know all these and I do trust you, but still there is no way you can
convince me. I still insist that you should buy a car instead of a motorcycle.

***
United States’ (50)____________________ (interesting) city is Las Vegas. There are many
big hotels in this city. These hotels are (51)____________________ (attractive) those in New
York, Washington or San Francisco. I think Las Vegas is (52)____________________ (good)
place to spend your holiday.

***
Dear Mom,
Hi. How are you? We're in New York. It's 42º C here today. According to weather reports
it's (53)______________________ (hot) day this year. On our first night we stayed at a hotel
called 'The Central'. It cost $150 a night so we found a much (54)____________________
(cheap) hotel yesterday.
New York is far (55)________________________ (crowded) San Francisco. During
rush hours, you can see hundreds of cars on Fifth Avenue. One thing I like about the drivers
in New York is that they drive (56)________________________ (careful) the ones we have
in San Francisco. They all seem to obey the traffic rules.
Yesterday we went shopping with my friends. I think the shops on Fifth Avenue are
(57)_____________________ (expensive) the shops in San Francisco, but they are great to
look at! In the evening our friends took us to a pub in Soho. The music was great, but the
people at the pub were speaking very (58)_________________________ (loud), which made
it quite difficult to enjoy the music.
Tomorrow, we are planning to visit the Museum of Modern Arts. I'm really looking
forward to seeing the beautiful works of (59)___________________________ (famous)
painters in the world like Van Gogh, Monet and Renoir.
Well, that's all for now. I'm really enjoying my tour around the States. As you know our
next stop is Orlando. I'll send you a postcard from there, too.
Marian
***

118
60. In your opinion, what is ____________________ (dreadful) thing that could
happen to a student?

61. Which is ____________________ (profitable) nowadays; buying a house or buying

a car?

62. There is nothing ____________________ (annoying) having your salary stolen.

63. When you think of the means of communication such as e-mail, letter, fax, telegram
etc., a letter is always received ____________________ (rapidly).

***
Mark and Lisa are talking about the conference that has just finished.

Mark : Thank God, the conference is over. I thought he would never stop talking. You
know what Lisa, that was (64)__________________________ (boring)
conference I've ever attended.
Lisa : Come on Mark, it would be very unfair to say that the conference was a
(65)______________________ (complete) failure. I have attended conferences
that were (66)______________________ (bad) this one. I was really interested
in the subject and I think the presenter had dealt with it very
(67)______________________ (close). I guess the problem was his heavy Irish
accent. I personally found it (68)______________________ (extreme) difficult
to follow.
***

Mrs. Green is talking to one of her students.

Mrs. Green : Fred, your work is (69)______________________ (satisfying) anyone

else's in class! I don't think you have been studying enough
(70)_____________________ (late). The quiz I gave yesterday was quite
easy but you still got (71)_____________________ (low) grade in class.

Fred : Well, Mrs. Green, I'm doing my best but as you know, I have a part-time
job at a restaurant and I go (72)_________________ (straight) to work
after school. That's why I (73)__________________ (hard) find time to do
my homework or study for my lessons.

Mrs. Green : I see but you have to find a solution to this as soon as possible.

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B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box. Do not forget to
make the necessary changes. Use each word ONCE. There are more than you
need.

hot intelligent high

far boring cold
long friendly important
cultured busy scruffy

1. ___________________________ person I know is my cousin, James. He spends most

of his time in front of the television. He doesn't read, go to the cinema or even meet his
friends.

2. Britain's ______________________________ mountain is Ben Nevis (1343m).

3. A: Which is ______________________________ in December, Boston or Miami?

B: Miami, of course. You can go swimming there on Christmas day!

4. I'd love to go to the cinema with you, but I'm afraid I've got _____________________
things to do. I have to prepare a report for the meeting tomorrow.

5.7 DOUBLE COMPARATIVES

A. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meanings.

1. If you study regularly, you will get good grades.

The more _________________________________________________________.

2. As children get older, they become more rebellious.

The older _________________________________________________________.

3. If you walk slowly, it takes longer to get there.

The more _________________________________________________________.

4. If you write carefully, you will not make so many mistakes.

The more _________________________________________________________.

5. The rally team went far into the desert. They had little hope of finding water.
The______________________________________________________________.

6. If you talk slowly, the students can understand better.

The more _________________________________________________________.

B. Mark the best choice.

1. The _____________ furniture you put in a room, the more space you'll have to walk
around.
a) fewer b) less c) little d) few

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2. The ferry companies have built bigger ferries. They think that the _____________,
the happier their passengers will be.
a) biggest ferries are
b) more comfortable the ferries are
c) bigger are the ferries
d) more comfortably made ferries

5.8 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES AND OTHER ADVERBS

 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES

Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentences. Use each only ONCE.

surprisingly terribly sorry cheap

slightly badly ill delicious
seriously immensely disappointed cold
reasonably absolutely damaged injured
extremely bitterly easy popular

1. It has been snowing a lot for a couple of days. It’s ____________________

outside.
2. After the accident the car was only ____________________.
3. We thought that the questions in the exam would be quite difficult. However, they
were ____________________.
4. The food we had in that Chinese restaurant was ____________________.
5. Alex is ____________________ among his friends at school so I envy him a lot.
6. When her boss turned down her request for a higher salary, she was
____________________.
7. He got ____________________ when he fell off the tall tree in his garden and was
taken to hospital immediately.
8. The doctors have been keeping Bill in hospital for a month. He must be
____________________.
9. Why don’t you buy that car? It’s ____________________.
10. He was ____________________ not to have seen you at the party last Sunday
because he was planning to propose to you.

 ADVERBS MODIFYING OTHER ADVERBS

Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentences. Use each only
ONCE.

really fast
completely well
extremely slowly
incredibly correctly
pretty quickly

1. She has a good memory so she can remember the telephone numbers
_______________________________.
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2. The teacher learnt the names of the students in class
______________________________, which surprised everybody.
3. There is no doubt that they will figure out how to operate the machine
_______________________________ because it is quite complicated.
4. I had to warn him twice on the way to Istanbul because he was driving
_______________________________.
5. The student was able to spell the words _______________________________ although
he hadn’t heard them before.

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6. MODALS
6.1 ABILITY

* PRESENT
can / be able to

 CAN(NOT)
A. Susan is 2 years old. Write down what she can or cannot do using the clues given.

walk / ride a three-wheel bike / sing a song /

write / play computer games / swim / have a
bath by herself / comb her hair / read stories

eg. She can walk.

1. ______________________________.
2. ______________________________.
3. ______________________________.
4. ______________________________.
5. ______________________________.
6. ______________________________.
7. ______________________________.
8. ______________________________.

 BE ABLE TO
B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be able to and the given clues.

1. The strike in the factory has been going on for two weeks. The workers
_______________________ (make) their voice heard yet.

2. I am not sure but Tom _______________________ (might / leave) the office after
the meeting finishes.

3. My father _______________________ (used to / swim) across the Bosphorus when

he was young.

4. If the sailors had been more careful, they _______________________ (see) the little
boat.

5. _______________________ (you / arrive) home before the match starts tonight?

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* PAST
 COULD

C. Jack is a prisoner. He has been in prison for two years. Write down what he could do
two years ago using the given clues.

go wherever he liked / watch TV anytime he wanted / go on

holiday in the summer / wear jeans / drink alcohol / meet friends
eg. He could go wherever he liked two years ago.
1. __________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________.

 WAS / WERE ABLE TO (MANAGED TO)

D. In 1999 an earthquake destroyed much of Kocaeli and Adapazarı. Read the given
situations and complete the sentences using the correct forms of be able to and the
expressions in the box. Use each ONCE.

send food and tents in time leave their houses jump from the balcony
rescue some people save their children

During the earthquake some people (1)___________________________________.

some parents (2)___________________________________.
a child (3)________________________________________.

After the earthquake the members of Akut (4)_____________________________.

international charities (5)_____________________________.

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6.2 PERMISSION
may / could / can
 MAY / COULD / CAN I ...

Mrs. Andrews is a 75-year-old widower. She needs help

with the housework and she is tired of living alone but she
doesn’t want to live with her children. She has decided to
move to an elderly people’s rest home, which provides
any kind of care for elderly people. Before she applies,
she has to find answers to her questions. Now she is
talking with the manager. Complete their dialogue. Use
may, could or can, at least once.

Mrs. Andrews : Who can stay here?

Manager : Anyone over 65 and who does not wish to live alone at home.

Mrs. Andrews : (1)____________________________ a single room?

Manager : Yes, of course.

Mrs. Andrews : (2)____________________________ some furniture?

Manager : You would usually move into an unfurnished room, although it may have

a carpet and curtains. This means you can bring your own choice of

furniture and furnishings to your room.

Mrs. Andrews : What about a telephone and television?
Manager : There is usually a payphone in each house but if you wish to install a
private phone, you can. You can also use your own TV in your room.
Mrs. Andrews : (3)_____________________________ a pet?
Manager : It is not always possible for our guests to bring their pet with them. Small
or caged animals such as budgies or goldfish can usually be
accommodated, but a dog or cat may be more difficult.
Mrs. Andrews : (4)______________________________ in my own room?
Manager : Smoking is usually permitted, although you may be requested to smoke
only in smoking areas.
Mrs. Andrews : Cooking is really difficult for me and I need a special diet.
(5)___________________________ in the restaurant?
Manager : There is a housekeeper who is responsible for providing two meals each
day. You can have them in your room or in the dining room with the
other guests. Residents are usually responsible for the preparation of their
own breakfasts. This means you can get up and eat breakfast when you
wish.
Mrs. Andrews : Thank you for the information you have given. I’ll make up my mind and
let you know.

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6.3 REQUESTS
would / will / could / can
 WOULD / WILL YOU ...
A. You are travelling on a train. It is a long journey and you are travelling alone. There
is a stranger in the compartment. Make polite requests using would or will and the
given clues.
eg : open the window
Would / Will you open the window, please?
1. turn down the music
_________________________________________________________?
2. lend me your newspaper
_________________________________________________________?
3. keep an eye on my bags while I’m in the toilets
_________________________________________________________?
4. draw the curtains
_________________________________________________________?
5. help me to take my suitcase from the rack
_________________________________________________________?

 COULD /CAN YOU ...

B. Angel broke her leg while she was climbing the stairs. Now she is at home and she
can’t walk. Her mother has just arrived. Use the given clues and could or can to
make requests.
eg: call my teacher and learn about my
homework assignments
Angel: Could /can you call my teacher and learn
about my homework assignments,
please?
1. fetch my schoolbag so that I can do my homework
_______________________________________?
2. bring me a pain killer and a glass of water
_______________________________________?
3. make an appointment to see the doctor because the
cast hurts my leg
_______________________________________?
4. put a stool under my leg
_______________________________________?
5. stay with me
_______________________________________?

Mother : Yes of course. Don’t worry I won’t leave

you.
6.4 SUGGESTIONS
A. Complete the dialogues using the clues where given.
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1. A : How are you getting on with your English classes?
B : Fine, but I have difficulty in understanding the meanings of some words.
A : Why _________________ you get yourself a good dictionary?

2. A : I'm bored.
B : So am I.
A : _________________________ (we / play) cards?
B : Don't you have a more interesting suggestion?

3. A : My car is making strange noises.

B : _______________________ (you/not) have it checked at the gas station down
the street? The mechanics there are very professional.

4. A : I’m very hungry.

B : ________________________ (us/go) to the canteen and have a sandwich.
A : OK.

5. A : I’m fed up with typing my report.

B : ________________________ (always/play) scrabble.
A : That’s a good idea. I can continue with it later.

6. A : What are you doing at the weekend?

B : I don’t have any plans.
A : ____________________________ (about/ go) to the football match?
B : I hate football. Don’t you have a better idea?

7. A : The library is closed today.

B : ____________________ not come to my house? We could study together in my room.
A : That's a good idea.

B. Read the situations, write suggestions and add punctuation marks.

1. There is nothing interesting on TV tonight.

_________________________________________________________________.

2. I feel lonely. My parents have gone to İstanbul.

_________________________________________________________________.

3. I’m staying at the dormitory this term and I find it very difficult to wash my clothes
without a washing machine.
_________________________________________________________________.

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4. My parents are going out tonight.
_________________________________________________________________.

5. I don’t feel like going out tonight.

_________________________________________________________________.

6. What nice weather!

_________________________________________________________________.

7. The buses are very crowded after school.

_________________________________________________________________.

8. We have guests for supper.

_________________________________________________________________.

9. Our maths teacher is going to give a quiz tomorrow but I have difficulty in solving the
problems.
_________________________________________________________________.

10. We haven’t got anything in the fridge.

_________________________________________________________________.

6.5 OFFERS
A. Make offers using shall I... according to the given situations.

1. You are staying at a friend’s house. You are both very tired and are going to your
bedrooms. You see that a light is still on in the living room. What do you say?
_____________________________________________________________________?

2. The teacher is trying to talk but a lot of noise is coming from the street and the window is
open. You are next to it. What do you say?
_____________________________________________________________________?

3. You and your friend are on the motorway. Your friend is driving. He has been driving for a
long time so he is tired. What do you say?
_____________________________________________________________________?

4. The train is about to leave. Jack is going to get himself a magazine. He sees his girlfriend
has nothing to read. What does he say?
_____________________________________________________________________?

5. You see an old lady at the airport. She is carrying a heavy suitcase but you can see it is too
heavy for her. What do you say to her?
_____________________________________________________________________?

6. Two men are trying to push a car. Mike sees that they are finding it very difficult. What
does he say to them?
_____________________________________________________________________?

128
7. Your old grandmother has a pain in her feet. You think she should rest her feet on a
stool. What do you say?
_____________________________________________________________________?

B. Make offers using I’ll ... according to the given situations.

1. Little Tony’s mother is busy cooking. He sees that their dog ‘Simba’ is thirsty. What
does he say?
_____________________________________________________________________.

2. Sally and her friend Carol are in a restaurant. They have asked for the bill. Sally knows
her friend doesn’t have much money with her. What does she say?
_____________________________________________________________________.

3. Jonathan and his wife have had dinner at home. He sees there are lots of dishes to be
washed and his wife is exhausted. What does he say?
_____________________________________________________________________.

C. Make offers using would you like ... according to the given situations.

1. Your friend has popped up to see you. It is lunch time and you think your friend is
hungry. What do you say?
______________________________________________________________________.

2. You are driving along a road. You see one of your colleagues waiting for the bus at the
bus stop. What do you say?
______________________________________________________________________.

3. Sam has been jogging for some time so he’s out of breath and thirsty. What does his
wife say?
______________________________________________________________________.

D. Answer the questions below.

1. “Your favourite song is being played – Shall I turn up the radio?” Janet asked her sister.
What did she offer?
______________________________________________________________________.

2. “Since you’re busy, I’ll feed the cat”, Alice said to her mother. What did she offer?
______________________________________________________________________.

3. “You needn’t get up, Sally. I’ll answer the phone.” What did George offer?
______________________________________________________________________.

4. “If you like I can do some shopping for you mom”, Terry said. What did he offer?
______________________________________________________________________.

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6.6 OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
* PRESENT
Must/should/had better/have (got) to/need to/ought to/be supposed to
 MUST
A. Fill in the blanks using must and suitable verbs from the box. Use each only ONCE.
wash take leave do keep
1. If you want to get a good grade, you _______________________ your homework properly.
2. In the dormitory you _______________________ your own clothes.
3. You _______________________ now. It is getting dark. Otherwise you will miss the last
bus.
4. You can tell Tom what I said but he _______________________ it a secret.
5. In the Preparatory School all of the students who don’t sit the proficiency exam
_______________________ the placement.

 HAVE TO
B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of have to and the verbs given in the box. Use
each only ONCE.
wear do return complete attend
1. Every Turkish man _______________________ his military service when he is 18 unless
he is a student.
2. His father _______________________ the research project before the company starts the
campaign.
3. My sister is a nurse that is why she _______________________ a uniform.
4. DBE students _______________________ 80% of the classes to be able to take the proficiency.
5. When you borrow a book from the library you _______________________ it in 2 weeks.

 SHOULD/OUGHT TO

C. Fill in the blanks using should/ought to and the correct verbs from the box. Use each
only ONCE.
wear be obey apologise visit
1. A teacher _______________________ patient and understanding.
2. Mary is in hospital. We _______________________ her.
3. Drivers _______________________ the traffic rules.
4. You were rude to your father last night. You _______________________.
5. A motorcyclist _______________________ a helmet.

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 HAD BETTER
D. Fill in the blanks using had better and the correct verbs from the box. Use each
only ONCE.
check take put see keep

1. You _______________________ your raincoat. It is going to rain.

2. You look awful. You _______________________ a doctor immediately.
3. There are a lot of shoplifters nowadays. You _______________________ an eye on
your bag while doing shopping.
4. You _______________________ the electrical equipment before you go out.
5. You _______________________ medicine out of reach of children.

 NEED TO
E. Fill in the blanks using need to and the verbs from the box. Use each only ONCE.
draw pay fill repair wash

1. You _______________________ in a form to apply for the job.

2. She _______________________ the dishes before the guests arrive.
3. I _______________________ out some money because I haven’t got any with me.
4. He _______________________ the roof before the rains start.
5. _______________________ (I) any money while getting the form?

 BE SUPPOSED TO
F. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be supposed to and the verbs given in
the box. Use each only ONCE.
finish begin answer attend go

1. Please hurry up. The show _______________________ at 8.00 o’clock.

2. There is a conference at the Convention Centre tomorrow and you
________________________ it.
3. We _______________________ writing this essay before the break.
4. Little children _______________________ to bed at 8.00 o’clock.
5. The secretary _______________________ the phones.

 BE TO
G. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be to and the verbs given in the box.
Use each only ONCE.
leave obey wear give pay

1. A prisoner _______________________ a uniform.

131
2. Our teachers _______________________ three instructor’s quizzes this term.
3. Soldiers _______________________ the rules strictly in the army.
4. People _______________________ additional taxes for their cars and houses before the end of
this month.
5. You _______________________ your camera if you want to enter the museum.

* PAST
 HAD TO
H. Write sentences using the given clues and had to.
1. yesterday / run over a cat / take to the vet
_____________________________________________________________________.
2. stop at the garage / buy some petrol
_____________________________________________________________________.
3. you / write a report / last term ?
_____________________________________________________________________?
4. I / drink 2 litres of water / before an ultrasound scan/ last week
_____________________________________________________________________.
5. Sorry / I / late / take the children from school
_____________________________________________________________________.

6.7 PROHIBITION
* PRESENT
 MUSTN’T / CAN’T
Fill in the blanks using mustn’t / can’t and the correct verbs from the box. Use each only
ONCE.
park smoke wash use enter

1. Students _______________________ their cars in front of A Building.

2. Passengers _______________________ on planes.
3. You _______________________ this sweater in the washing machine.
4. Students _______________________ a dictionary during the exams.
5. Teenagers below 18 _______________________ this disco.

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 6.8 LACK OF NECESSITY
* PRESENT

 DON’T HAVE TO / NEEDN’T / DON’T NEED TO

A. Fill in the blanks using don’t - doesn’t have to / needn’t / don’t – doesn’t need to
and the correct verbs from the box. Use each verb only ONCE. Practise
alternative forms for each.
take wear put reserve use
1. You _______________________ vitamin pills if you eat enough fresh fruit and
vegetables.
2. The restaurant we want to go tonight is not very popular so you
___________________________ a table.
3. My daughter _______________________ her uniform because it is Wednesday today and
they can wear whatever they like.
4. Drivers _______________________ sun glasses.
5. You _______________________ mushrooms on your pizza if you don’t like.

* PAST
didn’t have to / didn’t need to / needn’t have
 DIDN’T HAVE TO / DIDN’T NEED TO
B. Fill in the blanks using didn’t have to / didn’t need to and the verbs from the box.
Use each only ONCE.
use cook get up pay wash

1. Yesterday was Sunday so I _______________________ early in the morning.

2. She _______________________ last night as they were going to go out for dinner with
their friends.
3. Last weekend we went to a classical music concert. There was a free car park behind
the concert hall so we _______________________ for our car.
4. The students _______________________ a dictionary while doing their homework
because their teacher helped them.
5. He _______________________ the car because it started raining.

 NEEDN’T HAVE
C. Complete the sentences according to the given situations and use needn’t have in
your answers.
1. I had to walk home because I thought that I didn’t have enough money with me but
when I arrived home I realised that I had some money in my pocket.
So I ______________________________________________________________.

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2. Before going on holiday I first watered the flowers because I didn’t know that my husband had
already watered them.
So I ______________________________________________________________.
3. The students had had the lesson notes photocopied before the class started but during the lesson
the teacher distributed the notes.
So the students _____________________________________________________.
4. I had prepared some sandwiches before going on the excursion but during the trip they made a
stopover for lunch.
So I ______________________________________________________________.
5. He went to the beach with his umbrella but when he got there he saw the umbrellas around.
So he _____________________________________________________________.

6.9 ADVISABILITY
should, ought to, had better

SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD BETTER

Match the sentences. Choose one sentence from the ‘situation’ box and one from the ‘advice’
box. Make sentences using should (x4), ought to (x4) and had better (x4).

Situation Advice
Jane has lost her credit card. Eat salty food
Paul has left school. Have a shave
There has been an accident on the main road. Book a table at the restaurant
My father has got a terrible pain in his chest. Apply for a job
She has washed her clothes. Call the lost property office
He has a job interview. Have a warm shower
I can’t get to sleep. Hire a maid to help with the housework
His blood pressure is very high. Put the children to bed
He wants to go abroad. Call the police
She is very busy. She doesn’t have any free time. Iron them
I have forgotten my jacket on the plane. Save some money
It is 9.00 o’clock. See a doctor
Tomorrow is Tessa’s birthday. Call the bank immediately

eg. Jane has lost her credit card.

She should / ought to / had better call the bank immediately.

1. __________________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________________.

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3. __________________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________________.
6. __________________________________________________________________.
7. __________________________________________________________________.
8. __________________________________________________________________.
9. __________________________________________________________________.
10. __________________________________________________________________.
11. __________________________________________________________________.
12. __________________________________________________________________.

6.10 EXPECTATIONS
SHOULD

Match the situations in the first box with the expectations in the second one and write
sentences using should.

He has sent you a parcel. finish / soon

She has eaten 5 bars of chocolate. new one / popular
We have been driving for 4 hours. receive tomorrow
They have been working on that project for not difficult to find something to eat
months. reach İstanbul in half an hour
Her last novel was a best seller. be sick
There are many fast food restaurants in the
shopping mall.

eg: You should receive it tomorrow.

1. ____________________________________________________________________.

2. __________________________________________________________________________________.

3. __________________________________________________________________________________.

4. __________________________________________________________________________________.

5. __________________________________________________________________________________.

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6.11 CRITICISM AND REGRET

SHOULD HAVE / OUGHT TO HAVE

Look at the picture and then write down sentences using should have V3 or ought to have V3.

eg. She shouldn’t have/ought not to have eaten so

much fatty food.
1. ______________________________________.
2. ______________________________________.
3. ______________________________________.
4. ______________________________________.
5. ______________________________________.

6.12 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

* PRESENT
must / may / might / could
 MUST
A. Complete the sentences as in the example.
eg: You have been cleaning the house all day.
You must be exhausted.

1. She is the most beautiful girl in school.

She ____________________________________________________________.

2. Tom spends unlimited amount of money. He has just bought a Rolls Royce.
He _____________________________________________________________.

3. Sam is in love with Sue but he can’t tell it to her. Sue has invited him for a drink tonight.
He _____________________________________________________________.

4. Look out of the window. The weather is terrible. It is snowing.

It ________________________________________________________ outside.

5. She never cares about other people. She only thinks of her advantage.
She ____________________________________________________________.

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 MAY / MIGHT / COULD

B. Read the situations and complete the sentences giving weak probabilities.

1. Sally has an exam tomorrow. I’m not sure but she ___________________________.

2. My brother is coughing. I’m not certain but he ______________________________.

3. Your mother looks unhappy. It is not certain but she _________________________.

4. The doorbell is ringing. I’m not sure but it _________________________________.

5. Ann isn’t in the classroom. I’m not sure but she _____________________________.

* NEGATIVE
can’t / couldn’t / may not / might not
 CAN’T / COULDN’T
C. Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right and then write sentences
using can’t / couldn’t and one of the suitable adjectives below.
hungry / short of money / dirty / pleased / thirsty / popular

Her stomach is growling. It is always empty.

There are stains on the plate. They go abroad every summer.
Tom studied hard. Tina has just changed its water
There is a café at the end of the street. She has just had 2 sandwiches.
They always spend a lot of money. He got 50 in the exam.
The dog is barking I have just washed it.
eg : Her stomach is growling. She has just had 2 sandwiches so she can’t
be hungry.

1. ______________________________________________________________.

2. ______________________________________________________________.

3. ______________________________________________________________.

4. ______________________________________________________________.

5. ______________________________________________________________.

137
 MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT
D. Read the given dialogues and complete them expressing negative weak possibility.
1. A: Is Jack at his office?
B: It is 5.00 o’clock. He ______________________________________ in the office.
2. A: Is your brother studying?
B: There is a match on TV. He ___________________________________________.
3. A: Do you think they will win the elections?
B: Not many people support them. They ___________________________ successful.
4. A: Has Tom got the blood test results?
B: Yes, he has but he _____________________________________ his wife the truth.
5. A: I’m meeting my old classmates tonight. Will you come with me?
B: I haven’t decided yet because I have an important meeting early in the morning so I
_________________________________________ with you.
* PAST
must / may / might / could
 MUST HAVE
E. Complete the sentences. Draw logical conclusions about the past using the correct forms of
the verbs in the box.

be snow cost move have

1. My sister’s engagement ring is enormous. It ___________________ a fortune.

2. A plane was hijacked last week. The passengers ___________________ terrified.

3. On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Colombia was lost during its re-entry into Earth’s
atmosphere. The families of the crew ___________________ a shock.

4. When we woke up in the morning everywhere was covered with snow. It

___________________ hard all night.

5. The letter I sent to my pen friend has come back. He ___________________ into a new
house.

 MAY / MIGHT HAVE

F. Your teacher was late for class yesterday and when she arrived she said ‘What a
horrible day I had!’ Speculate about the past.
eg: Her car may / might have broken down on the way to school.

1. _________________________________________________________________.

138
2. _________________________________________________________________.

3. _________________________________________________________________.

4. _________________________________________________________________.

5. _________________________________________________________________.

 COULD HAVE
G. Complete the sentences expressing possibility in the past.
eg: Why did you carry all the furniture alone?
You could have hurt your back.

1. Why did you go out without your coat? It is very cold outside.
You ______________________________________________________________.

2. Did the children jump out of the window while they were playing?
I don’t believe it! They _______________________________________________.

3. Did your father go swimming after a heavy lunch?

He _______________________________________________________________.

4. Didn’t you apply for the job? You have the necessary qualifications.
You ______________________________________________________________.

5. Did your brother leave home late? He had an exam.

He _______________________________________________________________.

* NEGATIVE
 CAN’T / COULDN’T HAVE
H. Complete the sentences for each of these situations.
eg: Yesterday, I gave your pocket money. Why do you want money now? You
can’t/ couldn’t have spent all your money.

1. At the beginning of the term, she bought all her textbooks but now she hasn’t got
them. She ______________________________________. It is impossible.

2. A prisoner ran away last week. The windows are barred so he

_______________________________________.

3. Tom and John made the same mistakes in the exam. They
_________________________ because they didn’t take the exam in the same class.

139
4. Jim was in London and he sent me a postcard of Hilton but he
________________________ because he didn’t have that much money with him.

5. Anna ______________________________ to the library because they were still on the

table when I arrived home.

 MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT HAVE

I. Rewrite the following sentences using may / might not have.

eg. Perhaps they didn’t notice the window was broken.

They may / might not have noticed the window was broken.

1. Perhaps Arthur didn’t mean what he said.

__________________________________________________________________.

2. Jim possibly hasn’t arrived yet.

__________________________________________________________________.

3. Maybe Mary didn’t mean to leave the door unlocked.

__________________________________________________________________.

4. Perhaps Jane didn’t find a place to park her car nearby.

__________________________________________________________________.

5. Perhaps the manager didn’t notice me coming to work late.

__________________________________________________________________.

* FUTURE
should / ought to / may / might / could
 SHOULD / OUGHT TO
J. Complete the sentences expressing future possibility. Choose a suitable verb from the
box.

enjoy receive be win

buy beat dance arrive

1. Our football team have been preparing hard for a long time. They
_____________________ England.

2. I have decorated the living room, prepared some sandwiches, made a cake and bought the
drinks. All of our friends are invited. We _____________________ ourselves.

3. I have sent you a birthday present. You _____________________ it tomorrow.

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4. He is really interested in football and there is a match on TV at 8 o’clock tonight. He
_____________________ home before 8 o’clock.

5. My mother has prepared and put the chicken in the oven. It has been cooking for 25
minutes. It _____________________ ready in 5 minutes, so try to be patient.

 MAY / MIGHT / COULD

K. Read the given situations and answer the questions using may, might or could. Use
each at least once.
1. My sister is going to get married to an Indian doctor next weekend and they are going
to move to New Delhi. I am worried about my sister because she has never been
abroad before. What kind of problems can be expected?

a)_________________________________________________________________.

b)_________________________________________________________________.

c)_________________________________________________________________.

2. Kevin has entered university this year. He has started living in the dormitory and has to
share his room with other students. What kind of problems can he be faced with?

a)_________________________________________________________________.

b)_________________________________________________________________.

c)_________________________________________________________________.

6.13 PREFERENCE
 WOULD RATHER
A. Rewrite the sentences or answer the questions using would rather.

1. I do not want to go there tonight.

________________________________________________________________.

2. I’d like to go for a walk.

________________________________________________________________.

3. Your brother wants to invite his friends tonight, but you are studying for an important
exam. What do you say to him?
________________________________________________________________.

4. I'd prefer you to take off your shoes before you enter the house.
________________________________________________________________.

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5. Your friend wants to smoke in the kitchen. You think she shouldn't do that. What do you
say to her?
________________________________________________________________.

6. I don’t want you to tell anyone about the accident.

________________________________________________________________.

7. Please, don't drive fast.

________________________________________________________________.

8. Please don't tell my mother about this.

________________________________________________________________.

9. I don’t want you to eat fast food so often.

________________________________________________________________.

10. I do not want to play tennis this afternoon.

________________________________________________________________.

B. Rewrite these sentences using would rather … than.

1. Tom prefers reading to talking.

___________________________________________________________.

2. I’d like to have wine, not beer.

___________________________________________________________.

3. I want to pay by cheque, not in cash.

___________________________________________________________.

4. I’d prefer to have a coffee, not gin.

___________________________________________________________.

5. It’s a good idea to travel by train. It’s safer than car.

___________________________________________________________.

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6.14 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
Fill in the blanks using an appropriate modal (in the progressive form) and a
suitable verb from the box.

sleep use talk be

see watch cook take

eg: A: Where was Jack yesterday?

B: I’m not sure but he may / might / could have been seeing his friends.

1. When I arrived home, my mother didn’t answer the door. I knew that she was home;
she __________________________ a shower.

2. It is 10 o’clock. In my opinion children __________________________ TV but they

__________________________.

3. I’m trying to talk to Mary but the line has been engaged for more than an hour. She
__________________________ the internet. It is her favourite pastime.

4. A: Can you smell something delicious?

B: My mother __________________________ because she is sleeping. It must be
from the neighbours.

5. A: Is Mr. Black working?

B: No. He __________________________ on the phone because the line is
engaged.

6.15 REVIEW OF MODALS

A. ABILITY
Fill in the blanks with can, could or be able to.

1. Ali _________________ speak English very well because his nanny was from
Britain.

2. Yesterday, the students sold their second hand books in the garden but I
________________ buy any because I didn’t have any money with me.

3. A : Did they manage to rescue the parachutist whose parachute ropes had got tangled
by the electric wires?
B : Yes, a fireman __________________ reach him.

4. I ____________________ understand Tim. I ____________ never _____________

understand him in my life.

5. When Arnold Schwarzanager was at school, he ___________________ beat

everybody at arm wrestling.

6. ______________ he ________________ come to the meeting next Tuesday?

143
7. A : Did the thief escape?
B : Yes. The police officer chased the thief but he ____________________ run away.

8. Sorry, I ___________________________ come to your birthday party but I had a terrible

headache.

9. Mary spoke in such a low voice that I ________________________ understand her.

10. Although I didn’t know anything about training a dog, I ___________________ train our
puppy when we bought it.

11. A : Would you like a lift?

B : I’d love to but whose car is it?
A : My father’s.
B : Really! How ___________________________convince him to lend his car?

12. Sally is a very efficient secretary. She _____________________ do everything.

13. Today’s planes are longer, wider and heavier than they were in the past and they
________________________ also carry more passengers.

14. A : Did she manage to finish the project before the deadline?
B : Yes. She ________________________________ complete it.

15. I am allergic to fur so I ____________________ have a pet at home.

B. PERMISSION AND REQUESTS

Ask for permission / make requests according to the following situations.

1. You are at the reception of a hotel. You have just arrived and the receptionist wants you to
fill in a form and sign it. What does he say?
___________________________________________________________________?

2. You are at home and having dinner with your family. You want your brother to pass you
the salt. What do you say?
___________________________________________________________________?

3. You are in the classroom but you don’t feel well so you want to go out. What do you say to
your teacher?
___________________________________________________________________?

4. You are in the cinema but you are late and the film has just started. You cannot find your
seat because it is dark. What do you say to the usher?
___________________________________________________________________?

144
5. You are very hungry but you haven’t got anything to eat. This is your first day at
school, so you don’t know where the canteen is. What do you say to your classmate?
___________________________________________________________________?

6. You are at the doctor’s office and you are going to have a minor operation tomorrow.
You want to learn if you can have breakfast in the morning. What do you say to your
doctor?
___________________________________________________________________?

7. You have just found a cat in the garden and you want to bring it home. What do you
say to your mother?
___________________________________________________________________?

8. You have called your dentist. You are talking to his secretary and you want to make
an appointment to see him at 3.30 on Monday. What do you say to her?
___________________________________________________________________?

9. You are invited to a party but you haven't got anything nice to wear. You know that
your older sister has just bought a dress. What do you say to her?
___________________________________________________________________?

10. You are in the library to do your homework. You need to take photocopies because
you cannot take some of the books out. There is an elderly lady at the reception desk
and there is also a photocopy machine. What do you say to her?
___________________________________________________________________?

C. OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY / PROHIBITION / LACK OF NECESSITY

I. Complete / rewrite the sentences using the structures of obligation, prohibition
and lack of necessity and the clues if given in their correct forms.
Mrs. Riggs is talking to Betty, the baby-sitter.

Mrs. Riggs : Come Betty. I’d like to introduce you to my children. This is Bob, and
that’s Lucy.

Betty : Hi, children. I’m Betty. We’ll spend a few hours together tonight.

Bob &Lucy : Hi, Betty!

Mrs. Riggs : Listen, Betty. There are some things that I’d like you to remember. We
don’t smoke in the house.

Betty : I understand, Mrs. Riggs. I (1)_________________________ smoke.

Mrs. Riggs : Please, give the children their dinner at 8 o’clock. Don’t forget, Bob
(2)_________________________ drink his milk before he goes to bed.

Betty : (3)_________________________ wash the dishes, Mrs. Riggs?

Mrs. Riggs : No, you don’t. Our maid is going to do that tomorrow morning.
***

145
4. You can return the book later.
____________________________________________________ the book now.
(need to)
5. Don't give this information to anybody else.
You __________________________________ this information to anybody else.
6. You can come home late; it's all right.
You don't _________________________________________________________.
7. It isn't necessary for you to finish the report this afternoon.
You __________________________________________________ this afternoon.
8. It isn't necessary to wear a tuxedo to the wedding.
You ______________________________________________________________.
9. Students : _____________________________________________ to bring our
dictionaries every day? They are very heavy.
Teacher : I'm afraid you do. You must always have them with you.
10. A : The grass in the garden is overgrown. We haven't cut it for ages.

B : Yes, it really ______________________ to be cut.

11. You can enter that restaurant without wearing a tie.

You don't _____________________________________ to enter that restaurant.

12. It isn't necessary for you to come to the office on Saturday.

You __________________________________________________.

13. You are not allowed to enter the building without a visitor's pass.
________________________________________________ to enter the building.
(get)

14. A : Can I borrow the car this evening?

B : Yes, but you _____________________ drive too fast. You remember being fined for
speeding last week, don't you?

15. A : Where have you been? I've been waiting out in the cold for almost an hour.
B : Sorry, but I had a flat tyre on the way so I _______________________ change it.

146
16. It is not necessary to book a room.
There is ______________________________________________________.

17. It is necessary for you to bring the report on time.

You _________________________ the report on time.

18. You worried so much about your grades but it wasn't necessary.
You _________________________________________________________.

II. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in the box. Use them only
ONCE.

need had better supposed to

ought should

1. He can’t see the blackboard. He _______________________wear his eye-glasses.

2. We _______________________ not climb any higher. It can be dangerous.
3. A restaurant _______________________ to be clean and neat.
4. You _______________________ look after the garden because we have hired a
gardener.
5. The doctors are _______________________start work in the Health Centre at 9.00 in
the morning.

III. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box and the verbs in
brackets. Use them only ONCE.

have to must need

1. I________________________ (go) to the bookstore as a friend of mine offered to buy
me the reading book, so instead I went back to the classroom.
2. That traffic sign means drivers ________________________ (exceed) the speed limit
while driving in town.

3. We ________________________ (stop) for some time on the way to İstanbul because

there was an accident.

IV. Complete the sentences below by using the correct forms of the modals in the box
and the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets. You can use a modal more
than once.

must have to need should

1. He _____________________________ (buy) any furniture because he rented a

furnished flat.

2. You _____________________________ (argue) with the policeman when he gave you

a fine for speeding. Now, he is taking you to court.
147
3. Although it was Sunday yesterday, I got up early because I
___________________________ (take) my mother to the airport .

4. Hospitals have put new signs on their walls. According to these signs you
________________ (use) mobile phones when you are in a hospital.

5. You _____________________________ (come) to my house yesterday afternoon to bring

the test results. Anita had already sent them by e-mail.

D. ADVISABILITY / EXPECTATIONS / CRITICISM AND REGRET

I. Rewrite the sentences using should, ought to or had better in their correct forms.

1. I regret not telling my father about the party.

___________________________________________________________________.

2. If I were you, I would inform him about the problems.

___________________________________________________________________.

3. It is wrong of you to leave a room without saying good bye.

___________________________________________________________________.

4. It was wrong of her to cross the street without looking at the traffic lights.
___________________________________________________________________.

5. It will be better if you don’t mention the matter when Tom is around because he really gets
angry.
___________________________________________________________________.

II. Criticise Tom for the things he has experienced recently.

TOM YOU

1
Well, you _________________
Yesterday my room was in a
mess. _________________________
Everything was lying around. _
When my mother came in, she _________________________
tripped and fell over. _
_________________________.

Well, you _________________

2 I got a terrible grade on my
maths exam and daddy is _________________________
really upset. _
_________________________
_
_________________________.

148
 Well, you _________________
_________________________
_
_________________________
3 Last weekend, I went to a _ Well, you _________________
disco without telling mum and _________________________.
_________________________
I met a friend of aunt Sally’s
_
there. Now, I’m worried and I
have nightmares. _________________________
_
_________________________.

III. Read the letter which was sent to Doctor Sun’s health column in the paper and his
response. Then write down what the patient should / ought (not) to do.

Dear Doctor Sun, Your illness is called gingivitis and

often the build-up tartar on the teeth
I have an awful problem. My gums have causes this. Your dentist can remove
been sore and red. You can’t imagine how tartar when you have a check-up. If
difficult it is to eat something. When I you want to have healthy gums,
touch my gums, they bleed. I am terrified dental care is essential. Brushing
at the thought of seeing a dentist. That’s your teeth 3 times a day for at least 2
why I haven’t been to a dentist for more minutes is very important. Don’t
than 10 years. forget untreated gingivitis can lead to
loss of all the teeth.

gum
Eg: You should / ought to see a
dentist.

1. _______________________________.

2. _______________________________.

3. _______________________________.

4. _______________________________.

5. _______________________________.

IV. Read each situation and write a sentence with had better.
1. Your daughter wants to wear her high-heeled shoes to school. You think she shouldn't do
that. What do you say to her?
___________________________________________________________.

2. Your friend wants to invite Tom to a party. You think he shouldn't do that. What do you
say to him?
___________________________________________________________.

149
3. Your uncle has been ill for such a long time. You think he should see a doctor right away.
What do you say to him?
___________________________________________________________.
4. You are going to drive to London. You think you should buy some petrol before you go.
What do you say to yourself?
___________________________________________________________.

5. Mary wants to play the guitar late at night. You know that the neighbours next door will be
annoyed. What do you say to Mary?
___________________________________________________________.

V. What advice might you give to a friend who

1. seems very unhappy?
___________________________________________________________.

2. eats too much?

___________________________________________________________.

3. is planning to live in Japan?

___________________________________________________________.

4. hasn’t been able to sleep well for a long time?

___________________________________________________________.

5. spends a lot of money?

___________________________________________________________.

6. has just missed the bus?

___________________________________________________________.

7. hasn’t been to the dentist for nearly a year?

___________________________________________________________.

8. often forgets to take his driving licence before he drives to work?

___________________________________________________________.

9. feels terribly ill?

___________________________________________________________.

10. is planning to go to a restaurant which is usually crowded?

___________________________________________________________.

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E. MISCELLANEOUS

I. Mark the best choice.

1. A: Why are you home so early?
B: I ______________ this afternoon.
a) needn't have worked c) didn't have to work
b) shouldn't have worked d) ought not to work
2. The sky is grey and there are lots of clouds. It's going to rain tonight. In that case, we
___________ have the party in the garden.
a) can't c) ought not
b) mustn't d) don't have to
3. The person you saw having dinner with Mary last night ____________________
Jack.
a) can’t have been c) must be
b) can’t be d) can be
4. I'm sure Sue was at home last night. You ________ her twin sister Sally at the
concert. They look very alike.
a) must have seen c) may see
b) should have seen d) couldn't see

5. Mmm ..., this cake is delicious. Susan _____________ it from a pastry shop. I know
she can't bake at all.
a) must have bought c) couldn't have bought
b) may buy d) must buy
6. It was a big mistake to leave the children alone in the playground. Thank God they're
fine, but they _____________ hurt themselves.
a) can't have c) might
b) could have d) mustn't have
7. Last week in the final exam, our teacher said she trusted us and left the classroom.
We ______________ easily, but we didn't as we are honest students.
a) could cheat c) were cheating
b) cheated d) could have cheated
8. I ___________ have had my hair cut weeks ago but I just didn't have time.
a) must c) can
b) ought d) should
9. I have no idea where Charles is. He _____________ in the living room, or perhaps
he's in the kitchen.
a) might sit c) might have sat
b) might be sitting d) might have been sitting

10. The television we have just bought isn't working. It __________________ during
production.
a) can be damaged c) should have been damaged
b) must have been damaged d) must be damaged
***
151
Paul and Mary have heard some noise and they are looking out of the window.

Paul : Look! There are some men in uniform in front of our building.

Mary : They (11)______________ be firemen or policemen. I (12)____________ see them

clearly.

Paul : They (13)______________ policemen. There is a fire engine by the corner.

Mary : And I smell smoke. There (14)________________ be a fire somewhere in the

building.

Paul : The smoke is coming from the third floor. The fire (15)_______________ there.

Mary : Come on, we (16)_______________ lose any more time. Let’s get out of here
quickly.
11. a) would 12. a) can’t 13. a) can’t be
b) will b) mustn’t b) mustn’t be
c) may c) shouldn’t c) must have been
d) have to d) needn’t d) can have been

14. a) can 15. a) shouldn’t start 16. a) might not

b) must b) might not have started b) mustn’t
c) might c) could start c) may not
d) may d) must have started d) don’t have to

II. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box. You can use them
more than once.

should can have to

Before you go to a Mediterranean country in the summer, you (1)___________________

reserve a room weeks before you go because thousands of people visit these countries during

the summer months and it is very difficult to find a room in a short time. It is also a good idea to

reserve plane tickets. You (2)________________ have a passport because you

(3)________________ enter a foreign country without one. When you arrive at a hotel, you

(4)__________________ fill in a form. It is a rule. A hotel has many other rules; for example,

you (5)__________________ take your cat or dog with you to the hotel room so leave your pet

at home. Usually, you (6)___________________ pay for children under 5 and for children

between 5 and 12 you pay half price. At the hotel's restaurant you (7)___________________

pay after each meal. If you like, you (8)____________________ pay for your meals later, when

you are leaving.

152
III. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box. Use each only
ONCE.
have to can must ought to

The following are some flight safety rules. Each passenger is asked to obey them before the
plane takes off. You (1)_________________ take hand luggage with you on the plane. But
please don't take more than one piece, because there is very little space in the cabin for
extra baggage. There are cupboards above the seats for your hand luggage. However, you
(2)_________________ put it there. You may prefer to use the space under your seats.

Please remember: You (3)_________________ smoke on the plane. Not even in the toilets.
Always return to your seats when the "fasten your seat belt" sign is on.

We also have one piece of advice. As you know, we serve alcoholic beverages during the
flight. It is better if you don't drink too much. So, you (4)_________________ limit the
number of your drinks. This way you will be able to act more quickly in case of an
emergency.

IV. Complete/Rewrite the sentences using the modals in the box ONCE.

have to should may can must need to

1. I couldn’t leave my room in a mess when I was a child.

I ____________________________________ my room when I was a child.

2. Is it all right if I borrow your pen?

_____________________________________ your pen?

3. I am not busy at the moment, so you don’t have to go.

I am not busy at the moment; you ______________________ as long as you like.

4. A: I phoned you at nine yesterday morning and got no answer.

B: I _________________________ in the garden because I planted some flowers all
morning.

5. Today there isn't a cloud in the sky. I think it is going to be a beautiful day so you
_________________________________ your umbrella when you are going out.

6. It was a mistake to argue with him in front of so many people.

You _______________________________ with him in front of so many people.

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V. Complete/Rewrite these sentences using modals.
1. You and your friends went to a popular restaurant and couldn't find a table as it was very
crowded inside. Now you regret the fact that you didn't reserve a table. What do you say?
We ________________________________________________ a table before coming here.

2. They had time to warn us about the storm but they didn't.
They ______________________________________________________.
3. Sue : Dad, can you lend me £20? I bought a new dress yesterday, and now I haven't got
any money left.
Father : You ___________________________________________ all your money on a
dress. I'm sure your mum will get angry with you when she finds out.

4. A: Did you hear me come in last night?

B: No, I _____________ asleep. I was tired and I went to bed early.

5. It was a stupid thing to cheat in the exam.

You __________________________________________________________.

6. He had enough time to have another drink, but he went home instead.
He ______________________________ another drink, but he went home instead.

7. I regret not telling him the truth about the accident.

I ___________________________________________________________.

8. Freda had a lot of money to buy a large house but she decided to buy a small flat instead.
Freda _____________________________________________.

9. A : Where are the keys to the attic?

B : On the shelf in the kitchen.
A : No, they're not.
B : But I remember putting them there.
A : Well, they're not on the shelf. Where can they be?
B : They ________________________ by Jack because there was nobody else at home.
Why don't you ask him?

10. When we were at primary school we ____________________________ a bottle of milk

and a sandwich at 10.00 o’clock every morning.

11. Tina is not in her office. Perhaps she is in the cafeteria.

Tina ___________________________ in the cafeteria because she isn’t in her office.

154
12. Last month, we went to Egypt. On the morning of our flight when we woke up we
saw that everywhere was covered with snow. We couldn’t take out our car so we had
to take a taxi to the airport not to miss the plane. It cost a fortune. When we arrived at
the airport we learned that our flight was cancelled.
We ________________________________________________ a taxi.

13. A : I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven’t got it now.
B : I’m not sure but you _______________________________ it at work or on the
bus.

14. A : I saw a snake near the river yesterday.

B : You _______________________________ a snake. There aren’t any snakes in
this part of the country.

15. A : I left my bicycle here and now it’s gone.

B : Don’t worry. I saw it while coming home and put it in the garage but it
_______________________________. Be careful.

16. A : Perhaps he drove back.

B : No, he _______________________________ that. He doesn’t have a car.

17. A : That carpet was made entirely by hand.

B : It _______________________________ a long time to weave.

18. A : I saw Ann in the library yesterday.

B : You _______________________________ her. She’s still abroad.

19. I wonder who broke the wineglass? It _______________________________ the cat

for she was out all day.

20. Bill needed some money so he had to sell his car. A few days later he won a lot of
money from the lottery. He _______________________________ his car.

21. A : _______________________________ (I) a seat belt?

B : Yes, I'm afraid so. It's the law and anyway it will protect you in an accident .

22. A : Did you drive to California?

B : Well, we had enough money to fly so we ______________________________
there.

23. A : Mum, _______________________________ the salt to me?

B : Sure. Here you are.

24. A : Is your knee any better?

B : I'm afraid not. Dr. Williams says I _______________________________
football for another two weeks unless I receive heat treatment.

155
25. Secretary : ______________________ early today? I ______________________ some
money from my bank account.
Manager : I'm sorry, but that isn't possible.

26. A : Are you ready?

B : No, I am getting dressed.
A : You'd better hurry. If we don't leave the house in five minutes, we
_______________________________ a taxi to the theatre.

156
7. THE PASSIVE

7.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS

Change the following into passive. (Use the given clues or different verbs where
necessary)
1. They sell furniture in this store.
________________________________________________________ in this store.

2. The living room is going to be beautiful. They are redecorating it.

The living room _________________________________________ at the moment.

3. They publish the national newspapers in Britain every day.

The national newspapers ______________________________________________.

4. Every year hundreds of people die in traffic accidents.

Every year hundreds of people __________________________ in traffic accidents.

5. They publish this journal monthly.

This journal _________________________________________________________.

6. Somebody collects the bottles at the weekend.

The bottles _________________________________________________________.

7. Anne : ___________________________________________ (BMWs / produce) in

Germany?
Jane : Yes. That's why they are cheaper there than in the U.S.

8. They are pulling down the old church in the square.

The old church ______________________________________________________.

9. In this part of the country , frequent storms damage many buildings every year.
________________________________________________________ every year.
(get)

10. There are two men following us.

_________________________________________________________ two men.

11. They announce the time of the weekly meetings on Mondays.

The time of ________________________________________________________.

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7.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS

A. Change the following into passive.

1. They didn’t invite me, but I have come anyway.

I _________________________________________, but I have come anyway.

2. They interviewed the applicants yesterday.

The applicants ___________________________________________________.

3. Someone broke the mirror last night.

The mirror ______________________________________________________.

4. Someone cleaned the windows at the weekend.

The windows ____________________________________________________.

5. They repaired the fence falling apart.

The fence _______________________________________________________.

6. I felt as if someone was watching me.

I felt as if I ______________________________________________________.

B. Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs.

A : How is your sister, Tim?

B : She is in hospital at the moment.

A : What’s the matter with her?

B : While she was walking down the street, she (1)_____________________ (run over) by
a car.

***
The game of croquet (2)__________________ (invent) in France in the 13th century. Today,
however, it (3)__________________ (play) everywhere, from the United States to India and
Australia.
***

Every day hundreds of people (4)_______________________ (kill) in car accidents, but Leslie
and her daughters are among those who (5)_______________________ (be) lucky to be alive.
Leslie (6)_______________________ (drive) on a winding mountain road yesterday afternoon
when she suddenly (7)_____________________ (lose) the control of the car. The car
(8)_____________________ (run) off the road falling into a river. Leslie and her two daughters
(9)_____________________ (wear) their seat belts so they (10)___________________ (injure)

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very seriously by the fall. They wanted to leave the car but they couldn't because the water
outside was too cold and too fast for safe swimming. Another driver who saw the accident
informed the police immediately. Special rescuers and a truck
(11)_______________________ (call) to pull the car out . It took two hours to pull Leslie
and her daughters out of the water. Then, they (12)_______________________ (take) to
hospital for a check-up.
Leslie and her daughters are at home now. They (13)_______________________ (try) to
overcome the shock of the accident.
***
Two days ago a robbery took place in one of the largest branches of a famous bank. The
robbery (14)______________________ (deal) with successfully due to the bank manager
who (15)____________________ (push) the alarm button under his desk calmly, while he
let one of the three robbers (16)_________________ (open) the safe opposite him. At the
time, the other robbers (17)___________________ (point) their guns at the customers that
were extremely frightened. They didn’t know that the police were on their way to the bank
and would arrive soon. The robbers (18)______________________ (arrest) as soon as they
(19)________________ (leave) the bank. In this way, all the money which they
(20)__________________ (steal) (21)__________________ (save).The brave bank manager
(22)_______________________ (reward) by the insurance company as they
(23)_____________________ (lose) so many millions. Now many banks are planning to
organize courses where their managers can learn what to do in case of emergency.
***

Every day, a lot of road accidents (24)___________________ (happen) due to various

reasons. Most of these accidents (25)___________________ (cause) by careless driving or
bad weather conditions. Two days ago, a car accident on Abbey Road
(26)_____________________ (report) to the police. A rescue helicopter
(27)_________________ (send) to the scene of the accident immediately. According to the
people who witnessed the accident, the driver of one of the cars (28)_________________
(go) much faster than the speed limit when it (29)_______________________ (crash) into
another car coming from the other direction.

Luckily, the drivers of the two cars (30)________________ (kill). However, they
(31)______________________ (injure) badly. Today, two days after the accident, the two
drivers are still in hospital under medical observation and with the help of the doctors, they
(32)____________________ (try) to recover from the shock of the accident.

***

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Sixty-five million years ago a large meteor, about 10 kilometers wide,
(33)___________________ (drop) on earth at a speed of thousands of kilometers per hour.
Millions of tons of dust rose into the sky. The temperature of the earth increased about 5 or 6
degrees Celsius. Because of the change in temperature, nearly seventy percent of life on Earth
(34)______________________ (destroy).

***
35. This town has suffered a great tragedy. Ten people _________________ (kill) in a huge
explosion yesterday morning.

7.3 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

A. Change the following into passive.

1. They have redecorated the town library.

The town library __________________________________________________.

2. Has anyone answered your questions?

________________________________________________________________?

3. They’ve cleaned the garden completely.

The garden ___________________________________________________.

4. People have produced more and more advanced computers since then.
More and more advanced computers _____________________________________.

5. They have reduced the price of cars.

The price of cars __________________________________________________.

6. Have the members of the football federation announced the exact time of the match?
__________________________________________________ by the members of the football
federation?

7. This room doesn't need cleaning; somebody cleaned it a short time ago.
This room _________________________________________________________.
(already)

8. I have typed the letters but not the report.

I have typed the letters but the report _____________________________________.
(yet)

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

‘Good evening ladies and gentlemen. This is the 7 o'clock news:

Swedish police (1)_______________________ (just / announce) that five paintings by Picasso

(2)_______________________ (steal) from Stockholm's Modern Museum. The paintings were

valued by experts at about £40 million. The police believe that they

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(3)_____________________ (take) early on Saturday evening, but for some reason the

museum's burglar alarm (4)______________________ (work) at the time and the theft

(5)____________________ (discover) until Monday morning. The police

(6)_______________________ (investigate) the crime since then, but they

(7)_______________________ (find) any clues yet.’

***

The face of the earth (8)_____________________ (shape) by man as well as the nature. In the
last 50 years, many great dams (9)___________________ (build) on the world’s rivers and
many lakes (10)___________________ (form). The Kariba Dam, which
(11)__________________ (complete) in 1960, and the Volta Dam, which
(12)__________________ (finish) in 1966, are two of the biggest in Africa. Thanks to these
dams, thousands of square miles of dry land (13)____________________ (make) fertile and
enough electricity (14)__________________ (generate) for new industries and millions of
homes.
***
‘Good evening ladies and gentlemen. Here is the six o'clock news:

In the last few days, uncontrollable fires (15)________________________ (burn) thousands of

square miles of trees in the South of France and the beautiful forests in the area
(16)____________________________ (destroy) completely. Last night, the fires
(17)_________________________ (reach) the most popular holiday resort of South France.
The tourists who (18)____________________________ (sleep) in their rooms at the time
(19)_________________________ (rescue) by the members of the rescue team.’

7.4 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

A. Rewrite these sentences using the passive voice.

1. They told us that the police had caught the murderer.

_________________________________________________________________.

2. When we returned home, we found that someone had broken into our flat.
_________________________________________________________________.

3. By the time Sue got here, we had sold all of the second-hand books.
_________________________________________________________________.

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4. Before the Green Peace members arrived, people had cut down the pine trees.
_________________________________________________________________.

5. When Martha’s mother came in, she noticed that somebody had cooked the dinner, cleaned
the kitchen and laid the table.
_________________________________________________________________.

6. The burglar opened the door and walked in silently as somebody had left the front door
unlocked.
_________________________________________________________________.

7. By the time I got to class, the teacher had already given the writing section of the mid-term.
_________________________________________________________________.

8. By the time she was 20, her parents had given her every possible advantage.
_________________________________________________________________.

9. She went to the post office after her father had written the letter.
_________________________________________________________________.

10. After the janitor had photocopied some exercises, the teacher went to the classroom.
_________________________________________________________________.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.

I (1)______________ (have) an amazing experience last week. I was very concerned when I

received a telephone call from the police station. When I went there, I was told that they

(2)______________ (recover) my bike which (3)______________ (stole) 10 years before. I was a

university student then and I had to work for my living. Having worked for a long time in a café as

a part time waiter, I (4)______________ (finally/save) enough money to buy the bicycle which I

(5)______________ (look) forward to buying. After I (6)______________ (buy) it, it was a great

pleasure to ride it to school. To cut a long story short, I (7)______________ (ride) it for a couple

of days, trying to be as careful as I could when it (8)______________ (steal). Getting out of the

restaurant where I worked, I couldn’t find my bike. I seem to remember having locked it but

looking back, I really don’t know. I may have forgotten to lock it. As soon as I

(9)______________ (realize) it wasn’t where it (10)______________ (leave), I went to the nearest

police station to report the theft. The police officer who dealt with me was very kind and he

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wrote a report and told me they would contact me if they (11)______________ (have) any

news. No need to say, my bike was never found. At first I was in a complete shock but as the

time passed, naturally I forgot all about this incident. After a 10-year interval, when they

(12)______________ (phone) from the police station, imagine what a surprise it was to hear

that my bicycle (13)______________ (find). I went to the police station as soon as I could. I

(14)______________ (tell) that the thief (15)______________ (just/ arrest) and he

(16)______________ (take) the police to the garage where he kept the stolen goods. Among

those was my bicycle. There was a small piece of paper on each item with the name and the

address of the owner so the police were able to contact me.

7.5 FUTURE
A. Change the following into passive.

1. The manager will probably give the speech.

The speech ______________________________________________________.

2. They will tell you in advance.

You ___________________________________________________________.

3. They will hire a woman.

A woman _______________________________________________________.

4. The hospital will send his wife the bill next week.
The bill ________________________________________________________.
His wife _______________________________________________________.

5. Someone will show you where to stay.

You ___________________________________________________________.

6. They will have finished the roof by Monday.

The roof _______________________________________________________.

7. She won’t have finished the story until Friday.

The story _______________________________________________________.

8. Their insurance company is going to pay 70% of the bill.

70% of the bill __________________________________________________.

9. Who are you going to invite?

Who __________________________________________________________?

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B. Mark the best choice.

1. A : Is there any news about the taxes? Is the government going to abolish them?
B : No. Unfortunately, taxes __________. On the contrary, the Prime Minister says they
will increase them.
a) will be abolished c) will abolish
b) won’t be abolished d) will have abolished

2. They have promoted John but he __________ more.

a) will be paid c) won’t be paid
b) will pay d) won’t pay

3. The decorators say the downstairs rooms __________ by Friday.

a) will be painted c) will have been painted
b) will paint d) won’t be painted

4. If you interrupt again, you __________.

a) will punish c) will have been punished
b) will be punished d) will have punished

5. He __________ into jail unless he proves his innocense soon.

a) will be put c) will have been put
b) will put d) will be putting

7.6 MODALS
A. Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs.

Planners (1)_________________ (decide) tomorrow whether the office (2)________________

(should / build).
***

3. We would like the report _______________________ (revise).

4. Don't chew these pills. They ________________________ (must / take) with water.

5. A : The grass in the garden is overgrown. We haven't cut it for ages.

B : Yes, it really ______________________ (need / cut).

6. A new road ________________________ (have to / build) to solve the traffic problem 2

years ago.

B. Change the following into passive.

1. No one can use that typewriter.

____________________________________________________________.
2. They couldn’t see the ship.
____________________________________________________________.

164
3. People mustn’t park their cars here.
____________________________________________________________.

4. They shouldn’t dismiss Jim.

____________________________________________________________.

5. They had to answer all the questions.

____________________________________________________________.

6. Somebody must have eaten all the food.

____________________________________________________________.

7. Somebody might have stolen your car.

____________________________________________________________.

8. You can’t take these books out of the library.

____________________________________________________________.

9. You ought to repair that TV set.

____________________________________________________________.

10. Somebody has to take these articles to the publisher.

____________________________________________________________.

11. You needn’t have called the doctor.

____________________________________________________________.

12. They should have checked the results.

____________________________________________________________.

13. We might invite a few reporters to the party.

____________________________________________________________.

14. You could have finished the report by now.

____________________________________________________________.

15. He may have lost the papers on the way to school.

____________________________________________________________.

7.7 REVIEW OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Complete the conversations below using the given clues.
A.
A : Have you heard about the accident? Two cars crashed early this morning.
B : Oh, really? (1)_________________________________________________?
(it / happen)

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A : On the corner of Kings Road and Elm Street.
B : (2)___________________________________________________________?
(anybody / injure)
A : Yes, one of the drivers hit a ten-year-old girl who was crossing the street.
B : Oh, poor little girl! (3)___________________________________________?
(she / take)
A : To the Royal Hospital. Luckily, her condition is not very serious.
B : Oh, good. (4)_______________________________ to leave the hospital? (she / allow)
A : In a few days.
B : (5)_______________________________________________ to the police yet?
(accident / report)
A : Yes, a patrol car arrived at the scene of the accident immediately.

B.

'Good morning, this is the eight o'clock news. The public library

(1)_________________________ (break into) by some vandals. The incident happened late last

night. In the studio today we have Miss Wayne, the head of the library.'

Presenter : (2)_____________________________ (anything / steal) , Miss Wayne?

Miss Wayne : No, but they damaged some of our most valuable books.

Presenter : (3)_______________________________________________ the police?

Miss Wayne : My secretary did. When she came early this morning, she saw that the vandals
(4)_____________________________ (throw) all the books out of their shelves.
Everything was on the floor.

C.

Several villages in Scotland (1)____________________ (cut) off for three days due to a snowstorm.

The snowstorm (2)____________________ (start) on Saturday at 4 p.m. Since then, three people

(3)____________________ (find) dead. To make things worse, food supplies

(4)____________________ (run) out quickly. It is predicted that they can only last a couple of

days. Fortunately, some food (5)____________________ (drop) by a helicopter later today. People

(6)_____________________ (already/warn) by the police to avoid the area.

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8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES

8.1 TYPE 0
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Don't try to open the cover if the machine ________________________(work).

2. You know that she gets upset if you ________________________ (treat) her like a
child. So why do you keep doing this?

3. A: I'm collecting pictures of Ricky Martin. If you _______________________ (see)

one in the magazine you're reading, please ______________________ (cut) it out
for me.
B: Okay.

4. If you need further information, please _________________________ (call) 444 25 25.

5. The museum attendants never ______________________ (let) people in if they

__________________ (have) a ticket.

6. Don't interrupt him if he ____________________ (work).

7. If you _________________ (press) this button, the machine ______________ (start).

8. Newspaper is a good insulator. If you ____________________ (wrap) a hot pan of

food in newspaper, it ___________________ (keep) heat in and cold out.

9. ____________________ (take) a pain killer if you __________________ (have) a

sore wrist.

10. If you ________________ (peel) the vegetables and put them in the refrigerator, they
_______________ (lose) their vitamins.

8.2 TYPE 1
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. She will call you if she _____________________ (need) any advice.

2. He can only come if the meeting _____________________ (take) place on a Friday.
3. If you don’t pass the exam, _____________________ (take) it again?
4. Let’s keep to the main road. We _____________________ (lose)our way if
we_____________________ (not).
5. He will only get there in time if he _____________________ (leave) right now.
6. If the company director __________________________ (increase) our salary, we'll
resign.
7. If I see Peter this afternoon, I _________________________ (tell) him about the
good news.

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8. During the exam, don't spend too much time on a single question. Go on to the next
question if you ____________________________ (be) sure of the answer.

9. I'm studying for the proficiency exam. It's on Monday. If I ______________________

(pass) it, I ____________________ (take) my friends out for a drink.

10. We _____________________ (go) to the beach if it___________________(be) warm and

sunny tomorrow.
11. I hope the museum is open. If it is closed, we ______________________ (come) here for
nothing.

12. A: Why are you leaving home so early?

B: Because if I ________________ (leave) home early, I ________________ (be) late for

work.

13. If the guests don't come, we _____________________ (cook) all this food for nothing.

B. Complete the sentences.

eg. I am late. If I can find a taxi, I will get to work on time.

1. I am tired. If I go home early tonight, _______________________________.

2. I am excited. If I can buy tickets for the concert, _______________________.

3. I am angry. If I see him again, ______________________________________.

4. I am happy. If he visits me today, ___________________________________.

C. Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.

1. There is a chance that I will see him today. In that case I will tell him to call you.
If ________________________________________________________________.
(happen )
2. There is a chance that he will come here tomorrow; then I will give him your message.
If ________________________________________________________________.
(happen)

3. There is a chance that she will leave school early, then she will go shopping with her
mother.

If ________________________________________________________________.
(happen)

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8.3 CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS
Rewrite the following using unless without changing their meanings.

1. If you don't lose points, you'll win.

Unless _________________________________________________________.

2. If you leave at once, I won't call the police.

Unless _________________________________________________________.

3. The bomb will explode if they don't destroy it.

Unless _________________________________________________________.

4. If she gets a visa, she'll be allowed to enter the country.

____________________________ unless _____________________________.

5. I can read the subtitles only if I wear my glasses.

______________________________ unless ___________________________.

6. She cannot borrow a book if she doesn't have a library ticket.

Unless _________________________________________________________.

7. If you don't go home early, your mother will get angry.

Unless _________________________________________________________.

8. If Mark apologizes, I will forgive him.

Unless _________________________________________________________.

9. I don't think I'll be able to solve this problem without your help.
Unless you ___________________________________________ this problem.

10. If Bob doesn’t practise regularly, he won't pass the driving test.
_____________________________ unless ____________________________.

11. We can catch the school bus only if we leave now.

We ________________________ unless ______________________________.

12. You can return this product only if you bring the receipt.
You ______________________ unless _______________________________.

8.4 POSSIBILITY WITH IN CASE

A. Fill the gaps using if or in case.

1. I’m taking some sandwiches with me ____________ I get hungry.

2. People insure their houses ______________ they catch fire.

3. You’ll be caught ______________you break into that house.

4. The alarm clock will go off ___________ you set it properly.

5. I’ve bought some food ____________ your friends stay with us for lunch.

169
6. She is packing some aspirins ____________ the sun gives her a headache.

7. I’ll swim ____________ I can find a swimsuit.

8. He’s playing tennis this afternoon ____________ the weather isn’t snowy.

9. Go and see the doctor _____________ you don’t feel well.

10. Finish the report today ______________ you don’t have time tomorrow.

11. I’ll give you my mobile-phone number _______________ you need to get in touch with me
during the race.

12. Buy two extra bottles of wine _________________ more guests arrive.

13. You'd better leave ten minutes early __________ there is a lot of traffic.

B. Rewrite the following using in case. Do not change the meaning.

1. Don't move him. His leg may be broken.

__________________________________________________________________ .

2. Buy some candles because there might be an electricity cut.

___________________________________________________________________.

3. Take some cash with you because some shops might not accept credit cards.
___________________________________________________________________.

4. I am going to insure the video camera. It might get stolen.

__________________________________________________________________.

5. I reminded him about the invitation because it was possible that he would forget to send it.
_________________________________________________________________.

6. Drive carefully because the road might be icy.

________________________________________________________________.

7. Don't forget to lock all the doors and windows as there may be burglars in the
neighbourhood.
________________________________________________________________.

8. Perhaps we will get thirsty so I will prepare some lemonade.

________________________________________________________________.

9. You may need to contact me, so I'll give you my phone number.
________________________________________________________________.

170
10. Arrange health insurance before you start working abroad. You might need medical
treatment.
________________________________________________________________.

11. Susan should type the letter now because she might not have enough time later on.
________________________________________________________________.

12. You should have a spare tyre because you might have a puncture.
________________________________________________________________.

13. My alarm clock may not go off so I have phoned the wake-up service.
________________________________________________________________.

8.5 CONDITIONALS WITH PROVIDED AND AS LONG AS

Rewrite the following without changing their meanings. Use the given clues.

1. You can't take out this book if you don't fill out a form.
__________________________________________________________________.
(provided)

2. She will have to repeat the course if she does not study regularly.
__________________________________________________________________.
(as long as)

3. I won't be able to get there on time if you don't give me a lift.

___________________________________________________________________.
(provided)

4. Inflation rate won’t decrease if the government doesn’t take appropriate measures.
___________________________________________________________________.
(provided)

5. Your parents won't forgive you unless you apologize for what you have done.
_______________________________________________________________.
(providing)

6. You won’t be allowed in if you are not registered.

_______________________________________________________________.
(as long as)

7. I will lend you my lap top but you should promise to use it carefully.
You can _________________________________________________________.
(provided)

8. They won’t take the jumper back unless you show them the receipt.
_________________________________________________________________.
(as long as)

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9. You cannot improve your technique as a violinist unless you attend a master’s class.
________________________________________________________________.
(provided)

10. You can’t take these pills if you drink alcohol .

________________________________________________________________.
(providing)

8.6 TYPE 2
A. Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.

1. Because it is raining, we cannot have the party in the garden.

If ______________________________________________________________.

2. Travel agents receive free air tickets. Unfortunately, I'm not working at a travel agent's.
If ______________________________________________________________.

3. He is not here at the moment so he cannot help us.

If ______________________________________________________________.

4. I don't have his phone number, so I can't call him.

If ______________________________________________________________.

5. I won't invite Sally to dinner because I don't know her well enough.
If ______________________________________________________________.

6. He takes a short holiday as he doesn’t earn enough money for a longer one.
If ______________________________________________________________.

7. She isn’t in our class so I don’t know her name.

If ______________________________________________________________.

8. I can’t go out with you because I must clean my room.

If ______________________________________________________________.

9. I won’t invite him to my party because I don’t like him.

If ______________________________________________________________.

10. They won’t interview you for the job because you don’t speak English.
If ______________________________________________________________.

11. I can't go on the excursion as I have to work at the weekend.

If ______________________________________________________________.

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B. Write a piece of advice using if.
1. My advice to you is not to open the door to strangers.
If I ______________________________________________ the door to strangers.
2. My advice to you is to ask him for a promotion.
If I ________________________________________________________________.
3. My advice to you is to book a room.
If I ________________________________________________________________.
4. My advice to you is to take notes during the lectures.
If I ________________________________________________________________.
5. My advice to you is to keep the milk in the refrigerator.
If I ________________________________________________________________.
6. My advice to you is to attend the classes regularly.
If I ________________________________________________________________.
7. My advice to you is not to go out with such a rude man.
If I ________________________________________________________________.

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
I.

1. I have crossed the Atlantic Ocean several times, however, always by plane. Being a
businessman, I am always on a tight schedule. If I _____________________ (be) so
busy, I ___________________ (book) a voyage on a transatlantic liner or cruise ship.
But I'm afraid this will always remain a dream.

2. A: I hate my job!
B: Well, why don’t you change it? If you really ______________________ (hate) it,
you ________________________ (look for) another one.

3. A: Can you help me with this report?

B: Sorry, I am busy. I ________________ (help) you if I _________________ (be).

4. I have to work about 80 hours a week. If I ______________________ (have) more

time, I _____________________ (start) taking tennis lessons at the sports club. But
unfortunately I'm too busy.

5. Why don’t you ask Bill about the job? I am sure he ___________________ (accept) it
if he ___________________ (offer).

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II.

A : I am going away to the seaside for a few days. Would you like to join me?

B : I (1a)_________________ (join) you if I (1b)_________________ (have) so much work

to do, but I have to finish it. You know, there are lots of burglaries these days. You
should be careful. Are you friendly with the people next door? If I
(2a)_________________ (be) you, I (2b)_________________ (ask) them to keep an eye
on my house while I'm away.

A : Thanks for reminding me. I 'll do that before I (3)_________________ (leave).

B : When will you be back?

A : I'm hoping to get the 9 o'clock train on Sunday morning, but if I

(4a)_________________ (miss) it, I (4b)_________________ (give) you a ring.

B : I (5)_________________ (be) at the station to meet you.

8.7 TYPE 3

A. Tick () the sentences which are true.

1. If John had studied, he wouldn’t have failed his exams.

 John studied.  He failed his exams.

 John didn’t study.  He didn’t fail his exams.
2. If the car hadn’t had a puncture, we would have caught the train.

The car had a puncture.  We caught the train.

The car didn’t have a puncture.  We missed the train.
3. If that dress hadn’t been so cheap, Jane wouldn’t have bought it.

 The dress was cheap.  Jane bought it.

 The dress wasn’t cheap.  Jane didn’t buy it.
4. I would have tidied the living room if I had known you were coming.

 I knew you were coming.  I tidied the living room.

 I didn’t know you were coming.  I didn’t tidy the living room.
5. If Rose hadn’t had a hole in her tooth, she wouldn’t have seen the dentist.

 Rose didn’t see the dentist.  She had a hole in her tooth.
 Rose saw the dentist.  She didn’t have a hole in her tooth.
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B. Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.

1. He missed his plane because he didn't wake up on time.

If __________________________________________________________ his plane.

2. We were late to the meeting. Therefore, the chairman got angry with us.
If __________________________________________________________________.

3. They gave you the job because you got the highest score in the exam.

If __________________________________________________________________.

4. I was very nervous because I lost the car keys.

If __________________________________________________________________.

5. John didn’t see the red light so he crashed into a car.

John ______________________________________________________________.

6. He worked too fast so he made a lot of mistakes.

He ________________________________________________________________.

7. Peter came home very late last night. Therefore his wife got angry with him.
If _________________________________________________________________.

8. Carol tripped over a stone because she wasn't careful.

If _________________________________________________________________.

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Here is the story of a disaster. A ship sank in the Caribbean because of a storm.

1. If the captain ______________________ (be) more careful, the ship

________________________ (sink).

2. More people _____________________ (survive) if there __________________ (be)

more life boats.

3. If some passengers _____________________________ (be able to) swim, they

________________________ (drown).

4. If there __________________________ (be) such a bad storm, fewer people

_______________________ (die).

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8.8 MIXED CONDITIONALS
Rewrite these sentences without changing their meanings.

1. The students attended all the classes and worked very hard so their English is much better
now.
If ____________________________________________________________.

2. He can go to school by car since he was given a car by his parents last month.
If ____________________________________________________________.

3. Atatürk fought against the enemies and founded the Turkish Republic. Therefore we are
able to live in a democratic country.
If ____________________________________________________________.

4. He drank too much at the party and drove home. He is in hospital now because of a car
accident.
If ____________________________________________________________.

5. The villagers didn’t use any fertilizers to enrich the soil. Now they don’t have a good
harvest.
If ____________________________________________________________.

6. Jack asked Jessie to marry him 20 years ago but she refused. Now she is still single.
If ____________________________________________________________.

7. He lost the opportunity of doing his Master’s degree abroad. Today he has difficulty in
finding a good job.
If _____________________________________________________________.

8. I am not happy since I didn’t choose the profession I wanted.

If _____________________________________________________________.

9. She is having a hard time these days because she neglected to study regularly.
If _____________________________________________________________.

10. You didn’t set the alarm clock last night. That is why I am late to school.
If _____________________________________________________________.

8.9 WISHES
A. Complete the sentences using the given clues.
* PRESENT

1. It is a pity I can't go to the disco tonight.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

2. I want to see him more often but I can’t.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

3. I live in a suburb of Ankara and I don't like this.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

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4. It is a pity Mary is not here.
I wish ________________________________________________________.

5. My husband doesn’t know how to dance.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

6. My parents aren’t here.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

7. You can’t come to our 25th anniversary.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

8. I am not listening to the news.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

9. She has got a lot of freckles on her face.

She wishes ____________________________________________________.

10. John makes a lot of mistakes.

He wishes _____________________________________________________.

* PAST
11. You didn’t wait for me yesterday morning.
I wish _________________________________________________________.

12. My brother didn’t take me to the cinema at the weekend.

I wish _________________________________________________________.

13. She didn’t tell me the truth.

I wish _________________________________________________________.

14. I couldn’t wake up early today.

I wish _________________________________________________________.

15. My father sold his car.

I wish _________________________________________________________.

16. My upstairs neighbours are making a lot of noise. I want them to stop.
I wish _________________________________________________________.

17. My brother whistles all the time. I hate this.

I wish _________________________________________________________.

18. I smoke a lot. I know this is bad for my health.

I wish _________________________________________________________.

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 19. The telephone is ringing. I am really exhausted. I want someone to answer it.
I wish _________________________________________________________.

20. My elder brother is very untidy.

I wish _________________________________________________________.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Where's Janet? I wish she _______________________ (arrive) soon, because I don't want
to miss the beginning of the movie.

2. I wish you ___________________ (smoke) so much.

3. Your friends have saved some money to go on holiday. You regret the fact that you have
spent all your savings on an expensive computer. What do you say?
I wish I__________________________________ (buy) this expensive computer.

4. I had a fight with my girlfriend Ann last week. I was wrong, but I didn't apologize. Ann
doesn't want to see me any more. I'm very sorry now.
I wish I ________________________________________ (apologize) to Ann.

5. Sam is talking to his brother William on the phone.

Sam : We wish you _________________________________ (come) to New York for

the New Year's Eve. The rest of the family will all be here.

William : I know, but I have to work not only on the day of the New Year but also the day
after that because there may be problems with the computer system of the
company.

6. Teacher : I wish you ____________________________ (write) your names on your

homework. I don’t know which is which.

7. A : I wish I _______________________ (be) in Hollywood. Then I could meet all the

film stars.

B : And I wish you __________________________ (daydream) . Get on with your work.

Otherwise, we will never finish this project.

8. I wish you __________________________ (pay) more attention to what you are doing.
You nearly hit my finger with the hammer.

9. I wish my roommate ____________________________ (talk) so much. He spoils my

concentration.

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C. Mark the best choice.

1. A : Have you ever been to Hawaii?

B : No, but I wish I ___________________, it is too expensive. I can never afford it.
a) had c) were
b) did d) would

2. I wish I ______________ like a bird. It must be great fun.

a) could fly c) had flown
b) flew d) were flying

3. My grades are usually very poor. I wish I __________ better grades.

a) would get c) could get
b) can get d) get

4. The conference room is usually hot and humid; I wish the meeting ___________ in a
cooler room but the secretary says it is the only available place.
a) will be held c) would be held
b) could hold d) was holding

5. Unfortunately I have got to leave early. I wish I ______________________ early.

a) left c) didn’t have to leave
b) had to leave d) couldn’t have left

8.10 REVIEW OF CONDITIONALS

A. Complete/Rewrite the following without changing their meanings.

1. Unless it is cheap, I won’t buy it.

If ________________________________________________________________.

2. The one thing I've always wanted is a red sports car.

I wish ____________________________________________________________.

3. I do not know many people here.

I wish ____________________________________________________________.

4. Unless you finish your homework, I won't take you to the cinema.
If ________________________________________________________________.

5. If you don’t clear the table away, I won’t let you go out.
Unless ___________________________________________________________.

6. Her number is not in the phone book, so I can't phone her.

If ________________________________________________________________.

7. Brenda isn’t in class because she missed the bus.

If Brenda __________________________________________________________.

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8. She’s upset with you because you didn’t phone her last night.
If ________________________________________________________________.

9. I am angry with you because you didn't tell me the truth yesterday.
If ________________________________________________________________.

10. What would you do if you win the lottery on the New Year’s eve?
Suppose __________________________________________________________?

11. If by any chance you find my keys, could you let me know?
If you happen ______________________________________________________.

12. From her voice, I'd say she is angry.

It sounds __________________________________________________________.

13. The room is cold because you left the window open.
If ________________________________________________________________.

14. I am not tired today because I didn’t go to bed late last night.
If ________________________________________________________________.

15. Tom feels sick because he ate too much last night.
If ______________________________________________________________.

16. I regret breaking his heart last night.

If only __________________________________________________________.

17. The kidnappers won’t kill the hostage if you pay the ransom without informing the
police.
Provided that _____________________________________________________.

B.
I. Fill in each blank with an expression from the box. Use each only ONCE.
There are more expressions than you need.

so as to provided unless suppose

in spite of in case otherwise

1. Precautions were taken _________________ the demonstration got out of control.

2. The witness objects to appearing in court ____________________ he is given proper

protection by the police.

3. The sick cattle were kept separate from the herd ___________________ prevent the disease
from spreading.

4. Hurry up. ______________________ you might miss the plane.

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5. A : Don't waste time looking for that map.
B : ___________________ we lose our way, do you know how much time we will
waste then?

II. Fill in each blank with an expression from the box. You need to use them more
than once.

unless in case provided that supposing

1. I don't anticipate any difficulty in arriving in Athens by Tuesday

_________________ the ferries run to the schedule.

2. I will stay here during the holiday _____________________ I save enough money to
go somewhere in Europe.

3. You'd better carry a first-aid kit _________________ any unexpected events occur.

4. He won't agree to drop legal proceedings against the magazine

___________________ the editor publishes a formal apology.

5. ________________ it was possible for you to travel anywhere in the world, where
would you go?

6. I decided to book a room in advance ___________________ the hotel is full at the

weekend.

7. I don't mind your going out with Martin in the evenings ___________________ you
come home before midnight.

III. Fill in each blank with an expression from the box. You need to use them more
than once.

unless as long as

Gemma is phoning Martha to see if she wants to go camping with her.

Gemma : Hi, Martha. I'm going camping this weekend. Would you like to come?

Martha : Jerry's invited me to a party on Saturday night, so I can't come

(1)________________ I say no to Jerry. Where are you going?

Gemma : To Fistral beach. We'll have a great time, (2)________________ it rains of

course. I can pick you up at about 8.30 on Saturday morning.

Martha : That sounds lovely! I'd love to come (3)________________ you promise not
to drive too fast.

Gemma : I promise. But what about Jerry?

Martha : Oh, I think it'll be OK (4)________________ I can think of a good excuse.

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C. Mark the best choice.

I live with some relatives of mine. I can’t say that we get on very well. They don’t let me invite

my friends over, and don’t really care about my problems. Sometimes I wish I ____(1)____ live

with them. If I ____(2)____ an apartment of my own, I guess I ____(3)____ much happier. But

unfortunately, I can’t afford one.

1. a) won’t 2. a) have 3. a) would be
b) don’t b) would have b) will be
c) didn’t c) had c) am going to be
d) couldn’t d) will have d) won’t
***
4. If I _____________ about his intentions last week, I would have acted differently.
a) know b) had known c) would have known d) knew
***
I didn't have time to study Chapter Two in my history book. I ____(5)______ the professor
doesn't ask questions from that chapter. ____(6)______, I'll get a low grade.
5. a) hope 6. a) Otherwise
b) wish b) However
c) expect c) Therefore
d) want d) Moreover
***

7. Do what I say __________________you want to get the sack.

a) in case b) if c) as long as d) unless

8. We'll miss the bus _____________ we hurry up.

a) otherwise b) if c) unless d) if only

D. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

It's stormy outside and I'm alone in the house. I wish my parents (1)______________ (be) here.
I (2)________________ (be) so frightened then.

***

3. Joe : What time is it?

Mary : It is 8.30.

Joe : 8:30! But that's too late. The meeting starts at 8:30. If I don't get there on time, I
__________________________________ (look for) another job pretty soon.
***

182
A : Don't you live in Tokyo any more?

B : No, I don't. I've come back to settle down in my hometown. It's been two months
already.

A : I thought you had a successful business there. That's what Mike said.

B : No, that's not true. If I (4a)_______________________ (have) a good business in

Japan, I (4b)_______________________ (be) here right now.
***
5. Small shops may disappear unless the proposal _________________ (put) into effect.

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9. NOUN CLAUSES
9.1 REPORTED SPEECH
A. Change these sentences into reported speech.

1. Police officer : “Mr. Barnaby, you'll have to pay a fine of £50. ”

The police officer told ____________________________________________ a fine of
£50.

2. Secretary : “Mrs. Meadows hasn't left the office yet.”

The secretary said _________________________________________________ the office
yet.

3. Anne to her mother : “We had to take a taxi home.”

Anne told ________________________________________________________ a taxi
home.

4. David : “We are having our house redecorated.”

David said ________________________________________________________.

5. Susan to Frank : “You will have to get a visa for your daughter.”
Susan told ________________________________________________________.

6. Mr. Kite to his secretary : “ I haven't changed my mind.”

Mr. Kite told ______________________________________________________.

7. Bill to his mother : “I don’t want to help you with the housework.”
Bill told __________________________________________________________.

8. “I didn't have enough time to take the book back to the library”, said Robert.
Robert said ________________________________________________________.

9. “I'll post the letters for you, John,” she said.

She told __________________________________________________________.

10. “Don't make the same mistake again!” he said to me.

He told ___________________________________________________________.

11. “Why don't we have dinner together?” he said to me.

He invited ________________________________________________________.

12. “If I were you, I would tell them the truth,” he said to me.
He advised ________________________________________________________.

13. “I left my umbrella here this morning,” said Mary.

Mary told the shop assistant that ______________________________________.

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14. “We don't want a recent graduate,” said the interviewer.
The interviewer told me that _________________________________________.

15. “I've drunk all my milk,” said the little boy.

The little boy said that ______________________________________________.

16. John to his wife : “You never remember to take a map when we set off on a journey.”
John complained ________________________________________ on a journey.

17. “I will call you as soon as I arrive home, ” he said to her.

He told __________________________________________________________.

18. Charles : “I won't forgive you, Mary.”

Charles told ______________________________________________________.

19. Secretary : “I will finish typing the letters in 10 minutes, Mr. Johnson.”
The secretary told Mr. Johnson _______________________________________.

20. Boss : “Don't use the office phone for your personal calls, Jack. ”
The boss warned __________________________________________________.

21. “Don't forget to buy some bread, Paul,” said his mother.
His mother reminded ______________________________________________.

22. “If I were you, Linda, I wouldn't take the job,” said Mary.
Mary advised Linda _______________________________________________.

23. “Don’t leave the lights on.”

She warned them _________________________________________________.

24. “I won’t forget the meeting.”

I promised ______________________________________________________.

25. “Would you like to come to my birthday party?”

He invited her ___________________________________________________.

26. “Don’t be stupid!”

She told me _____________________________________________________.

27. “You should stop smoking.”

The doctor advised my father _______________________________________.

28. “I’ll phone the police!”

My sister threatened ______________________________________________.

29. “Can we cook the meal?”

We offered _____________________________________________________.

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B. Complete the sentences using the words in the boxes.
I.

explained advised denied suggested

admitted promised congratulated warned

1. “All right, it is true. I set the house on fire,” said Martin.

Martin ______________________________________________________.

2. “Why don't we go to the new Italian restaurant?” said Vanessa.

Vanessa _____________________________________________________.

3. “I'll definitely help you with the housework, mom,” said Mary.
Mary _______________________________________________________.

4. “You've finally passed your driving test, Frank. Well done!” said Claire.
Claire ______________________________________________________.

II.
discouraged apologized provided
congratulated confused distinguished

1. Kate realized she should have returned the book earlier and said “sorry”.
Kate ______________________________________________ the book earlier.

2. Paul advised me not to apply for the job at the supermarket.

Paul _______________________________________________ for the job at the
supermarket.

3. My friends were delighted that I had won the tennis match and phoned me to express their
feelings.
My friends phoned me and _____________________ winning the tennis match.

III.
threatened reminded advised invited
admitted denied complained promised

1. “ Linda, would you like to have dinner with me?” said Mike.
Mike ________________________________________________________.

2. “ All right, it is true, I was nervous before the performance,” the leading actor said.
The leading actor _______________________________________________.

3. “ Do not forget to bring the doctor's report tomorrow, Mary,” said the teacher.
The teacher ____________________________________________________.

4. “I will take you to the park on Saturday, children,” said Tom.

Tom __________________________________________________________.
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IV.
forbade persuaded denied
suggested accused asked

1. The museum director to the reporters: “You can't take pictures of the paintings.”
The museum director _____________________________________________.

2. The secretary to Mr. Dove: “Could you dictate a bit more slowly, please?”
The secretary ____________________________________________________.

3. Tommy to Liz: “You were the one who broke the vase!”
Tommy _________________________________________________________.

4. Roger to his parents: “Why don't you buy your tickets in advance?”
Roger __________________________________________________________.

V. Fill in the blanks with the reporting verbs in the box.

asked suggested warned explained
told advised reminded

Mrs. Welch was at the doctor's office yesterday. She (1)____________________ him that
she hadn't been feeling well recently. The doctor (2)____________________ her to roll
up her sleeve and took her blood pressure. He (3)____________________ that she hadn't
been feeling well because of her high blood pressure. He (4)____________________ her
to cut down on salt. He (5)____________________ that she should go on a diet. He
(6)____________________ her that she might make herself seriously ill. He also
(7)____________________ her that she was not a young woman any more.

VI. Choose from the verbs in the box and report using he or she. Use each verb only
ONCE.

admit introduce complain apologise

accept suggest greet interrupt
refuse explain offer tell
ask promise

1. “Actually, I don’t have enough to pay the bill.”

_________________________________________________________.

2. “Let’s meet in my flat tomorrow.”

_________________________________________________________.

3. “Have you ever been to Britain?”

_________________________________________________________.

4. “The trouble is that our son never does his homework.”

_________________________________________________________.
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5. “Miss Brown, this is Miss White.”
_________________________________________________________.

6. “Read the questions twice, and don’t write in the margin.”

_________________________________________________________.

7. “I’m sorry I didn’t bring the book with me.”

_________________________________________________________.

8. “Trust me. I’ll pay you back next week.”

_________________________________________________________.

9. “No, thanks, I don’t like ice-cream at all.”

_________________________________________________________.

10. “Would you like to have lunch with me today?”

_________________________________________________________.

11. “My difficulty is I can’t understand what this sentence means.”

_________________________________________________________.

12. “Good morning Mary, nice to see you.”

_________________________________________________________.

13. “All right, I’ll take the present.”

_________________________________________________________.

14. “But listen George…. Could I just say a few words on this subject?”
_________________________________________________________.

C. Change the following questions into reported speech.

1. Jack : “Does she know how to type?”

Jack asked me _____________________________________________________.

2. “How long is Janet going to stay with you?”

Paul wanted to know ________________________________________________.

3. Mary to Tim : “Does your brother know me?”

Mary asked Tim ____________________________________________________.

4. “Did you finish your term-paper on time?”

My mother wanted to know ___________________________________________.

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5. Susan : “Paul, is your sister in my brother's class?”
Susan asked Paul _______________________________________________ class.

6. Tom : “Which airline company are you going to fly with?”

Tom asked us __________________________________________________ with.

7. Paula to Jane : “Has he been brought to hospital by ambulance?”

Paula asked Jane ____________________________________________ to hospital by
ambulance.

8. Mary to Billy : “How often does your sister take you to the cinema?”
Mary wanted to know _____________________________________________.

9. “Has Jane bought a present for the children yet?”

David asked _____________________________________________________.

10. Mary to Bill : “Where can I buy the concert tickets?”

Mary asked Bill ___________________________________________ the concert
tickets.

11. “How old are you?”

Mr. Fraser asked Martin ____________________________________________.

12. “Do you really speak Arabic and Japanese?”

Mr. Fraser asked Martin ____________________________________________.

13. “Do you go jogging at the weekends?” she asked.

She asked me ____________________________________________________.

14. “Will you be at home this weekend?” he asked Mary.

He asked Mary ___________________________________________________.

15. Jill : “Are you going to wear your white dress to the party, Barbara?”
_______________________________________________________________.

16. Interviewer : “How long did you work for IBM, Mrs. Jackson?”
_______________________________________________________________.

17. “Are you leaving for Paris tomorrow, Janet?”

Alex asked ______________________________________________________.

18. David : “How much do I have to pay?”

David wonders ___________________________________________________.

189
D. Put the following indirect sentences into the direct sentence form.
1. Jane discovered that her brother was hiding a dog in the basement.
Jane to her friends : “________________________________________ a dog in the
basement.”

2. Richard said he had already had lunch.

Richard : “__________________________________________________________.”

3. Martin wondered when he would find a job.

“____________________________________________________?” Martin thought.

4. Robert said he was going to visit his friends in Italy in the summer.
“________________________________________________________,” said Robert.
***
Jerry told Mrs Atwood that he had already phoned the manager and they were waiting for
the driver , then they would leave the office. She said that before the driver had left, he had
reported engine trouble, so he might be late.
The Dialogue:
Jerry : (5)_____________________ the manager and (6)_________________ for the
driver, then (7)______________ the office.

Mrs. Atwood : Well, before (8)___________________ (9)_______________ engine trouble,

so he might be late.
***
10. The teacher told us not to be discouraged and promised to help us with our studies.
The teacher to us: “___________________________________________________.”
11. David said he was leaving for İstanbul that afternoon.
“_________________________________________________________” said David.
12. Samantha said that she wouldn't be home at five o'clock.
“_____________________________________________________,” said Samantha.
13. Mr. Wilson said that he and his wife had never been abroad.
Mr. Wilson said “___________________________________________________.”

9.2 INDIRECT QUESTIONS

A. Complete or rewrite the following. Use the clues where given.

1. "Have they had dinner yet?

I'm not sure __________________________________________________ dinner yet.

2. A : __________________________________ Jack lives?

B : No, I don't. But we can find his address in the phone book.

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3. A : Have you seen my keys?
B : I have no idea ___________________________________________ (be).

4. A : What are you looking for?

B : My eyeglasses. I can't remember ___________________________ (put) them.

5. A : Excuse me, could you tell me ______________________ I can get to the zoo?
B : By underground. Take the yellow line to Greens Garden.

6. I doubt if he________________________(be able to see) again. He's had five surgeries

on his eyes, but with no luck.

7. Does this bus go to Manhattan?

Could you tell me ________________________________________________?

8. I am not sure. He may not come back home.

I doubt _________________________________________________________.

9. A : Did Martha have the car repaired?

B : I don't know _______________________________ it repaired. She hasn't talked
to me about that.

10. Will it be snowy today?

I wonder ________________________________________________________.

B. Circle the correct answer.

1. A : I've called Peter five times already. He seems to be out. I wonder where
_________.
B : Maybe he's at his parents' house. Have you tried calling them?
a) he has been c) he is
b) has he gone d) is he going

2. I can't remember if __________ him to come early.

a) I told c) I had told
b) did I tell d) had I told

3. Do you know what __________ ? I have to call him urgently.

a) is his telephone number c) his telephone number is
b) was his telephone number d) his telephone number was

4. He treated me badly throughout the holiday. I wonder why __________ so.

a) did he do c) he had done
b) he did d) had he done

5. Alex has got lots of things to do. I doubt if __________ the work in time.
a) will he finish c) he finishes
b) can he finish d) he can finish

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9.3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH QUESTION WORDS
A. Rewrite the following using what.
eg. I need a good sleep.
What I need is a good sleep.

1. The children love building snowmen.

__________________________________________________________.

2. The mosquitos bother me.

__________________________________________________________.

3. His strange attitude surprises me.

__________________________________________________________.

4. I have to make a plan.

__________________________________________________________.

5. His serious disease worries me.

__________________________________________________________.

6. I like spaghetti.
__________________________________________________________.

B. Change the following questions into noun clauses.

1. Where did Sally go?

Do you know _______________________________________________________?

2. When are your parents arriving at the airport?

Please tell me ________________________________________________________.

3. Which train did they take to New York?

I can’t remember _____________________________________________________.

4. Whose shares are these?

I don’t know _________________________________________________________.

5. What do they say?

I can’t hear __________________________________________________________.

6. Who is the owner of the house?

Can you tell me ______________________________________________________?

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7. How many people were there at the meeting?
She wants to know __________________________________________________.

8. How old do the students start school in your country?

Do you know ______________________________________________________?

9. How far is it from Edirne to Kars?

Can you tell me ____________________________________________________?

10. Why do people need to tell lies?

Do you know ______________________________________________________?

9.4 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT

A. Rewrite the sentences to introduce noun clauses.

1. There was very little petrol in the car. I was not aware of that, so on the way to Kansas
the car suddenly stopped.
I wasn’t ____________________________________________________________.

2. Bill told a lie.That made me angry.

The fact that ________________________________________________________.

3. She lacked the necessary qualifications. Due to that she wasn’t accepted for the job.
Due to _____________________________________________________________.

4. He made the same mistake twice. That is unforgivable.

The fact that ________________________________________________________.

5. They accused us of committing a crime. That surprised us.

The fact that _________________________________________________________.

6. It is obvious that he doesn’t know manners.

That _______________________________________________________________.

7. It is a fact that water boils at 100ºC.

That _______________________________________________________________.

8. Mary hasn’t been able to make reliable friends. That’s apparent.

It _________________________________________________________________.

9. Pollution diminishes the quality of our lives. That is a fact hard to deny.
That _______________________________________________________________.

193
10. Many people living in Antalya speak German quite well. When I first visited Antalya, I
was surprised by that.
When I _____________________________________________________________.

11. She lied about it. That’s what bothers everybody.

The fact that __________________________________________________________.

12. Tim tore my grandmother’s antique table cloth. That isn’t very important.
The fact that __________________________________________________________.

13. That automobile has the best brake system of any car manufactured this year. I am
impressed by that and would definitely recommend that every body buy that make.
I am _________________________________________________________________.

14. Jane lost our tickets to the cinema. There is nothing we can do about it.
There is nothing _______________________________________________________.

15. It rarely rains in Antalya. He seems surprised to discover this.

He ________________________________________________________________.

16. She hadn’t called on her family. Her family later understood why.
Her family __________________________________________________________.

17. She didn’t even apologise for her late arrival. This made me really angry.
a) The fact __________________________________________________________.
b) What ____________________________________________________________.

18. The child should be sent to live with her grandparents. This was the judge’s view.
a) It ________________________________________________________________.
b) The judge’s view ___________________________________________________.

19. He manages to broaden his students’ horizons in every respect. I just don’t understand
how he does it.
a) I ________________________________________________________________.
b) How _____________________________________________________________.

20. Children nowadays spend a lot of money on junk food. This is my opinion.
a) It ________________________________________________________________.
b) My opinion ________________________________________________________.

21. The student was destined for a brilliant career. This was obvious to her teachers.
a) It was _____________________________________________________________.
b) That ______________________________________________________________.

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22. Old- age pensions are quite low. The opposing parties deplore it at every occasion.
The opposing parties ___________________________________________________.

23. She knows how to deal with such difficult situations. It indicates that she is quite
experienced.
The fact that _________________________________________________________.

24. The fact that he didn’t even apologise for his rude behaviour really angered the teacher.
What ______________________________________________________________.

25. The child should be sent to a private school to get a good education. This was the
parents’ point of view.
a) It was ___________________________________________________________.
b) The parents’ ______________________________________________________.

26. The politician says one thing in public. He does another thing in private. They never
coincide with each other.
What the politician ___________________________________________________.

B. Rewrite the sentences substituting a noun clause for the phrases in italics.

1. I am surprised at your thinking my brother is a dull person to get married to.

____________________________________________________________.

2. Your having accepted his proposal means your having to settle down in a foreign
country.
____________________________________________________________.

3. I refused to believe his having told me the date of his arrival.

____________________________________________________________.

4. The fact of his having learned English at the place where it was actually spoken doesn’t
imply his being able to speak the language perfectly.
____________________________________________________________.

5. Before buying that dress, you should make sure of its being the right size.
____________________________________________________________.

6. Being ignorant of the rules is not an acceptable excuse.

____________________________________________________________.

195
9.5 USING –EVER WORDS
Rewrite the following sentences using whoever, whatever, however, whenever, wherever or
whichever

1. I don’t know who directed this film, but he is not good.

_____________________________________________________________.

2. He is 18 now so he can go any place he likes.

_____________________________________________________________.

3. The thing in that box is making a very funny noise.

_____________________________________________________________.

4. People always want more. It doesn’t matter how rich they are.
_____________________________________________________________.

5. It doesn’t matter how you travel, it’ll take you at least three hours.
_____________________________________________________________.

6. There are 2 different computer programmes and you can use either of them you want to
write your report.
_____________________________________________________________.

7. It doesn’t matter what problems you have, you can always come to me for advice.
_____________________________________________________________.

8. The person who phoned just now was very polite.

_____________________________________________________________.

9. Any time I see you, I feel nervous.

_____________________________________________________________.

10. It doesn’t matter what you do, I’ll love you.

_____________________________________________________________.

9.6 USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES

Give the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses. Some of the verbs are passive.

1. It is important that no one else _______________ (know) the operation.

2. Her advisor recommended that she _______________ (take) some other courses.

3. He insisted that the new baby _______________ (name) after his grandmother.

4. The students requested that the test __________ (postpone) , but the instructor decided
against a postponement.

196
5. It is essential that pollution _______________ (control) and eventually
________________ (eliminate).

6. She asked that we _______________ (be) sure to lock the door behind us.

7. It is imperative that his father_______________ (return) home immediately.

8. I requested that I _______________ (permit) to change my class.

9. My friend demanded that I __________ (allow) to take part in the negotiations.

10. Professor Miller suggested that Mary __________ (study) harder for the final exam.

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10. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
10.1 NON-DEFINING
A. Rewrite / Join the following sentences using relative clauses and without changing the
meaning.

1. I live on Main Street. It is the noisiest street in this neighbourhood.

_________________________________________________________________.

2. The Edinburgh Zoo has Scotland's biggest collection of animals. It is 5 km west of the
city centre.
__________________________________________________________________.

3. Alice is the owner of a food company. She is the most successful businesswoman in town.
__________________________________________________________________.

4. Bob ranked first in the race. His father is also an athlete.

Bob ______________________________________________________________.

5. I bought this watch for Pauline. She is my best friend.

Pauline ___________________________________________________________.

6. Doctor Jones works for the city hospital. He prescribed medicine for my sore throat.
Doctor Jones _______________________________________________________.

7. This is Tom. I've been sharing a flat with him for two years.
This is Tom ________________________________________________________.

8. My first model plane crashed into a tree during its first flight. I had spent hundreds of
dollars on it.
My first model plane _________________________________________________.

9. San Francisco is much safer than New York. New York's crime rate is climbing fast.
San Francisco _______________________________________________________.

10. Bodrum is a holiday resort. Thousands of tourists spend their vacations in Bodrum each
summer.
Bodrum____________________________________________________________.

11. His grandfather can remember his youth. There were no televisions or computers then.
___________________________________________________________________.

12. We like going to the mountains in winter. There is a lot of snow then.
___________________________________________________________________.

13. My parents celebrate their wedding anniversary in June. They got married then.
___________________________________________________________________.

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14. Marilyn Monroe's death is still a mystery. She has never lost her popularity.
Marilyn Monroe ___________________________________________________.

15. Tourists like Turkey. There’s plenty of sunshine there.

_________________________________________________________________.

16. You will enjoy yourself in London. There are lots of interesting places there.
_________________________________________________________________.

17. Dorothy Parker used to be my high school friend. Her novels are sold all over the
world.
Dorothy Parker ____________________________________________________.

18. The party on Saturday will be at the student centre. There is a swimming pool in it.
The party on Saturday _______________________________________________.

B. Write a paragraph about Pablo Picasso by joining the following facts together
using relative clauses where necessary. Do not forget to mark the clauses with
commas.

a) Pablo Picasso was a great Spanish artist.

b) He was born in Barcelona in 1881.
c) In the beginning, his work was influenced by other artists.
d) Then he developed his own style of painting.
e) His style consisted of pictures of the poor in various shades of blue.
f) In the following years, Picasso was influenced by the ideas of Cézanne.
g) Cézanne’s technique was considerably different from his.
h) After World War II, he moved to the south of France.
i) He created many paintings and sculptures in the south of France until his death in
1973.

Write your paragraph here.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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C. Below is a story in which all the relative clauses have been taken out. Fill the gaps
with suitable relative clauses using the sentences given underneath the paragraph.

Last year, during our February holiday, we went to Rio de Janeiro with Martin and his wife,
(1)_________________________________________________. We stayed at 'Hotel Rio',
(2)_____________________________________________. We arrived at the hotel during
the Rio Carnival, (3)_____________________________________. On our arrival we had a
lot of problems. As there was a confusion about our reservations, they had to put us in two
small rooms, (4)_________________________________________. That night we had
dinner at the hotel. The food, (5)__________________________________, upset our
stomachs so we spent the next day in our rooms without doing anything. Our vacation
became much more pleasant on the third day. We moved to another hotel with larger rooms
and better meals. We also joined the carnival parade and had a lot of fun.

* There were no bathrooms in the rooms.

* We have known the couple since we first met on an excursion in Paris.

* It was really distasteful.

* There were a lot of tourists in the city then.

* It was quite close to the city centre.

10.2 DEFINING
A. Mark the choice which best answers the given question:

1. A : Who cheated you?

B : _________________________________________________.
a) The boy sold me the fruit which cheated me.
b) The fruit which the boy sold cheated me.
c) The boy who cheated me sold me the fruit.
d) The boy who sold me the fruit cheated me.

2. A : What are the passengers waiting for?

B : _________________________________________________.
a) The passengers who are waiting for the train are arriving in 10 minutes.
b) The passengers are waiting for the train which is arriving in 10 minutes.
c) The train is waiting for the passengers who are arriving in 10 minutes.
d) The train which is arriving in 10 minutes is waiting for the passengers.

3. A : Which boys did the teacher call?

B : _________________________________________________.
a) The teacher who didn’t study enough called the boys.
b) The boys called the teacher who didn’t study enough.
c) The teacher called the boys who didn’t study enough.
d) The boys who didn’t study enough called the teacher.

200
4. A : Who was the director angry with?
B : _________________________________________________.
a) The director who spoke to the woman on the phone was angry with her.
b) The director was angry with the woman who spoke to him on the phone.
c) The woman who spoke to the director on the phone was angry with him.
d) The woman who was angry with the director spoke to him on the phone.

5. A : Which book did the teacher lose?

B : _________________________________________________.
a) The teacher lost the book which she borrowed from the students.
b) The teacher who borrowed a book from the students lost it.
c) The students lost the book which they borrowed from the teacher.
d) The students who borrowed a book from the teacher lost it.

6. A : Which scarf did the little girl wear?

B : _________________________________________________.
a) The scarf which the little girl wore was her mother’s.
b) The little girl’s mother wore the scarf which she took from her daughter.
c) The scarf which the little girl’s mother wore was her daughter’s.
d) The little girl wore the scarf which she took from her mother.

7. A : Who did the writer get his ideas from?

B : _________________________________________________.
a) The writer who worked with an old man years ago got his ideas from him.
b) The old man who worked with the writer years ago got his ideas from him.
c) The writer got his ideas from an old man who he worked with years ago.
d) The old man got his ideas from the writer who he worked with years ago.

B. Match the information given and define people and things using
relative clauses.

Charles Dickens was an author. He first reached Antarctica.

Alexander Bell was a man. He invented the telephone.

Marilyn Monroe was an actress. She became India’s first woman prime
minister.
Roald Amundsen was an explorer. He wrote ‘Oliver Twist’.
Yuri Gagarin was an astronaut. He discovered penicillin.
Indira Gandhi was a politician. He made the first space-flight.
Alexander Fleming was a man. She starred in ‘Gentlemen Prefer Blondes’.

***

201
thermostat takes pictures
thermometer heats rooms
microscope shows where North is
telescope measures temperature
speedometer shows what the date is
radiator controls temperature
compass measures speed
camera helps you see distant objects nearer
calendar makes small things look big

Example : Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens was the author who wrote ‘Oliver Twist’.
Example : thermostat
A thermostat is something that / which controls temperature.

1. _________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________.
4. _________________________________________________________________.
5. _________________________________________________________________.
6. _________________________________________________________________.
7. _________________________________________________________________.
8. _________________________________________________________________.
9. _________________________________________________________________.
10. _________________________________________________________________.
11. _________________________________________________________________.
12. _________________________________________________________________.
13. _________________________________________________________________.
14. _________________________________________________________________.

C. Rewrite / Join the following sentences using relative clauses and without changing
the meaning.
1. Jim has chosen a topic. I wanted the same topic for my research paper.
_____________________________________________________________.

2. Can you recommend a car? It would be useful in this mountainous area.

_____________________________________________________________?

3. The report caused a great deal of discussion. She gave the report at the meeting.
_____________________________________________________________.

202
4. We stopped our car at a place. We could see the coming cars well there.
_____________________________________________________________.

5. Fruit juice is dangerous for children. It has artificial colour and sweetener.
_____________________________________________________________.

6. Did you enjoy the movie? I had recommended it.

_____________________________________________________________?

7. Over there is the woman. You met her husband yesterday.

_____________________________________________________________.

8. Do you know the man? The jury gave the first prize to him.
_____________________________________________________________?

9. The tie was a horrible colour. I bought it last week.

_____________________________________________________________.

10. The people were very nice. We went to their house.

_____________________________________________________________.

11. The book is missing from the library. I found that question in it.
_____________________________________________________________.

12. I did not have any knowledge of computers until I took the new course. The
department offered the course this term.
_____________________________________________________________.

13. The woman is my teacher. You met her son.

____________________________________________________________.

14. Coaches always look for players. They should be strong and fast.
_____________________________________________________________.

15. Do you know the girl? I gave my books to her earlier.

_____________________________________________________________?

16. The grade pleased me. I received it in my report.

_____________________________________________________________.

17. The town was really beautiful. We spent our honeymoon there.
_____________________________________________________________.

18. This is a well-built truck. The truck will save you money.
_____________________________________________________________.

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19. The professor gives hard tests. I’m taking his course.
_____________________________________________________________.

20. The agency has gone bankrupt. We bought our tickets from it.
_____________________________________________________________.

21. That man is the manager. I complained to him about the food.
_____________________________________________________________.

22. I helped the people. Their car had broken down.

_____________________________________________________________.

23. There is a shop nearby. You can buy postcards there.

_____________________________________________________________.

24. She took me to the shop. She buys her clothes there.
_____________________________________________________________.

25. Bill met his fiancé in the pub. Students often go there.
_____________________________________________________________.

26. We have a neighbour. His dog barks all day.

_____________________________________________________________.

27. The man was on holiday. My father wanted to buy his car.
_____________________________________________________________.

28. Do you know a good disco? We can go there during the weekend.
_____________________________________________________________?

29. They'll meet us at a restaurant. It's across the street from the library.
_____________________________________________________________.

30. I want to introduce you to a famous writer. His last book was a best seller.
_____________________________________________________________.

D. Write definitions of the following words using the information given. The first one
is done for you.
1. chemistry : study characteristics+composition of substances
2. a consumer : buy or use any service or product
3. a hospital : ill people looked after by nurses+doctors
4. a paring knife : peel vegetables
5. a hammer : fix nails

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Write your definitions here.

1. Chemistry is a science which studies characteristics and composition

of substances.

2. ___________________________________________________________________.

3. ___________________________________________________________________.

4. ___________________________________________________________________.

5. ___________________________________________________________________.

E. Read the text and answer the questions using relative clauses.

Debra Levy is a student at Oxford Polytechnic. A year ago she was extremely thin, her
face was spotty and her stomach was always upset. Her doctor gave her pills but each
new kind only worked for a short time.

After she talked to a friend with the same problems, she began to think she was allergic to
foods and chemicals. She went to see a specialist. He tested her and found out that she
was allergic to things that she ate, breathed and touched.

Now Debra is better. She takes medicine and she avoids many things like cigarette smoke
and chemicals in food, because they make her ill. Fortunately, she shares her house with
some friends. They understand her problem and try to help her.

Debra is finishing her studies soon. She wants to get a job and live in London. There are a
lot of jobs in London and some of them interest her a lot. But she may have problems
there because of the polluted air.

1. What only worked for a short time?

The pills _______________________________________________________.

2. Who made Debra think she was allergic to foods and chemicals?
A friend _______________________________________________________.

3. Who found out that she was allergic to things that she ate, breathed and touched?
_______________________________________________________________.

4. What does she avoid?

_______________________________________________________________.

5. Who does she share her house with?

_______________________________________________________________.

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6. Why does she want to live in London?
Because the jobs __________________________________________________.

10.3 OMISSION
Rewrite/Join the following sentences leaving out the relative pronouns if possible. Do not
change their meanings.

1. The soup was too salty. I had it for lunch.

_______________________________________________________________.

2. The waitress was friendly. She served us dinner.

_______________________________________________________________.

3. I have a class. It begins at 8 a.m.

_______________________________________________________________.

4. I don’t know the man. He is talking to Mary.

_______________________________________________________________.

5. My daughter asked me a question. I couldn’t answer it.

_______________________________________________________________.

6. The people live on Elm Street. Ann is visiting them now.

_______________________________________________________________.

7. All of the people can come to my party. I asked them.

_______________________________________________________________.

8. The students missed the quiz. They came to class late.

_______________________________________________________________.

9. I know a man. He doesn’t have to work for a living.

_______________________________________________________________.

10. I didn’t know any of the people. John invited them to his party.
_______________________________________________________________.

11. A lion is an animal. It lives in Africa.

_______________________________________________________________.
12. The market has fresh vegetables. I usually go there.
_______________________________________________________________.

13. Where can I catch the bus? It goes downtown.

_______________________________________________________________?

206
14. I had a good time on the trip. I took it to Glacier National Park.
_______________________________________________________________.

15. The notes helped me a lot. I borrowed them from you.

_______________________________________________________________.

16. The person should help you with your problem. He is sitting at that desk.
_______________________________________________________________.

17. The plane leaves at 7 p.m. I’m taking it to Denver.

_______________________________________________________________.

18. She lost the pen. She borrowed it from me.

_______________________________________________________________.

19. Here’s the brochure. It gives information about holiday resorts.

_______________________________________________________________.

20. The police arrested the girl yesterday. I used to work in the same office with her.
________________________________________________________________.

10.4 REDUCTION
Rewrite/Join the following sentences using reduced relative clauses. Use the given
clues.

1. Doctor Morton is the head of the ophthalmology department. He operated on my

mother’s eye.
Doctor Morton _____________________________________________________.

2. METU is one of the most important universities in Turkey. It was founded in 1956.
METU ____________________________________________________________.

3. The members of Green Peace are standing on the bridge. It connects the two
continents.
The members of Green Peace ___________________________________________.

4. The subway construction may cause traffic jams. It is carried out on Eskişehir Road.
The subway construction _____________________________________________.

5. The car has been found. It was used in the bank robbery.
The car ___________________________________________________________.

6. A large garden surrounds the palace. It is full of tropical trees.

The large garden ___________________________________________________.

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7. The paintings have been exhibited in the Louvre. They really attracted the attention of the
public.
The paintings ________________________________________________________.

8. My language teacher lives in a flat. It looks out on a square.

My language teacher __________________________________________________.

9. A man is driving the lorry. He has just passed his driving test.
The man ____________________________________________________________.

10. The capital city of Turkey has always been the centre of Anatolian civilisations. It has
been known for centuries for its history.
The capital __________________________________________________________.

11. Plastic is an artificial substance. It is moulded into shape when heated.

Plastic ______________________________________________________________.

12. Turkish rugs are valued throughout the world. They are made by hand over a long period
of time.
Turkish rugs _________________________________________________________.

13. The students are all boys. They are being punished.
The students _________________________________________________________.

14. I am not fond of people. They boast all the time.

I am not ____________________________________________________________.

15. Many deserts have some geographical formations. They range from soft hills to jagged
cliffs.
Many deserts ________________________________________________________.

10.5 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

Rewrite/Join the pairs of sentences below using relative clauses. Do not change the
meaning.

1. He bought his daughter some books. Most of them were about gardening.
He ________________________________________________________________.

2. A lot of people take our language course. Most of them are successful.
Most ______________________________________________________________.

3. A lot of people applied for the job. Not all of them were qualified.
Not all of ___________________________________________________________.

4. There are many grammatical contrasts between English and Arabic. The most noticeable
of these differences is in word order.
There are many ______________________________________________________.

208
5. Charles Dickens wrote a lot of books. Two of them are Oliver Twist and the Tale of
Two Cities.
Charles Dickens ____________________________________________________.

6. Mrs. Wand’s students are very energetic. Many of them play basketball.
Mrs. Wand’s _______________________________________________________.

7. Tom has two pairs of jeans. Both of them need cleaning.

Tom ______________________________________________________________.

8. A lot of people protested the war. Some of them were students.

A lot of people ______________________________________________________.

9. Mary has just inherited a lot of money. A little of it will go to the orphanage.
Mary ______________________________________________________________.

10. Last summer we went to the village to visit my friend’s family. All of the members of
the family welcomed us.
Last summer ________________________________________________________.

10.6 NOUN+OF WHICH

Join the pairs of sentences below using relative clauses. Do not change the meaning.

1. I have bought a camera. The flash of it is portable.

____________________________________________________________________.
2. In the bedroom, there is a wardrobe. The doors of it slide.
____________________________________________________________________.
3. He has a bicycle. The wheels of the bicycle are colorful.
____________________________________________________________________.
4. The instructor has assigned students a paper. The aim of it is to see the levels of the
students.
____________________________________________________________________.
5. She is smoking a cigarette. The smoke of it disturbs the other passengers in the
compartment.
____________________________________________________________________.

10.7 PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITIONS

I. Rewrite the following sentences using relative pronouns.
eg: She is the teacher. I have been waiting for her.
She is the teacher for whom I have been waiting.

1. The restaurant was spacious. We went to it yesterday.

The restaurant ________________________________________________________.

209
2. I will never forget the day. You proposed to me then.
________________________________________________________.

3. This is the safe. They keep their jewellery there.

________________________________________________________.

4. I met the man. I received a letter from him the other day.
________________________________________________________.

II. (You can also do the exercises in Part A: 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 18 Part F: 8, 11, 15, 17,
20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28 in the same way.)

10.8 REVIEW OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

A. Read the text and complete the sentences using who, whose, which, where. Use each
only once.

The marathon is the most famous race in the Olympic Games. Its name comes from a small
village in Greece. There was a war between the Greeks and the Persians there in the year 490
B.C. When the Greeks won the battle, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Athens to
tell the good news. When the modern Olympic Games started in 1896, the organisers knew
this story.

In the Olympic Games today, the finest amateurs in the world come together and complete.
An amateur is a sportsman. He doesn’t earn any money from sports. Amateurs, however, have
to spend a lot of time preparing for the games. That’s why their governments pay for their
preparation, travel and pocket money. These usually cost a lot.

1. The marathon is a famous race, ________________________________________.

2. Marathon was a small village, _________________________________________.

3. An amateur is a sportsman ____________________________________________.

4. The governments pay for the athletes’ preparation, travel and pocket money,
__________________________________________________________________.

B. Read the sentences below, underline the relative clause and put commas where
necessary. If possible omit the relative pronouns.
1. Star Trek which is a popular TV serial made in the 1960’s is about the adventures of a
space ship and its crew.
__________________________________________________________________.

210
2. The University of California conducted a study that tested 22 smells like vanillin and
vinegar on volunteers from different countries.
__________________________________________________________________.
3. Every summer, hundreds of students try to find job opportunities most of which are
in seasonal work usually connected with tourism and agriculture.
__________________________________________________________________.
4. My eldest sister whose ability to play the piano is unbelievable will be performing at
the presidential palace next Saturday.
__________________________________________________________________.
5. The hotel where we wanted to stay was fully booked.
__________________________________________________________________.
6. The biggest restaurant in the town which we often go to is near the sea side.
__________________________________________________________________.
7. Nigel Kennedy is one of the few classical musicians who interpret Vivaldi’s ‘Four
Seasons’ which has sold more then 250.000 copies successfully.
__________________________________________________________________.
8. Alexandria which is the second largest city in Egypt was built by Alexander the
Great on the site of an old fishing village which had a small harbour that was
sheltered by the island of Pharos.
__________________________________________________________________.
9. The classroom which we hold our lessons in is very cold and dark.
__________________________________________________________________.
10. Rice which we usually serve with meat is an important food in my country.
__________________________________________________________________.
11. John travelled twenty miles to visit his sister which was thoughtful of him.
__________________________________________________________________.
12. The students who the administration have chosen for the quiz show are excused from
classes today.
__________________________________________________________________.

C. Rewrite/Join the following using relative clauses and the clues if given. Put
commas where necessary. If possible you can omit the relative pronouns or use
the reduced form . Do not change the meaning.

1. I met a woman at the party last night. She was a journalist.

The woman __________________________________________________ journalist.

211
2. The man was taken to hospital. His house had been vandalised.
The man ____________________________________________________________.

3. We had to write a report. It was completed in three hours.

The report ___________________________________________________________.

4. I lent you a book. It was written by a friend of mine.

The book ____________________________________________________________.

5. You can wash some plastic bowls in the dishwasher. I want one.
I want a plastic bowl __________________________________________________.

6. During his lifetime, Picasso created a lot of paintings. Art critics highly value those
paintings today.
During his lifetime, ____________________________________________________.

7. The secretary can type 70 words per minute. Mr. Bailey hired her yesterday.
The secretary _________________________________________________________.

8. Most of the students read the book. Their teacher had recommended it.
Most of the students ___________________________________________________.

9. I spent five years in a school. There used to be only girls there.

I spent ______________________________________________________________.

10. There are paintings on exhibition at the Louvre Museum. Some of them are worth
millions of dollars.
There are ____________________________________________________________.

11. The government constructed houses for the refugees. The refugees were thankful.
The refugees _________________________________________________________.

12. The oceans are full of plankton. Most of the plankton are consumed by fish.
The oceans __________________________________________________________.

13. The article is really interesting. It deals with different types of friendship.
The article___________________________________________________________.

14. A woman gave me piano lessons. The woman's sister worked in the bakery.
The woman __________________________________________________________.

15. Many people came to the interview. None of them got the job.
None of _____________________________________________________________.

16. I gave her a gold chest. The top of it is covered with diamonds.
I gave ______________________________________________________________.

212
D. Fill in each blank with an item from the box below. Do not use an item more than
ONCE.

whose why who

which where when
that whom

1. On their fourth wedding anniversary, Rod gave a diamond ring to his wife, Beth,
_______________ made her very happy.

2. Mr. Brown is thinking of firing two of the accountants in the sales department,
_______________ keep making lots of errors in the calculations.

3. I'll never forget the day _______________ I first had a date.

4. This island is a place _______________ you will like very much.

5. Jackie inherited a fortune from her elder uncle ,____________ wife she hadn't seen for
years.

6. The two men were about to rob the National Bank when the police found out about
their plans and caught them in the cottage _________________ they were hiding.

7. “Mary, I want you to meet Mr. Simpson. He is the man on ____________ your father
operated yesterday. Mr. Simpson, this is my daughter, Mary.”

8. There is no reason ______________ you shouldn’t go out for a dinner with your boy
friend.

E. Write ONE suitable relative pronoun in each blank.

Martha Todders is one of the people (1)__________ don’t like city life. She left London
years ago, complaining about the crowd and noise. However, she had to come back last
week to live in the flat (2)__________ she had left years ago because her house in the
country, (3)__________ she lived for all those years, completely burnt down in a fire.

On her return to London, she visited the company (4)__________ had insured her house
in order to reclaim her loss due to the fire. They have agreed to meet her claim in full. In
addition, if she buys any new furniture in London, they will transport it free of charge.

Martha is planning to stay in her flat in London, some parts of (5)__________ is suitable
for use as an art studio, so she’s going to redecorate these parts for rent as a studio with the
help of an old friend. Martha is keen on art so this will help her feel better until her house in
the country is rebuilt.
***

213
F. Mark the best choice.

1. She got a letter from the man _______________ house her parents visited last week.
a) who c) whom
b) whose d) that

2. The contract _______________ the secretary typed yesterday has just been signed.
a) — c) whom
b) who d) where

3. Samuel Clemens, _______________ was a famous American author, wrote "Tom

Sawyer".
a) that c) who
b) whom d) —

4. He has started waking up in the middle of the night, _____________ is very strange.
a) this c) that
b) it d) which
5. The eggs ______________ for breakfast at the cafeteria were cold.
a) which had c) who I had
b) I had d) that had
6. My sister goes out with a man ______________ in a bank.
a) works c) who works
b) who he works d) he works
7. I’m going to call about the advertisement ______________ in last night’s
paper.
a) which saw c) I saw
b) saw d) that is seen
8. Do you remember the film ______________ you about?
a) I told c) told
b) which is told d) that told
9. I couldn’t understand the woman ______________ the conference.
a) that she gave c) who gave
b) she gave d) gave
10. I enjoyed the music ______________ after dinner.
a) that listened c) that we listened
b) which we listened to it d) which we listened to
11. The people ______________ next door are very friendly.
a) who they live c) live
b) they live d) who live
12. Somebody with dark glasses ______________ for you outside.
a) who is waiting c) that he is waiting
b) is waiting d) he is waiting

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13. Do you know the woman ______________?
a) who is married to c) John is married to
b) that married to d) she is married to John
14. This is Tom Jenkins. His parents ______________ in Switzerland.
a) who live c) that they live
b) they live d) live

15. Brabant Island, __________________, is an inhospitable and violent piece of land

near Antarctica.
a) which the research team spent the winter
b) that was the winter spent by the research team
c c) where the research team spent the winter
d) who the research team spent the winter with

16. William Shakespeare was a very famous British playwright. You can see 'Hamlet',
_____________ is one of his best plays, at the Adoelphi Theatre until next June.
a) that c) which
b) who d) whose
17. One of the reasons _______________ many people move to urban areas is better
educational facilities.
a) which c) when
b) where d) why
18. Her husband has a wonderful sense of humour, _______________ makes their times
together relaxing and enjoyable.
a) that c) which
b) who d) —
19. The representatives of the countries _____________ unemployment rates are high
gathered to discuss their government policies.
a) which c) their
b) whose d) these

***
Mark Twain is a writer (20)______________________ popular all over the world. His
real name was Samuel Clemens. Later when he became a writer, he used the name Mark
Twain, (21)______________________ a term used by river boatmen travelling along the
Mississippi River. Mark Twain (22)______________________ in a small town beside the
Mississippi. In his books he wrote about his childhood experiences
(23)______________________. One of his stories (24)______________________ about
an ordinary American boy, Tom Sawyer, (25)______________________ getting into
trouble all the time. Tom Sawyer’s adventures (26)______________________ in a small
town beside the Mississippi, (27)______________________.

215
20. a) who are books and stories 21. a) that it was
b) where he has books and stories b) which was
c) whose books and stories are c) who he was
d) which has books and stories d) it was

22. a) who grew up 23. a) he never forgot

b) he grew up b) which never forgot
c) where he grew up c) who he never forgot
d) grew up d) that never forgot

24. a) it is 25. a) he kept

b) they are b) kept
c) is c) that he
d) that are d) who kept

26. a) which take place 27. a) whose childhood Mark Twain spent
b) they take place b) who spent his childhood there
c) take place c) where Mark Twain spent his childhood
d) that they take place d) which he spent his childhood there

216
11.PARTICIPLES
A.
I. Fill in the blanks with the participles in the box. Use each ONCE.

frightening disappointed surprised tiring

tired excited confusing surprising
broken frightened annoying

1. Mondays at work are the most ____________ days of the week. That's why I prefer
to go home right after work on Mondays and spend the evening in front of the
television doing nothing.

2. He was _____________ to see his teacher in front of him as he wasn’t expecting her.

3. My father’s explanations are _____________, they are not very clear.

4. I feel very _____________ after giving parties.

5. When Sam learned that he could not win a scholarship to Harvard University, you can
imagine how _________________ he was. He had been working to get it for years.

6. It was _____________ to see her at the market yesterday. I thought he had moved to
Australia long time ago.

7. My sister is very _____________ about the birth she is going to give next month.

8. Our neighbour’s noise is very _____________ downstairs.

9. When she told the children a _____________ story, they all got _____________ and
didn’t want to go to sleep.

10. We gave the _____________ chair away.

II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

newly engaged poorly illustrated recently married

well-timed freshly made well-paid
colourfully illustrated recently published

1. Nothing can be more delicious than ________________ bread.

2. The ________________ couple are on honeymoon at the Caribbean islands.

3. He hasn't got any financial problems because he has a ________________ job.

4. It was a ________________ book; there were very few pictures in it.

217
III. Use the words in the box to form present or past participles.

frighten behave break

last light sight

1. Most kitchen containers are made of solid rubber because it is a long- __________
material.
2. How do you expect me to walk that far with this __________ leg?
3. I like December very much because the streets are colourfully- __________ for
Christmas.
4. I couldn't get to sleep for a long time after watching that __________ film.

IV. Match the words in columns A and B and fill in the blanks with the correct
participles. Use each ONCE.
A B
freshly done
widely drawn
recently known
terribly opened
well timed

1. This is a ________________________ map. It's impossible to find our way with it.

2. It's a ________________________ fact that television has some harmful effects on

children.

3. This is the most ________________________ pub in town. Let's get in and see what it is
like.

4. This project is ________________________. Congratulations!

B.
I. Mark the best choice.

1. _____________ aware of the dangers involved, we decided to cut across the forest.
a) Having been c) In spite of
b) Not being d) Although we

2. ________ the curtains, I was shocked to see that my front yard was a mess. A car had
crashed into the garbage bins and there was trash everywhere.
a) Being opened c) Having to open
b) Opening d) By opening

3. Yesterday I went to the school cafeteria with my friends. There were other students there
________ 'Bridge'.
a) play c) played
b) were playing d) playing

218
II. Rewrite the following using the correct participle forms.

1. As I didn't know his room number, I asked the receptionist.

___________________________________________________________________.

2. He felt sick because he had drunk too much.

___________________________________________________________________.

3. She finished all the housework and then went to her neighbour for a cup of coffee.
___________________________________________________________________.

4. We didn't know what to do so we decided to ask for some advice.

___________________________________________________________________.

5. He tripped and broke his leg as he was going down the stairs.
___________________________________________________________________.

6. We had booked our seats for the concert, so we didn't have to stand in a queue for hours.
_________________________________________________________ ,we didn't have to
stand in a queue for hours.

7. His lawyer warned Jim about the high taxes, which changed his mind about buying
another villa.
____________________________________, Jim changed his mind about buying another
villa.

8. We did some window-shopping and then decided what to buy.

___________________________________________________________________.

9. As I didn't know what to say, I just smiled.

___________________________________________________________________.

10. He didn’t have a chance of winning the tennis tournament because he wasn’t a good
player.
___________________________________________________________________.

11. I cleaned the living room. Then I started tidying up the kitchen.
___________________________________________________________________.

12. I was not interested to see what would happen so I left the meeting early.
___________________________________________________________________.

13. As he had witnessed the crime, he was expected to give evidence in court.
___________________________________________________________________.

219
14. Tourists who intend to spend their holiday in Malta are advised to make early
reservations.
___________________________________________________________________.

III. Change the words in brackets into participle forms.

1. The book __________________ (write) by a friend of mine is in the list of best sellers.

2. ___________________ (reserve) a table a week in advance, we were seated immediately

by the head waiter.

3. ___________________ (see) the old man crossing the street, the driver braked hard.

4. Martin has started to work for a company. However, ___________________ (have) his
own business for many years, he now finds it hard to accept orders from another
authority.

5. Romeo, _____________________ (believe) that Juliet was dead, decided to kill himself.

6. Bob, who got extremely angry at his boss, went out _____________________ (slam) the
door.

7. The president entered the room, _______________________ (accompany) by his body

guards.
***
Last Friday, our teacher took us to the Natural History Museum. First, we toured the
(8)_________________________ (fascinate) displays of prehistoric animals. Then, we went
into the next room, where there were some fossils of the earliest
(9)________________________ (know) plants. As we went on, it was
(10)_______________________ (amaze) to see the displays of Homo Sapiens. Although my
friends and I were extremely (11)_______________________ (exhaust) at the end of the day,
we all appreciated the knowledge we had gained.

IV. Change the words in the box into participles.

hide perform park protest

take tie do

I was walking home when I saw a group of people (1)______________________ against the
nuclear experiments (2)______________________ in the Pacific Ocean. The spokesman for
the group was a young man with his hair (3)______________________ in a pony tail. He was
standing on a bus (4)______________________ in the middle of the road. As he was
passionately talking about the damage (5)______________________ by the experiments,
others were showing photographs (6)______________________ in the test areas. One of them
was very touching, it showed a sea lion (7)______________________ behind a rock in terror.
Then the police arrived to disperse the crowd as they ............
220
12. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
12.1 ALLOW – MAKE – LET
Complete or rewrite the sentences using the words given in the box in their
correct forms.

make let allow

1. His parents didn't let him go out on weekdays.

______________________________________________________ on weekdays.

2. His parents didn't mind if he came home after midnight.

He ______________________________________________________ after midnight.

3. When I was in the army, I had to go for a run every morning.

When I was in the army, they ______________________________________ every
morning.

4. Brian and Robert are talking about their mothers.

Brian : I really get angry when my mother __________________________wear
a suit when we are going out for dinner with my father's friends from work. I
think I'm old enough to decide what to wear on formal occasions.

Robert : I definitely agree with you.

5. I couldn't visit John in prison.

They _________________________________________ John in prison.

6. Tom can only go out to play with his friends after he does his homework.
His mother always ___________________________________ before he goes out to
play with his friends.

7. The children had to stay in the room for two hours.

The children _________________________________ leave the room for two hours.

8. I’m not allowed to grow my hair long.

My parents ______________________________________________ my hair long.

9. We have to stay in the office until 6 p.m.

They _____________________________________________ in the office until 6 p.m.

10. We couldn’t listen to rock music at school.

______________________________________________rock music at school.

11. Can we take photographs in the museum?

_________________________________________________________ in the museum?

221
12. When I was a teenager, my parents didn't let me stay out after midnight.
When I was a teenager, my parents ________________________________________
___________________ before midnight.

13. On the plane you can walk around after take-off.

On the plane you ___________________________________________ after take-off.

14. We have to speak English in class.

Our teacher ____________________________________________________________.

15. You can’t work abroad if you don’t have a work permit.
You ___________________________________ abroad if you don’t have a work
permit.

16. We had to write our term-papers on the computer.

Our teacher never _____________________________________ our term-papers in pen.

17. I'm not allowed to keep pets in my flat.

My landlord ________________________________________________ pets in my flat.

18. Secretary : May I take the day off, Sir?

Mr. Brown : Yes, sure.
Mr. Brown ________________________________________ the day off.

19. Police Officer : You have exceeded the speed limit. You must pay a fine.
Driver : Okay. I am very sorry.
The police officer ______________________________________________________.

12.2 ENOUGH AND TOO (... TO)

A. Fill in the blanks with ONE word only.

My sister's wedding was a disaster. First of all, she decided to get married very suddenly so
there was little time to plan it properly, but still about fifty of her friends came to the reception
in her studio. We had several problems with the people who organized the reception. For
instance, there was (1)________________ much coke but there wasn't (2)_____________
champagne because they had forgotten most of the champagne bottles at the back of the car.
My father had to go to the nearest supermarket to buy some.

***

3. There were too ______________ questions in the exam so most of the students couldn't
finish answering them all on time.

222
4. A : Why did they cancel the board meeting?
B : There weren't _________________ people to hold the meeting.

5. Tigers are __________________ dangerous to keep as pets.

6. She is not fast ____________________ to win the race.

B. Complete the sentences with the given clues.

Mr. and Mrs. Henson want to move to a new house.

Mr. Henson : What do you think of the house in Green Street?

Mrs. Henson : Well, it's a detached house and the garden is lovely, but it's on a main road.
(1)_____________________________________ cars. This can be dangerous
(too)
for the children. And also (2)________________________________ noise.
(too)

Mr. Henson : You are right dear. What about the rooms?

Mrs. Henson : Oh, (3)_____________________________________. It has got only

(enough)
two small bedrooms. I don’t want to live in a small house any more.

C. Rewrite the following using the given clues. Do not change the meaning.

1. She is too young to travel alone.

_________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

2. The box was too heavy for me to carry.

The box wasn't _____________________________________________________.
(enough)

3. The problem wasn't easy enough for me to solve.

The problem was ___________________________________________________.
(too)

4. The milk wasn't cold enough. The baby couldn't drink it.
The milk was _____________________________________________________.
(too)

5. My car is not very old. It is not considered a classic.

_________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

6. The text is extremely difficult. The new students cannot understand it.
_________________________________________________________________.
(too)

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7. Jeremy eats too much junk food.
Jeremy __________________________________________________ healthy food.
(enough)

8. This bed isn't very comfortable. I can't sleep in it.

This bed ___________________________________________________________.
(enough)

9. The exercise was very difficult. The children couldn't do it.

The exercise _________________________________________________________.
(too)

10. He is quite clever. He can understand well.

____________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

11. These clothes are very old. I can’t wear them.

____________________________________________________________________.
(too)

12. He is afraid. He cannot tell her the truth.

____________________________________________________________________.
(too)

13. The man is stupid. He believes you.

________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

14. The story is short. We can read it in one lesson.

_________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

15. That man is very tall. She can’t dance with him.
_________________________________________________________________.
(too)

16. The film is frightening. Children shouldn’t watch it.

_________________________________________________________________.
(too)

17. The teacher spoke fast. We couldn’t understand him.

_________________________________________________________________.
(too)

18. The wind is strong. It will blow the roof off.

_________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

224
19. He hasn't got much courage. He can't be a mountaineer.
He isn't __________________________________________________________.
(enough)

20. She is rather short so she can't become a model.

She _____________________________________________________________.
(enough)

21. The mountain path was very steep. The old farmer couldn't climb it.
The mountain path _________________________________________________.
(too)

22. It’s very cold so we can’t have dinner on the balcony.

________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

23. She couldn't catch up with them because she walked too slowly.
________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

24. We can walk on the ice-it is thick.

________________________________________________________________.
(enough)

D. Mark the best choice.

1. I can't see you very well because it's dark and there is _____________ light.
a) not enough c) more
b) too much d) enough

2. Although 3-year-old Tom is too young __________ to school, he pretends to be a

student. Every morning he prepares his school bag and goes to his grandmother, who
looks after him while his parents are at work.
a) going c) to go
b) who goes d) is going

3. It is ___________ to dig the garden today.

a) too hot c) very hot
b) hotter d) hot

4. When we left the party, we were still hungry because there __________ food.
a) wasn't nearly as much c) wasn't enough
b) was too bad d) was a bit

5. He was dismissed as he had argued with the boss about the working conditions which
he thought were ________ to put up with, even for a strong and healthy person.
a) very heavily c) too heavy
b) so heavy d) heavy enough

225
12.3 FORMS OF USED TO

A. The Black family have moved from Canada to Switzerland. How are their lives
different? Use used to or didn’t use to.

Canada Switzerland

They lived in a town. They live in a city.

They lived in a small house. They live in a big flat.
They had a dog. They don’t have a dog.
Mr.Black was a farmer. He’s a salesman.
They ate healthy food. They eat unhealthy food.
Their son Andy was very lazy at school. He is hardworking now.
Mr.Black didn’t smoke. He smokes a lot.
Mrs.Black wasn’t fat. She is very fat.
They enjoyed life. They don’t enjoy life much.
Andy didn’t like school. He likes it now.
Mrs.Black was a housewife. She is a typist.

eg. The Black family used to live in a town, but now they live in a city.

1. _________________________________________________________________.

2. _________________________________________________________________.

3. _________________________________________________________________.

4. _________________________________________________________________.

5. _________________________________________________________________.

6. _________________________________________________________________.

7. _________________________________________________________________.

8. _________________________________________________________________.

9. _________________________________________________________________.

10. _________________________________________________________________.

B. Rewrite the sentences using used to, get used to, be used to.

1. There wasn't much air pollution 15 years ago.

______________________________________ much air pollution 15 years ago.

2. I eat only vegetables and fruit. I am accustomed to it.

I ______________________________________________________________.

3. I disliked wearing a uniform when I first joined the army, but I don’t mind it any more.
I _________________________________________________________ a uniform.

226
4. My sister started dying her hair after she graduated from university.
My sister ____________________________________ when she was at university.

5. Cycling to school is something that I find strange.

I _______________________________________________________________.

6. Speaking in public is something I always do.

I _________________________________________________________ in public.

7. They have built an art gallery near my flat.

_________________________________________________________________.

8. They have pulled down the cinema on the Main street.

_________________________________________________________________.

9. Home computers are not expensive any more.

Home computers ___________________________________________ in the past.

10. There were a few shopping centers in Ankara 10 years ago.

__________________________________________________10 years ago.

C. Complete the sentences in a meaningful way using the correct forms of used to,
get used to and be used to.

1. Our new neighbours are very noisy. I expect we ___________________, but it’s very
annoying now.

2. Fred isn’t married and he doesn’t have many friends but he doesn’t mind it because he
_________________ alone.

3. My husband started to travel a lot after he got a new job. At first I found this quite
difficult but now I ______________ away.

4. She looks sleepy. She ____________________ so early in the morning.

5. There _____________________ a language laboratory in that school, but there is one

now.

6. When I was 8, I _________________________ swimming but now I don’t.

7. I don’t feel well after a big meal. I _______________________ so much.

8. Tim _______________________ so much coffee. He can’t sleep now.

9. We felt very sad when our teacher changed at primary school, but soon we
_______________________ the new one.

10. At first Jane didn’t like school but then _________________________ it.

227
12.4 CAUSATIVE VERBS
A. Complete or rewrite the following sentences (use the clues if given).

1. They clean my coat at the dry cleaner's.

I ____________________________________________ at the dry cleaner's.

2. How often _____________________________________ (you / your teeth / check)?

3. Winter is around the corner, but Tom _______________________________________

(yet / the central heating / install).

4. A : I've spilled red wine on my new dress.

B : Don't worry. You can ________________________ (clean). I know a good place
that gets out even the most stubborn stains.

5. Has anyone ever tested your eyes?

Have you ever __________________________________________________?

6. Mary is visiting her friend Melanie.

Mary : Your house looks wonderful.
_________________________________________?
Melanie : Yes, I have. I paid a lot of money to the decorators but I guess it's worth it. I
really like the new look.

7. I am going to a doctor. He is going to take my blood pressure.

I am going to _________________________________________________.

8. The doctor wanted the X-ray of my stomach on Saturday.

I __________________________________________________ on Saturday.

9. Your house needs painting.

You should __________________________________________________.

10. I never wash my car myself.

I ___________________________________________________________.
(always)

11. Mary will _____________ (her hair / do) before she goes to the party.

12. I take my car to the garage to be serviced every six months.

____________________________________________________________.

13. Some workers are repairing the leak in our roof now.
We ________________________________________________________.

14. In most hypermarkets, they entertain your children while you're shopping.
In most hypermarkets, you can __________________________________ while you're
shopping.

228
15. Our teacher’d better explain the causatives again. Some of us couldn’t understand it.
We should __________________________________________________.

B. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Use each ONCE.

have get

1. Father : Can you wash the car? I'll give you £1 to do it.
Tom : Oh, all right.
Tom's father ______________________________________________________.

2. Sue and Jim's wedding photographs were taken at a photographic studio.

Sue and Jim _______________________________________________________.

12.5 VERBS OF PERCEPTION

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. My grandfather is sleeping in his bedroom. I can hear him _______________ (snore).

2. When we walked past his house we heard him __________________ (practice) the flute.

3. I saw her __________________ (steal) the golden necklace and ______________ (leave)
the shop immediately.

4. It was a great pleasure to see my uncle __________________ (win) the tennis match last
year.

5. I was frightened when I heard the door __________________ (open) at midnight.

6. While I was walking down the street, I suddenly heard someone ______________ (shout)
‘Help!’

7. As I was running past the tennis court, I noticed some children ________________ (play)
tennis.

8. They saw her __________________ (fall) into the lake.

9. I feel the drops of sweat __________________ (trickle) down my back.

10. I saw Sue __________________ (read) my letters in my bedroom.

11. Bird watchers observe wild birds __________________ (fly) in their natural
surroundings.

12. I felt something __________________ (move) on my neck and screamed.

13. We watched a caterpillar __________________ (crawl) up the leg of a chair and

__________________ (fall) down.

229
14. My cat ‘Pussy’ enjoys listening to me __________________ (sing) a song before it falls
asleep.
15. When I got home late at night, I found my younger sister __________________ (sleep) on
the sofa.
***

Last Monday I was sitting on my balcony and watching some children

(16)_______________ (play) hopscotch in the garden when I noticed a car
(17)_______________ (come) down the road and (18)_______________ (stop) on the other
side, just opposite my house. There were three men in the car. I heard one of them
(19)_______________ (yell) for help. Then I saw another one (20)_____________ (get out) of
the car and (21)_______________ (enter) our building. Suddenly I heard my doorbell
(22)_______________ (ring) and smelt something (23)_______________ (burn). I got into
panic and thought that I shouldn’t open the door. But then I heard somebody
(24)_______________ (knock) on the window and (25)_______________ (break) it.
That’s all I can remember. When I opened my eyes I was in hospital.

12.6 REVIEW OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

A. Mark the best choice.

1. Joanne forbade her younger brother _____________ her room.

a) entering c) not to enter
b) that he wouldn't enter d) to enter

2. Many parents don't approve of their children _____________ home after midnight.
a) to coming c) coming
b) come d) to come

3. The salesman showed us __________ the washing machine.

a) for using c) the working of
b) how to use d) to work

4. A razor is something that you use for __________.

a) shave c) to shave
b) shaving d) shaving it

5. A : What would you like ___________?

B : White wine, please.
a) drinking c) a drink
b) to drink d) drink

6. James is very proud of his father, who was the first person ________ from a university in
his family.
a) graduating c) to graduate
b) that have graduated d) having to graduate

230
7. Although he had a fight with Michelle earlier, Josh is still hoping _______ to her
barbecue party.
a) he is invited c) for being invited
b) to have the invitation d) to be invited

B. Fill in the blanks using either the gerund or the (to) + infinitive forms.
I.

1. I don't mind my office _____________________ (change).

2. I forgot _________________ (take) the books back to the library today.

3. You know me. However, I don't remember _________________ (meet) you.

4. I'll never forget _________________ (watch) the sunset over Lake Victoria. It was
wonderful.

5. Call me whenever you think the grass needs _________________ (cut).

6. I called Mum on our way to Michigan, when we stopped _________________ (get)

some petrol.

7. I have never regretted _________________ (tell) the truth.

8. If you can't concentrate on your work anymore, try _________________ (take) a

shower. That might help.

9. Remember _________________ (buy) the tickets before they are sold out.

10. My instructor advised me _________________ (make) a list of the new vocabulary

items every day.

11. I had to finish my drink in the hall as they don't allow people _______________ (enter)
the cinema with beverages.

12. We decided to sell the piano as my daughter stopped _________________ (take) piano
lessons years ago.

II.

1. I was told that the car wasn't worth ________________________(buy) because it was
very old.

2. There is no point in _______________________________ (cry) over the accident now.

You shouldn't have driven while you were drunk.

3. Don't throw away those gift wraps. You can use them for ____________ (cover) your
books.

4. A : Arnold doesn't want to come with us. He doesn't feel like_____________ (go)
out today.
B : That's okay. He can join us another time.

231
5. We've bought a new house. It's in very good condition except for the garage, which needs
_________________ (paint).

6. A : How did you manage to get here so fast?

B : We skipped lunch and drove past all the restaurants. We only stopped
___________________ (fill) the tank at a gas station.
***

Dear Aunt Mary,

Finally, I've managed (7)_______________ (find) someone who is genuinely interested in the
research that I'm doing. The biology professors at my university are all too busy
(8)_________________ (help) me. They are only concerned about (9)________________
(publish) their own material. Professor Greenberg, from Boston College, however, took my
research very seriously. He even offered (10)_______________ (let) me use the faculty lab for
my experiments. You know, that's actually against the rules. They do not permit students from
other universities to do experiments in their labs. I really appreciate him
(11)_______________ (be) so involved in my project. He supports me in whatever I do and
has encouraged me (12)_______________ (write) about the results in next month's issue of
Science Magazine...

***
Many people must have dreamed of (13)_______________ (own) a small house in a foreign
country. Others, with even bigger ideas and a lot more money, may even have considered
(14)_______________ (buy) hotels. In any case, it is absolutely essential
(15)_______________ (know) a great deal about the value of property—otherwise the buyer
may be at the mercy of dishonest agents.
Some tourists, however, are so foolish that nothing can prevent them from
(16)_______________ (be) cheated. About 3 years ago a Japanese tourist attempted
(17)_______________ (buy) the Collosseum in Rome. His agents told him that the building
was in need of repair but it was well worth (18)_______________ (spend) money on a
building like that. They took a deposit of 200,000 liret and told him that they would complete
the arrangements that evening. The poor Japanese tourist agreed (19)______________ (meet)
them at a certain hotel that evening but, of course they never came.

***

232
Maria and Sally are talking on the phone.

Maria : Oh, I forgot to tell you. Janet's suddenly got married.

Sally : Oh, no! Not to that dreadful man she was going out with! His name is Peter, isn't it?

Maria : Yes, that's the one, I'm afraid.

Sally : That's awful. What a huge mistake she's made! It's simply impossible for me
(20)______________ (understand) what made her (21)_____________ (decide) to
do a crazy thing like that. Can you imagine how terrible (22)_______________ (be)
married to him would be?

Maria : I couldn't even begin to imagine it. Actually, I did my best

(23)_________________ (stop) her. I told her months ago to stop
(24)__________________ (see) him, but she stubbornly refused
(25)________________ (take) my advice. You know how head-strong she is.

Sally : I certainly do. You are not the only one who tried to save her from disaster. I
myself urged her several times to consider at least (26)________________ (put off)
(27)_____________________ (get) married until they knew each other better. Now
it has turned out that I wasted my time. When Janet makes up her mind, it isn't
worth even (28)_________________ (try) to change it.

Maria : Well, she chose (29)_____________________ (rush) into this ridiculous marriage
instead of listening to us. Now she'll just have to live with the consequences.

***

Jack bought this lovely new house in the woods. Since he has refused (30)___________ (cut)
down any trees, there are no paved roads going to his house. Therefore, visiting him means
(31)____________ (hike) at least two hours in the rugged country from the station. However,
I like Jack, so I finally made up my mind (32)____________ (pay) him a visit. I didn’t mind
(33)____________ (walk) so far but I dreaded (34)____________ (find/not) him at home. It
was no use (35)_________________ (call) him because he never answers the phone. I
attempted (36)____________ (reach) him by (37)______________ (leave) messages on his
answering machine. Did he acknowledge them? No! At any rate, one day I decided to take a
chance. To this day, I still remember (38)___________ (ring) the bell all out of breath and the
relief I felt when I saw Jack with a glass of cold beer in his hand. Jack, as cheeky as ever,
said, “Hey buddy, I hope you didn’t forget (39)____________ (bring) some snacks.”

***

233
 Dear Maria,
I know you hate (40)________________ (tell) what to do but I just can't help
(41)_________________ (give) you a few words of advice before you leave for
England.
I think the first thing for you to do when you get there is to find a nice family
(42)________________ (stay) with. When I was in England, I realized that while some
families allow their guests (43)______________ (do) more or less what they want,
others may insist on their (44)_______________ (do) all sorts of housework in addition
to (45)________________ (look) after the kids. As the program of the English course
that you're going to attend will probably be very loaded, you won't be able to spend a lot
of time (46)_________________ (help) the family with the housework.
This is why I want you to consider (47)_________________ (stay) with the
Jacksons, in Wimbledon. Mrs. Jackson is a wonderful person. If you can get a room
there, you needn't (48)________________ (worry) about anything! During my stay with
them, I really had a good time. Mrs. Jackson will help you a lot with your homework,
and I'm sure you'll get a lot of chance (49)______________ (practise) your English.
Well, that's all I want to tell you for the time being. I hope you will make the best
of your stay in England. Hope to hear from you soon.
Roberto

***

A : Why do you look so miserable?

B : I've been on a diet for a week and I haven't been able to lose any weight so far!

A : Why don't you try (50)_______________ (take) some exercise? Your house is close to
a park so it's a good idea (51)_______________ (go) jogging there every morning.

B : My doctor has suggested the same thing but I loathe (52)_______________ (get) up
early in the morning!

A : Well, if I were you, I’d (53)_______________ (take) my doctor's advice more seriously!

234
C. Complete the sentences using the clues if given.

A : What is this strange instrument?

B : I guess it's something used (1)_________________ (make) holes in paper.

2. Alice is unhappy with the room service at the hotel. She wants to complain about it to
the porter. You know that this won't solve the problem. What do you say to her?
It's no ____________________________________________________to the porter.

3. You draw straight lines with a ruler.

A ruler is used _______________________________________________________.

4. Barry is at a stationery.
Barry : I want to buy something whose name I do not remember. It is a white
liquid in a small plastic bottle. We _____________________________
mistakes.
The stationer : I see. I guess you want Tipp-ex. Here you are. It is $3.

5. Simon wishes he hadn't sold his car.

Simon regrets ________________________________________________________.

6. I like playing tennis more than swimming.

I'd rather ____________________________________________________________.

7. It's no use applying for this job unless you have all the necessary qualifications.
There is no __________________________________________________________.

8. I'm grateful to him because he took me to the airport.

I appreciate __________________________________________________________.

9. William can do better work.

William is capable ___________________________________________________.

10. 'We should take the train', said Sue.

Sue suggested _______________________________________________________.

11. Despite the new law, people went on taking the drug.
The new law didn't prevent _____________________________________________.

12. I'm sure I'll pass, but I'm still worried about my exam results.
I can't help __________________________________________________________.

13. Don't take a shower before you go jogging; it is pointless!

There ____________________________________________ before you go jogging.

235
14. He started drinking after he got the sack.
_________________________________________________ before he got the sack.
(used to)

15. My father cannot cook well.

My father __________________________________________________________.
(good at)

16. I don't have enough money, so I cannot buy this jacket.

______________________________________________________________________________.
(afford)

17. Mary doesn’t put her books away.

Mary leaves _______________________________________________________.
(lie)

18. I don't know how to write computer programs well.

I'm not very good __________________________________________________.

19. People interrupt me while I am working. I hate it.

I ________________________________________________________________.
(can't stand)

20. " Don't forget to lock the door , will you ?" Alice said to Robert.
Alice ____________________________________________________________.
(remind)

21. It took her three hours to clean the house.

She ______________________________________________________________.
(spend)

D. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box. Don’t forget to make the necessary
changes.

be do resign work
shout spend steal go

Her boss, Mr. Rodgers, accused Mary (1)_____________________ money from the safe.

However, when the real thief was caught, he felt sorry (2)_______________________ at her

in front of her colleagues. No matter how many times he apologized

(3)________________________ so rude, Mr. Rodgers could not prevent Mary

(4)_______________________.

***

236
Being an assistant manager is a difficult job. I'm really tired

(5)_________________________ till 7 p.m. during the week, arranging meetings, writing

reports and dealing with customers. Sometimes I even go to the office at weekends.

Nowadays, I'm so exhausted that I do not feel (6)_______________________ anything.

***

I have always dreamt (7)___________________________ my summer holiday in Hawaii.

Yesterday when my husband came home with two plane tickets to Hawaii, I couldn't

believe it. To tell the truth, it was the best surprise I had ever had. You just cannot imagine

how much I'm looking forward (8)______________________ there. I'm happy that finally

my dream will come true.

237
13. CONNECTIVES
13.1 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT USING SO / SUCH ... THAT
Rewrite the following without changing the meaning. Use the clues where given.

1. I was worried about my exams. I decided to stay at home and study.

___________________________________________________________________.
(so/that)

2. His excuse was silly . I didn't accept it.

He made such ________________________________________________________.

3. The book was very interesting. I finished it in one day.

It __________________________________________________________________.
(such/that)

4. He is very hardworking, so he never fails his examinations.

He is such ___________________________________________________________.

5. The performance was very successful and the audience applauded for fifteen minutes.
It _________________________________________________________________.
(such/that)

6. He was a very successful student. He graduated in only three years.

___________________________________________________________________.
(so/that)

7. Hearing the bad news, Martha started crying.

It _______________________________________________ Martha started crying.
(such/that)

8. The cake was very delicious. She ate three pieces.

The cake was ________________________________________________________.
(so/that)

9. There was a very dense fog. The drivers couldn't see anything.
It was ____________________________________________________________.
(such/that)

10. The party was very dull so the guests left early.
It ________________________________________________________________.
(such/that)

11. He was driving too fast. He couldn't stop at the red light.
He ______________________________________________________________.
(so/that)

238
13.2 EXPRESSING PURPOSE USING SO THAT, IN ORDER TO AND BECAUSE

A. Use because or so that and match the letters with the numbers.

eg. We had to use candles because K.

1. John is going to Paris _________________________________________________.
2. The army is changing some rules ________________________________________.
3. The parliament passed a new law ________________________________________.
4. Mary got a new job ___________________________________________________.
5. Richard has bought a dishwasher ________________________________________.
6. Susan has got contact lenses ____________________________________________.
7. We have to learn English ______________________________________________.
8. I am trying to save money _____________________________________________.
9. Sally went shopping yesterday __________________________________________.
10. We planted some roses in the garden _____________________________________.

***
A. Women can become soldiers.
B. We can get a better job.
C. She wasn’t happy with her old one.
D. He wants to practice his French.
E. She wanted to buy a new dress for the party.
F. Government offices won’t waste money.
G. My mother loves them.
H. I can buy a new car next year.
I. She can’t use glasses in the lab.
J. His wife won’t have to spend so much time in the kitchen.
K. The electricity went off.

B. Complete/ Rewrite the following without changing the meaning. Use the clues
where given.

1. As they do not want to leave fingerprints, most thieves wear gloves.

Most thieves wear gloves so that _____________________________________.

2. Eat something. Otherwise you might feel hungry during the exam.
Eat something so that ______________________________________________.

3. You should handle the saucepan carefully because otherwise your hand might get
burnt.
You __________________________________________________________ burnt.
(so that)
239
4. Mrs. Williams had a nervous breakdown because her husband died suddenly.
Because of _________________________________________________________.

5. People do bungee jumping as a way of bringing some excitement into their lives.
People do bungee jumping so as to ______________________________________.

6. I didn't tell him the rest of the story. I didn’t want to cause any trouble.
__________________________________________________________________.
(so as to)

7. Strict measures should be taken so that rare species are not overhunted.
__________________________________________________________________.
(so as to)

C. Rewrite these sentences using so that.

1. Be quiet! I want to hear what Sharon is saying.

__________________________________________________________________.

2. Last week Mary and Jane hired a baby-sitter. They wanted to be able to go to a dinner
party.
___________________________________________________________________.

3. Yesterday I put the meat in the oven at 5:00. I wanted it to be ready by 6:30.
___________________________________________________________________.

4. She cashed a cheque yesterday. She wanted to make sure that she had enough money to
go shopping.
___________________________________________________________________.

5. They hurried. They didn’t want to be late for the meeting.

___________________________________________________________________.

6. We locked the door. We wanted to be safe.

___________________________________________________________________.

7. I speeded up. I wanted to overtake the car in front of me.

__________________________________________________________________.

8. Stand up. I cannot see you.

__________________________________________________________________.

9. Please turn up the radio. I want to listen to the news, too.

__________________________________________________________________.

240
10. The government wanted to build new blocks of flats. Therefore, they pulled down the
old ones.
__________________________________________________________________.

11. Anne tied a string around her finger because she didn’t want to forget to take the
books she had borrowed back to the library.
__________________________________________________________________.

12. All motor vehicles should use unleaded petrol so as to reduce air pollution.
__________________________________________________________________.

13. Turn down the music because the baby is sleeping.

__________________________________________________________________.

D. Complete the sentences.

1. They arrived early in order to __________________________________.

2. _____________________________ in order not to catch germs from their patients.

3. We decided to build a bridge so that __________________________________.

4. We had to book tickets for the performance because _____________________.

5. We’ve installed clean air equipment so as not to ________________________.

6. I’ll get to the point straight-away because _____________________________.

E. Give reasons using in order to, so that and because

eg. Jane sold her car and bought a bicycle in order to save money.
so that she wouldn’t get stuck in traffic jams.
because petrol became very expensive.

1. Peter bought a house in the country __________________________________.

__________________________________.
__________________________________.

2. Mary decided to join a drama club __________________________________.

__________________________________.
__________________________________.

3. Bill decided to retire early __________________________________.

__________________________________.
__________________________________.

241
4. Joanne stopped smoking __________________________________.
__________________________________.
__________________________________.

5. Vince wants to buy a computer __________________________________.

__________________________________.
__________________________________.

242
14. EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
14.1 CLEFT SENTENCES
A. Rewrite each remark as a cleft sentence. Use the words given.

1. The “Sunflowers” was painted by Van Gogh, not by Gaugin.

It _______________________________________________________, not Gaugin.

2. David never apologizes for his mistakes. I can't stand that about him.
What ______________________________________________________________.

3. I got to the bookstore and then I realized that I didn’t have any money.
It _________________________________________________________________.
(until)

4. Bennetton's advertisements raise awareness about global issues, and I like that .
The thing __________________________________________________________.

5. “Exodus” was sung by Bob Marley, not by Geldof.

It ____________________________________________________, not Bob Geldof.

6. Computers rarely work properly, which I hate.

The thing __________________________________________________________.

B. Rewrite the following statements by changing the focus of information in each so

that the focus is on the underlined section.

1. He wants to get married.

What _________________________________________________________.

2. Kate wore her best dress to the party last night.

It ____________________________________________________________.

3. Kate wore her best dress to the party last night.

It _____________________________________________________________.

4. Kate wore her best dress to the party last night.

It _____________________________________________________________.

5. Kate wore her best dress to the party last night.

It _____________________________________________________________.

6. The close contact with the customers makes the job interesting.
What _________________________________________________________.

7. I only want 10 minutes’ rest.

All ___________________________________________________________.

243
8. I saw something very appealing.
What _________________________________________________________.

9. His inconsistency stopped us.

What _________________________________________________________.

10. I don’t understand why he boasts.

What _________________________________________________________.

11. Dorothy isn’t the manager; Mary is.

It __________________________; _________________________________.

12. I didn’t lose my purse; I lost my credit cards.

It _______________________________; _______________ my credit cards.

13. I haven’t been to Europe; I have been to India.

It ______________________________; _____________________________.

14. He isn’t studying engineering; he’s studying economics.

It ____________________________________________________________.

15. I am not crazy; you are!

It _____________________________________________________; it’s you.

16. You don’t need encouragement; you need determination.

It _________________________________________________; __________.

17. She doesn’t love you; she loves Bill.

It ____________________________; _______________________________.

18. I need a pen.

What _________________________________________________________.

19. I like the way she treats people.

What _________________________________________________________.

20. I hate his attitude.

What _________________________________________________________.

21. Jogging keeps me fit.

What _________________________________________________________.

22. Children usually suffer the most after a war.

It _____________________________________________________________.

244
23. I first saw the film which won two Oscars in London.
It _____________________________________________________________.

24. Talking to Smith really inspired me to start writing a new book.

What __________________________________________________________.

25. Bill broke the news to me.

It _____________________________________________________________.

14.2 INVERSIONS
A. Agree with the following.
eg: ‘I wasn’t amazed.’ ‘Nor/Neither was Harry.’

1. The chicken was bad, and ________________________ the wine.

2. ‘Mary looks tired.’ ________________________ you.’

3. The bike has got two wheels, and ________________________ the motorbike.

4. Penguins can’t fly, and ________________________ ostriches.

5. ‘John hasn’t left.’ ________________________ I.’

6. Jennifer won’t be here on time, and ________________________ her friends.

7. My mother doesn’t like coffee, and ________________________ my father.

8. ‘I don’t like going to discos.’ ________________________ my sister and Jane.’

9. The president will fly to America and ________________________ the vice-

president.

10. Nobody smokes in our family and ________________________ the members of

Roger’s family.

B. Disagree with the following.

eg: We didn’t speak Turkish in class.
Didn’t you? I did.

1. We used to eat in the cafeteria.

_______________________________________________________.

2. Tom’s mother makes him drink milk before he goes to bed.

_______________________________________________________.

3. I have paid the bill.

_______________________________________________________.

245
4. The children will go to bed early.
_______________________________________________________.

5. We had to sweep the leaves out of the garden.

_______________________________________________________.

6. Rita and Roger had forgotten to lock the front door.

_______________________________________________________.

7. We are eating pizza tonight.

_______________________________________________________.

8. I can’t go out tonight.

_______________________________________________________.

9. John wasn’t taking a photograph.

_______________________________________________________.

C. Mark the best choice.

1. Rarely _______ a proper sentence before he is two years old.

a) makes a child c) does a child make
b) a child speaks d) a child makes

2. _________ dustpans and brushes.

a) Hung on the ceiling b) The ceiling hung
b) On the ceiling hung d) Hung the ceiling

3. The police said that the man was extremely dangerous and that on no account _______.
a) he should be approached c) he shouldn’t be approached
b) he be approached d) should he be approached

4. _________ that everyone left the auditorium.

a) He spoke monotonously so c) Monotonously did he speak
b) So monotonously did he speak d) Did he speak so monotonously

5. _________, that part of the city wouldn’t have been flooded.

a) Were precautions taken c) If precautions were taken
b) If precautions had taken d) Had precautions been taken

***
I would never again need to worry about the future! ____(6)____ need to borrow money
from friends on any account, and still less ____(7)____ on the favours of rich relatives! On the
contrary, under no circumstances ____(8)____ on any person. But ____(9)____ at the time that
my luck was soon to change.

246
 ____(10)____ come into the money when the shares fell drastically on the Stock
Exchange. ____(11)____ to enjoy my wealth than I was again reduced to my former state
of poverty. I waited in vain for the shares to regain their former value, but never
____(12)____ that feeling of sudden fortune. ____(13)____ that money alone does not
lead to happiness and success, and thinking back over this episode in my life, I rarely wish
that I were a man of fortune.

6. a) Would I not 7. a) would I be dependent

b) Would I b) I would be dependent
c) I would not c) dependent would I be
d) I would d) dependent I would be

8. a) I would feel financially dependent 9. a) little did I know

b) financially dependent would I feel b) did I know little
c) dependent would I feel financially c) little I did know
d) would I feel financially dependent d) I did know little

10. a) Had I scarcely 11. a) I no sooner had begun

b) Scarcely I had b) No sooner had I begun
c) I had scarcely c) No sooner did I begin
d) Had scarcely I d) I no sooner began

12. a) again was I to experience 13. a) Did I realise only after years of hard work
b) was I to experience again b) I did realise only after years of hard work
c) I was to experience again c) Only after years of hard work I did realise
d) again I was to experience d) Only after years of hard work did I realise

D. Rewrite these sentences without changing the meaning.

eg. I have never heard a weaker excuse!
Never have I heard a weaker excuse.
1. If they were to enact that law, there would be a chaos.
__________________________________________________________________.
2. If the police had found out, you would really have got into trouble.
__________________________________________________________________.
3. If you should become aware of anything, let me know.
__________________________________________________________________.
4. If he has stolen anything, he will have to be fired.
__________________________________________________________________.
5. If I had known the truth, I would have rejected doing it.
__________________________________________________________________.
6. If Bill had not dropped his keys, he would have managed to enter the house.
__________________________________________________________________.

247
E. Answer the following questions emphatically, making the necessary changes
in the sentences.

1. Is it true that the police sometimes doubted his innocence of the murder?
Not for one moment ____________________________________________.

2. Is it possible that you will invest all your money in that company again?
Never again ___________________________________________________.

3. Do you believe we should construct more factories in this district?

On no account _________________________________________________.

4. Is it true that environmental pollution has taken place before this decade?
Not until this decade ____________________________________________.

5. Is it likely that such quantities of snow have often fallen here during winter months?
Rarely _______________________________________________________.

6. Do you think there were more rabies cases in this part of the country than in that industrial
city?
Nowhere _____________________________________________________.

7. Is it your opinion that we can save the factory by other means than making workers
redundant?
Only by ______________________________________________________.

8. Would you say you have in any way encouraged people to exhibit offensive behaviour?
In no way _____________________________________________________.

9. Is it true that the colonel helped to plan the curfew and did not supported the idea of coup
d’etat?
Not only ______________________________________________________.

10. Do you think the prime minister will gain popularity by enacting new laws and freezing
prices?
Neither by _____________________________________________________.

11. They had hardly finished their work when the visitors arrived.
Hardly ________________________________________________________.

12. They scarcely tell us what is going on.

Scarcely _______________________________________________________.

13. She had no sooner entered the room than she was told about the bad news.
No sooner ______________________________________________________.

248
14. I realised his absence only after I was told about it.
Only after ________________________________________________________.

15. The boy was watching me behind his mother.

Behind __________________________________________________________.

16. I realised only then that I had forgotten my briefcase at home.

Only then ________________________________________________________.

17. I have seldom been subject to such an indecent assault.

Seldom __________________________________________________________.

18. I had no sooner switched on the TV than the lights went out.
No sooner ________________________________________________________.

19. Mary was not only late, but she had also left all the documents at home.
Not only _________________________________________________________.

20. I’ve never heard such a faulty statement.

Never ___________________________________________________________.

21. I understood the hidden message in the film only after reading the critics.
Only after ________________________________________________________.

22. It matters little to me what people think of my attitude.

Little ____________________________________________________________.

23. You should not invite him again under any circumstances.
Under no circumstances ____________________________________________.

24. The student not once did his homework.

Not once ________________________________________________________.

25. An individual rarely seizes an opportunity like the one that Tom has.
Rarely __________________________________________________________.

249
15. GENERAL REVISION
15.1 CLOZE TESTS
Fill in each blank with ONE word. Contractions are considered as one word.

Bill : (1)_______________ you at the meeting yesterday?

Jim : No, I (2)_______________ go there.

Bill : Why not?

Jim : Well, two policemen (3)_______________ to my house yesterday afternoon and they
took me to the police station.

Bill : The police station? Why?

Jim : I don't know. They asked me a lot of questions about my neighbour Mr. West.
(4)_______________ flats are on the same floor. (5)_______________ flat is opposite
my flat.

Bill : What kind of questions did the policemen ask?

Jim : "Do you know Mr. West?" "Has he got (6)______________ sisters or brothers in this
town?" "(7)_______________ visits him at the weekend?" You know, questions like
that.

Bill : That's strange. Very strange...

A : Can you tell us about your hobbies, Mr. Holmes?

B : Well, I spend most of my free time (1)_________________ to classical music. I find

the music of Mozart very relaxing.

A : What about sports?

B : Oh, I'm quite lazy, so I don't do much sports. I sometimes go (2)_________________ a

swim, but that's all. I'm more interested in social work, however. In fact, I'm an adviser
for a self-help group. We meet (3)_________________ two weeks with the foreign
students on our campus to discuss their daily problems.

A : And what about...

A : What do you (1)_______________ in your spare time?

B : I enjoy (2)_______________ a lot, so I usually go for a walk in the forest when I'm
free. Also, I (3)_______________ a lot of reading, especially detective stories. I think
they are very interesting and help me to relax when I'm on the bus returning home from
work.
250
A : Do you play a musical (4)_______________ ?

B : Yes, I do. I can play (5)___________ piano. Actually, I'm quite good
(6)___________ playing it. We've got a piano in our living room and I practise
whenever I can.

A : Do you like (7)_______________, for example, things like sweaters and cardigans
for your children?

B : No, I don't, because I don't know how to do that. I always buy sweaters for them.

4
(1)______________ protect myself (2)______________ the sun, I started
(3)______________ long-sleeved shirts ever since I read an article about the big hole in
the ozone layer. The article made me realize (4)_______________ serious the situation is.

Teresa : Mario, how do you get to work every morning?

Mario : Well, I prefer travelling (1)_______________ train because first of all, trains
are always on time so they are (2)_______________. And also, I can afford
the fare because trains aren't very (3)_______________. It
(4)_______________ only about $2 on weekdays.

Teresa : But trains stop at every single station, don't they?

Mario : Yes, they do indeed. That's why they cannot speed up and so they are
(5)_______________. The journey (6)_______________ about 1.5 hours. I
catch the 7.30 train. I (7)_______________ at work at 9:00. But they seem to
have almost no accidents so they are (8)_______________.

Teresa : It must be difficult to find a seat during the rush hour.

Mario : Yes, they are a bit (9)_______________, but I think the train is the cheapest,
safest and most comfortable way of travelling.

He needs (1)_______________ pen and (2)_______________ paper, but he doesn't need

(3)_______________ books.

***
4. My room _______________ west, so it's sunny all afternoon.

5. She's got too _______________ friends so she spends all her time with them, which
means she can't study at all.

251
7

Adventure travel is travel you can experience with all your senses. The adventure traveller is
a person (1)____________________ uses independent modes of transport that enable
him/her to go where and when s/he pleases. The adventure traveller often
(2)____________________ travelling alone. If you travel alone, you
(3)____________________ to be very independent and self-sufficient. If you
(4)____________________ with another person, make sure you choose your friend
carefully. In remote places you (5)____________________ probably be the focus of
interest, so make sure you are always patient with the local people. Travelling
(6)____________________ a guide will lead you into a new exciting world
(7)____________________ you might miss on your own.

If you cycle, you (8)____________________ have to carry a heavy pack on your back. You
(9)____________________ put your things in the pannier of the bicycle. You can go greater
distances than (10)____________________ foot, but at a speed that enables you to see and
discover around.

Dear Kate,
I finally have the information we need about our trip to Montreal. Now we have to
decide if we should take the train or the bus. The bus (1)_______________ at 8:30 in the
morning and it (2)_______________ in Montreal at 5:35 p.m. every day. The train
(3)_______________ to Montreal at 9 p.m..
A return ticket on the bus is (4)_______________ than a train ticket. The bus ticket
(5)_______________ $105 and the train $120 - but I expect the train
(6)_______________ be more comfortable. And also the food service on the train is
(7)_______________ than it is on the bus.
We also have to decide where to stay in Montreal. There (8)_______________
several kinds of places to stay in. We can stay at a bed and breakfast or at a hotel such as
the Centre International. The Centre International (9)_______________ got 200 rooms
and 5 different restaurants. In fact, it is Montreal's (10)_______________ hotel with so
many rooms.
Please call or write soon to let me know what you think.
Your friend,
Carla.

252
9

The Red Pepper

The Red Pepper is a very good restaurant. You find delicious food there and the
prices are reasonable. I (1)_______________ there with a friend of mine last week.
We (2)_______________ lamb with fresh vegetables and a salad. The lamb
(3)_______________ very good but there wasn't (4)_______________ oil and
vinegar on the salad, so I asked the waiter to bring some more oil and vinegar. For
dessert we had a wonderful piece of chocolate cake. There were too
(5)_______________ customers but because it is a large restaurant we found a table
by the window. It is (6)_______________ open so you can go there at any time of
the day. Also it's very convenient as it is near the city centre. You can go there
(7)_______________ foot. It (8)_______________ only a few minutes.

10

Newark is a small college town of about 26 residents. The university campus is in the
center of the town and many of the residents are students. Newark
(1)___________________ a lot of facilities for the students. (2)___________________
are many cáfes; students can go to these cáfes in the evenings. The most popular one is
(3)___________________ Main Street. It's called Cáfe Brew Ha Ha. It's
(4)___________________ Pizza Grotto and The Buttery Restaurant. In the center of the
town, (5)___________________ is a large department store and some small shops for
general merchandise, such as clothing, school supplies etc. Newark
(6)___________________ near the sea coast so students have to take a bus to go to the
beach. The journey takes about 2 hours. Actually students (7)___________________
often go to the beach for swimming as there's a very big swimming pool on the campus.

***

My (8)___________________ Martin is my mother's elder brother. He's my favourite

among my mother's family. Martin is married (9)___________________ Linda. Martin
and Linda (10)_________________ have any children. I often visit them because they
(11)________________ in a house quite near ours. I really enjoy being with them.
***
12. My sister does not like wearing a skirt. She ________________ wears it on special
occassions such as weddings or formal meetings.

253
11

My brother lives in a detached house (1)______________ the country. His house

(2)______________ west and has a (3)______________ of a lovely park.

***
Before you buy a dress it is better to (4)______________ it on. The size may not be right and
in that case it will not (5)______________ you.

12

People spend their free time doing certain activities. These activities change depending on the
interests of people. My brother, for example, enjoys (1)______________ computer games. He
spends most of his time in front of the computer trying to (2)______________ the highest
points. I can't understand what is so interesting about computer games. I personally think they
are very (3)______________. I prefer doing other things in my spare time. For instance, I
(4)______________ a lot of reading. I also like (5)______________ for a walk, especially at
the weekends.

13

My brother is a waiter in a Mexican Restaurant. He (1)______________ with customers.

Although he doesn't (2)______________ much money, he likes his job very much. He expects
he will be (3)______________ to head waiter.
***
I'm a mechanic. I can (4)______________ all kinds of cars. I (5)______________ my job two
months ago and I haven't found a new one yet. I have applied (6)______________ several jobs
and if I'm lucky I'll (7)______________ one of them.

14

Mary Goldman started working as an administrative secretary at the White House. Due to her
position at work, she cannot dress (1)_________________ she likes. She has to be prim and
proper and wear smart skirts, jackets or dresses everyday. Last week, Mary went shopping and
spent $500 (2)_________________ new clothes. When she got home, she realized that one of
the skirts she had bought had a stain on it. Mary took the skirt back to the shop the next day.
She asked for a (3)_________________, but the shop assistant refused to give her money back
because Mary had lost her (4)_________________. Mary did not say anything as she knew it
was her fault, not the shop assistant's.
***
Sting, who was (5)_________________ holiday last August, came to Istanbul with his family
and the members of his band. They wanted to see the beautiful sights of the city so they joined
an (6)_________________ round Istanbul, which was specially organised for
254
them. They also had a chance to taste the delicious (7)_________________ specialties such
as şiş kebab and mantı. Sting and some of the people in the group bought carpets, rugs or
lucky charms as (8)_________________ to help them remember the days they spent in
Istanbul.

15
Middle East Technical University has got one of the largest libraries in Ankara. Unless you
become a member , you are not allowed to (1)_________________ books from the library.
They let you keep a book for two weeks. If you don't (2)_________________ it after two
weeks, you are made to (3)_________________ a fine.
***
If you want to make a call from a public phone box, all you need is a phone card or coins.
First you pick up the (4)_________________ and insert your card or coins. Then
(5)_________________ the number and wait for the person to answer. Sometimes the line
may be (6)_________________ because the person is talking to somebody else. In that
case, you will have to try again.

16

Tonight Linda and Tom are going to celebrate their third anniversary. Linda wants to cook
something special. Her friend has given her a recipe for Lasagne al forno . At the moment,
she is in the kitchen putting the ingredients together. She has flour, mushrooms, ground
meat and onions. Linda needs three eggs but there aren't (1)___________________ eggs in
the fridge so she has to go to the market. Lasagne al forno is (2)___________________
hot. That's why she'll prepare it an hour before Tom comes home. Linda hopes it will be
delicious and Tom will like it.
***
This morning there was too (3)___________________ traffic on Main Street so it took Bob
one hour to (4)___________________ to work. When he entered his office, Bob saw that
his boss was angry.
***
Mest is one of the most popular restaurants in Ankara. You have to
(5)___________________ a table before you go there; otherwise, you may have difficulty
finding a place. Last night we went there to celebrate our friend's birthday.

We (6)___________________ French salad and steak. The steak was delicious but there
wasn't (7)___________________ sauce for the salad so we asked the waiter to bring us
some more. Everything was great until we asked for the (8)___________________. It was
too high. I don't think we'll go there again. It was much (9)___________________
expensive than we had expected.

255
17
I don't want to remember the days I spent at the boarding school. Every morning the teachers
(1)______________ us get up at six and run five kilometres. Afterwards, all the pupils
(2)______________ to take a shower. Although the teachers encouraged us to discuss our
problems with them (3)______________ we wanted, we were never (4)______________ to
complain about anything.
***
A couple of years ago, we were flying to the Hawaiian Islands when we had a narrow escape.
(5)______________ our flight, we hit a storm and the plane was shaken for about five
minutes. Everybody, (6)______________ for me, was so frightened that they were screaming.
The pilot said that the engine had stopped and the plane was out of control. Luckily, the
engine started and the pilot managed to land the plane safely at the airport.

18
Cat Stevens was born (1)__________________ July 21, 1948, in London. He was very good
(2)__________________ music and in his adolescence he became more and more attracted to
the rock and roll music. He began to work in nightclubs in London as a singer. One day he
caught the attention of a professional manager (3)_______________ worked for a very well-
known record company called 'Decca'. After a short time, Stevens signed
(4)__________________ recording contract with the company. Decca saw Stevens as a pop
artist and (5)_________________ him that he would be more popular if he recorded songs for
teenagers. His first album, Matthew and Son, was released in 1967. (6)__________________
became very popular and sold very well. (7) _______________ this was followed by more
successes, Stevens began to feel unhappy with his work. He wanted to record songs for
grown-ups, but his company wanted him to continue recording songs for teenagers. In 1968,
Stevens had to stay in hospital (8)__________________ of tuberculosis. He stayed there until
he was healthy (9)___________________ to leave. When he got out of hospital, he decided to
stop performing as a musician, but two years later he reappeared. This time he had a different
style. His 1970 album, Tea for the Tillerman, became his first golden album,
(10)__________________ included the classics Wild World and Father and Son. Critics wrote
that he was (11)__________________ excellent singer. A live radio concert in Los Angeles
increased (12)__________________ popularity in the United States. In the mid-1970's
Stevens's personal life started to change. (13)__________________ he was swimming, he
nearly drowned. (14)__________________ this event, Stevens decided to serve God. His
older brother (15)__________________ him a copy of the Koran to read. In 1977, Stevens
chose Islam as his religion and he (16)__________________ a Muslim.
Today Cat Stevens is (17)__________________ Yusuf Islam. He is married
(18)__________________ four children. He lives in London, (19)__________________ he
owns a Muslim school. There he composes religious (20)__________________ and writes
poems for the pupils.
256
19

Melinda and Linda are perfect examples for middle-aged women who think it is too
late to start their own business.

Melinda Mercury used to be a housewife but now she owns one of the
(1)________________ successful businesses in England. Melinda had
(2)________________ 20 years of her life on routine housework when she decided to set
(3)_______________ her own business. She did not want to (4)_______________
housework for the rest of her life. She had an interest (5)_______________ cooking, so
she decided to open a restaurant. However, she needed a partner because she did not have
enough money to do this by (6)________________. She asked her friend Linda, who had
just retired, to work with her. At first Linda did not want to risk her pension money, but
Melinda managed to (7)________________ her friend to get into business with her. They
found a nice little place in the city centre and opened their restaurant. In the beginning
Melinda did the cooking and Linda served the customers, but (8)________________ the
news about the quality of the food served in the restaurant got round, the place became
filled with customers . Their restaurant was a (9)________________ -known place, and
they hired a waiter and a cook but after a (10)________________ they needed more
people to work for them. Their little restaurant turned (11)______________ to be a quite
profitable one, so they opened another restaurant in the suburbs. Now their restaurants
head the list of the most popular restaurants in London. Melinda and Linda are very rich.
Both of them have bought expensive houses and cars with their (12)_______________
from the restaurant. (13)______________ the enormous amount of money they have
made, Melinda and Linda still continue to work in their first restaurant. "We have many
people who work for us, so we do not really (14)_____________ to work here, but I come
here every day (15)______________ I am away on holiday. I (16)______________ being
here. (17)______________ established my own business, I now work
(18)_______________ fun," says Melinda. Linda comes to the restaurant for a different
reason. She says, "I am afraid that everything will get (19)______________ of control if I
don't come here every day. This place is (20)_______________ valuable to me that I
cannot let anything happen to it."

20
Last month I (1)_____________ a journey to Cyprus. I got on the boat from Mersin. I had
brought a good book with me and was looking forward to reading it (2)_____________
the journey. Everything went fine (3)_____________ a woman and 6 children came and

257
sat next to me. The children were very noisy. I (4)_____________ my best to put up
(5)_____________ all the noise, but after a (6)_____________ the children began to fight. I
looked at their mother and said "Could you please tell your children to stop making so much
noise? I cannot concentrate (7)_____________ my book". The woman looked at me and said,
" I am not responsible (8)_____________ their actions because they are not my children!"

21

Dear Carol,

Sorry for not writing earlier, but I was very busy at work. As you know, the company I work
with (1)__________________ a lot of business in (2)__________________ Arab Emirates,
so I travel a lot. I like my new job because I spend most of my time out of
(3)___________________. You know, as I was brought (4)__________________ on a farm, I
don't like sitting in an office all day.

Not (5)__________________ found a flat yet, I cannot give you a regular address, but my
phone number at work is 8428190. You might have difficulty in reaching me because the line
is usually (6)___________________. I'll write again soon.
Love,
Mike

22
Tropical rain forests are located around the equator, (1)__________________ temperatures
are around 35˚C all year round. The largest rain forests are in Brazil, Zaire, and Indonesia.
Although it is not one of the largest, the rain forest in Sarawack is the
(2)______________________ one in the world. According to what the botanists estimated,
this rain forest is 10 million years old.
Rain forests make a lot of things possible for mankind. They help us control the world's
climate. In the rain forests, it rains a (3)____________________ and the temperatures are
always (4)___________________. Because of the heat, the rainwater evaporates into the air—
this means the rainwater is recycled. Rain forests also provide shelter for many tribal people
who have called the rain forests their home (5)______________________ hundreds and
thousands of years. Furthermore, rain forests (6)_______________ a much wider variety of
plants and animals than anywhere else in the world. There are even plants and animals in the
rain forests that have not been discovered (7)________________. Many of the plants in the
rain forests are used for making medicine (8)_________________ the tribal people in the rain
forests and the scientists throughout the world. The tribal people living in rain forests know
(9)_______________ to find and use wild plants to make medicine. (10)_______________
they have valuable knowledge of the plants in the rain forests, the tribal people have taught us

258
about many of the medicines (11)_______________ use today. Most of the medicines
(12)________________ are given to patients to fight heart disease and treat cancer are obtained
from rain forest plants. Aspirin originally came from the rain forests. A certain type of flower,
(13)_________________ the 'rosy periwinkle', helps treat children with Leukemia, a kind of
cancer. Rain forests also provide people (14)_________________ materials for hundreds of
other products. For (15)_________________, the glue on an envelope and in shoes comes from
tropical plants in rain forests.
In the past, rain forests (16)___________________ to cover 14% of the Earth's land but
now they cover less (17)_____________________ 6 %. Most of the rain forests have been
destroyed in the last 50 years. In fact, rain forests are disappearing at a frightening speed: 150
acres per minute. There will be no rain forests in the future (18)_______________________ we
take precautions to save them. If all the rain forests (19)____________________destroyed,
many tribal people will have to move into cities. They will also be made to live in apartments
or flats, which are totally different from their own natural environment in the rain forests. As it
will probably be very difficult for these people to survive in cities, most of
(20)_____________________ may die and if they die, their valuable rain forest culture will be
lost forever.

23

About a year ago, I had a bad quarrel with my father, and we have hardly spoken to each other
(1)______________ then. It all began because he did not approve (2)______________ my
going out with Martin, who he thought was not suitable (3)______________ me at all. I told
him that he had no right to interfere with my personal life, (4)______________ made him even
more furious. A few months (5)______________ the quarrel, I discovered that Martin was
seeing his ex-girl friend. As I was heartbroken at not having been told about this, I decided to
put an end to our relationship. No matter (6)______________ hard he tried, Martin was unable
to persuade me (7)____________ carry on seeing each other. I (8)_____________ haven't told
my father about the break up even though I phoned him recently to wish him a happy birthday.
I was planning to apologize (9)______________ him for what I had said as I now realize that
my relation with Martin was not worth breaking my father's heart. However, he sounded so
cool on the phone (10)______________ I didn't feel like continuing the conversation any
longer.
***
We had a lovely time touring the United States last year. We landed at Kennedy Airport and
went first to Manhattan, (11)_______________ we stayed in the Hilton Hotel on Sixth Avenue.
(12)______________ our stay, we visited the Metropolitan Museum. One day we took a boat
along the Hudson River and cruised around the Manhattan Island. After we stayed in New York
(13)___________________ a week, we flew to Denver to see the Rocky Mountains,
(14)_________________ wilderness fascinated me.
259
24

Henry Adams is probably the luckiest person I know. I normally envy very few of my friends'
job because I'm happy (1)______________ what I do, but Henry Adams is one of those rare
people (2)______________ job I would like to have myself. Henry had always been interested
(3)______________ animals. That's why he studied to be a vet. When he finished university,
he went to London, (4)______________ he looked after domestic animals such
(5)______________ cats and dogs. As the job did not (6)______________ up to his
expectations, he gave it up and found a better one in a game reserve in America
(7)______________ the help of one of his professors at university. Now he is responsible for
the protection of species that are in danger of extinction.
***
When Linda Brown's new Polo Classic broke down on D-10 Highway last week, she
immediately called the car company. Since her car was (8)______________ guarantee, she
was expecting to have it repaired free (9)______________ charge. The person on the other
side of the line couldn't understand what she was trying to say. Thinking that the breakdown
was partly due to Mrs. Brown's fault, the company representative refused to meet her claim
(10)______________  full and hung up without bothering to listen to further explanation. Mrs.
Brown was so furious (11)______________ the way she was treated that she wrote a letter to
the Polo Company and complained (12)______________ the representative she had talked to
on the phone.

25
Euthanasia, the practice of killing someone painlessly in order to relieve their suffering, is
actually one of the most difficult problems facing societies today. The word 'euthanasia',
(1)________________ comes from Greek, literally means 'good death'.
Today a lot of people are in comas (2)__________________ to accidents or incurable
diseases. (3)___________________ most of these patients have no chance to recover
completely, doctors and nurses are trying to keep them alive because laws do not
(4)_________________ doctors to end the lives of such patients. However, the supporters of
euthanasia claim that patients (5)___________________ incurable diseases should have the
right to die for the following reasons:
The first and (6)________________ important reason is that the patients have no hope of
recovery. In other words, (7)_________________ can never lead normal lives. The second
reason for euthanasia is that patients are in unbearable pain and euthanasia seems to be the
only solution (8)_______________ end their pain. In addition to this, the fact that the families
of the patients suffer from sadness should also be kept in mind. These families try to do their
(9)_________________ to keep the patients alive but unfortunately (10)________________

260
can be done to help them recover from a fatal illness. Apart from these, the
(11)___________________ of medical treatment of terminally ill patients is extremely high
and most families cannot (12)___________________ to continue to pay for such a treatment
for long.
The case of Karen Ann Quinland in 1975 in the United States drew the attention of the
whole world to euthanasia. This 21-year-old young woman (13)_______________ some drugs
with alcohol and slipped into a coma which she (14)_______________ never recover from.
Karen responded (15)_______________ to light nor to sound. She was being kept alive
(16)___________________ the help of a breathing machine. Karen's parents visited her every
day even though she was (17)___________________ to see or speak to them. It was very
difficult for the Quinlands to see their beloved daughter in a coma. Three months
(18)___________________, Karen's father asked the doctors to turn off the machine. However,
the doctors refused to do this, saying that such an act would be a kind of murder. The father
then asked the court to (19)___________________ their daughter die. After a long struggle, the
court gave permission to turn off the breathing machine. Karen did not die immediately. She
remained in a coma (20)___________________ her death in July 1985.

26
There was great public interest when a big hole mysteriously appeared in the middle of a field.
Army mechanics, geologists and engineers were called to explain (1)____________________
it had got there. They offered various explanations but (2)____________________ of them
was sure about the real cause. The field was an old battle field so one of the possibilities was
that the hole might have been caused by the explosion of a bomb (3)____________________
had been buried under the ground for many years. However, it was not possible to prove
(4)____________________.
A 'simple' but highly improbable explanation was offered by a man who
(5)____________________ to work for NASA. He had retired a few years earlier and he
claimed to be well-informed (6)____________________ 'flying saucers'— strange objects
from outer space.
(7)____________________ he saw the special marks on the soil near the hole, he said that a
flying saucer had visited the Earth. He claimed to have seen similar marks
(8)____________________. He added that he had also seen holes caused by bombs but they
were (9)____________________ smaller. A bomb, he said, couldn't have opened
(10)____________________ a big hole in the ground. In addition to this, the leaves on some
bushes nearby had turned yellow because (11)____________________ a strange hot gas which
had come from the saucer. Even (12)____________________ small tree some way off
appeared to have burnt slightly. The small piece of metal found in the hole provided the man

261
(13)____________________ proof that a strange object had been there. According to the man,
it was quite clear that creatures from outer space had been
circling the Earth when (14)____________________ went wrong. They had been forced to
land in a field (15)____________________ that they could repair the damage. Therefore,
(16)____________________ the hole and the strange marks had been caused by the flying
saucer. The hole had been caused when the saucer struck the earth, while the strange marks
nearby were made when it took (17)____________________ again. This, said the man, was the
best explanation (18)____________________ a better one was found. The man's explanation
(19)____________________ sound nonsense to you. However, there are a great
(20)____________________ people who believe that flying saucers visit our planet regularly.

27
Last Friday I was supposed (1)______________ go to a wedding, but I spent the whole
evening trapped in my car instead. I started preparing for the wedding very early that day. As
my only dress for such an occasion had worn (2)_______________ , I went shopping. I spent
a(n) (3)______________ lot of money to buy a new dress. Then I went to the hairdresser's.
When I arrived home, I put my new dress on and I left the house early (4)______________
the wedding was at a church in a nearby town.
I was walking (5)______________ the direction of my car when I saw a dog running in the
street. It looked very threatening. It first knocked (6)______________ some garbage cans and
then headed towards me. Not knowing what to do, I stood there for a few seconds. Then I
started running to my car. I was aware (7)______________ the danger behind me, so I quickly
got into the car and locked the doors. The dog was outside, looking at me
(8)______________. I waved at the angry dog and it backed away a few steps, so I thought I
was ready to set (9)______________ on my long drive, but unfortunately, although I tried
several times, I wasn't (10)______________ to start the car. (11)______________ left my
phone book at home, I didn't have the mechanic's phone number with me. (12)______________
I was trying to start the car, the dog came back. It was standing right next to my door, so it was
impossible for me to get back home to pick up my phone book. (13)______________ the dog
hadn't been so near, I would have taken the risk.
There wasn't a single person (14)______________ sight, and I sat in the car helplessly for
some time. Then I remembered that I had my mobile phone with me. I immediately called
Chris, a good friend, and told him that my car had (15)______________ down and that I had
been taken hostage by an angry dog. My friend promised to come and help me. I waited and
waited for what seemed to be hours. When my friend (16)______________ arrived, the dog
was still there. It started running towards my friend as soon as he opened his door.
(17)______________ several unsuccessful attempts, he gave up. He called me and said, "I
don't want to let you (18)______________ , but I cannot help you (19)______________ that
dog is taken away. You will (20)______________ to wait until I find someone who is brave
enough to do this!"

262
28
Jane shares a house with another girl. The house they live in is (1)________________ on a
hilltop, so it has an excellent view of the city. Jane and her friend get on (2)________________
each other very well. The housework is shared equally (3)________________ the two girls.
Jane is very (4)________________ in trying new recipes, so she does the cooking. Her friend
has to do the cleaning. She doesn't (5)________________ sweeping and dusting the house
because she thinks this is much easier than cooking. "(6)________________ hard I try, I cannot
cook," says Jane's friend.
Yesterday Jane had to go to (7)________________ hospital to visit her grandmother, so
she never got round to (8)________________ dinner. When her friend arrived home, she was
disappointed not (9)________________ find anything to eat. (10)________________ her
hunger, she waited for Jane.

29

Is wealth essential (1)_________________ happiness? Well, as (2)_________________ as I'm

concerned, the answer is definitely 'No'. (3)_________________ I suffer from a fatal disease.
In that case, will money bring me happiness? Of course not. In my opinion happiness depends
mainly (4)_________________ health rather than wealth. When you are healthy, there is no
reason why you shouldn't get (5)_________________ the difficulties in life.

***

After she broke (6)_________________ with her boyfriend, my daughter Liz got in the habit
(7)_________________ smoking cigarettes. In the beginning, I thought it was her way of
coping (8)_________________ sadness but when I realized that she had become a chain
smoker, I decided not to let her smoke when she was with me. However, I knew that as soon as
I was out of (9)_________________, she would light a cigarette. No matter how hard I tried, I
couldn't persuade her to cut (10)_________________ on smoking. Now, Liz is seeing a
psychologist who I hope will help her give up this bad habit.

30

A new breed of women, called “supermoms”, is becoming abundant. A supermom may be

(1)___________________ as a woman who works while raising families. The typical
supermom is mainly (2)___________________ with managing her family. For
(3)___________________ , she makes day-care and preschool arrangements as
(4)___________________ as organizing after-school events (5)___________________ as the
cinema, football school and birthday parties. She keeps the house clean and well stocked with
food.

263
The typical supermom also has a position of responsibility at her place of work. She is often
required to spend long hours and make important decisions. In (6)___________________ to
these responsibilities, she manages to spare time for some activities. These activities can be
(7)___________________ by playing tennis, taking courses at the local community college
and seeing her friends occasionally. (8)___________________ the work load she takes seems
almost impossible to deal with, the typical supermom handles it well.

31

In the opinion of many Americans and Europeans, we only began to really explore our
world in the sixteenth century. According (1)______________ these people, the sailors of
(2)______________ ancient world did not explore distant parts of the (3)______________ ;
they did not have the necessary knowledge (4)______________ skills for long sea
(5)______________ . However, the people who have this opinion (6)______________
forgetting two important facts of history.

(7)______________ , sometimes early scientists had an idea (8)______________ was

correct, but scientists in later centuries (9)______________ not believe it. For
(10)______________ , about 270 B.C., a Greek scientist (11)______________ an idea which
we all believe (12)______________ : The earth moves around the sun. (13)______________ ,
for the following 1,600 years scientists did not believe this. In (14)______________ opinion,
the sun clearly moved around the earth. They (15)______________ the truth again only in the
fifteenth century!

The second fact of (16)______________ that many people forget (17)______________

this: Ancient does (18)______________ mean primitive. To illustrate, the ancient Egyptians
knew a lot of things (19)______________ the stars; they used this knowledge
(20)______________ find their way across (21)______________ oceans. Two thousand years
(22)______________ a Greek scientist who (23)______________ in Egypt calculated the
distance around the earth. The results (24)______________ his calculations were close to the
real (25)______________ which we know today! So the ancients had a great deal of scientific
knowledge.

264
15.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS
Mark the best choice.
1
Children can write the capital letters much ____(1)_____ than the small letters. At school they
____(2)_____ to use pens; i.e., their teachers make them ____(3)_____ pencils until they
become really good at writing.

1. a) easier 2. a) don't have 3. a) use

b) more easily b) ought not b) to use
c) easily c) don't need c) using
d) easy d) aren't allowed d) to using

I always go to the supermarket on Fridays ____(4)_____ I have time to do other things on

Saturdays and Sundays. Another reason why I avoid going to the market at the weekend is that
it's usually very crowded _____(5)_____.

4. a) in case 5. a) weekends
b) so that b) too
c) otherwise c) then
d) therefore d) also

A: ____(6)_____?
B: Only while I'm at the office.
6. a) How often do you wear a tie c) When do you wear ties
b) When did you last wear a tie d) Were you wearing a tie at work

A: I bought a tarantula yesterday.

B: They're poisonous, aren't they?
A: Not all of them. Most species are not dangerous to humans. Their poison is ____(7)_____
to kill anyone.

7. a) too strong c) not strong enough

b) nearly strong enough d) as strong as

8. I joined a bird-watching club six months ago. We organise trips to different parts of the
country ____(8)_____ in order to study birds in the wilderness.

a) in two weeks' time c) since the second week

b) every two weeks d) two weeks later

When I was a teenager, I spent most weekends ____(9)_____ for our neighbours upstairs. They
paid me $10 each time and I could buy ____(10)_____ I liked with this money.

9. a) babysitting 10. a) whatever

b) to babysit b) however
c) on babysitting c) wherever
d) babysit d) whenever
265
A : The most dangerous animals of the animal kingdom are mosquitoes.
B : You mean those small insects?
A : Yes, ____(11)_____ that cause malaria — a terrible illness. About a million people die
because of ____(12)_____ every year.

11. a) insect 12. a) they are ill

b) the ones b) this illness
c) insects which c) illness
d) the one d) they become ill

Dear Alex,

I'm sorry that I won't be able to meet you at the airport on Tuesday. I ____(13)_____ my
car serviced that day. I won't be at home either, as I have an important meeting in the
afternoon. But it isn't difficult to reach my house from the airport. ____(14)_____ you have
too much luggage, you can take the underground. It's cheap, fast and reliable. But if you
have a lot of luggage, take a taxi. By the way, I haven't got a spare key, so I'll leave
____(15)_____ under the doormat for you.
See you soon,
Robert

13. a) have been having 14. a) Although 15. a) some

b) will have been b) Because b) that
c) am going to have c) In spite of c) mine
d) will have to d) Unless d) the other

Sometimes people make a decision _____(16)_____ completely _____(17)_____ their lives.

Nicholas Rose, for example, _____(18)_____ a journalist for fourteen years but at the age of 36
he gave up his job at The Sunday Telegraph to write fiction— stories and novels. After
_____(19)_____ almost all his savings in the bank, he realized that he needed money to pay the
bills, so he started a fish shop downtown. Now, however, this shop takes all his time and energy
and his novels remain unwritten.

Nicholas says: " I remember the days _____(20)_____ worked at The Sunday Telegraph. I was
up at 8:00 a.m., wore clean clothes and smelled of aftershave, not of fish. What's more, I always
had the chance to write a few lines _____(21)_____ the coffee or lunch break. Now all that
_____(22)_____. I don't have any spare time any longer. I _____(23)_____ up at six to prepare
the fish for sale by 7:30. When I finish work at 8:00 p.m., I'm usually _____(24)_____ to write
anything. I've done everything I can to make the business work; but even now I'm earning less
than half my salary as a journalist. Obviously, my decision to leave my job at The Sunday
Telegraph was a bad one."

266
16. a) that 17. a) upset 18. a) was
b) , which b) is upset b) has been
c) — c) upsets c) is
d) which it d) will have upset d) will be

19. a) spending 20. a) that have 21. a) while

b) he spends b) where I b) during
c) spent c) which c) when
d) to spending d) when I d) between

22. a) was changed 23. a) have been 24. a) as tired as

b) have been changing b) will be b) very tired
c) has been changed c) was c) too tired
d) has changed d) must be d) tired enough

The Yanomami Indians are a group of people living in the tropical rainforests in northern
Brazil. They live in family groups in small cottages. They depend on agriculture for their
survival. They use poisonous arrows, which are tools used for ____(25)_____. They also catch
fish in the rivers. The Yanomami Indians ____(26)_____ in these rainforests for over 10,000
years. However, today they are in danger of losing their land and culture.

Dr. Jose Pereira is a doctor with the Brazilian Indian agency. He is the only doctor in the area
who is trying to help the 35,000 Yanomami. He is speaking to a newspaper reporter about what
is happening to these Indians at the moment.

Dr. Pereira : They ____(27)_____ healthy people, happy and always smiling, before
strangers came to their land to look for gold. Today, there are people
____(28)_____ for gold everywhere and these people are poisoning the
Indians' rivers with Mercury (Hg). They are cutting down the trees in the
rainforests. Thus, more and more land is becoming dangerous malarial swamp-
land. Illnesses such as malaria and tuberculosis ____(29)_____ more often than
ever before. Their children are dying and this is not their fault.
Reporter : As a doctor, what kind of difficulties are you dealing with?
Dr. Pereira : Our medical supplies are very limited. ____(30)_____ quinine — a special
medicine to cure malaria — we have no other medicine. The lack of proper
injections and pills causes many unnecessary deaths.
25. a) hunting 26. a) will be living 27. a) have been
b) hunters b) are living b) used to be
c) to hunt c) lived c) are
d) to hunting d) have been living d) would be

28. a) to look 29. a) is seen 30. a) Except that

b) looking b) have seen b) Apart from
c) for looking c) will have seen c) Besides
d) they look d) are seen d) In addition
267
Reporter : You work under very difficult conditions. Wouldn't you like to leave this
place and work in a clean, well-equipped hospital instead?

Dr. Pereira : No, I'd rather ____(31)_____ here. These people need professional help. You
see, I'm the only doctor here. I only wish the agency ____(32)_____ more
doctors to this area.

Reporter : Is there any crime among the Yanomami Indians?

Dr. Pereira : Cases of violent crime were uncommon in this neighbourhood before the
arrival of the gold-hunters. However, in nine months this year there have
already been 363 violent deaths. I ____(33)_____ this number will continue
to increase in the near future.

Reporter : What do you think will happen to the Yanomami Indians in the near future?

Dr. Pereira : Most Indians don't know what to do. Many have stopped growing crops, so
food has become scarce. If there is no food, there is no reason to stay here, of
course. Some are leaving their villages. It's sad to see that happening, but I
believe most families ____(34)_____ their villages by the end of next year.
Those who choose to stay will suffer. If a solution _____(35a)_____ to this
problem, the remaining Indians ____(35b)_____ very soon."

31. a) stay 32. a) send 33. a) expect

b) to stay b) will send b) hope
c) staying c) would send c) don't want
d) would stay d) were sent d) thought

34. a) will leave 35. a) won't be found .......disappear

b) will have left b) was found.......wouldn't disappear
c) will be left c) isn't found.......will disappear
d) are leaving d) would be found.......aren't disappearing

2
The holes in Swiss cheese ____(1)_____ by bacteria. These are not the kind of bacteria
___(2)____ make you sick but they are safe ____(3)_____.

1. a) have made 2. a) that 3. a) the one

b) were made b) and b) one
c) make c) when c) ones
d) are made d) so d) the ones

In the town where I live, it is very hot in the summer and in the evenings nobody wants to stay
at home. We have a special summer cinema and we ____(4)_____ go there. Sometimes the
film is not very good but we do not ____(5)_____.

268
4. a) might 5. a) mind
b) must b) watch
c) never c) enjoy
d) often d) hate

Mina Trenton ran away from home when she was about 16 because her parents did not
____(6)_____ her to go out in the evenings. Mina is 18 years old now. After ____(7)_____
two years away from her parents, she thinks there is no place like home. She wishes she
____(8)_____ there, but her parents are still angry with her. If they forgave her, she
____(9)_____ back home.

6. a) make 7. a) spent
b) allow b) has spent
c) need c) spending
d) let d) has been spending

8. a) were 9. a) went
b) is b) will go
c) can be c) would go
d) has been d) wants to go

Mrs. Mills spends too much money ____(10)_____ clothes. She does not really
____(11)_____ new clothes but she ____(12)_____ them. Yesterday she saw a beautiful
coat in a shop window. She went in and ____(13)_____. It was just the right size but it was
very expensive. Mrs. Mills did not have ____(14)_____ money with her.

10. a) in 11. a) need 12. a) has bought

b) for b) want b) loves buying
c) with c) wear c) enjoys shopping
d) on d) have d) affords

13. a) changed into 14. a) some

b) put on b) enough
c) tried it on c) too much
d) wore it d) little

The great new year dinners that we ____(15)_____ have are one of ____(16)_____
memories of my childhood. My mother started cooking early in the morning. All our
relatives joined us that night. My sister and I loved those family dinners because we could
go to bed ___(17)_____ we liked.

15. a) used to 16. a) happier than 17. a) later than

b) used b) happier b) any way
c) have used c) happy c) whenever
d) were used to d) the happiest d) as long as

269
There are ____(18)_____ cars in Britain today than there were a few years ago. The total
number of cars in Britain is about 11,000,000. The traffic goes on increasing all the time and
the roads of most big cities ____(19)_____ by a slow moving procession of cars
____(20)_____ the rush hours.

18. a) bigger 19. a) is blocked 20. a) while

b) few b) have blocked b) when
c) less c) are blocked c) until
d) more d) have been blocking d) during

Since their introduction to economy as a means of exchange, credit cards ____(21)_____

money because they are very convenient for both the buyer and the seller. ____(22)_____,
credit cards are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves.

21. a) replaced 22. a) Therefore

b) have replaced b) However
c) have been replaced c) Fortunately
d) were replaced d) Although

Joe Fortunate had a terrible day yesterday. He ____(23)_____ for work early but his car
____(24)_____ on the way. He called a mechanic to ____(25)_____. He ____(26)_____ to
wait for the mechanic for 4 hours and he was late for work. In the evening, when he arrived
home, he couldn't find his keys so he decided to enter the house from the window. He
____(27)_____ into the house when a policeman saw him. He ____(28)_____ Joe for
breaking into his own house.

23. a) set off 24. a) crashed into 25. a) repair

b) settled down b) broke down b) have it repaired
c) carried on c) speeded up c) repairing it
d) took up d) slowed down d) has repaired it

26. a) ought 27. a) was getting 28. a) was arresting

b) ought not b) has been getting b) was arrested
c) had c) got c) arrested
d) did not have d) has got d) has been arrested

Scientists predict that there will be big changes in the world's climate in the future. By the year
2030, all the ice at the poles ____(29)_____ and the sea level will be fifty centimeters higher.
For this reason, city planners are planning to build walls around the cities ____(30)_____
there are floods.

29. a) will have melted 30. a) because

b) is going to melt b) unless
c) will melt c) so that
d) will be melting d) in case

270
A: ____(31)_____ last weekend ?
B: My grandmother. She is very old and she can't go out.

31. a) Who visited you

b) Where were you
c) Where did you go
d) Who did you visit

A: ____(32)_____?
B: In Switzerland.

32. a) Where were watches made

b) Where do they make the world's best watches
c) Which country makes the best watches
d) Who makes the world's best watches

A: How many letters ____(33)_____ since you left home ?

B: Only two.

33. a) have you written

b) have been writing
c) do you write
d) were written

3
Julia is an 8-year-old girl with beautiful long straight hair, but she doesn't like her hair
because it is not curly. She says, "I wish I ____(1)_____ curly hair".

1. a) have
b) would have
c) will have
d) had

In the UK young people ____(2)_____ to work part time, but they ____(3)_____ have
permission from their parents.

2. a) allow 3. a) don't have to

b) are not allowed b) don't need to
c) are allowed c) ought
d) do not allow d) must

Bob and I live in the same block of flats. My flat is on the sixth floor and Bob's is on the
second floor. Our flats are very convenient, but they are a bit noisy because they are on a
main street. Bob's flat is worse than ____(4)_____ because it is just ____(5)_____ a pub
where there is always loud music.

271
4. a) mine 5. a) above
b) me b) between
c) I c) across
d) my d) along

There are two kinds of sleep; deep sleep and light sleep. People reach the state of deep sleep
very ____(6)_____. ____(7)_____ the period of deep sleep, people do not dream. They dream
when they are in the period of light sleep.

6. a) easier 7. a) While
b) more easily b) During
c) quickly c) After that
d) quicker d) Then

Jane woke up with a terrible cold yesterday morning. Her doctor examined her and prescribed
some medicine. He told her to stay in bed for three days. Unfortunately, she has an important
meeting with her boss this afternoon. If she ____(8a)_____ a cold, she ____(8b)_____ the
meeting. She is going to call her boss and ask him to have the meeting next week. She hopes
that she ____(9)_____ by then.

8. a) wouldn't have ... attended 9. a) will be recovering

b) had ... wouldn't attend b) is going to recover
c) didn't have ... would attend c) will have recovered
d) would have ... didn't attend d) is recovering

The effects of stress on man ____(10)____ for many years. The result of the studies
___(11)____ that our bodies react when stressful situations occur ____(12)____.

10. a) has been studied 11. a) show 12. a) often

b) have been studied b) are showing b) any longer
c) have been studying c) to show c) always
d) was studied d) shows d) already

The town's ____(13)_____ sports club closed down last week. Six months ago, the owners of
the building wanted to increase the rent. ____(14)_____ the management of the club tried to
cover this increase by putting up entrance fees, this was not successful, ____(15)_____ at a
special meeting last Friday they decided to close the club.

13. a) big 14. a) Except that 15. a) as

b) biggest b) However b) but
c) bigger c) In spite of c) so
d) big enough d) Although d) because

After retiring from the film industry, Howard Hughes, the American film producer,
____(16)_____ completely on his own. He ____(17)_____ all day in bed ____(18)_____
films. He didn't leave his house ____(19)_____ his death in 1967.

272
16. a) lived 17. a) was spending
b) lives b) used to spend
c) has lived c) spend
d) has been living d) had to spend

18. a) watching 19. a) from

b) watched b) until
c) watch c) since
d) was watching d) where

Monica's car broke ____(20)_____ yesterday morning. She called a mechanic to

____(21)_____. The mechanic said, "Unless there ____(22a)_____ a big problem with
your car, it ____(22b)_____ ready tomorrow." This morning the mechanic called Monica
and said, "Your car is ready. You can pick it up ____(23)_____ you like."

20. a) out 21. a) have repaired it

b) up b) have it repaired
c) off c) be repairing
d) down d) repair

22. a) will be... is 23. a) wherever

b) isn't... will be b) any time
c) is... will be c) as long as
d) will be ... isn't d) whatever

People must have certain qualities to go on jungle expeditions, ____(24)_____ tiring and
dangerous. First, they should be strong and healthy. Next, they should be good at
____(25)_____ food because they cannot carry ____(26)_____ food in the jungle. Finally,
they should know ____(27)_____ in a team.

24. a) are 25. a) finding

b) which they are b) find
c) which are c) to find
d) they are d) found

26. a) lots 27. a) working

b) many b) work
c) much c) to work
d) some d) how to work

4
1. A group of people are visiting an art exhibition. Some people cannot see some of the
pictures on display. If they had hung the pictures lower, people ________ able to see
them properly.
a) would be b) will be c) would have been d) are

2. He has to work hard even at weekends, ________?

a) hasn't he b) doesn't he c) has he d) isn't he

273
3. A woman who is overweight is visiting her doctor:
Woman : " Can I lose five kilos in one week?"
Doctor : "In fact, I really don't know ________ lose that much in one week."
a) whether can you c) whether you can
b) that you can d) how much can you

I didn't listen to the lecturer carefully last week. Now I have to prepare a project on the same
subject and I don't have ____(4)____ notes because they are incomplete. I wish I
____(5)____ more attention to the lecturer.

4. a) any 5. a) paid
b) enough b) was paid
c) much c) had paid
d) a lot d) was paying

'Scandal' is an exciting film. It raises interesting questions about a ____(6)____ scandal in

politics. The film shows a seventeen-year-old showgirl, Christine Keeler. She begins her
relationship with the government minister, John Profumo. It is a(n) ____(7)____ terrific film
and you ____(8)____ it!

6. a) shock 7. a) very 8. a) shouldn't miss

b) shocking b) quite b) shouldn't have missed
c) shocked c) slightly c) missed
d) shockingly d) absolutely d) aren't missing

The driver swerved to avoid the car that pulled out of a side road, but he was too late. If he
____(9)____ quicker to swerve, he ____(10)____ straight into the back of the other car.
____(11)____, he ____(12)____ his seat belt and nothing happened to him.

9. a) was 10. a) wouldn't crash

b) hadn't been b) wouldn't have crashed
c) had been c) would crash
d) is d) would have crashed

11. a) Surprisingly 12. a) is wearing

b) On the contrary b) had worn
c) On the other hand c) was wearing
d) Fortunately d) worn

Lady shoppers at a large shopping mall in Florida opened their handbags for a fun survey and
some of the things inside were really strange. Inside Shirley Amendola's bag there was one of
her baby teeth. "I had planned to put the tooth in my safe-deposit box at the bank" said the 30-
year old medical assistant. "I didn't go to the bank that day and I ____(13)____ the tooth in my
purse over the last few months. Inside Phyllis Moloney's handbag there was an electronic

274
Spanish language interpreter. "I got it for Christmas last year. I just think it's handy to have it
there ____(14)____ somebody says something in Spanish to me." Sue Moore had three
different purses inside her handbag. "All I really need is inside ____(15)____ purse. The two
other purses are much smaller and can hold only money."

13. a) had carried 14. a) in case 15. a) bigger

b) have been carrying b) so that b) as big as
c) am carrying c) otherwise c) too big
d) had been carried d) because d) the biggest

Errol is on duty at the police station. A man arrives in a hurry.

Man : I've lost my laptop computer. Has one been handed in ?
Errol : No, sir, it hasn't. ____(16)____ did you lose it?
Man : Just after I left home in Chester Street this morning.
Errol : ____(17)____ laptop was it?
Man : It was a Macintosh.

16. a) How far 17. a) What make of

b) How long ago b) How expensive
c) How long c) Whose
d) How often d) What kind

'My name is Jim Shelley and I am an addict.' With these words I began to solve the problem,
the problem of my telephone addiction. I think I started socially - a few calls each day. I
____(18)____, make calls, ring people up - talk, talk and talk. And it began to affect my
work. I was spending all of my lunch time phoning. During the day I would disappear for a
quick call. One night I found it impossible to sleep, thinking I could hear the phone ringing
downstairs. I jumped out of bed and then discovered it ____(19)___ at all. Things were so
bad I often rang people and asked ____(20)___ to ring me. I had a business and a private line
____(21)___. And one day I hit my supervisor with the phone. Of course, I lost my job.
Finally, the police caught me destroying a phone box ____(22)___ my last £1 coin and I was
ordered to see a psychiatrist. It's several days since I used a telephone. I also try not to watch
TV because there are always people on it ____(23)___ phone calls.

18. a) am used to phoning 19. a) didn't ring

b) am phoning b) hadn't rung
c) used to phone c) had rung
d) have phoned d) was ringing

20. a) them if they had tried 21. a) installing

b) had they tried b) was installed
c) if they have been trying c) installed
d) them they were trying d) was installing
275
22. a) which take 23. a) making
b) where it was taken b) made
c) that had taken c) make
d) that was taking d) was making

5
Good students usually have good study habits and know ____(1)____ their time efficiently.
Some find it helpful to draw up a five or six-day programme each week. Of course, one
cannot always keep to such a plan; unexpected things often happen but still, such a plan
makes ____(2)____ about what we ought to do during the week.

1. a) organizing 2. a) us think
b) how to organize b) think
c) to organize c) to think
d) how organized d) us to think

Although Maria has been attending an English course for six months, she still has problems
expressing her opinions in the target language. She knows the grammar rules very
____(3)____, but she cannot speak ____(4)____ the other students in class. That's why her
teacher advised her to attend a conversation club, which will enable her to practice speaking.

3. a) good enough 4. a) fluently

b) well b) as fluently as
c) good c) more fluently than
d) well enough d) the most fluently

Next week I'm planning to go to the village where I ____(5)____ up. I ____(6)____ my
good-old friends since I graduated from high school, so I wonder whether they will
recognize me or not. I'm really looking forward to meeting them again.

5. a) used to grow 6. a) haven't visited

b) had been grown b) hadn't visited
c) grew c) haven't been visiting
d) was grown d) didn't visit

Have you ever tried asking people for directions? I had to go to London on business recently,
and I soon realized that I ____(7)____ a street map. ____(8)____ I followed the directions of
passers-by, I got lost. Then, I decided to take a taxi. After all, London taxi drivers have to
pass a test on their knowledge of its streets. But I couldn't find one. They had all simply
vanished. In the end, I went up to the first tourist I saw and asked ____(9)____ their tourist
map.

7. a) must buy 8. a) Whenever 9. a) whether I can look at

b) should have bought b) However b) them to look at
c) need to buy c) Wherever c) if I could look at
d) could buy d) Whatever d) where I could look at
276
Mrs. Winnifred Weaver has been involved in politics ever since she was a student. She joined
the Labour Party when she was at school. If she hadn't met Harold Wilson at a conference at
Hull University 25 years ago, she ____(10)____ a successful member of the parliament now.
Despite her busy life, Mrs. Weaver ____(11)____ several influential books about the political
system in Britain. These days she ____(12)____ on her latest book, which is a collection of
her memories.

10. a) wouldn't have been 11. a) writes 12. a) is working

b) isn't b) has written b) works
c) can't be c) will have written c) has been working
d) wouldn't be d) has been writing d) has worked

Sally is working on her term paper and Lisa enters the room.
Lisa : Hi Sally! What are you doing?
Sally : Well, I'm still working on my term paper which is due for tomorrow.
Lisa : I see. That means you don't have time to help me with my homework,
____(13)____?
Sally : Not at the moment. Why?
Lisa : Actually, I have a few questions to ask you about my own term paper but since
you are busy working on yours, I can ask someone else.
Sally : Is it urgent?
Lisa : Not really.
Sally : Why ____(14)____ an hour later? I will ____(15)____ mine by then, so we can
spend the rest of the evening working on yours.
Lisa : That's a good idea. See you then.

13. a) have you 14. a) won't you come 15. a) finish

b) don't you b) can't you come b) be finished
c) haven't you c) aren't you coming c) have finished
d) do you d) don't you come d) be finishing

Last spring we rented an old manor house that had been built on the site of an ancient battle
ground where thousands of men are supposed to have died. We didn't believe the ghost stories
which the housekeeper told us. On the Monday of the second week, I ____(16)____ in the
middle of the night by the terrible screams and moans coming from the basement. We went
downstairs where the screams were even louder. Terrified, we ran all the way to the village
____(17)____ at a hotel. The next day the housekeeper told us that the screams which we
heard were the ghosts of the soldiers who died fighting. We didn't sleep in the house again. It
was certainly ____(18)____ experience I had ever had.

277
16. a) had woken up 17. a) that the night was spent
b) woken up b) which we spent the night
c) was woken up c) we spent the night
d) had been woken up d) where we spent the night

18. a) the most frightened

b) a frightening
c) the most frightening
d) more frightened than any

Sam and Linda are talking about the reception that they have to attend.
Linda : I really don't feel like going to the reception.
Sam : ____(19)____. I wish I ____(20)____ Mr. Brown about our plans for this evening
earlier, but it is too late now.
Linda : It's OK. Do you know how long ____(21)____?
Sam : Not more than two hours. Why?
Linda : I thought maybe we could still go to Mark's party after the reception.
Sam : That's a good idea, but I think it will be tiring to go from one place to another, and
I have to get up early tomorrow morning. I'd rather ____(22)____ back home after
the reception.

19. a) I don't 20. a) could tell

b) Neither do I b) told
c) I do c) would tell
d) So do I d) had told

21. a) the reception will last 22. a) to go

b) has the reception lasted b) went
c) the reception has lasted c) going
d) will the reception last d) go

Somehow I always have problems when I go away on holiday. This year I got food
poisoning the day I arrived. It must have been the fish I ate at the hotel that evening. It
took me most of the first week to recover. By the time I felt better, the weather
____(23)____, but I was determined to go sight-seeing and do some swimming.
____(24)____, none of the museums were open, as there was a strike, and it was far
____(25)____ to go for a swim. I'm sure I ____(26)____ myself more if I had stayed at
home.

23. a) had changed 24. a) Luckily

b) was changed b) Eventually
c) didn't change c) Recently
d) wasn't changing d) Unfortunately

278
25. a) colder 26. a) enjoyed
b) too cold b) could enjoy
c) very cold c) had enjoyed
d) cold enough d) would have enjoyed

6
Luna is talking to her daughter Emma.

Luna : You heard me call you, ____(1)______ , Emma?

Emma : No, mom. Sorry, just let me finish this chess game.

Luna : How long ____(2)______?

Emma : For about an hour, mom. That's all.

Luna : Emma, you are spending too much time ____(3)______ to beat the computer at
chess! I think you should be aware of the fact that you have other responsibilities
both at home and at school.

1. a) don't you 2. a) did you play 3. a) trying

b) had you b) are you playing b) to try
c) didn't you c) have you played c) for trying
d) were you d) have you been playing d) try

Growing older makes people more conscious about their health. This is certainly true for me.
When I was young, I used to smoke three packs of cigarettes a day. I would start every
morning lighting a cigarette and coughing. ____(4)______ I walked up a flight of stairs, I
would have to stop halfway up to take a rest. After I got married, my wife insisted that I
should give up smoking. She told me that I ____(5)______ long enough to see my children
grow up so I quit smoking. That was twenty years ago and I ____(6)______ even a single
cigarette since then.

4. a) However 5. a) wouldn't live 6. a) haven't been smoking

b) Whenever b) hadn't lived b) hadn't smoked
c) Whatever c) didn't live c) wasn't smoking
d) Wherever d) wasn't living d) haven't smoked

I have been busy with my exams over the last two weeks. They are over now, thank goodness,
and I can relax for a while and write letters to all my friends. I ____(7)______ the results by
the time my parents come back from Paris so I'm keeping my fingers crossed. On their return
I want to give them the good news. I should get at least 65 on all my finals ____(8)______ I
will not have to attend the summer school that lasts about two months. Actually, everything is
my fault. If I ____(9a)______ a bit harder during the first semester, I ____(9b)______
anything to worry about now.

279
7. a) will have learned 8. a) otherwise
b) will be learning b) except that
c) am learning c) unless
d) will have been learned d) so that

9. a) studied ... wouldn't have

b) had studied ... wouldn't have had
c) had studied ... wouldn't have
d) studied ... do not have to have

Mary, who has just returned from her holiday in Greece, is talking to her friend Sally on the
phone.

Sally : When did you come back from Greece? I called you several times the other day but
there was no answer.

Mary : Well, I came back yesterday morning.

Sally : I see, so how was it?

Mary : To tell the truth it was a disaster. I wish I ____(10)______ your advice. You
suggested that I should go somewhere else but I insisted on going there.

Sally : Why? Was it that bad?

Mary : Actually it couldn't be worse. The hotel ____(11)______ at was horrible. The
rooms were extremely small and there was no hot water so I had to take a shower
with cold water every single day. To make things worse, one of my suitcases
____(12)______ on my first day at the hotel.

Sally : Oh really?

Mary : Actually, I ____(13)______ the hotel as soon as things started going wrong but as I
____(14)______ all the money in advance, I didn't want it to go to waste.

Sally : Well, I'm really sorry that your holiday was so bad. Anyway, although it was a bad
one, just put it down to experience.

10. a) took 11. a) I stayed 12. a) stole

b) could take b) there I stayed b) had stolen
c) had taken c) where I stayed c) was stolen
d) would take d) was that I stayed d) had been stolen

13. a) must change 14. a) was paying

b) should have changed b) was paid
c) had to change c) have been paying
d) needed to change d) had paid

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Helen is talking to her roommate Carol.

Helen : I have an important exam tomorrow.

Carol : ____(15)_______, but I really don't feel like studying. Why ____(16)_______ to
the canteen to have a sandwich?

Helen : Are you kidding? Do you know how many chapters ____(17)_______ study ?

Carol : Well, it is the same with me, but we'll just sit there for half an hour or so.

Helen : Carol, there is no way you can make me ____(18)_______ the room even for half
an hour. I ____(19)_______ here. I want to start studying right away.

Carol : OK. That means I'm going by myself then. If anyone ____(20)_______, could
you please tell them that I'll be back in half an hour?

15. a) I do 16. a) aren't we going 17. a) do I have to

b) So do I b) can't we go b) I have to
c) Neither have I c) don't we go c) should I
d) I have d) shouldn't we go d) I can

18. a) to leave 19. a) 'll be staying here 20. a) is calling

b) left b) 'm allowed to stay b) will call
c) leaving c) 'd rather stay c) calls
d) leave d) can stay d) needs to call

When I first met Nguyen, it was probably nine or ten weeks after his arrival in Los Angeles,
and he ____(21)______ very lonely at the time. We immediately became friends but it was
difficult to communicate with him as his English wasn't ____(22)______ to have a long and
stimulating conversation. In the following months, Nguyen's English improved and he learnt
how ____(23)______ with all the difficulties of living in a large city like Los Angeles.
Actually, at my age I don't make friends easily but I consider Nguyen one of my close
friends. I think he is ____(24)______ person I've ever met. I'm quite ____(25)______ that
he likes spending such a lot of time with an old lady like me. Nguyen is kind and
considerate. ____(26)______ he comes from a culture that is so alien to ours, we can
understand each other very well. And I love having a young person around; the excitement
and optimism is really heartening.

21. a) used to feel 22. a) good enough 23. a) is to cope

b) was feeling b) as good as b) can he cope
c) has been feeling c) too good c) to cope
d) had felt d) good d) he coped

24. a) the most honest 25. a) surprising 26. a) Although

b) very honest b) surprisingly b) Despite
c) more honest than c) surprise c) Apart from
d) the honest d) surprised d) Because of

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7
The best holiday of my life was a holiday I (1)____________ in Turkey when I was twenty.
Three of my friends from university (2)____________ to Turkey and (3)____________ me to
accompany them. I had very little money so, before university finished for the summer break, I
worked every evening in a pub (4)____________ I could earn (5)____________ on the
holiday.

1. a) had had 2. a) were going 3. a) explained

b) was having b) went b) told
c) had c) had been going c) offered
d) have had d) had gone d) invited

4. a) so as 5. a) money enough to go
b) so that b) too much money to go
c) in order to c) enough money to go
d) because d) so much money for going

Yesterday morning Sue parked her car on a road that didn't have any parking meters on it. To
her surprise, by the time she (6)____________ to her car, there was a parking meter next to it.
Someone (7)____________ a parking ticket on the windscreen and the wheels of her car
(8)____________! Then she saw a policeman (9)____________ the street. He came up to her
and asked if the car (10)____________ to her. When she replied that it did, he told her that she
(11)____________ her car there for so long and that she had to pay the ticket...

6. a) returned 7. a) was placed

b) had returned b) placed
c) had been returned c) had been placed
d) was returned d) had placed

8. a) had been clamped 9. a) crossed

b) clamped b) was crossing
c) had been clamping c) crossing
d) were clamping d) who crossed

10. a) had belonged 11. a) shouldn't leave

b) belonged b) shouldn't be leaving
c) was belonging d) belonging
d) shouldn't have left c) should have left

It was a Friday night. Megan caught the nine o'clock train from Oxford to London. She sat
opposite a man (12)____________ in gray. Since the man (13)____________ her, she was
able to see his face very clearly. The next morning Megan bought a newspaper and saw the
photograph of the same man on the front page. He was reported (14)____________ a woman
on a train after stealing her money and jewellery!

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12. a) was dressing 13. a) was facing 14. a) having killed
b) dressing b) was faced b) to have killed
c) dressed c) faced c) to kill
d) was dressed d) facing d) killing

A : Why did Mr. Higgins shout at Julie a few minutes ago?

B : Because (15)____________ the smoking ban in the office, she (16)____________ all
morning. He warned her a few times but she didn't listen. What's more, although she
should know that she mustn't use the office phone for her private calls, she called her
husband four times this morning! If she (17)____________ a little bit more attention to
the office rules, Mr. Higgins (18)____________ at her and she (19)____________ feel
so ashamed now.

15. a) regardless of 16. a) kept smoking 17. a) had been paid

b) despite of b) keeps smoking b) had paid
c) though c) is always smoking c) would have paid
d) despite the fact that d) always smoked d) would pay

18. a) wouldn't shout 19. a) wouldn't

b) hadn't shouted b) doesn't
c) wouldn't have shouted c) didn't
d) didn't shout d) couldn't

Every year there are changes in climate in different parts of the world. Some of these changes
occur (20)____________ natural causes. However, some others (21)____________ by air
pollution. To illustrate, burning oil and coal in transport and in factories often
(22)______________ air pollution, increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
An increase in the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere might in turn bring about a
rise in atmospheric temperature, and the ice at the north and south poles
(23)____________melt. If this (24)____________, the sea level (25)____________, causing
floods in many parts of the Earth. Therefore, it is necessary that urgent steps
(26)____________ in industrialized countries to avoid the disastrous effects of global
warming.

20. a) even though 21. a) caused 22. a) lead to 23. a) could

b) as a result of b) are causing b) results from b) should
c) in spite of c) are caused c) result in c) must
d) in order to d) causing d) leads to d) used to

24. a) happens 25. a) rose 26. a) be taken

b) happened b) have risen b) taken
c) will happen c) will rise c) will be taken
d) would happen d) would be rising d) must be taken

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A : I read an article about mountaineering the other day. I'd no idea that it was
(27)____________ popular sport or that (28)____________ people were involved in it.

B : Yes, but on the other hand it requires a lot of strength and courage. Moreover, it's
(29)____________ for many people to take up as a hobby.

A : Well, I don't think I'm (30)____________ to climb mountains myself, but I wish I
(31)____________.

27. a) so 28. a) such a lot 29. a) too dangerously

b) such a b) so a lot b) so dangerous
c) so much c) such many c) too dangerous
d) such d) so many d) so dangerously

30. a) courageous enough 31. a) could

b) very courageous b) would
c) too courageous c) were
d) enough courageous d) did

8
I'm not an irresponsible grandmother, but I want my grandchildren to have a good time with
me. We enjoy breaking the rules when we are together. For example, they ____(1)____ stay
up as long as they wish when they are in my house and they find it great. ____(2)____ there
is anyone who wouldn't do such favours to kids to see them happy.

1. a) don't have to 2. a) I wonder if

b) let b) I want to ask
c) are allowed c) I have no idea if
d) can d) I'd like to know

I should admit ____(3)____ most jealous of is that my sister doesn't put on weight no matter
how much she eats. I, on the other hand, gain a kilo if I even smile at a bar of chocolate. I
____(4)____ losing weight in many ways, but all in vain. I wish I ____(5)____ something to
speed up my slow metabolism.

3. a) that who I am 4. a) looked forward to 5. a) would have done

b) being b) considered b) could do
c) that I am c) tried c) had done
d) that what I am d) thought of d) did

Yesterday a 60-year-old woman was reported ____(6)____ arrested for shoplifting. There
were ____(7)____ stolen items in the elderly woman's place that the police couldn't open the
door for half an hour. Once they were inside, they found £3,000 worth of goods ____(8)____
over the past 10 years. The police ____(9)____ six hours ____(9)____ three vans with the
stolen property.

284
6. a) to be 7. a) hardly any
b) that she had been b) very few
c) to have been c) nearly all
d) that she was d) so many

8. a) was stolen 9. a) took ... for filling

b) the woman has stolen b) needed ... filling
c) the woman had stolen c) had ... to fill
d) the woman stole d) spent ... filling

The great extinctions of the past, some scientists claim, ____(10)____ by comets or asteroids
____(11)____ into Earth. In 1996, an asteroid passed by and ____(12)____ it missed the
earth by only a million kilometers that astronomers were able to detect it. Scientists say we
____(13)____ that lucky next time. According to an Austrailan astronomer, that particular
asteroid could have arrived six hours earlier and he says if that____(14)____, the resulting
explosion would have been ____(15)____ powerful as the one that all of the U.S. nuclear
weapons could produce.

10. a) must be caused 11. a) had crashed 12. a) by the time

b) might have been caused b) that crashed b) as soon as
c) should be causing c) which were crashed c) it was only when
d) could have caused d) crashed d) until

13. a) may not be 14. a) happened 15. a) much more

b) aren't b) has happened b) quite
c) unlikely to be c) happens c) less
d) probably won't d) had happened d) twice as

Tricia and Andrew are the first people to sign up to ____(16)____ after their death, in a new
science called 'cryonics'. They want ____(17)____ back to life in 2100 as they believe the
way of life ____(18)____ completely by then. Andrew says he'd ____(19)____ to be around
in the 2100s so that he ____(20)____ through space.

16. a) get their frozen bodies 17. a) to be brought

b) have been frozen b) that they bring
c) make their bodies freeze c) to bring
d) have their bodies frozen d) that they are brought

18. a) will be changing 19. a) rather 20. a) can travel

b) will have changed b) better b) would travel
c) will be changed c) like c) travelled
d) will have been changing d) bother d) had travelled

I hate the popular press ____(21)____ people's privacy. In the last two weeks there
____(22)____ a lot of publicity about the huge compensation ____(23)____ to a pop singer
after he proved that a newspaper had made untrue claims about his personal life. The singer is

285
one of those lucky people who has ____(24)____ money to take the necessary steps for justice
to be done. Otherwise, he ____(25)____ the £30,000 needed to take the newspaper to court.
The singer said he ____(26)____ to get on well with the press over the past few years, but the
news that appeared in the paper was the last straw. "I hope, from now on, press members
____(27)____ people's private lives," he added.

21. a) being invaded 22. a) was 23. a) that gave

b) to invade b) has been b) was given
c) invading c) used to be c) which was giving
d) that it invades d) had been d) given

24. a) enough 25. a) shouldn't have afforded

b) so much b) didn't afford
c) too much c) wouldn't afford
d) such a lot of d) couldn't have afforded

26. a) had been trying 27. a) respect

b) tried b) will be respected
c) has been trying c) are respecting
d) was trying d) respected

9
Sandy meets Pauline, a friend from school, at a cinema :
Sandy : Hi, Pauline. What are you doing here? I thought you (1)__________ at this time
of the day.
Pauline : Yes, but I've taken the day off just to relax a bit. Actually, I'm planning to quit
soon.
Sandy : Really? Why?
Pauline : Well, I've been having a difficult time at work recently. Last month they hired a
new secretary, who is a real nuisance. To begin with, she wasn't (2)__________
to get the job. (3)__________ this, they gave her the job since she's the niece of
Mr. Johnson, the owner of the company. To make things worse, the directors,
Mr. Trent and Mr. Swan, who are expecting to be promoted soon, gave my office
to her! They're (4)__________ inconsiderate people that they offered
(5)__________ use the dark little office at the end of the corridor!
Sandy : How awful! You must hate the new secretary.
Pauline : Well, she's a bore. She's always (6)__________ about herself. What's more, she
speaks and laughs (7)__________ feel your eardrums will burst! I don't think I'll
be able to put up with all this any longer; (8)__________ I'm thinking about
quitting. I wish I (9)__________ the job advertisement in the paper last year! If
I (10)__________ college to work in this job, I (11)__________ my degree and I

286
 (12)__________ working in a much better job now. If I (13)__________ born
again, I (14)__________ the same mistakes!

1. a) should have worked 2. a) qualified 3. a) Regardless

b) shouldn't work b) enough qualifications b) In spite of
c) should work c) much too qualified c) Because of
d) should be working d) nearly qualified enough d) With a view of

4. a) such 5. a) that I could 6. a) talks

b) so b) me to let b) keeps talking
c) too c) to let me c) talking
d) so many d) letting me d) keep talking

7. a) so loudly that you 8. a) as a result of 9. a) didn't see

b) much too loudly to b) yet b) wouldn't have seen
c) loudly enough to c) because c) hadn't seen
d) such a loud voice that you d) that's why d) couldn't see

10. a) left 11. a) would get 12. a) am not

b) hadn't left b) would have gotten b) would be
c) didn't leave c) had gotten c) wouldn't be
d) had left d) have already gotten d) were

13. a) had been 14. a) would never make

b) were b) didn't make
c) am c) won't make
d) will be d) hadn't made

Last Friday, Julia (15)__________ at the shop windows to buy a new coat when she
(16)__________ that she (17)__________ all the money she had so she decided to get some
money from her bank account. When she got to the bank, there were about ten people
(18)__________ in a queue, (19)__________ for their turn. All of a sudden, three men
(20)__________ with shotguns rushed into the bank. Their faces (21)__________ with black
masks. There was complete silence in the bank for a second. Then ...

15. a) looked 16. a) realizing 17. a) had spent 18. a) had stood
b) looking b) realized b) was spending b) stood
c) was looking c) was realizing c) spent c) were standing
d) has looked d) has realized d) had been spent d) standing

19. a) were waiting 20. a) armed 21. a) were covered

b) had waited b) were armed b) covered
c) waiting c) arming c) were covering
d) waited d) had armed d) had covered

Two junior students at college are talking at the cafeteria :

A : Guess what happened in the chemistry class this morning.
B : Jack was late again!
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A : Correct! Halfway through the class, there was a loud knock on the door of the auditorium.
Prof. Brown, who had been lecturing on cell division enthusiastically, said "Come in". The
door opened and Jack asked (22)__________ him in. Prof. Brown got very angry and told
(23)__________ outside till the class finished. However, Jack insistently tried to explain
that his car (24)__________ down on the way to the campus and apologized
(25)__________ so late. Surprisingly, a sympathetic smile appeared on Prof. Brown's face
and she urged (26)__________ in.

22. a) the professor for letting 23. a) that he must wait 24. a) broke
b) the professor if she would let b) him that he had waited b) has broken
c) to let c) him to wait c) was breaking
d) that the professor would let d) to him that he should wait d) had broken

25. a) the professor for he was 26. a) to him coming

b) for being b) if he came
c) to be c) that he would come
d) that he had been d) him to come

Forests, which are among the Earth's richest natural resources, are essential for a variety of life
forms. Unfortunately, they are shrinking fast. Various factors like man's efforts to make fields
are known (27)__________ the process called desertification quite a long time ago. Certain
measures have already been taken (28)__________ stop or slow down this process. All the
same, unless stricter regulations are introduced by governments, the Earth's forests
(29)__________ completely by the end of the next century. Therefore, it's undeniable that this
vital issue (30)__________ urgently.

27. a) to be starting 28. a) with the aim of

b) starting b) in order to
c) that they started c) for the purpose of
d) to have started d) in order that

29. a) likely to be cleared 30. a) be considered

b) might be cleared b) to be considered
c) will probably clear c) being considered
d) could be clearing d) to consider

10

I don't mind ____(1)____ to wait, but I hope she has time to see me after her meeting.

1. a) asking her
b) her asking
c) asking
d) being asked

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There is no doubt that supermarkets are very convenient. To begin with, they are cheap.
Products in local grocery shops can be twice ____(2)____ those in big supermarkets. Shoppers
also like supermarkets because supermarkets save ____(3)____ to several different shops in
order to buy different products. It's very quick and easy to drive to the supermarket and pick up
everything you need. It's not surprising, then, that some shoppers believe it is ____(4)____
making the effort any more to walk round the busy city centre when the nearest supermarket is
only a short drive away.

2. a) more expensive than 3. a) them from going 4. a) waste of time

b) as expensive b) from them going b) no point in
c) the price of c) them to go c) not worth
d) the value of d) them go d) not a good idea
It's true that money doesn't always bring happiness. My friend Jonathan ____(5)____
whatever he wanted from his parents. He was lucky because he had a rich father and on his
eighteenth birthday he ____(6)____ a car. He became ____(7)____ excited with his new
present that he decided to go out and celebrate in a bar. He got drunk and was on his way
home in his new car when the police stopped him. Jonathan was tested for alcohol and he
had ____(8)____. That was two years ____(9)____ and now he is still waiting to get his
licence back.

5. a) used to getting 6. a) was given 7. a) quite

b) used to get b) gave b) so
c) was used for getting c) was given to him c) such
d) was used to get d) gave to him d) too

8. a) taken away his licence 9. a) already

b) to take away his licence b) before
c) his licence taken away c) after
d) taken his licence away d) ago

It can be difficult to choose the right career, especially because some popular jobs are less
attractive than they first appear. For example, ____(10)____ young people dream about a
career in modelling. However, they rarely understand ____(11)____ to be a professional
model. Exotic images of models in newspapers and magazines encourage ____(12)____
photographs to modelling agencies in the hope of becoming the next Cindy Crawford. Only
a few are able to find work and they are often surprised by the nature of the work.
____(13)____ early in the morning day after day in all kinds of weather is especially tiring.
Job satisfaction is not guaranteed. It depends ____(14)____ get on with their colleagues.
The modelling world is full of ambitious and selfish people. In an environment where
people don't help ____(15)____, life can be tough. The money is usually good, but it cannot

289
go on forever. Unless a model has earned enough to retire ____(16)____ time she is thirty, she
____(17)____ discover that she has financial worries. Some models find that they ____(18)____
a different job for all those years with useful qualifications and experience at the end of it.

10. a) most of 11. a) that they like

b) a lot b) they would like
c) many c) what it is like
c) hardly any d) what to like

12. a) their sending 13. a) Getting up

b) them to send b) By getting up
c) that they send c) When they get up
d) them for sending d) If they get up

14. a) that they can 15. a) by themselves

b) their ability to b) by each other
c) whether they can c) themselves
d) how can they d) each other

16. a) for a 17. a) might

b) by the b) must
c) after a c) can't
d) at the d) would

18. a) should do
b) could have done
c) needn't have done
d) may be doing

The government is reported ____(19)____ permission for an extension to London's Gatwick

Airport. This is good news for international travellers and people ____(20)____ there since it
will protect jobs. However, it is ____(21)____ to be popular with residents in the surrounding
area - the government plans also include permission for additional night flights. A group of
residents called the 'Keep Gatwick Quiet' organisation has accused the government
____(22)____ the promises ____(23)____ while it was trying to win support for its election
campaign. A spokesman for the residents association said, "I am ____(24)____ furious that
the government has lied to us. We can't trust the politicians after this." Gatwick was chosen
instead of Stansted, London's third airport. ____(25a)____ disadvantage of building the
extension at Stansted is ____(25b)____ poor transport connections to the centre of London.
Work will begin this year and the extension is expected to ____(26a)____ over three years
____(26b)____. The construction programme will ____(27)____ delays in some evening
flights in the first half of next year.

290
19. a) to give 20. a) they work
b) that it gave b) that worked
c) to have given c) working
d) that it had given d) worked

21. a) unlikely 22. a) not keeping

b) uncertain b) to keep
c) probably not c) for keeping
d) bound d) of not keeping

23. a) to be made 24. a) absolutely

b) it made b) fairly
c) that have been made c) very
d) who made them d) far

25. a) The ... having 26. a) take ... to build

b) The ... that it has b) need ... building
c) Another ... having c) spend ... building
d) Another ... that it has d) have ... to build

27. a) originate in
b) be due to
c) lead to
d) be caused by

11
There ___(1)____ many road accidents since yesterday's heavy snow. Early last night two
motorists ___(2)____ serious injuries in an accident involving three vehicles. Mr. Ray
Amberly from Newden ___(3)____ along Pyke Road at 90 kph when he ___(4)____ the van
behind his car driven by Mr. Joseph Brown, moving out to overtake him. Mr. Amberly
braked slightly in order to ___(5)____ the driver of the van ___(6)____, but instead of
slowing down, his car skidded on the slippery surface and crashed into the van. ___(7)____,
the van was knocked into a third vehicle, coming from the other direction, driven by Mr. Luke
Porter. All three vehicles ___(8)____ in the collision and the drivers ___(9)____ be taken to
hospital. The police believe that the crash might ___(10)____ if the drivers ___(11)____
more careful.

1. a) are 2. a) were suffering 3. a) travelled

b) were b) had suffered b) was travelling
c) have been c) were suffered c) has travelled
d) had been d) suffered d) had travelled

4. a) had noticed 5. a) make 6. a) pass

b) has noticed b) get b) passed
c) was noticing c) let c) passing
d) noticed d) have d) to pass

291
7. a) As a result 8. a) had damaged 9. a) could
b) However b) have damaged b) might
c) Although c) were damaged c) had to
d) On the contrary d) damaged d) should

10. a) have happened 11. a) were

b) not have happened b) would be
c) not happen c) have been
d) happen d) had been

A large British fishing boat, the Red Herring, sank yesterday morning after hitting rocks off
the south coast of England. Six of the boat's crew members ___(12)____ swim ashore and get
help. The authorities had a lifeboat team ___(13)____ out to search for the rest of the crew.
When the lifeboat crew returned to shore after rescuing five survivors, they ___(14)____ the
authorities that there were still three missing crew members. The survivors of the shipwreck
___(15)____ to hospital in Southampton, where they ___(16)____ from the accident. Air and
sea rescue teams are continuing to search for the missing crew members.

12. a) needed 13. a) sending 14. a) asked

b) could b) send b) told
c) were able to c) was sent c) advised
d) would have to d) sent d) said

15. a) have taken 16. a) are being recovered

b) had been taken b) recovered
c) had taken c) are recovering
d) have been taken d) were recovered

The seas all over the world are in danger. They ___(17)____ with poison : industrial and
nuclear waste, chemical fertilisers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead;
the North Sea is following. If nothing ___(18)____ about it, one day soon nothing
___(19)____ live in the seas.

17. a) fill 18. a) had been done 19. a) would be able to

b) are filled b) is done b) was able to
c) filled c) were done c) would have been able to
d) are filling d) will be done d) will be able to

Peter asked his grandmother ___(20)____. She answered that she felt very dizzy because she
had forgotten to take her pills that morning. She asked him ___(21)____ the pills from the
kitchen. Moreover, she persuaded him ___(22)____ his parents about it.

20. a) how was she 21. a) to get 22. a) tell

b) how she was b) get b) to tell
c) how had she been c) getting c) not to tell
d) how she had been d) got d) not tell

292
 A judge ordered a 65-year-old woman ___(23)____ £4,000 damages to a burglar who
___(24)____ to break into her house. As soon as Mrs. Lewis heard the noises, picking up
her gun, she went downstairs where she ___(25)____ Michael Phillips in the hall with a bag
full of electrical equipment and shot him. Fortunately, Phillips suffered only minor wounds
to his legs. If he had been seriously wounded, he ___(26)____ in hospital now. In the trial,
the judge explained that although Mrs. Lewis was defending her own property, she
___(27)____ Phillips.

23. a) pay 24. a) has tried 25. a) found

b) that she had to pay b) has been trying b) had found
c) paying c) had tried c) was found
d) to pay d) would try d) had been found

26. a) wouldn't be 27. a) shouldn't shoot

b) would have been b) shouldn't have shot
c) wouldn't have been c) shouldn't be shot
d) would be d) shouldn't have been shot

12
Ben Johnson, the Canadian sprinter, won and lost the 100 metres final in 1988 Olympics in
Seoul in 24 hours. ___(1)___ the tests done after the race showed that he had taken a
prohibited drug before the race. This ___(2)___ in his losing his title and the gold medal.
___(3)___ people believe that athletes shouldn't take drugs because these drugs improve
performance unfairly. Some people said that Johnson ___(4)___ have taken drugs because
he was an excellent athlete anyway and ___(5)___ the race without them. Johnson was
banned from competing for three years. People who thought that he was ___(6)___ to take
drugs also thought that this ban was ___(7)___ and that it would be better if these athletes
were banned from competing for life.

1. a) Most 2. a) originated 3. a) Hardly any

b) None of b) was one result b) Many
c) Very few c) resulted c) Almost no
d) All d) led d) Most of

4. a) was bound to 5. a) shouldn't have won 6. a) wrong

b) might b) could have won b) no right
c) wasn't expected to c) should be winning c) his own fault
d) needn't d) must have won d) not to blame for

7. a) short enough
b) too short
c) shorter than
d) not as short as

I like dogs very much, but I lead ___(8)___ a busy life that I don't think I could spare the time
to look after one, so I have a cat. Cats are ___(9)___ to keep because they don't demand

293
constant attention. If I ___(10a)___ a dog, I ___(10b)___ worried because I couldn't get home
___(11)___ to take it out for a walk. Dogs are believed ___(12)___ good companions, but I
think that it all depends on ___(13)___ sort of companion you want, one that keeps you on the
go all the time or one that helps you to relax. Some doctors claim that it is ___(14)___ to keep
a cat if you suffer from stress because it enables ___(15)___ rid of all your tension.

8. a) so 9. a) much easier 10. a) had had...would have been

b) quite b) easiest b) didn't have...wouldn't be
c) such c) easier than c) had...would be
d) extremely d) more easily d) don't...will be

11. a) on time 12. a) to have been 13. a) what

b) at the time b) they are b) whether
c) for a time c) to be c) -
d) in time d) being d) that

14. a) worth 15. a) you to get

b) no point in b) to get you
c) a good idea c) you from getting
d) waste of time d) getting you

Kilroy's second day in the army was not much better than his first. Once again, the officers
made the recruits stand in the sun for several hours. They had no idea ___(16)___ it. They
were allowed neither to talk ___(17)___ nor to sit down. Next, they were forced to run six
miles in the hot sun, which was twice ___(18)___ the distance they had run the previous day.
This, of course, was hard work for the recruits who ___(19)___ to doing physical exercise.
Moreover, ___(20)___ who couldn't run fast were required to run an extra mile as punishment.
Then, they were ordered to go to the medical building, where they had ___(21)___. In the
afternoon, they were told to do lots of other trivial and tiring things. When, at last, they were
allowed to return to their barracks, Kilroy, who hated ___(22)___ what to do, was sorry that
he ___(23)___ to join the army.

16. a) why they had to do 17. a) one other 18. a) more than
b) why did they do b) by themselves b) as much as
c) how long do they have to do c) themselves c) longer than
d) how long they have been doing d) to each other d) length of

19. a) weren't used 20. a) ones

b) were used b) the one
c) didn't use c) some of
d) used to d) the ones

21. a) measured their blood pressure

b) remembered measuring their blood pressure
c) their blood pressure measured
d) their blood pressure should be measured

294
22. a) being told 23. a) was persuaded
b) telling b) persuaded
c) telling him c) had been persuaded
d) his telling d) had persuaded

13
It is very difficult to understand the directions for use on medicines ____(1)____ they are
explained by doctors.

1. a) in case c) unless
b) provided d) as long as

Parents should set limits on the amount of time their children spend watching television
because ____(2)____, the more violence they will probably see.

2. a) if they watch more television c) the television is watched more

b) the more television they watch d) watching television more often

The rock band Avalon are giving a concert in London this Saturday. There is usually a
long queue for concert tickets and although I ____(3a)____ to get into one of their
concerts for years, I ____(3b)____ successful so far. I hope I will be able to get a ticket
this time.

3. a) have been trying... haven't been c) was trying... have never been
b) am trying... am not d) have tried .... wasn't

The local bank manager now regrets ____(4)____ to produce his play Business in
Business. As the first public performance is not far off, he ____(5)____ nervous. He is
afraid he will have a difficult time because there are no professional actors in the town's
theatre group.

4. a) offering 5. a) will be getting

b) to be offered b) gets
c) being offered c) is getting
d) to offer d) will have got

It was very hot in the classroom and everybody was feeling ____(6)____. After a tiring
morning, the students were anxious ____(7)____ off to lunch.

6. a) asleep 7. a) getting
b) sleep b) by getting
c) sleepily c) to get
d) sleepy d) that they get

The fact that everybody enjoys a good mystery explains why magicians are ____(8)____
popular entertainers. We all know that a magician does not really depend on 'magic' to
perform his tricks, ____(9)____ on his ability to act at great speed.

295
8. a) so 9. a) or
b) such b) and
c) the c) also
d) these d) but

These days we are ____(10a)____ accustomed to e-mail messages ____(10b)____ it is

hard for us to imagine the excitement ____(11)____ in the nineteenth century when the
first telegraph cables were laid.

10. a) more ...than 11. a) felt

b) so... that b) had been felt
c) not only ... but also c) which it felt
d) such.... as d) that felt

Most working women have the same problem; they have to work at their offices and also at
home. As they get ____(12)____ any help from their children or husbands, they often think
that they are treated as if they ____(13)____ maids.

12. a) hardly 13. a) were being

b) ever b) have been
c) almost c) were
d) considerably d) had been

In general, doctors' waiting rooms ____(14)____. They are usually packed with patients
who have to wait and wait for hours ____(15)____ be examined.

14. a) look depressed 15. a) so as to

b) are looking depressing b) for they
c) look depressing c) so that
d) are looking depressed d) because they

Hunting ____(16)____ a matter of life and death since it was one of the main ways for our
ancestors to provide ____(17)____ with food. However, in today's world of tinned, canned
and frozen foods, hunting has become ____(18a)____ a social activity ____(18b)____
anything else.

16. a) got used to being 17. a) their 18. a) either ... or

b) was used as b) themselves b) both ... and
c) used to be c) theirs c) neither ... nor
d) was used to being d) them d) as much ... as

A group of scientists led by Captain Monroe started living under the sea 29 days ago. These
scientists want to prove that underwater farms are possible. Now they are trying
____(19)____ up permanent stations under the sea. If they succeed, in the future we
____(20)____ fresh fruit and vegetables grown under the sea. According to researchers, one
thousand hectares of land can be cultivated ____(21)____ year, so if we can start cultivating
the sea bed in the next 3 years, thousands of hectares of sea bed will ____(22)____ by the
end of this century.
296
19. a) to set 20. a) would be eating
b) to setting b) are eating
c) and setting c) will have been eating
d) setting d) will be eating

21. a) all 22. a) cultivate

b) whole b) have to be cultivated
c) same c) be cultivating
d) each d) have been cultivated

You ____(23)____ to go to the Himalayas to do some climbing. It is not even necessary to

have a mountain: an old university building can also provide ____(24)____ excitement.
However, climbing a building is ____(25)____ more difficult, and for this reason it
____(26)____ by people who are not specially trained.

23. a) don't have 24. a) too much

b) ought not b) plenty of
c) are not able c) a little
d) needn't d) a great deal

25. a) about 26. a) needs doing

b) quite b) can't be done
c) far c) needn't be done
d) over d) can't have been done

A population is a group of organisms of the same species ____(27)____ a defined area. The
population figure is regulated by many factors, the most important ____(28)____ seems to
be the food supply.
A limited food supply often ____(29)____ malnutrition and starvation for the members of a
population. Humans are the only animals that can choose voluntarily to decrease the birth
rate ____(30)____ suffer a population decline through starvation and disease.

27. a) and inhabit 28. a) one that

b) which are inhabited b) where it
c) inhabiting c) of which
d) which inhabiting d) among them

29. a) leads to 30. a) instead of

b) results from b) rather than
c) is caused by c) in spite of
d) is the result of d) had better

Bob was out for lunch when he saw his girlfriend with another man. He watched them
____(31)____ away together in a car. The next day Bob asked his girlfriend
____(32)____ at noon the day before. She said, "I was working in the office."
____(33)____ her with another man, Bob knew she was lying. When she realized this,

297
his girlfriend was very embarrassed and apologised to him but ____(34)____ she tried, she
couldn't change Bob's mind and they broke up. Now she feels sorry and wishes she
____(35)____ him the truth.

31. a) driving 32. a) where she had been 33. a) Seeing

b) to drive b) where had she been b) That he saw
c) drove c) what she was doing c) Had seen
d) drive d) what had she been doing d) Having seen

34. a) no matter how 35. a) told

b) however hard b) would tell
c) the harder c) should have told
d) whatever d) had told

Last July Art Fidler left Washington in his private jet to fly to Bermuda. ____(36)____,
everything seemed under control. He had the plane ____(37)____ just before the flight and
the weather conditions were favourable. However, he ____(38)____ over the shining waters of
the Atlantic Ocean for about ten minutes when suddenly the plane began to lose altitude. It
was obvious that there was something wrong. Fortunately, he noticed an island nearby and
managed to land the plane there. "How lucky I am," he thought. "If I ____(39a)____ this
island, I ____(39b)____ dead." He looked at the plane and found some feathers stuck in one of
the engines. It ____(40)____ a bird that caused all the trouble.

36. a) Meanwhile 37. a) being serviced 38. a) was flying

b) Afterwards b) for servicing b) had been flying
c) At first c) to be serviced c) flew
d) Firstly d) serviced d) had been flown

39. a) didn't see.... would have been 40. a) could be

b) hadn't seen .... would have been b) must have been
c) didn't see.... would be c) should have been
d) hadn't seen... would be d) might be

14

As it is his daughter's birthday tomorrow, my boss will take ___(1a)___ shopping so that she
can choose something for ___(1b)___.

1. a) his...hers c) she...her
b) her...herself d) him...herself

I think it's been two weeks since we last visited our parents, ___(2)___ ?

2. a) isn't it c) didn't we
b) don't I d) hasn't it

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It ___(3)___ recently that doctors discovered that the reason for the epileptic-like seizure
in some children was viewing Pokemon, a cartoon series based on a computer game series
called Pocket Monsters.
3. a) was not until c) was not only
b) is still d) is so

___(4)___ restoring his old American car, Sarah's father had great difficulty in finding
some of the parts as they are ___(5)__ manufactured by Ford.

4. a) During 5. a) anyway
b) While b) any more
c) Since c) no longer
d) After d) by far

Of all the places to visit in Britain, ___(6)___ is as dangerous as the Scottish Cairngorm
mountains. In a very short time, the weather can change from bright sunshine to bitter
cold and snow. Climbers usually check the weather before they set off, but there are
always those who do not do so ___(7)___ warning they have had.

6. a) any 7. a) regardless of the number of

b) neither b) no matter how much
c) none c) according to the amount of
d) each d) however many

Over the past two decades, the Seychellians ___(8)___ their peaceful island, which was
considered the tropical paradise on Earth by many, ___(9)___ into terrorism, corruption
and economic decline.

8. a) saw 9. a) sink
b) had seen b) which sank
c) were to see c) to sink
d) have seen d) was sinking

Susan is a 21-year-old employee in the ticket office of an airplane company. She has been
told that ___(10)___ she agrees to work on the night shift, she won't be able to get a pay
rise. "I'd rather ___(11)___ less than work at night," says Susan.

10. a) in case 11. a) to be paid

b) as long as b) they paid
c) unless c) they pay
d) even though d) be paid

Ronnie is one of the thousands of boys and girls who have been arrested for serious,
violent crimes in recent years. He was arrested last week for attacking ___(12)___ boy
with a knife. So now, he is appearing in court ___(13)___ playing with his friends in the
schoolyard.

299
12. a) another 13. a) without
b) the other b) instead of
c) the c) except when
d) that d) apart from

Teenagers imitate people they look up to, chiefly film stars and pop performers. For
example, when David Bowie put on eye shadow, so ___(14)___ many of his fans. However,
this only ___(15a)___ if the pop star ___(15b)___ in tune with the way youth culture is
already going.

14. a) are 15. a) succeeds ... is

b) were b) will succeed ... isn't
c) do c) succeeds ... will be
d) did d) will not succeed ... is

When Jane arrived at the restaurant, she couldn't find a place to park her car, so she gave her
keys to the parking lot attendant ___(16)___. On leaving the restaurant some time later, she
began to look for the attendant she had given her keys to. As she couldn't find him, Jane
walked around the parking lot, ___(17)___ at all the parked cars.

16. a) for parking it 17. a) she looked

b) to have it parked b) having looked
c) to be parked c) looking
d) so as to park d) looked

In 1859, the English naturalist Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species. He said that
humans and monkeys ___(18)___ from common ancestors. Many people later thought that
Darwin's ideas about evolution went against religious teachings. They reacted very angrily
and tried ___(19)___ schools to stop teaching the science of evolution.

18. a) have evolved 19. a) to get

b) had been evolving b) getting
c) had evolved c) to have gotten
d) were evolving d) to be getting
When I saw David walking with a limp, I thought that he must ___(20)___ a bad accident.
Later I discovered that he was doing it just to attract his mother's attention. I found that
extremely annoying. At the age of 24, one is expected to be ___(21)___ to use such stupid
tricks. His mother, ___(22)___ just yesterday, knew nothing about David's trick and sounded
worried about her son's limp.

20. a) be having 21. a) so grown-up

b) have had b) very grown-up
c) have c) grown-up enough
d) had d) too grown-up

22. a) whom I talked about

b) I talked
c) who I talked
d) to whom I talked
300
Before going on holiday, I asked my brother to take care of my cat. Upon my return, I saw
that my cat looked ___(23)___. My brother had ___(24a)___ fed it twice a day ___(24b)___
taken it to a veterinarian, who recommended some vitamins. I thanked my brother and said,
"I ___(25)___ have left the cat with you a long time ago. It has never been so healthy."

23. a) healthier than 24. a) not ... but 25. a) needn't

b) much healthier b) either ... or b) couldn't
c) the healthiest c) not only ... but also c) must
d) nearly as healthy d) neither ... nor d) should

Rose Jones has spent 20 of her 76 years in jail. Just a short while ago, she was caught again
practising her trade in Harrods — a favourite hunting ground for the pickpocket. Her fingers
aren't as quick as they ___(26)___ and she was spotted by a sharp-eyed store detective. Rose
blames her life of crime on her childhood and harsh upbringing. She feels that if her mother
___(27a)___ when she was a little child, she ___(27b)___ a different life today. As it was, her
father remarried and her stepmother was cruel to her. When she was only 15, she was offered
a job as a waitress at a nearby restaurant, but she turned it down. Now, she wishes she
___(28)___ that opportunity, which she believes would have changed her life completely.

26. a) used to be 27. a) hadn't died ... would be leading

b) were used to being b) didn't die ... would lead
c) have been c) didn't die ... was leading
d) would be d) hadn't died ... would have led

28. a) had taken

b) took
c) could have taken
d) take

The main obstacle to women's progress in business, according to a study ___(29)___ last
week by the Institute of Management, is men. Roger Young, director of the institute, said
that the idea of a 'traditional management career' ___(30)___ to change. He suggested that
women managers ___(31)___ allowed to work at home. He felt that this would enable
them ___(32)___ work with other responsibilities.

29. a) that published 30. a) had

b) published b) had better
c) was published c) supposed
d) being published d) was able

31. a) are 32. a) combining

b) should be b) being combined
c) being c) to combine
d) to be d) from combining

301
___(33)___ extremely generous of the people of France to give the American people the
Statue of Liberty, especially as the money was raised by donations from the public who
recognised ___(34)___ in common. After all, ___(35)___ nations had fought revolutions to
secure their nationhood. The gift was returned with interest with the foundation of Euro
Disney near Paris. Nevertheless, many French people are unhappy with this 'present', which
they ___(36)___ a kind of 'cultural colonialism'.

33. a) That they were 34. a) countries that had

b) It was b) what did the countries have
c) Most of the c) countries which have
d) There were d) what the countries had

35. a) plenty of 36. a) feel symbolises

b) all b) felt it symbolises
c) both c) feel symbolising
d) hardly any d) felt to symbolise

The number of serious crimes ___(37)___ in the last few years. These crimes are usually
committed for economic and social reasons. ___(38)___ strict sentences, criminals are not
afraid of ___(39)___. They know that prisons are overcrowded and that they will ___(40)___
for good behaviour in just a few years' time.

37. a) has been increased 38. a) Although they are

b) have been increased b) Despite the fact that
c) have increased c) In spite of
d) has been increasing d) Because there are

39. a) punishing 40. a) have released

b) having to punish b) release
c) being punished c) be releasing
d) to be punishing d) be released

15

Temperatures on earth have never remained the same. There have been times when
temperatures as high as 58˚ C and as low as -89˚ C were recorded. Luckily, life on earth isn't
affected very much by such temperature extremes. Most organisms ___(1a)___ at such
extremes if they ___(1b)___ have the ability to keep conditions inside their bodies the same.
What enables a living organism to maintain a constant body temperature ___(2)___
conditions in its environment change is called homeostasis.

1. a) will quickly die...don't 2. a) even though

b) will have quickly died...didn't b) otherwise
c) would quickly die...didn't c) despite
d) quickly die...don't d) so that

302
When Europeans first arrived, forests covered a vast area in the eastern United States.
Almost all the original forest was cleared to make room for farms and towns and to
harvest timber. Today, Earth's ___(3)___ forests, namely the tropical rain forests,
___(4)___ for the same reasons. Scientists fear that tropical forests ___(5)___ by the
end of this century. When the forest trees are cut, not only are the trees lost, but
thousands of animals that live on or among the trees also vanish. There's too much idle
talk about the matter and ___(6)___ action is taken. It's time that we ___(7)___
seriously involved in the protection of our environment.

3. a) the largest 4. a) have been destroyed 5. a) will be disappearing

b) the most largely b) are destroying b) will have disappeared
c) largest c) destroy c) would have disappeared
d) largely d) are being destroyed d) would disappear

6. a) very few 7. a) had to get

b) hardly any b) will get
c) none c) got
d) less d) would get

It's known that most cosmetic companies have ___(8)___ on animals before they put them
on the market for sale. Every day researchers are accused by animal rights activists of
mistreating animals in their labs. Defenders of animal experimentation, however, find it
ridiculous that some people disapprove ___(9)___ rabbits, cats and dogs for testing
purposes. They argue that the welfare of an animal is much less important than the life of
even one human.

8. a) tested their products 9. a) that scientists use

b) been testing their products b) to use
c) had their products' tests c) of scientists using
d) their products tested d) of having used

To prove that it is necessary to carry out research on animals first, Dr. Joseph Wagner
showed some slides on a recent TV programme. One slide was of a child who was born
damaged by a drug his mother ___(10)___ while she was carrying the baby. Obviously,
the drug __(11)__ tested more thoroughly. In fact, some animal rights activists are not
completely against the use of lab animals. They'd rather ___(12)___ experiments that are
quite unnecessary. Peter Singer is one of those activists who wish that animals
___(13)___ subjected to pain for unimportant reasons. "The difference between human
and animal intelligence," he points out, "does not mean that animals feel less pain than
people".

10. a) has taken 11. a) must have been

b) has been taking b) could be
c) had been taken c) should have been
d) had taken d) need to be
303
12. a) not conduct 13. a) weren't
b) scientists didn't conduct b) won't
c) not conducted c) aren't
d) they don't conduct d) wouldn't

I get ___(14)___ of letters at this time of year from people ___(15)___ that they have a
cold which won't go away. There are ___(16)___ many different stories about how to
prevent or cure a cold that it's often difficult to know what to do. Of course, you can buy
medicines which will help to make your cold less unpleasant, but you must remember
that ___(17)___ can actually cure a cold or make it ___(18)___ away faster. Another
thing is that some medicines are dangerous if you are already taking drugs for some other
illness. We advise you to check with your chemist or doctor first. Are they really all right
for you? And remember they can make you sleepy-please don't try to drive if they do!
___(19)___ , as regards avoiding colds, ___(20)___ you may be told about magic foods
or drinks, the best answer is to keep strong and healthy — you'll have less chance of
catching a cold then.

14. a) plenty 15. a) to complain 16. a) such

b) a large amount b) whose complaints b) too
c) the most c) complaining c) very
d) twice as much d) with the complaint of d) so

17. a) everything 18. a) to go

b) something b) go
c) nothing c) going
d) anything d) gone

19. a) At last 20. a) whatever

b) Lastly b) whoever
c) Eventually c) however
d) In the end d) whichever

Life can be unjust sometimes. I guess my father and I have had our share of trouble, too.
Grandpa's sudden death put great responsibilities on my father's shoulders at a very early
age. When he was only 14, he ___(21)___ going to school in order to take over grandpa's
grocery shop. ___(22)___ the eldest son, he became the family's only provider. His dreams
of becoming a pilot were shattered and he was made to spend his life amongst boxes of rice
and detergents, in a small grocery shop.

I remember ___(23)___ us about the importance of education. He wanted his children to

become college graduates and get 'decent' jobs.
My brother and I graduated with honors. At the time, ___(24)___ of us was aware that
getting a job ___(25)___ very difficult. I can't forget the day when I had my first job

304
interview. How proud and self-confident I was with my diploma in my briefcase. I soon
discovered that a diploma alone was not enough to get a good position. At the interview,
they asked me how much experience ___(26)___ in my field of study. The job involved
speaking at least three foreign languages and, of course, using a computer.

It's eight months since I ___(27)___ up looking for a 'decent' job. If you drop by at our
grocery store, you can see me ___(28)___ in my father's chair at the cashier's desk. I
wasn't ___(29)___ to take over dad's shop, but that's what's happened after all. Dad and I
became grocers-but for different reasons.

21. a) had been stopped 22. a) While being 23. a) telling

b) was stopped b) Being b) him to tell
c) had to stop c) Having been c) that telling
d) has had to stop d) To be d) him telling

24. a) either 25. a) would have been 26. a) I had

b) both b) will be b) have I had
c) neither c) was going to be c) did I have
d) each d) will have to be d) I have had

27. a) have given 28. a) as sitting 29. a) suppose

b) had given b) to sit b) supposing
c) have been giving c) sitting c) supposedly
d) gave d) sit d) supposed

305
 ANSWER

KEY

306
1. VERB TENSES
1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
A.
1. likes / loves 8. looks
2. has 9. has
3. washes / does 10. goes
4. goes 11. watches
5. does 12. listens
6. lose 13. plays
7. plays 14. reads
B.
1. are 29. belongs 57. is Bill trying
2. aren’t 30. don’t understand 58. gives
3. have 31. don’t do / aren’t doing 59. is working
4. is 32. am thinking 60. Is / Isn’t ... coming
5. has 33. am appearing 61. earns
6. isn’t 34. gets 62. doesn’t seem
7. doesn’t go 35. am working 63. is ringing
8. are 36. find 64. am writing
9. lives 37. are you doing 65. finish
10. hasn’t got 38. am having 66. usually have
11. goes 39. do you think 67. often visit
12. watches 40. usually teach 68. are going
13. want 41. don’t go 69. don’t often stay
14. don’t understand 42. seem 70. have
15. is 43. leaves 71. am sitting
16. lives 44. doesn’t stop 72. selling
17. always gets up 45. is playing 73. is wearing
18. eats 46. guess 74. like
19. is making 47. is constantly complaining 75. never go
20. flying 48. understands 76. is visiting
21. is watching 49. belongs 77. are taking
22. am writing 50. are expecting
23. seems 51. are ... wearing
24. are taking 52. want
25. are losing 53. Do ... remember
26. live 54. are having
27. is changing 55. Is ... bathing
28. are building 56. baths

C.
1. Does the Nelsons' / their daughter go to school
Does Sue go to school
2. Where is the Nelsons' / their house
3. How many bedrooms are there [ in the (Nelsons') house]
How many bedrooms does the house have
4. Is there a garage
5. What do you do
What's your job

307
6. Do you work
7. Where is / Where's
8. Who is / Who's
9. How old are
10. Where does your husband / he have
11. How many cars have you got / do you have?
12. Do they live
13. What do you do
14. What is your nationality
What nationality are you
15. Where do you work
16. Have you (ever) had / eaten / tried / tasted
17. Who cooks
18. Where are you from
19. Who is that
20. Is she your
21. How old is she / Lisa / your sister
22. Are you a student
23. Where do her parents (her mother and father) live?
24. Does Linda / she go
25. Why does Linda / she want
26. When/ What time does the library / it close?

D.
1. smells 11. are thinking 21. is meeting 31. do they hold
2. is studying 12. see 22. have 32. are holding
3. am serving 13. are you cleaning 23. are doing 33. does it contain
4. think 14. am seeing 24. am typing 34. hear
5. don't like 15. looks 25. floats 35. think
6. holds 16. are you still thinking 26. are giving 36. are always finding
7. am having 17. goes 27. am thinking 37. is writing
8. arrives 18. is thinking 28. boils 38. feels
9. holds 19. doesn't come 29. finishes 39. am having
10. stops 20. feel 30. is smelling

1.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS

A.
1. a
2. d
3. a
B.
1. They sold
2. Were you watching
3. How long ago / When did he buy
4. was not wearing
5. When did he/Richard break his leg
6. lived

308
7. What were you doing
8. Did Bruno and his family have enough money to rent a house
Did Bruno and his family rent a house
9. How much (money) does Bruno’s father earn a month
10. Why didn’t you come/Why didn’t you go
11. were making
12. sought
13. swore
14. was just beginning
had just begun

C. I.
1. were you doing 17. took 33. broke
2. heard 18. moved 34. was trying
3. watching 19. am staying 35. cut
4. did you do 20. are attending 36. were walking
5. ran 21. rains 37. came
6. running 22. is shining 38. didn't pay
7. was holding 23. enjoying 39. went
8. was sitting 24. takes 40. were surfing
9. got 25. visited 41. appeared
10. drove 26. was 42. were
11. was driving 27. were talking 43. looked
12. wrote 28. were singing 44. knew
13. flew 29. playing 45. blew
14. started 30. was pouring 46. were trying
15. were waiting 31. went 47. was
16. continued 32. dropped 48. phoned

II.
1. were waiting 18. walked 34. are working
2. were getting 19. flew 35. felt
3. were expecting 20. saw 36. shaking
4. finally arrived 21. decided 37. was lying
5. were sitting 22. was called 38. reading
6. were standing 23. arrived 39. got
7. took 24. was waiting 40. sat
8. carried 25. am not 41. was giving
9. opened 26. don’t like 42. received
10. witnessed 1. sat 43. was driving
11. was living 28. was getting 44. heard
12. came 29. invited 45. were looking
13. were making 30. didn’t have 46. arrived
14. decided 31. was told 47. was given
15. were fighting 32. is published 48. got
16. were having 33. are becoming 49. felt
17. dropped

309
D.
1. They got divorced
2. While I was making a salad, my mother arrived
My mother arrived while I was making a salad
3. It took him two hours to do / finish
4. When she saw the mouse under the table, our teacher screamed
When our teacher saw the mouse under the table, she screamed
Our teacher screamed when she saw the mouse under the table
5. (I was) going to school, I found a purse

1.3 FUTURE
A. Suggested answers
1. am going to see a dentist.
2. is going to wash them
3. are going to play in the garden
4. am going to look it up in a dictionary
5. is going to have some coke
6. are going to swim
7. am going to sleep
8. is going to stay at home
9. is going to repair it
10. am going to buy some eggs

B. Suggested answers C.
1. won’t be 1. is going to have
2. will be 2. will lend
3. won’t win 3. is going to drop
4. will get 4. is going to faint
5. will disappear 5. will come

D.
playing tennis and at 11:00 I’m meeting David. I’m having lunch at 13:15 with Sally and
going to a party at 15:00. I’m meeting my husband in his office at 19:30.

E.
1. are going to fall
2. is going to rain
3. starts … finishes
4 are going to miss
5. are eating
6. takes off … arrives
7. am leaving
F.
1. b 7. a 13. a
2. a 8. c 14. c
3. d 9. a 15. d
4. a 10. b 16. d
5. d 11. b 17. b
6. c 12. d 18. d

310
G.
1. probably won't go 20. Can / Could / May I (possibly) borrow
2. won't lend 21. will have driven
1. won’t do 22. will be looking for
2. will be resting 23. will be waiting
5. will have constructed 24. will have missed
6. won't have to use 25. retires
7. will have been learning 26. probably won’t be
8. will be 27. 'll help
9. will be having 28. am going to change
10. won’t be able to see 29. 'm intending
11. will be doing 30. give
12. will have moved 31. 'm going to wear
13. Will you be able to support...? 32. will have published
14. will find 33. will be given
15. am going to work 34. will be watching
will work 35. will probably get
16. will probably miss 36. has been running
17. will go 37. was elected
18. will be 38. certainly won't vote
19. will never do

H.
1. will be having 6. will be cooking
2. will repair 7. is going to faint
3. will be 8. will have been studying
4. will call 9. will get
5. will still love 10. will be having

I.
1. the plane will have taken off
2. you come home, I'll have finished the decorating
3. will have been living in this flat
4. help you with your homework, (if you like)
5. will have typed this report / will have finished typing this report

1.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

 PRESENT PERFECT/Simple
A.
1. I have (haven’t) drunk tea/coffee
2. I have (haven’t) read the newspaper
3. I have (haven’t) watched TV
4. I have (haven’t) made a phone call
5. I have (haven’t) done my homework
6. I have (haven’t) combed my hair
7. I have (haven’t) brushed my teeth
8. I have (haven’t) had a pop quiz
9. I have (haven’t) made my bed
10. I have (haven’t) washed the dishes

311
B. C.
1. Your ex-boyfriend has had an operation 1. He has become a doctor
2. I’ve started going I’ve been to the Far East 2. He has started wearing glasses
3. Jane has had twins 3. He has got engaged
4. We’ve bought a new house 4. He has gained some weight
5. My dog has died out with Tom 5. He has stopped playing video games
6. 6. He has grown a beard

D.
1. Have you ever eaten sushi 3. Have you ever written a story
Yes, I have Yes, I have
Where did you eat it When did you write it
I ate it when I was in Tokyo I wrote it two years ago
2. Have you ever done rock climbing 4. Have you ever planted a tree
Yes, I have Yes, I have
What was it like When did you plant it
It was exciting I planted it last spring

E.
1. She’s already made some / the sandwiches
2. She’s just bought some/the drinks
3. She’s already invited the guests
4. She’s already cleaned the flat
5. She hasn’t tidied up the living room yet
6. She’s just blown the balloons
7. She hasn’t laid the table yet

F.
1. gone 5. been
2. been 6. been
3. been 7. been
4. gone 8. gone

G.
1. haven’t met his girlfriend yet
2. has already cleaned Jim’s trousers
3. has already ironed his jeans
4. hasn’t made the salad yet
5. has just arrived

H.
1. has been dead for
2. have already been abroad
3. I have changed my job three times
4. They haven’t found the burglar
5. Tom has never been to England
6. have been
7. hasn’t had
8. Amy has had/owned a car/ the same car for two months

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9. I have painted
10. have lived /have been living in Chicago for
11. He doesn’t play cards
12. is still looking for a flat
13. She hasn't left
14. He hasn't got the sack
15. You haven't written
16. hasn't cleaned the kitchen yet
17. Jack hasn’t watched a play (at the Royal Theatre) since last year
18. He has been famous ever since he published
19. a long time since she (last) had
20. ages since they (last) visited their grandparents
21. fifteen years since I (last) rode
22. haven't seen them since we were / studied
23. years since I (last) went to the theatre
24. she rode a bike was when she was at high school.
25. he saw an opera was when he was 25

I.
1. he hasn’t found one yet 6. I’ve already asked
2. I’ve just had some tea 7. have just painted the door
3. She’s broken her leg 8. I’ve just had one
4. she’s already left 9. I’ve already posted it
5. I haven’t been to the bank today 10. She hasn’t finished (it) yet

J.
1. have completed 5. have you known
2. has begun 6. have knocked
3. has served 7. haven’t found...are still looking for
4. has landed

K.
1. have been sent 10. was…have been
2. had 11. lived
3. has been … finished 12. have you typed
4. has had 13. have played
5. haven’t learned 14. have never tried
6. felt … have been 15. have you been
7. didn’t work … was 16. have never enjoyed
8. wanted … was 17. skated
9. often visited

L.
1. How long has Mary had her winter house
2. Has Jack ever eaten snails
3. Have you ever been to Spain
4. Have you phoned John (recently/lately)

313
 PRESENT PERFECT / Continuous
A.
1. I’ve been painting the ceiling
2. I’ve been eating all day
3. Ann has been studying
4. She’s been washing clothes
5. She’s been crying
6. I’ve been playing tennis

B.
1. has been studying for 3 hours
2. I have been watching TV since 9 o'clock
3. has been playing
4. She has been typing
5. How long have you been watching
6. How long have you been working
7. I’ve been reading this book for
8. have been going
9. How long have you been waiting
10. The students at the DBE have been learning English for

C.
Suggested answers
1. She’s been studying harder since she started university
______ (relevant month)

2. He has been staying in hospital since he had the car accident

last month

3. He has been looking for a job since he came out of prison

______ (relevant year)

4. They have been spending a lot of money since then

______ (relevant month)

5. He has been having a treatment since he had a nervous breakdown

D.
1. He’s been taking photographs since 10
He has taken six rolls of film so far
2. He has been working as a doctor for 40 years
He has performed a lot of successful operations so far
3. He has been smoking for a few hours
He has smoked a packet of cigarettes so far
4. He has been cleaning the room for an hour
He has cleaned the floor and tidied the bookcase so far

314
E.
1. How long have you lived/been living in this house Since last year
How long ago did you move to this house ..... a year ago
2. How long have you known your friend Bill For 10 years
How long ago did you meet your friend Bill 10 years ago
3. How long has he been walking on crutches For several weeks
How long ago did John break his leg ..... months ago
4. How long has he been ill For a long time
How long ago did he become ill A long time ago
5. How long have you had this car Since last August
How long ago did you buy this car ..... months ago

F.
1. How long did it rain yesterday For half an hour
How long has it been raining Since early this morning
2. How long did she work as a translator For five years
How long has she been teaching in a school For a week
3. How long did he travel all over the world For 40 years
How long has he been living in the country For two years

III. REVIEW OF PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

A.
1. phoned 9. have already been
2. weren't 10. haven't seen
3. wasn't 11. are going
4. am calling 12. went
5. are you doing 13. Have you ever eaten
6. have you been 14. drank
7. arrived 15. Did you like
8. Have you visited 16. Is Tom

B. C.
1. am going 1. has not been affected
2. haven't had 2. looks
3. called 3. think
4. weren't 4. have not eaten
5. is appearing
6. expects

D. E.
1. are getting / are going to get 1. isn't
2. have already bought 2. usually play
3. haven't found 3. have already seen
4. 're / are looking 4. ate
5. has just read 5. haven't been
6. living 6. are going to drive / are driving
7. hate dancing / hate to dance

315
F. G.
1. have 1. does 6. left
2. bought 2. are grown 7. was still waiting
3. isn't 3. was 8. came
4. have lived / have been living 4. to come 9. has just finished
5. spends 5. will wait 10. have been standing
6. goes am going to wait
7. don't want am waiting

H.
1. arrived
2. has been working
3. has been studying
4. hasn’t passed
5. has just been given
6. has been going
7. has visited
8. spent

1.5 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

A. I.
1. was going 5. found 8. looked
2. hadn't heard 6. had also heard 9. was
3. was affected 7. remember 10. thought
4. had impressed

II.
1. entered...had (not) been changed 21. had been made
2. had stolen 22. had been regarded
3. had laid 23. were
4. had been standing 24. was flying
5. had 25. dipped
6. had already died 26. was trying / tried
7. hasn't given 27. going / was going
8. is still 28. Trapped / Being trapped
9. doesn't live 29. couldn't / was not able to press
10. always shines 30. trying
11. is having 31. would have been torn
12. is thinking 32. had
13. believes 33. took
14. had left 34. had just got / were just getting
15. didn't want 35. noticed
16. were carrying 36. was walking
17. had read 37. moved
18. had stopped 38. pass
19. informed 39. had had
20. were opened 40. had been bitten

316
41. didn't want 70. hadn’t taken
42. started 71. weren’t
43. liked / likes 72. had eaten
44. had never allowed 73. reached
45. would be 74. were waiting
46. was daydreaming 75. had planned
47. were answering 76. ran
48. had attended 77. was looking
49. had started 78. hadn’t changed
50. realised 79. had been wearing
51. hadn't answered 80. would visit
52. began 81. happened
53. had done 82. had forgotten
54. had been waiting 83. didn’t let
55. was 84. had started
56. had served / had been serving 85. felt
57. was thinking 86. had left
58. put 87. had to ask
59. had taken 88. were painting
60. had always been 89. opened
61. didn’t know 90. had told
62. had left 91. had taken
63. talking 92. got
64. walked 93. running
65. had had / had been having 94. telephoned
66. was 95. still hadn't returned
67. had thrown 96. could have happened
68. left/had left 97. had
69. realised 98. were looking / were going to look / would look
99. had been driving

B.
1. He had been working for 10 years at the bank when he became the manager
2. When he received a promotion, he had gained some experience
3. The police had supplied evidence when the man was convicted
4. They had moved to a different town when he died
5. He had kissed the children when he left the house
6. They had become members of the club when they changed all the rules
7. They had consulted a lawyer when they bought the house
8. He had driven through the red light when he got a fine
9. She had done all the shopping when he came in and offered to help

C.
1. never found...had hidden 6. were...had been raining
2. had forgotten...was 7. hadn’t had...broke
3. had invited...didn’t appear 8. had done / did...stopped...decided
4. realised...had left 9. looked...had given up
5. felt...had been working 10. had finished...realised...didn’t go...decided

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1.6 REVIEW OF TENSES

A. B.
1. are getting / going to get 1. work 7. will probably start
2. have already bought 2. received 8. is organizing
3. haven't found 3. flew 9. are having / going to have
4. are looking 4. are staying 10. will be
5. has just read 5. was sleeping 11. have already arrived
6. eat

C. D. E.
1. am going (to go) 1. had prepared 1. is sleeping
2. worked 2. had eaten 2. saw
3. went 3. rang 3. wakes up / has woken
4. studied 4. gets
5. died 5. saw

F. G. H.
1. had arrived 1. know 1. came
2. had made 2. have never met 2. has been living/has lived
3. explained / had explained 3. has been 3. was
4. was listening 4. studied
5. had entered 5. got
6. were 6. was chatting
7. heard
8. is planning

I.
1. arrived 7. have already introduced
2. called 8. wakes
3. wasn’t 9. lets
4. phoned 10. will take / am taking / am going to take
5. was trying 11. will have announced
6. am staying 12. will give

J. K.
1. (had) put 1. were
2. had spent 2. was flying
3. was shining 3. dipped
4. was cycling 4. was trying / tried
5. saw 5. couldn't press
6. crashed 6. failed
7. have been looking
8. haven’t been able to find
9. would never be able to run

318
L. M.
1. chose 1. mentioned
2. climbed 2. don't look
3. didn’t want 3. did you decide
4. goes 4. was wandering
5. like 5. approached
6. don’t have 6. are attending
7. is working 7. didn't mind
8. will be 8. was
9. finishes 9. have been considering
10. is going to travel 10. have been following
11. haven't succeeded
12. think

N.
1. saved
2. has been fighting
3. have made
4. has appeared
5. will probably live

1.7 TIME EXPRESSIONS

A.
1. c 7. a
2. d 8. a
3. b 9. b
4. d 10. c
5. c 11. a
6. b 12. a

B. I. II. III.
1. Before 1. when 1. the 6. when
2. when 2. while 2. X 7. X
3. While 3. before 3. so 8. when
4. after 4. such 9. X
5. during 5. until 10. the

IV. V.
1. as soon as 1. in order to 6. so that
2. Firstly 2. Firstly 7. until
3. afterwards 3. Then/After that 8. While
4. until 4. After that/Then 9. During
5. Meanwhile 5. As soon as 10. Lastly
6. At first
7. during

319
VI. VII.
1. As soon as 6. then 1. at the same time
2. previously 7. later 2. for a time
3. immediately 8. After 3. from time to time
4. Meanwhile 9. finally 4. at the time
5. first 10. Afterwards 5. on time
6. after a time

VIII. C.
1. At one time 1. broke his arm during the/a football match
2. some time 2. After the orchestra (had) played for several hours, the embassy
3. on time provided the musicians with refreshments
4. at the time 3. Where do you stay when you visit Washington
5. from time to time 4. It wasn’t until we started working together on the same project
that I realised how ambitious she was

D.
1. during 4. during 7. while
2. while 5. Before 8. During
3. before 6. before 9. Before

2. PRONOUNS
2.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A.
1. They're 9. him 16. her
2. My 10. Ours 17. his
3. Whose 11. Mine 18. him
4. these 12. my 19. we
5. one 13. me 20. there
6. hers 14. We 21. She
7. mine 15. They 22. It
8. he's

B.
1. He eats it every week. 5. They ask questions to them.
2. We play it very often. 6. He knows it.
3. It is for them. 7. We have it.
4. They sell them. 8. She cooks it.

C.
1. Nobody 6. somebody
2. Everybody / Anybody 7. Everybody
3. Somebody 8. anybody
4. anybody 9. anybody
5. nobody...nobody 10. somebody

320
2.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
1. himself 6. himself
2. themselves 7. itself
3. herself 8. herself
4. yourself 9. yourselves
5. ourselves 10. myself

2.3 FORMS OF OTHER

1. another 9. The other
2. The other 10. Others
3. another 11. one another
4. The other 12. Another / Others
5. others 13. The other / other
6. other 14. others / others
7. another 15. Another / The other
8. The others

3. NOUNS
3.1 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

1. aren’t 17. is 33. wants

2. isn’t 18. needs 34. were
3. are 19. is 35. have
4. is 20. live 36. don’t
5. are 21. need 37. is
6. are 22. is 38. is
7. isn’t 23. is 39. are
8. is 24. is 40. seem
9. is 25. is 41. loves
10. are 26. was 42. love
11. needs 27. likes 43. attends
12. were 28. are 44. study
13. is 29. has 45. were
14. come 30. are 46. were
15. is 31. were
16. is 32. Is

3.2 THERE + BE AND HAVE GOT

1. has (got) 9. Are there
2. There are white boards 10. there isn’t
3. has (got) a rack at the 11. hasn’t got
4. is there 12. has (got
5. there is 13. there are
6. Is there a 14. have (got)
7. Have they/the rooms got 15. there is
8. Is there

321
3.3 ARTICLES
A. B.
1. X 1. the 11. the
2. a 2. a 12. a
3. The 3. a 13. the
4. the 4. a / the 14. a...a...the
5. X 5. the 15. the
6. X 16. the
7. X 17. a
8. the 18. a...the
9. X 19. the
10.the 20. The

C.
1. a 7. the 13. the
2. the 8. X 14. X
3. X...the 9. the 15. the
4. the 10. the 16. The
5. X 11. X 17. X
6. a...X 12. the

D.
1. the 9. the / a 17. the
2. the 10. the 18. X
3. X 11. the 19. a
4. the 12. a 20. the
5. a 13. X 21. an
6. X 14. the
7. the 15. the
8. a 16. the

E.
1. the 9. a 17. The...the
2. X 10. the 18. X
3. X 11. the 19. the
4. the 12. the 20. The
5. X 13. an 21. X
6. X 14. the 22. the
7. the 15. a
8. X 16. the

3.4 PREPOSITIONS
A.
1. c 6. b
2. d 7. b
3. c 8. a
4. c 9. b
5. a 10. b

322
B. I. II.
1. convenient 1. on 7. on
2. behind 2. from 8. Next to
3. in front of 3. at / on 9. in
4. opposite 4. into / in 10. of
5. on 11. between
6. Near 12. behind / at

III.
1. aren't 7. it
2. above 8. on
3. front 9. above / behind
4. in 10. a
5. between 11. one
6. opposite

IV. V. VI.
1. up / along /down 1. between 1. above
2. until / till 2. opposite 2. between
3. left 3. next to 3. convenient
4. into 4. in 4. crowded
5. past 5. in front of
6. on 6. opposite
7. opposite 7. below

C. I. II. III.
1. out of 1. with 1. in
2. into 2. to 2. from
3. along 3. at 3. to
4. until 4. for 4. for
5. past / through 5. on 5. at
6. on

IV.
1. with 7. about
2. about / on 8. with
3. of 9. up
4. from 10. of
5. with 11. on
6. for 12. about
D. I.
1. at 11. X 20. In
2. on 12. in 21. In
3. from 13. on 22. In
4. on...of 14. X 23. in
5. on...from 15. In 24. by
6. from 16. To 25. from
7. through 17. In 26. on
8. to...X 18. On 27. for
9. for 19. For 28. in
10. to
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II.
1. in 14. at (on) ... X 27. of
2. in 15. in 28. for
3. on 16. up... X 29. at
4. of 17. ago 30. by
5. in 18. at 31. to
6. X 19. in 32. for
7. in 20. On...in... X 33. of
8. of 21. X 34. with (at)
9. on 22. on 35. from
10. under / below 23. in 36. on
11. in 24. at / on 37. for...for
12. Next 25. in 38. for / about
13. on...in 26. at

III.
1. of 14. for / about 26. with
2. for...to 15. at 27. of
3. of 16. of...in 28. on
4. on 17. in 29. into
5. to 18. from 30. on
6. to 19. in 31. of...in
7. to 20. for 32. in
8. about...about 21. of 33. into...on
9. for 22. for 34. at
10. for...at 23. of 35. to...on
11. out of 24. on 36. to
12. from...to 25. in 37. towards...between
13. for

3.5 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AND NUMBER

A.
1. much 6. much
2. too / so 7. much
3. any 8. enough / many
4. some 9. many
5. many / enough

B. C.
1. weren’t many 1. Jane and her sister work in a bank
2. isn’t any 2. Mary nor I have been to France
3. wasn’t enough 3. Martin nor Frank is married
4. were quite a lot 4. We can eat either before or after the show
5. I feel not only miserable but also tired

D.
1. some 6. enough
2. many 7. much
3. any 8. many
4. some 9. Quite
5. not

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E.
1. c 4. a
2. a 5. a
3. c 6. d

F. I. II. G. H.
1. neither 1. hardly any 1. neither 1. much
2. none 2. neither 2. all 2. some
3. none / little 3. plenty of 3. every 3. twice
4. Each 4. each 4. both 4. both
5. none 5. none 5. either
6. neither 6. each 6. each
7. no 7. none

4. QUESTIONS
4.1 YES / NO, ‘WH-’, SUBJECT / OBJECT AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS

A.
1. Is Tom a secretary / teacher / etc.
2. When does Susan go running
3. Does Susan / she work
4. Where does your husband / he have
5. Do they live
6. What do you do
7. How old are you
8. What's your telephone number
9. Where is your house
10. Can you use
11. What time/When do you (usually) get up
12. Have you got a car
13. Do you go to work on Sunday(s)
work
go to the night club
14. What do you like/enjoy doing
15. What does Mrs. Higgins / she look
16. What colour are her
17. How old do you think she
18. How long does it / the journey take
19. How much does it / a ticket cost
20. Whose are these / those/ the
21. Where's/Where is
22. many restaurants are
23. Why do you take
24. Is he talking
25. What are you reading
26. How much oil is
27. Can I help
28. What size (sweater) do you take
29. How much does it cost
30. Is there a public phone (near)
post office
phone box

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31. Where is
32. How can I get / go to
33. How long does it take
34. How do you feel
35. Are you tired / Do you feel tired
36. Did you see
37. What nationality is
38. Does Maria / she live
39. When / How long ago did Patrick and Maria / they meet
40. Is Maria / she
41. When / How long ago did Mr. and Mrs. Wilson / they get married
did Mr. Wilson / he marry
42. Where did Mr. Wilson / he meet
43. How many books has Mrs. Wilson / she got
does Mrs. Wilson / she have
44. What are they going to do
What will they do
Where are they going to live
Where will they live
What do they want to do
45. How many cars have you got / do you have
46. How long does it take (you) to get
47. What size shoes do you wear
48. What colour
49. How often do you take
50. Was it / the quiz difficult
51. How many pop-quizzes does Mrs. Brown/she/your English teacher give
52. Why didn’t you come / go
53. How are you feeling
How are you
54. What are you going to do
What are you planning to do
What will you do
55. How long has he been
56. What time / When are you going (to go)
57. Was she doing
58. How did you pay
59. How often do you go
60. What were you doing
61. Were you driving
62. Why didn't you stop
63. What has happened
64. When did he break
65. How long did your parents stay
66. Are you going to visit
67. How much is it
does it cost
68. How long have you been
69. Where were you
70. Were you having
71. What do you do / What do you have to do
72. Have you met / talked to / seen

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73. Is she in her
74. What does she look like
75. was the old woman/she doing when the burglars broke into her flat
76. does this/that jug hold
77. How many invitations have you sent
78. Have you ever tried
79. Will your team / you win
Is your team going to win
Are you going to win
Which team / Who (do you think) is going to / will win
80. How long have you been playing (football)
How long have you played (football)
How long have you been (a player)
81. Do you have to train
Do you train
82. Do you like being
83. How much (money) do you earn (a year)
84. flavour / flavor
85. far
86. long
87. Whose is this / that (car)
Whose car is this / that
88. Where is / was it made
Where are these cars made
Where do they make these cars
89. How much did he pay for it
it cost
90. features does it have
91. What kind/sort of music
92. don't you get/buy
93. How was your / the
94. often
95. How many people were (there)
96. What time did the concert start
When it begin

B.
1. Who did Bill shout at a few minutes ago
2. What has happened to her arm
3. Who gave her a lot of money last month
4. Who did she go out with last weekend
5. What fell off the table
6. What does he know
7. What happened last month
8. Who did she send plenty of letters to
9. Who won the lottery
10. What is wrong

327
C.
1. Who grew
2. What happened
What did you do
3. How often do you do
4. What kind/sort of (a) person is your brother
5. Who bought / gave you / knitted

D.
1. a 5. d
2. a 6. b
3. c 7. d
4. a

E. I.
1. How often does Mrs. Craig / she visit Bill / her son / him
2. How did Mrs. Craig / she go there / to Oxford
3. Who met her at the station
4. What did Bill / he give his mother / Mrs. Craig / her
5. Why did Bill / he have to find a porter

II.
1. How often/ How many times a year does Sister Wendy / she leave her caravan
2. Who likes her clear and plain explanations of art
3. How many programmes did Sister Wendy/ she make last year
4. How much (money) did Sister Wendy/ she earn for the first series of her programme
5. What does Sister Wendy/ she want to do (now)

III.
1. How often does Mike / he go on tours
2. How many pilots were there
3. Who did Mike / he meet (on the last day of the tour)
4. Who took the group / them to a pub
5. How much wine did Mike/he drink

IV.
1. How many climbers completed the 'Seven Summits' project
2. How often does Nasuh Mahruki go abroad
How many times a year does Nasuh Mahruki go abroad
3. When was AKUT set up (in Istanbul)
4. Who (also) joins AKUT to learn search and rescue techniques
5. What does Nasuh Mahruki / he want to do in the coming years

V.
1. Who introduced Laura / her to modelling
2. How often / How many times a year does she fly to Jamaica
3. How many television advertisements did she make last year
4. What does she want to do (now)
5. How much junk food does she eat

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VI.
1. How often does Mrs. Webb go to the cinema (to watch a horror film)
Jane Webb
she
2. What does she do in the evenings
3. Who called the Toronto police (and reported a suicide) (at 11:00 p.m. on January 7, 1999)
4. What was she doing (at the door) when the police arrived
5. Where did Mrs. Webb take the two inspectors
she them

4.2 TAG QUESTIONS

A.
1. isn’t she 11. does she
2. aren’t there 12. is it
3. didn’t he 13. was it
4. does it 14. did she
5. has she 15. is she
6. didn’t I 16. was she
7. have you 17. will you
8. can’t she 18. wasn’t it
9. haven’t you 19. wasn’t it
10. won’t you 20. doesn’t it
B.
1. b
2. d
3. a
4. b
C.
1. weren’t we 9. don’t they 17. shall we
2. won’t it 10. haven’t they 18. will you
3. can’t she 11. aren’t you 19. will / would you
4. haven’t they 12. could it 20. doesn’t he
5. will she 13. don’t they 21. isn’t he
6. hadn’t he 14. will you 22. hasn’t he
7. did she 15. did they 23. will there
8. is there 16. will you / would you

5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

5.1 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
1. carefully 13. softly
2. careful 14. beautiful...beautifully
3. quickly 15. unsteadily
4. slowly 16. suddenly
5. slow...rapidly 17. calm
6. permanent...permanently 18. immediately
7. easy...easily 19. tense
8. hard 20. dangerously
9. fast 21. slight
10. serious...seriously 22. terrible
11. completely 23. highly
12. soft 24. hardly
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5.2 ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ING AND -ED
1. stolen 7. frightened
2. surprised 8. confusing
3. frightening 9. worried
4. excited 10. misleading
5. interesting 11. frustrating
6. reassuring

5.3 ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS

A.
1. of 7. on 12. about
2. about 8. on 13. under
3. with 9. in 14. of
4. at / by 10. of 15. with
5. about 11. In 16. for
6. with

B. C.
1. c 1. on 6. In
2. b 2. with/by 7. by
3. d 3. for 8. under
4. a 4. as 9. to
5. of

5.4 NUMBERS USED AS ADJECTIVES

1. -week holiday 6. a five-star
2. a three-hour 7. an eighteen-year-old
3. a four-hour 8. a six-hour
4. a four-room 9. a ten-minute
5. a one-litre 10. a twenty-pound

5.5 ADJECTIVE ORDER

A.
1. an old American car 6. some modern Italian furniture
2. some new blue plates 7. an old oil painting
3. some beautiful red curtains 8. a large sports bag
4. an old gas cooker 9. a small round stone
5. some comfortable brown chairs 10. some young French students

B.
1. colourful Chinese porcelain
2. small black wooden
3. a big colourful Turkish carpet/a big and colourful Turkish carpet
4. new black leather

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5.6 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
 COMPARATIVES
A.
1. are more dangerous than trains
2. is smaller than New York
3. is better than his (handwriting)
4. neater handwriting than Mary
5. is less expensive than a Volvo
6. is less valuable than gold
7. speaks English more fluently than
8. eats less than
9. less easily than
10. She does yoga more often than she plays tennis
11. more confidently on the phone than (I do) in public

B.
1. Which (river/one) is longer 10. more handsome than
2. more difficult than 11. loud / louder
3. easy 12. faster than
4. less difficult 13. better than
5. fewer 14. quiet
6. good 15. more thoughtful than
7. as shy as 16. excitedly
8. more self-confident 17. fatter than
9. taller than 18. quickly

C.
1. Which is longer, the Kızılırmak or the Sakarya
2. Which is higher, Mount Everest or Mauna Kena
3. Which has more members, the Turkish Parliament or the Italian Parliament

D.
1. bigger than
2. more expensive than
3. worse than
4. more convenient than
5. quieter / quiet

 AS...AS
A.
1. play tennis as well as my brother (does)
2. as fast as he is
3. as good a singer as Melody
4. as well /efficiently / hard / carefully as
5. isn’t nearly as big as theirs
6. isn’t nearly as interesting as London
7. twice as many students
8. are not nearly as good as German cars

331
9. practises his skating routine nearly/almost/about twice as much/as many hours (a week) as
Andre (does)
10. wasn’t/isn’t as fast as
11. is not quite as old as Andrew (is)
12. doesn't speak English quite as fluently as Mike (does)
13. are not as difficult to ride as motorbikes
14. as comfortable as
15. does not work nearly as well as Sheila
16. am not as bad-tempered (now) as I used to be
17. about / nearly half as many cigarettes as Gina (does)
18. Henry doesn't do as much weightlifting as (he does) judo
judo as much as (he does) weightlifting

B.
1. c
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. a

 SUPERLATIVES
A.
1. the happiest day
2. the best player
3. the oldest castle
4. the hottest day
5. the most intelligent
6. the worst cook
7. the most famous footballer

B.
1. The tallest
2. heaviest
3. most beautiful
4. the most comfortable
5. the most boring
6. the most efficient

C.
1. the richest 9. the most impressive
2. the fastest 10. the greatest
3. the most popular 11. the most modern
4. the most comfortable 12. The best
5. the best 13. the most difficult
6. the tallest 14. the cleverest
7. the highest 15. The best
8. the biggest 16. the finest

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 REVIEW OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
A.
1. the best 26. terribly 50. most interesting
2. more 27. comfortably 51. more attractive than
3. more dangerous than 28. as fast as 52. the best
4. the cheapest 29. carelessly 53. the hottest
5. slower than 30. as well as 54. cheaper
6. the biggest 31. carefully 55. more crowded than
7. fast 32. the easiest 56. more carefully than
8. heavier than 33. more interesting than 57. more expensive than
9. better than 34. cheaper 58. loud(ly)
10. the most interesting 35. the happiest 59. the most famous
11. the most expensive 36. (most) famous 60. the most dreadful
12. cheaper than 37. large 61. more profitable
13. better than 38. cheaper than 62. more annoying than
14. clean 39. more helpful than 63. the least rapidly / less rapidly
15. more peaceful than 40. more convenient than 64. the most boring
16. the most expensive 41. more practical 65. complete
17. more beautiful than 42. as economical as 66. worse than
18. good 43. the largest 67. closely
19. the least expensive 44. carefully 68. extremely
20. worse than 45. greater than 69. less satisfying than
21. the most reliable 46. better than 70. lately
22. more annoying than 47. the slowest 71. the lowest
23. properly 48. the highest 72. straight
24. (more) closely 49. more easily than 73. hardly
25. light

B.
1. The most boring
2. highest
3 hotter
4. more important

5.7 DOUBLE COMPARATIVES

A.
1. regularly you study, the better grades you'll get
regularly you study, the better your grades will be
2. children get, the more rebellious they become
3. slowly you walk, the longer it takes to get there
4. carefully you write, the fewer mistakes you will make
5. farther/further the rally team went into the desert, the less hope of finding water they
had/the less hope they had of finding water
6. slowly you talk, the better the students can understand

B.
1. b
2. b

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5.8 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES AND OTHER ADVERBS
 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
Suggested answers
1. extremely cold 6. bitterly disappointed
2. slightly damaged 7. badly injured
3. surprisingly easy 8. seriously ill
4. absolutely delicious 9. reasonably cheap
5. immensely popular 10. terribly sorry

 ADVERBS MODIFYING OTHER ADVERBS

Suggested answers
1. pretty well
2. incredibly quickly
3. really slowly
4. extremely fast
5. completely correctly

6. MODALS
6.1 ABILITY
A. B.
1. She can ride a three-wheel bike 1. haven’t been able to make
2. She can sing a song 2. might be able to leave
3. She can’t write 3. used to be able to swim
4. She can’t play computer games 4. would have been able to see
5. She can’t swim 5. Will you be able to arrive
6. She can’t have a bath by herself
7. She can comb her hair
8. She can’t read stories

C. D.
1. He could watch TV anytime he wanted 1. were able to leave their houses
2. He could go on holiday in the summer 2. were able to save their children
3. He could wear jeans 3. was able to jump from the balcony
4. He could drink alcohol 4. were able to rescue some people
5. He could meet his friends 5. were able to send food and tents in time

6.2 PERMISSION
Suggested answers
1. May / Can / Could I have
2. May / Can / Could I bring
3. May / Can / Could I keep
4. May / Can / Could I smoke
5. May / Can / Could I eat

6.3 REQUESTS
A.
1. Would / Will you turn down the music, please
2. Would / Will you lend me your newspaper, please
3. Would / Will you keep an eye on my bags while I’m in the toilet, please
4. Would / Will you draw the curtains, please
5. Would / Will you help me to take my suitcase from the rack, please
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B.
1. Could / Can you fetch my schoolbag so that I can do my homework
2. Could / Can you bring me a pain killer and a glass of water, please
3. Could / Can you make an appointment to see the doctor, please
4. Could / Can you put a stool under my leg, please
5. Could / Can you stay with me, please

6.4 SUGGESTIONS
A.
1. don’t
2. Shall we play/Why don’t we play
3. Why don’t you
4. Let’s/Let us go
5. We could always play
6. How/What about going
7. Why

B.
Suggested answers
1. Let’s play cards.
2. Why don’t we go out together?
3. What about going to the laundry?
4. Shall we have a party?
5. We could (always) stay at home.
6. How about going to the beach?
7. Shall we take a taxi?
8. Let’s cook some chicken and rice.
9. Why don’t we study together?
10. How about going shopping?

6.5 OFFERS

A. B.
Suggested answers Suggested answers
1. Shall I turn off the light 1. I’ll give it some water.
switch 2. I’ll pay (the bill).
2. Shall I close the window 3. I’ll do the dishes.
3. Shall I drive
4. Shall I get you something to read
5. Shall I carry it for you
6. Shall I help you (push the car)
7. Shall I fetch you a stool to rest your feet on

C. D.
Suggested answers 1. She offered to turn up the radio.
1. Would you like something to eat? 2. She offered to feed the cat.
2. Would you like a lift? 3. He offered to answer the phone.
3. Would you like some water? 4. He offered to do some shopping for his mother.

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6.6 OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

A. B. C.
1. must do 1. has to do 1. should / ought to be
2. must wash 2. has to complete 2. should / ought to visit
3. must leave 3. has to wear 3. should / ought to obey
4. must keep 4. have to attend 4. should / ought to apologise
5. must take 5. have to return 5. should / ought to wear

D. E. F.
1. had better take 1. need to fill 1. is supposed to begin
2. had better see 2. needs to wash 2. are supposed to attend
3. had better keep 3. need to draw 3. are supposed to finish
4. had better check 4. needs to repair 4. are supposed to go
5. had better put 5. Do I need to / Need I pay 5. is supposed to answer

G. H.
1. is to wear 1. Yesterday, I ran over a cat so I had to take it to the vet
2. are to give 2. We had to stop at the garage to buy some petrol
3. are to obey 3. Did you have to write a report last term
4. are to pay 4. I had to drink 2 litres of water before an ultrasound scan last week
5. are to leave 5. Sorry, I’m late but I had to take the children from school

6.7 PROHIBITION 6.8 LACK OF NECESSITY

1. mustn’t / can’t park A.
2. mustn’t / can’t smoke Suggested answers
3. mustn’t wash 1. don’t have to take
4. mustn’t / can’t use 2. needn’t reserve
5. mustn’t / can’t enter 3. doesn’t need to wear
4. don’t have to wear
5. don’t need to put

B. C.
1. didn’t have to / didn’t need to get up 1. needn’t have walked home
2. didn’t have to / didn’t need to cook 2. needn’t have watered the flowers
3. didn’t have to / didn’t need to pay 3. needn’t have had the lesson notes photocopied
4. didn’t have to / didn’t need to use 4. needn’t have prepared any / some sandwiches
5. didn’t have to / didn’t need to wash 5. needn’t have gone to the beach with his
umbrella / carried his umbrella to the beach

6.9 ADVISABILITY
Suggested answers
1. He should apply for a job
2. We should call the police
3. He should see a doctor
4. She should iron them
5. He ought to have a shave
6. You ought to have a warm shower
7. He ought not to eat salty food
8. He ought to save some money
9. She’d better hire a maid to help with the housework

336
10. You’d better call the lost property office
11. We’d better put the children to bed
12. We’d better book a table at the restaurant

6.10 EXPECTATIONS
1. She should be sick
2. We should reach İstanbul in half an hour
3. They should finish it soon
4. Her new one should be popular
5. It shouldn’t be difficult to find something to eat

6.11 CRITICISM AND REGRET

Suggested answers
1. She shouldn’t have / ought not to have eaten too many sweets
2. She should have / ought to have been more careful about her diet
3. She should have / ought to have counted her daily calories
4. She shouldn’t have / ought not to have eaten anything after 6.00 p.m.
5. She should have / ought to have drunk 2 litres of water everyday

6.12 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

A. B.
Suggested answers Suggested answers
1. must have a lot of boyfriends 1. may / might / could feel anxious
2. must be very rich 2. may / might / could become ill
3. must be very happy and excited 3. may / might / could have a headache
4. must be cold 4. may / might / could be my father
5. must be very selfish 5. may / might / could be in the canteen

C.
1. There are stains on the plate. I have just washed it so it can’t / couldn’t be dirty
2. Tom studied hard. He got 50 in the exam so he can’t / couldn’t be pleased
3. There is a café at the end of the street. It is always empty so it can’t / couldn’t be
popular
4. They always spend a lot of money. They go abroad every summer so they can’t /
couldn’t be short of money
5. The dog is barking. Tina has just changed its water so it can’t / couldn’t be thirsty

D.
Suggested answers E.
1. may / might not be 1. must have cost
2. may / might not be 2. must have been
3. may / might not be successful 3. must have had
4. may / might not tell 4. must have snowed
5. may / might not come 5. must have moved

F.
Suggested answers
1. She may / might have forgotten to set the alarm clock
2. There may / might have been a traffic jam
3. She may / might have had a traffic accident
4. She may / might have missed the school bus
5. She may / might have overslept
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G. H.
Suggested answers Suggested answers
1. could have caught cold 1. can’t / couldn’t have lost all her books
2. could have broken their legs 2. can’t / couldn’t have escaped from the window
3. could have had a heart attack 3. can’t / couldn’t have cheated
4. could have got the job 4. can’t / couldn’t have stayed there
5. could have missed the exam 5. can’t / couldn’t have taken the books back

I.
1. Arthur may / might not have meant what he said
2. Jim may / might not have arrived yet
3. Mary may / might not have meant to leave the door unlocked
4. Jane may / might not have found a place to park her car nearby
5. The manager may / might not have noticed me coming into work late

J.
1. should / ought to beat
2. should / ought to enjoy
3. should / ought to receive
4. should / ought to arrive
5. should / ought to be

K.
Suggested answers
1. a) She may / might / could have difficulty in finding friends
b) She may / might / could not get used to living there
c) She may / might / could find it difficult to learn their language
2. a) He may / might / could miss his hometown
b) He may / might / could have a hard time adapting to living in the dormitory
c) He may / might not become accustomed to eating at the cafeteria

6.13 PREFERENCE (WOULD RATHER)

A.
1. I’d rather not go there tonight
2. I’d rather go for a walk
3. I’d rather you didn’t invite your friends tonight
4. I’d rather you took off your shoes before you enter the house
5. I’d rather you didn’t smoke in the kitchen
6. I’d rather you didn’t tell anyone about the accident
7. I’d rather you didn’t drive fast
8. I’d rather you didn’t tell my mother about this
9. I’d rather you didn’t eat fast food so often
10. I’d rather not play tennis this afternoon

B.
1. Tom would rather read than talk
2. I’d rather have wine than beer
3. I’d rather pay by cheque than (in) cash
4. I’d rather have a coffee than gin
5. I’d rather travel by train than by car

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6.14 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
1. must have been taking
2. shouldn’t be watching ... should be sleeping
3. must be using
4. can’t be cooking
5. must be talking

6.15 REVIEW OF MODALS

A. ABILITY
1. can / could 9. couldn’t
2. couldn’t 10. was able to
3. was able to 11. were you able to
4. can’t ... have ... been able to 12. can (is able to)
5. could 13. can
6. Will ... be able to 14. was able to
7. was able to 15. can’t
8. couldn’t

B. PERMISSION AND REQUESTS

1. Would / Will you fill in this form and sign it, please
2. Can / Could you pass me the salt, please
3. May / Could I go out, please
4. Can you show me my seat, please
5. Can / Could you tell me where the canteen is
6. Can / Could I have breakfast in the morning
7. Can / Could I bring the cat home
8. May I make an appointment to see the dentist at 3.30 on Monday
9. Can / May I borrow your new dress
10. Could / May I use the photocopy machine
Can / Could you take photocopies of these pages

C. OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY / PROHIBITION / LACK OF NECESSITY

I.
1. mustn’t / can’t
2. has to / must
3. Do I have to / need to
4. You don’t need to return
5. mustn’t / shouldn’t give
6. have to / need to come home early
7. don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t finish the report
8. don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t wear a tuxedo to the wedding
9. Do we have / need
10. needs
11. need / have to wear a tie
12. needn’t / don’t need to / don’t have to come to the office on Saturday
13. You must / have to get a visitor’s pass
14. mustn’t
15. had to
16. no need to book a room
17. should bring
18. needn’t have worried so much about your grades

339
II. III. IV.
1. should 1. didn’t need to go 1. didn't have to / need to buy
2. had better 2. mustn’t exceed 2. shouldn't have argued
3. ought 3. had to stop 3. had to take / needed to take
4. needn’t 4. mustn't use
5. supposed to 5. needn't have come

D. ADVISABILITY / EXPECTATIONS / CRITICISM AND REGRET

I.
1. I should / ought to have told my father about the party
2. You should / ought to / had better inform him about the problems
3. You shouldn’t / ought not to / had better not leave a room without saying goodbye
4. She shouldn’t / ought not to have crossed the street without looking at the traffic lights
5. You shouldn’t / ought not to / had better not mention the matter when Tom is around
because he really gets angry

II.
1. shouldn’t / ought not to have left your room in a mess. You should / ought to have put
everything away
2. shouldn’t / ought to have studied harder
3. shouldn’t / ought not to have gone to a disco without telling mum

III.
Suggested answers
1. You should / ought to have the tartar removed
2. You should / ought to care about dental hygiene
3. You should / ought to brush your teeth 3 times a day for at least 2 minutes
4. You shouldn’t / ought not to brush your teeth from right to left
5. You should / ought to move the toothbrush up and down

IV.
1. You'd better not wear high-heeled shoes to school
2. You’d better not invite Tom to the party
3. You’d better see a doctor right away
4. I’d better buy some petrol
5. You’d better not play the guitar now

V.
Suggested answers.
1. You’d better talk to a friend
2. You’d better eat less
3. You’d better learn some Japanese
4. You’d better take some sleeping pills
5. You’d better spend less money
6. You’d better take a taxi
7. You’d better go to a dentist
8. You’d better not forget (to take) your driving licence before you drive to work
9. You’d better take some medicine / go to a doctor
10. You’d better book a table / make a reservation before you go to the restaurant

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E. MISCELLANEOUS
I.
1. c 7. d 12. a
2. a 8. d 13. a
3. a 9. b 14. b
4. a 10. b 15. d
5. a 11. c 16. b
6. b

II. III. IV.

1. should 1. can 1. had to tidy up
2. have to 2. don’t have to 2. May I borrow
3. can’t 3. mustn’t 3. can stay
4. have to 4. ought to 4. must have been
5. can’t 5. don’t need to take
6. don’t have to 6. shouldn’t have argued
7. don’t have to
8. can

V.
Suggested answers
1. should have reserved 14. can’t have seen
2. could have warned us about the storm 15. could have been stolen
3. shouldn’t have spent 16. can’t have done
4. must have been 17. must have taken
5. ought not to have cheated in the exam 18. can’t have seen
6. could have had another drink 19. can’t have been
7. should have told him the truth about the 20. needn’t have sold
accident 21. Do I have to wear
8. could have bought a large house 22. didn’t have to drive
9. must have been taken 23. can you pass
10. had to have 24. won’t be able to play
11. might be 25. May/Might I leave … have to draw
12. needn’t have taken 26. will have to take
13. might have left

7. THE PASSIVE
7.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
1. Furniture is sold
2. is being redecorated
3. are published in Britain every day
4. are killed
5. is published monthly
6. are collected at the weekend
7. Are BMWs produced
8. in the square is being pulled down
9. In this part of the country, many buildings get damaged by frequent storms
10.We’re being followed by
11.the weekly meetings is announced on Mondays

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7.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS
A.
1. wasn’t invited 4. were cleaned at the weekend
2. were interviewed yesterday 5. (which was) falling apart was repaired
3. was broken last night 6. was being watched

B.
1. was run over 13. are trying 25. are caused
2. was invented 14. was dealt 26. was reported
3. is played 15. pushed 27. was sent
4. are killed 16. open 28. was going
5. are 17. were pointing 29. crashed
6. was driving 18. were arrested 30. weren't killed
7. lost 19. left 31. were injured
8. ran 20. stole 32. are trying
9. were wearing 21. was saved 33. dropped
10. weren't injured 22. was rewarded 34. was destroyed
11. were called 23. didn't lose 35. were killed
12. were taken 24. happen

7.3 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

A.
1. has been redecorated 5. has been reduced
2. Have your questions been answered 6. Has the exact time of the match been announced
3. has been cleaned completely 7. has already been cleaned
4. have been produced since then 8. hasn’t been typed yet

B.
1. have just announced 11. was completed
2. have been stolen 12. was finished
3. were taken 13. have been made
4. wasn't working 14. has been generated
5. wasn't discovered 15. have burnt
6. have been investigating 16. have been destroyed
7. haven't found 17. reached
8. has been shaped 18. were sleeping
9. have been built 19. were rescued
10. have been formed

7.4 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

A.
1. They told us that the murderer had been caught
2. When we returned home, we found that our flat had been broken into
3. By the time Sue got here, all of the second-hand books had been sold
4. Before the Green Peace members arrived, the pine trees had been cut down
5. When Martha’s mother came in, she noticed that the dinner had been cooked, the kitchen
had been cleaned and the table had been laid
6. The burglar opened the door and walked in silently as the front door had been left unlocked
7. By the time I got to class, the writing section of the mid-term had already been given by the
teacher

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8. By the time she was 20, she had been given every possible advantage by her parents
9. She went to the post office after the letter had been written (by her father)
10. After some exercises had been photocopied (by the janitor), the teacher went to the
classroom

B.
1. had 9. realized
2. had recovered 10. had been left
3. had been stolen 11. had
4. had finally saved 12. phoned
5. had been looking 13. had been found
6. (had) bought 14. was told
7. had ridden / had been riding 15. had just been arrested
8. was stolen 16. had taken

7.5 FUTURE
A. B.
1. will probably be given by the manager 1. b
2. will be told in advance 2. c
3. will be hired 3. c
4. will be sent to his wife by the hospital next week 4. b
will be sent the bill by the hospital next week 5. a
5. will be shown where to stay
6. will have been finished by Monday
7. won’t have been finished until Friday
8. is going to be paid by the insurance company
9. is going to be invited

7.6 MODALS
A.
1. will / are going to decide
2. should be built
3. to be revised
4. must be taken
5. needs to be cut / needs cutting
6. had to be built

B.
1. That typewriter can’t be used
2. The ship couldn’t be seen
3. Cars mustn’t be parked here
4. Jim shouldn’t be dismissed
5. All the questions had to be answered
6. All the food must have been eaten
7. Your car might have been stolen
8. These books can’t be taken out of the library
9. That TV set ought to be repaired
10. These articles have to be taken to the publisher
11. The doctor needn’t have been called
12. The results should have been checked
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13. A few reporters might be invited to the party
14. The report could have been finished by now
15. The papers may have been lost on the way to school

7.7 REVIEW OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

A.
1. Where did it happen
2. Was anybody injured
3. Which hospital was she taken (to)
4. When will she be allowed
5. Has the accident been reported

B. C.
1. has been broken into 1. have been cut
2. Was anything stolen / Did they steal anything 2. started
3. Who called / phoned / informed 3. have been found
4. had thrown 4. are running / have been running
5. will be dropped
6. have already been warned

8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES

8.1 TYPE 0
1. is working 6. is working
2. treat 7. press...starts
3. see...cut 8. wrap...keeps
4. call 9. Take...have
5. let...don’t have 10. peel...lose

8.2 TYPE 1
A.
1. needs 8. aren't
2. takes / doesn’t take 9. pass...will take
3. will you take 10. will go...is
4. will (can) lose/don’t 11. will have come
5. leaves 12. don't leave...will be
6. doesn't increase 13. will have cooked
7. will tell / am going to tell

B.
Suggested answers
1. I’ll go to bed early.
2. I’ll be able to see Pavarotti.
3. I’ll talk to him.
4. I’ll take him out for a drink.

C.
1. I happen to see him today, I will tell him to call you
2. he happens to come here tomorrow, I will give him your message
3. she happens to leave school early, she will go shopping with her mother

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8.3 CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS
1. you lose points, you will win
2 you leave at once, I will call the police
3. they destroy the bomb, it will explode
4. She won't be allowed to enter the country…she gets a visa
5. I can't read the subtitles...I wear my glasses
6. she has a library ticket, she cannot borrow a book
7. you go home early, your mother will get angry/you go home late, your mother won't
get angry
8. Mark apologizes, I won't forgive him
9. help (me), I won't be able to/cannot solve
10. Bob won't pass the driving test…he practises regularly
11. can’t / won’t be able to catch the school bus…we leave now
12. can’t return this product…you bring the receipt

8.4 POSSIBILITY WITH IN CASE

A.
1. in case 8. if
2. in case 9. if
3. if 10. in case
4. if 11. in case
5. in case 12. in case
6. in case 13. in case
7. if

B.
1. Don't move him in case his leg is broken
Don't move him in case he has a broken leg
2. Buy some candles in case there is an electricity cut
3. Take some cash with you in case some shops do not accept credit cards
4. I am going to insure the video camera in case it gets stolen
5. I reminded him about the invitation in case he forgot to send it
6. Drive carefully in case the road is icy
7. Don't forget to lock all the doors and windows in case there are
You should (remember to) burglars in the neighbourhood
You shouldn't forget to
8. I will prepare some lemonade in case we get thirsty
9. I'll give you my phone number in case you need to contact me
10. Arrange health insurance before you start working abroad in case you need medical
treatment
11. Susan should type the letter now in case she doesn’t have enough time later on
12. You should have a spare tyre in case you have a puncture
13. I have phoned the wake-up service in case my alarm clock doesn't go off

8.5 CONDITIONALS WITH PROVIDED AND AS LONG AS

1. You can take out this book provided (that) you fill out a form
2. She won’t have to repeat the course as long as she studies regularly
3. I will be able to get there on time provided (that) you give me a lift
4. Inflation rate will decrease provided (that) the government takes appropriate
measures
5. Your parents will forgive you providing (that) you apologize for what you have done

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6. You will be allowed in as long as you are registered
7. borrow my lap top as long as you (promise to) use it carefully
8. They will take the jumper back as long as you show them the receipt
9. You can (only) improve your technique as a violinist provided (that) you attend a master’s class
10. You can take these pills providing (that) you don’t drink alcohol

8.6 TYPE 2
A.
1. it wasn't / weren't raining, we could / would be able to have the party in the garden
2. I were a travel agent could
was working at a travel agent’s , I would receive free air tickets
3. he were here (at the moment), he could help us
was
4. I had his phone number, I would be able to / could call him
5. I knew Sally well enough, I would invite her to dinner
6. he earned more/enough money, he would take a longer holiday
7. she were / was in our class, I would know her name
8. I didn’t have to clean my room, I could go out with you
9. I liked him, I would invite him to my party
10. you spoke English, they would interview you for the job
11. I didn't have to work at the weekend, I could / would be able to go on the excursion

B.
1. were you, I wouldn't open
2. were you, I'd ask him for a promotion
3. were you, I’d book a room
4. were you, I’d take notes during the lectures
5. were you, I’d keep the milk in the refrigerator
6. were you, I’d attend the classes regularly
7. were you, I wouldn’t go out with such a rude man

C.
I. II.
1. was not / were not...would book 1. would join ... didn't have
2. hated...would look for 2. were ... would ask
3. would / could help...weren’t / wasn’t 3. leave
4. had...would / could start 4. miss ... will give
5. would accept...was / were offered 5. 'll be

8.7 TYPE 3
A.
1. John didn’t study./He failed his exams.
2. The car had a puncture./ We missed the train.
3. The dress was cheap./Jane bought it.
4. I didn’t know you were coming./I didn’t tidy the living room.
5. Rose saw the dentist./She had a hole in her tooth.

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B.
1. he hadn't woken up late, he wouldn't have missed
he had woken up on time, he wouldn't have missed
2. we hadn’t been late to the meeting/we had come to the meeting early/on time, the chairman
wouldn’t have got/gotten angry with us
3. you hadn't got(ten) the highest score in the exam, they wouldn't have given you the job
4. I hadn’t lost the car keys, I wouldn’t have been so nervous
5. wouldn’t have crashed into a car if he had seen the red lights
6. wouldn’t have made a lot of / so many mistakes if he hadn’t worked too fast
7. Peter hadn’t come home late, his wife wouldn’t have got (ten) angry with him
8. If Carol had been careful, she wouldn't have tripped over a stone

C.
1. had been...wouldn’t have sunk
2. would/could have survived...had been
3. had been able to...wouldn’t have drowned
4. hadn’t been...would have died

8.8 MIXED CONDITIONALS

1. the students hadn’t attended all the classes and worked hard, their English wouldn’t
be good now
2. he hadn’t been given a car by his parents last month, he couldn’t / wouldn’t be able to
go to school by car
3. Atatürk hadn’t fought against the enemies and founded the Turkish Republic
we wouldn’t be able to live in a democratic country
couldn’t
4. he hadn’t drunk too much at the party and driven home, he wouldn’t be in hospital
now
5. the villagers had used some fertilizers to enrich the soil, they would have a good
harvest
6. Jessie hadn’t refused Jack’s propasal, she wouldn’t be single now
7. he hadn’t lost the opportunity of doing his Master’s degree abroad, he wouldn’t have
difficulty in finding a good job
8. I had chosen the profession I wanted, I would be happy
9. she hadn’t neglected to study regularly, she wouldn’t be having a hard time these
days
10. If you had set the alarm clock last night, I wouldn’t be late to school.

8.9 WISHES
A.
1. I could go to the disco tonight
2. I could see him more often
3. I didn’t live in a suburb of Ankara / I lived in the centre of Ankara
4. Mary/she was/were here
5. my husband/he knew how to dance
6. my parents/they were here
7. you could come to our 25th anniversary
8. I was/were listening to the news
9. she didn’t have any freckles on her face
10. he didn’t make so many mistakes
11. you had waited for me yesterday morning
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12. my brother/he had taken me to the cinema at the weekend
13. she had told me the truth
14. I had woken up early today
15. my father/he hadn’t sold his car
16. my upstairs neighbours/they would stop making noise / they weren’t making noise
17. my brother/he wouldn’t whistle all the time
18. I could stop smoking
19. somebody would answer the phone
20. my elder brother/he weren’t/wasn’t so untidy

B. C.
1. would arrive 1. a
2. wouldn't smoke 2. a
3. hadn't bought 3. c
4. had apologized 4. c
5. could/would come 5. c
6. had written
7. were...weren’t daydreaming
8. paid
9. wouldn’t talk

8.10 REVIEW OF CONDITIONALS

A.
1. it isn’t cheap, I won’t buy it
2. I had a red sports car./I could afford/buy a red sports car
3. I knew many/more/a lot of people here
4. you don’t finish your homework, I won’t take you to the cinema
5. you clear the table away, I won’t let you go out
6. her number was / were in the phone book, I could / would be able to phone her
7. hadn’t missed the bus, she would be in class
8. you had phoned her last night, she wouldn’t be upset with you
9. you had told me the truth (yesterday), I wouldn't be angry with you
10. you won the lottery on the New Year’s Eve, what would you do
11. to find my keys, could you let me know
12. as if / as though she is angry
13. you hadn’t left the window open, the room wouldn’t be cold
14. I had gone to bed late last night, I would be tired today
15. Tom hadn't eaten too much last night, he wouldn't feel sick
16. I hadn’t broken his heart last night
17. you pay the ransom without informing the police, the kidnappers won’t kill the hostage

B.
I. II. III.
1. in case 1. provided that 1. unless
2. unless 2. unless 2. unless
3. so as to 3. in case 3. as long as
4. Otherwise 4. unless 4. as long as
5. Suppose 5. Supposing
6. in case
7. provided that

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C. D.
1. c 5. a 1. were
2. c 6. a 2. wouldn’t be
3. a 7. d 3. will / may / might have to look for
4. b 8. c 4. had had...wouldn't be
5. is put

9. NOUN CLAUSES
9.1 REPORTED SPEECH
A.
1. Mr. Barnaby (that) he would have to pay
2. (that) Mrs. Meadows hadn't left
3. her mother (that) they had had to take
4. (that) they were having their house redecorated
5. Frank / him (that) he would have to get a visa for his daughter
6. his secretary (that) he hadn't changed his mind
7. his mother (that) he didn't want to help her with the housework
8. (that) he hadn't had enough time to take the book back to the library
9. John (that) she would post the letters for him
10. me not to make the same mistake again
11. me to have dinner (together)
12. me to tell them the truth
13. she had left her umbrella there that morning
14. they didn't want a recent graduate
15. he had drunk all his milk
16. that she/his wife never remembered to take a map when they set off
17. her (that) he would call her as soon as he arrived home
18. Mary (that) he wouldn't forgive her
19. (that) she would finish typing the letters in 10 minutes
20. Jack not to use the office phone for his personal calls
21. Paul / him to buy some bread
22. not to take the job. / that she (shouldn't) take the job
23. not to leave the lights on
24. not to forget the meeting
25. to his birthday party
26. not to be stupid
27. to stop smoking / that he should stop smoking
28. to call the police
29. to cook the meal

B. I.
1. admitted that he had set the house on fire
admitted setting / having set the house on fire
2. suggested (our / us) going to the new Italian Restaurant
suggested that we (should) go to the new Italian Restaurant
suggested that we went to the new Italian Restaurant
3. promised her (mother) that she would (definitely) help her with the housework
promised to help her mother with the housework
promised her mother to help her with the housework
promised that she would help her mother with the housework
4. congratulated Frank on having passed / passing his driving test

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II.
1. apologised for not returning / having returned
2. discouraged me from applying
3. congratulated me on

III.
1. invited Linda to have dinner with him
invited Linda to / for dinner
2. admitted that he had been nervous before the performance
admitted having been / being nervous before the performance
3. reminded Mary to bring the doctor's report the next day / the following day / tomorrow
4. promised the children that he would take them to the park on Saturday
promised that he would take the children to the park on Saturday
promised to take the children to the park on Saturday

IV.
1. forbade the reporters to take pictures of the paintings
2. asked Mr. Dove to dictate (more) slowly
3. accused Liz of breaking the vase
4. suggested that his parents / bought (should) buy their tickets in advance

V.
1. told 5. suggested
2. asked 6. warned
3. explained 7. reminded
4. advised

VI.
1. He admitted that he didn’t have enough (money) to pay the bill
2. He suggested meeting / that they met / should meet in his flat tomorrow / the next
(following) day
3. He asked if I had ever been to Britain
4. He complained that their son never did his HW
5. He introduced Miss Brown to Miss White
6. He told us/them to read the questions twice and not to write in the margin
7. He apologised for not bringing the book with him
8. He promised to pay me back the following week
9. He refused the ice-cream
10. He offered to have lunch with him that day
11. He explained his difficulty
12. He greeted Mary
13. He accepted the present
14. He interrupted George

C.
1. if / whether she knew how to type
2. how long Janet was going to stay with him.
3. if / whether his brother knew her (or not).
4. if / whether I had finished my term-paper on time (or not).
5. if / whether his sister was in her brother's.
6. which airline company we were going to fly

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7. if / whether he had been brought
8. how often his sister took him to the cinema.
9. (me, him, her, etc.) if / whether Jane had bought a present for the children yet.
10. where she could buy
11. how old he was
12. whether / if he (really) spoke Arabic and Japanese (or not)
13. if / whether I went jogging at the weekends (or not)
14. if / whether she would / was going to be at home this / that weekend
15. Jill asked Barbara if / whether she was going to wear her white dress to the party
16. The interviewer asked Mrs. Jackson how long she had worked for IBM.
17. Alex asked Janet if / whether she was leaving for Paris the next day/ the following
day / tomorrow (or not)
18. how much he has to pay

D.
1. My brother is hiding
2. I have already had lunch
3. When will I find a job
4. I am going to visit my friends in Italy in the summer
5. I have already phoned
6. we are waiting
7. we will leave
8. the driver left
9. he reported
10. Don't be discouraged, I'll help you with your studies/ I promise to help you with your
studies/ I promise (that) I'll help you with your studies
11. I'm leaving for İstanbul this afternoon
12. I will not/won't be home at five o'clock
13. I and my wife have never been abroad

9.2 INDIRECT QUESTIONS

A.
1. if/whether they have had
2. Do you have any idea where / Do you know where / Do you remember where
3. where they / your keys / the keys are
4. where I put / have put
5. how
6. will be able to see
7. whether / if this bus goes to Manhattan
8 if / whether he'll come back home
9. whether / if she had
10. if it will be snowy today

B.
1. c
2. a
3. c
4. b
5. d

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9.3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH QUESTION WORDS
A.
1. What the children love is building snowmen
2. What bothers me is the mosquitos
3. What surprises me is his strange attitude
4. What I have to make is a plan
5. What worries me is his serious disease
6. What I like is spaghetti

B.
1. where Sally went
2. when your parents are arriving at the airport
3. which train they took to New York
4. whose shares these are
5. what they said
6. who the owner of the house is
7. how many people there were at the meeting
8. how old the students start school in your country
9. how far it is from Edirne to Kars
10. why people need to tell lies

9.4 NOUN CLAUSES WITH THAT

A.
1. aware of the fact that there was very little petrol in the car, so on the way to Kansas the
car suddenly stopped
2. Bill told a lie made me angry
3. the fact that she lacked the necessary qualifications, she wasn’t accepted for the job.
4. he made the same mistake twice is unforgivable
5. they accused us of committing a crime surprised us
6. he doesn’t know manners is obvious
7. water boils at 100º C is a fact
8. is apparent that Mary hasn’t been able to make reliable friends
9. pollution diminishes the quality of our lives is a fact hard to deny
10. first visited Antalya, I was surprised by the fact that many people living there speak
German quite well
11. she lied about it is what bothers everybody
12. Tim tore my grandmother’s antique table cloth isn’t very important
13. impressed by the fact that that automobile has the best brake system of any car
manufactured this year and would definitely recommend that everybody buy that make
14. we can do about the fact that Jane lost our tickets to the cinema
15. seems surprised to discover that it rarely rains in Antalya
16. later understood why she hadn’t called on them
17. a) that she didn’t even apologize for her late arrival made me really angry
b) made me really angry was the fact that she didn’t even apologise for her late arrival
18. a) was the judge’s view that the child should be sent to live with her grandparents
b) was that the child should be sent to live with her grandparents
19. a) just don’t understand how he manages to broaden his students’ horizons in every
respect
b) he manages to broaden his student’s horizons in every respect is something I don’t
understand
20. a) is my opinion that children nowadays spend a lot of money on junk food
b) is that children nowadays spend a lot of money on junk food
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21. a) obvious to her teachers that the student was destined for a brilliant career
b) the student was destined for a brilliant career was obvious to her teachers
22. deplore the fact that old-age pensions are quite low at every occasion
23. she knows how to deal with such difficult situations indicates that she is quite
experienced
24. really angered the teacher was the fact that he didn’t even apologise for his rude
behaviour
25. a) the parents’ point of view that the child should be sent to a private school to get a
good education
b) point of view was that the child should be sent to a private school to get a good
education
26. says in public doesn’t coincide with what he does

B.
1. I am surprised that you think my brother is a dull person to get married to
2. The fact that you have accepted his proposal means that you will have to settle down
in a foreign country
3. I refused to believe that he had told me the date of his arrival
4. She insisted that I (should) check again to see that the plane arrived at midnight
despite the fact that I had already assured her that it did
5. Before buying that dress, you should make sure that it is the right size
6. The fact that one is ignorant of the rules is not an acceptable excuse

9.5 USING –EVER WORDS

1. Whoever directed this film is not good
2. He is 18 now so he can go wherever he likes
3. Whatever is in that box is making a very funny noise
4. People always want more, however rich they are
5. However you travel, it’ll take you at least three hours
6. There are 2 different computer programmes and you can use whichever you want to
write your report
7. Whatever problems you have, you can always come to me for advice
8. Whoever phoned just now was very polite
9. Whenever I see you, I feel nervous
10. Whatever you do, I’ll love you

9.6 USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES

1. know 5. be controlled … eliminated 8. be permitted
2. take 6. be 9. be allowed
3. be named 7. return 10. study
4. be postponed

10. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

10.1 NON-DEFINING
A.
1. I live on Main Street, which is the noisiest street in this neighbourhood.
2. The Edinburgh Zoo, which is 5 km west of the city centre, has Scotland’s biggest
collection on animals / The Edinburgh Zoo, which has Scotland’s biggest collection of
animals, is 5 km west of the city centre
3. Alice, who is the most successful businesswoman in town, is the owner of a food
company / Alice, who is the owner of a food company, is the most successful
businesswoman in town
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4. , whose father is also an athlete, ranked first in the race
5. , who I bought this watch for, is my best friend
6. , who prescribed medicine for my sore throat, works for the city hospital /, who works for
the city hospital, prescribed medicine for my sore throat
7. , who I have been sharing a flat with for two years
8. , which I had spent hundreds of dollars on, crashed into a tree during its first flight
9. is much safer than New York, whose crime rate is climbing fast
10. , where thousands of tourists spend their vacations each summer, is a holiday resort / is a
holiday resort, where thousands of tourists spend their vacations each summer
11. His grandfather can remember his youth, when there were no televisions or computers
12. We like going to the mountains in winter, when there is a lot of snow
13. My parents celebrate their wedding anniversary in June, when they got married
14. , whose death is still a mystery, has never lost her popularity
15. Tourists like Turkey, where there is plenty of sunshine
16. You’ll enjoy yourself in London, where there are lots of interesting places
17. , whose novels are sold all over the world, used to be my high school friend
18. will be at the student centre, where there is a swimming pool

B.
Suggested paragraph
Pablo Picasso, who was born in Barcelona in 1881, was a great Spanish artist. / Pablo Picasso
was a great Spanish artist, who was born in Barcelona in 1881. In the beginning, his work was
influenced by other artists. Then he developed his own style of painting, which consisted of
pictures of the poor in various shades of blue. In the following years, Picasso was influenced by
the ideas of Cézanne, whose technique was considerably different from his. After World War
II, he moved to the south of France, where he created many paintings and sculptures until his
death in 1973.

C.
1. who(m) we have known since we first met on an excursion in Paris
2. which was quite close to the city centre
3. when there were a lot of tourists in the city
4. where / in which there were no bathrooms
5. which was extremely distasteful

10.2 DEFINING
A.
1. d 5. a
2. b 6. d
3. c 7. c
4. b

B.
1. Alexander Bell was the man who invented the telephone
2. Marilyn Monroe was the actress who starred in ‘Gentlemen Prefer Blondes’
3. Roald Amudsen was the explorer who first reached Antarctica
4. Yuri Gagarin was the astronaut who made the first space flight
5. Indira Gandhi was the politician who became India’s first woman prime minister
6. Alexander Fleming was the man who discovered penicillin
7. A thermometer is something that / which measures temperature
8. A microscope is something that / which makes small things look big
9. A telescope is something that / which helps you see distant objects nearer
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10. A speedometer is something that / which measures speed
11. A radiator is something that / which heats rooms
12. A compass is something that / which shows where North is
13. A camera is something that / which takes pictures
14. A calender is something that / which shows what the date is

C.
1. Jim has chosen the topic which / that I wanted for my research paper
2. Can you recommend a car which / that can be useful in this mountainous area
3. The report which / that she gave at the meeting caused a great deal of discussion
4. We stopped our car at a place where we could see the coming cars well
5. Fruit juice which / that has artificial colour and sweetener is dangerous for children
6. Did you enjoy the movie which / that I had recommended
7. Over there is the woman whose husband you met yesterday
8. Do you know the man who / that the jury gave the first prize to
9. The tie which / that I bought last week was a horrible colour
10. The people whose house we went to were very nice
11. The book where I found that question is missing from the library
12. I didn’t have any knowledge of computers until I took the new course which / that the
department offered this term
13. The woman whose son you met is my teacher
14. Coaches always look for players who / that should be strong and fast
15. Do you know the girl who / that I gave my books to earlier
16. The grade which / that I received in my report pleased me
17. The town where we spent our honeymoon was really beautiful
18. This is a well-built truck which / that will save you money
19. The professor whose course I’m taking gives hard tests
20. The agency where we bought our tickets has gone bankrupt
21. That man who / that I complained to about the food is the manager / That man is the
manager who / that I complained to about the food
22. I helped the people whose car had broken down
23. There is a shop nearby where you can buy postcards
24. She took me to the shop where she buys her clothes
25. Bill met his fiancé in the pub where students often go
26. We have a neighbour whose dog barks all day
27. The man whose car my father wanted to buy was on holiday
28. Do you know a good disco where we can go during the weekend
29. They’ll meet us at the restaurant which / that is across the street from the library
30. I want to introduce you to a famous writer whose last book was a best seller

D.
2. A consumer is a person who / that buys or uses any service or product
3. A hospital is a place where ill people are looked after by nurses and doctors
4. A paring knife is a tool which / that you peel vegetables with
5. A hammer is a tool which / that you use for fixing nails
fix nails with

E.
1. which / that the doctor gave her
2. who / that was allergic to foods and chemicals
she talked to
had the same problems

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3. The specialist who / that she went to found out that she was allergic to things she ate,
breathed and touched
4. She avoids many things like cigarette smoke and chemicals in food which / that make her
ill
5. She shares her house with some friends who / that understand her problem and try to help
her
6. Because the jobs which / that interest her a lot are in London

10.3 OMISSION
1. The soup I had for lunch was too salty
2. The waitress who / that served us dinner was friendly
3. I have a class which / that begins at 8 a.m.
4. I don’t know the man who / that is talking to Mary
5. My daughter asked me a question I couldn’t answer
6. The people Ann is visiting now live on Elm Street
7. All of the people I asked can come to my party
8. The students who / that came to class late missed the quiz
9. I know a man who / that doesn’t have to work for a living
10. I didn’t know any of the people John invited to his party
11. A lion is an animal which / that lives in Africa
12. The market I usually go to has fresh vegetables
13. Where can I catch the bus which / that goes downtown
14. I had a good time on the trip I took to Glacier National Park
15. The notes I borrowed from you helped me a lot
16. The person who / that is sitting at that desk should help you with your problem / The
person who / that should help you with your problem is sitting at that desk
17. The plane I’m taking to Denver leaves at 7 p.m.
18. She lost the pen she borrowed from me
19. Here’s the brochure which / that gives information about holiday resorts
20. The police arrested the girl I used to work in the same office with yesterday

10.4 REDUCTION
1. , the head of the ophthalmology department, operated on my mother’s eye
2. , one of the most important universities in Turkey, was founded in 1956 / , founded in
1956, is one of the most important universities in Turkey
3. are standing on the bridge connecting the two continents
4. carried out on Eskişehir Road may cause traffic jams
5. used in the bank robbery has been found
6. surrounding the palace is full of tropical trees / full of tropical trees, surrounds the palace
7. exhibited in the Louvre really attracted the attention of the public
8. lives in a flat looking out on a square
9. driving the lorry has just passed his driving test
10. city of Turkey, known for centuries for its history, has always been the centre of
Anatolian civilizations
11. , moulded into shape when heated, is an artificial substance / , an artificial
substance, is moulded into shape when heated
12. , valued throughout the world, are made by hand over a long period of time / ,
made by hand over a long period of time, are valued throughout the world
13. being punished are all boys
14. fond of people boasting all the time
15. have some geographical formations ranging from soft hills to jagged cliffs

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10.5 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
1. He bought his daughter some books, most of which were about gardening
2. of the people who take our language course are successful
3. the people who applied for the job were qualified
4. grammatical contrasts between English and Arabic, the most noticeable of which is in
word order
5. wrote a lot of books, two of which are Oliver Twist and the Tale of Two Cities
6. students, many of whom play basketball, are very energetic
7. has two pairs of jeans, both of which need cleaning
8. , some of whom were students, protested the war
9. has just inherited a lot of money, a little of which will go to the orphanage
10. we went to the village to visit my friend’s family, all of whom welcomed us

10.6 NOUN+OF WHICH

1. I have bought a camera, the flash of which is portable
2. In the bedroom, there is a wardrobe, the doors of which slide
3. He has a bicycle, the wheels of which are colorful
4. The instructor has assigned students a paper, the aim of which is to see the levels of
the students
5. She is smoking a cigarette, the smoke of which disturbs the other passengers in the
compartment

10.7 PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITIONS

I.
1. The restaurant to which we went yesterday was spacious
2. I’ll never forget the day on which you proposed to me
3. This is the safe in which they keep their jewellery
4. I met the man from whom I received a letter the other day

II. (Part A)
5. , for whom I bought this watch, is my best friend
7. , with whom I’ve been sharing a flat for two years
8. , on which I had spent hundreds of dollars, crashed into a tree during its first flight
10. , in which thousands of tourists spend their vacations is a holiday resort / is a holiday
resort, in which thousands of tourists spend their vacations
15. Tourists like Turkey, in which there’s plenty of sunshine
16. You’ll enjoy yourself in London in which there are lots of interesting places
18. will be at the student centre, in which there is a swimming pool

(Part F)
8. Do you know the man to whom the jury gave the first prize
11. The book in which I found that question is missing from the library
15. Do you know the girl to whom I gave my books earlier
17. The town in which we spent our honeymoon was really beautiful
20. The agency from which we bought our tickets has gone bankrupt
21. That man is the manager to whom I complained about the food
23. There is a shop nearby from which you can buy postcards
24. She took me to the shop from which she buys her clothes
25. Bill met his fiancé in the pub to which students often go
28. Do you know a good disco to which we can go during the weekend

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10.8 REVIEW OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A.
1. whose name comes from a small village in Greece
2. where there was a war between the Greeks and the Persians
3. who doesn’t earn any money from sports
4. which usually cost a lot

B.
1. Star Trek, which is a popular TV serial made in the 1960’s, is about the adventures of a
space ship and its crew
2. The University of California conducted a study that tested 22 smells like vanillin and
vinegar on volunteers from different countries
3. Every summer, hundreds of students try to find job opportunities, most of which are
seasonal work usually connected with tourism and agriculture
4. My eldest sister, whose ability to play the piano is unbelievable, will be performing at the
presidential palace next Saturday
5. The hotel where we wanted to stay was fully booked
6. The biggest restaurant in the town, which we often go to, is near the seaside
7. Nigel Kennedy is one of the few classical musicians who interpret Vivaldi’s ‘Four
Seasons’, which has sold more than 250.000 copies, successfully
8. Alexandria, which is the second largest city in Egypt, was built by Alexander the Great
on the site of an old fishing village, which had a small harbour that was sheltered by the
island of Pharos
9. The classroom we hold our lessons in is very cold and dark
10. Rice, which we usually serve with meat, is an important food in my country
11. John travelled twenty miles to visit his sister, which was thoughtful of him
12. The students the administration have chosen for the quiz show are excused from classes
today
C.
1. I met at the party last night was a
2. whose house had been vandalised was taken to hospital
3. we had to write was completed in three hours
4. I lent you was written by a friend of mine
5. which / that can be washed in the dishwasher
6. Picasso created a lot of paintings, which art critics highly value today
7. Mr. Bailey hired yesterday can type 70 words per minute
8. read the book their teacher had recommended
9. five years in the school where there used to be only girls
10. paintings on exhibition at the Louvre Museum, some of which are worth millions of dollars
11. for whom the government constructed houses were thankful
12. are full of plankton, most of which are consumed by fish
13. dealing with different types of friendship is really interesting
14. whose sister worked in the bakery gave me piano lessons
15. the people who came to the interview got the job
16. her a gold chest the top of which is covered with diamonds

D. E.
1. which 5. whose 1. who / that
2. who 6. where 2. which / that
3. when 7. whom 3. where
4. that 8. why 4. which / that
5. which
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F.
1. b 10. d 19. b
2. a 11. d 20. c
3. c 12. b 21. b
4. d 13. c 22. d
5. b 14. d 23. a
6. c 15. c 24. c
7. c 16. c 25. d
8. a 17. d 26. c
9. c 18. c 27. c

11. PARTICIPLES

A. I. II.
1. tiring 6. surprising 1. freshly made
2. surprised 7. excited 2. recently married
3. confusing 8. annoying 3. well-paid
4. tired 9. frightening / frightened 4. poorly illustrated
5. disappointed 10. broken

III. IV.
1. lasting 1. terribly drawn
2. broken 2. widely known
3. lit / lighted 3. recently opened
4. frightening 4. well done

B. I.
1. b
2. b
3. d

II.
1. Not knowing his room number, I asked the receptionist.
2. Having drunk too much, he felt sick.
3. Having finished all the housework, she went to her neighbour for a cup of coffee
4. Not knowing what to do, we decided to ask for some advice
5. Going down the stairs, he tripped and broke his leg
He tripped and broke his leg going down the stairs.
6. Having booked our seats for the concert
7. Having been warned about the high taxes
8. Having done some window-shopping, we decided what to buy
9. Not knowing what to say, I just smiled.
10. Not being a good player, he didn’t have a chance of winning the tennis tournament.
11. Having cleaned the living room, I started tidying up the kitchen.
12. Not being interested to see what would happen, I left the meeting early.
Not interested to see what would happen, I left the meeting early.
13. Having witnessed the crime, he was expected to give evidence in court.
14. Tourists intending to spend their holiday in Malta are advised to make early
reservations

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III. IV.
1. written 7. accompanied / being accompanied 1. protesting
2. Having reserved 8. fascinating 2. performed
3. Seeing 9. known 3. tied
4. having had 10. amazing 4. parked
5. believing 11. exhausted 5. done
6. slamming 6. taken
7. hiding

12. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

12.1 ALLOW – MAKE – LET
1. He wasn't allowed to go out
2. was allowed to come home
3. made me go for a run / made me run
4. makes me
5. didn't let me visit / didn't allow me to visit
6. makes Tom do his homework
7. weren't allowed to
8. don’t let me grow
9. make us stay
10. They / The teachers didn’t let us listen to
We weren’t allowed to listen to
11. Are we allowed to take photographs
12. made me come home.
13. are allowed to walk around
14. makes us speak English in class
15. aren’t allowed to work
16. let us write
17. doesn’t let me keep
18. (has) let the secretary take
19. (has) made the driver pay a fine

12.2 ENOUGH AND TOO (... TO)

A. B.
1. too 4. enough 1. There are too many
2. enough 5. too 2. there is too much
3. many 6. enough 3. There aren’t enough rooms

C.
1. She isn't old enough to travel alone
2. light enough for me to carry
3. too difficult for me to solve
4. too hot for the baby to drink
5. My car is not old enough to be considered a classic
6. The text is too difficult for the new students to understand
7. does not eat enough
8. isn't comfortable enough (for me) to sleep in
9. was too difficult (for the children / them) to do
10. He is clever enough to understand well
11. These clothes are too old (for me) to wear
12. He is too afraid to tell her the truth
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13. The man is stupid enough to believe you
14. The story is short enough to read in one lesson
15. That man is too tall for her to dance with
16. The film is too frightening for children to watch
17. The teacher spoke too fast for us to understand
18. The wind is strong enough to blow the roof off
19. courageous enough to be a mountaineer
20. is not tall enough to become a model
21. was too steep for the old farmer to climb
22. It’s not warm enough (for us) to have dinner on the balcony
We can’t have dinner on the balcony because it’s not warm enough
23. She didn't walk / wasn't walking fast / quickly enough to catch up with them / so she
couldn't catch up with them
She couldn't catch up with them because she didn't walk / wasn't walking fast /
quickly enough
24. The ice is thick enough (for us) to walk on

D.
1. a
2. c
3. a
4. c
5. c

12.3 FORMS OF USED TO

A.
1. They used to live in a small house, but now they live in a big flat
2. They used to have a dog, but now they don’t
3. Mr. Black used to be a farmer, but now he’s a salesman
4. They used to eat healthy food, but now they eat unhealthy food
5. Their son Andy used to be very lazy at school, but now he’s hardworking
6. Mr. Black didn’t use to smoke, but now he smokes a lot
7. Mrs. Black didn’t use to be fat, but now she is very fat
8. They used to enjoy life, but now they don’t
9. Andy didn’t use to like school, but now he does
10. Mrs. Black used to be a housewife, but now she is a typist

B.
1. There didn't use to be
2. am used to eating only vegetables and fruit
3. (have) got used to wearing / used to dislike wearing
4. didn't use to dye her hair
5. am not / haven’t got used to cycling to school
6. am used to speaking
7. There didn’t use to be an art gallery near my flat
8. There used to be a cinema on the Main street
9. didn't use to be cheap / inexpensive / used to be expensive
10. There used to be a few shopping centres in Ankara

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C.
1. will get used to the noise
2. is used to living
3. am used to him/his being
4. isn’t used to getting up
5. didn’t use to be
6. used to go
7. am not used to eating
8. is not used to drinking
9. got used to
10. she got used to

12.4 CAUSATIVE VERBS

A.
1. have / get my coat cleaned
2. do you have / get your teeth checked
3. hasn't had / got the central heating installed yet
4. have / get it cleaned
5. had / got your eyes tested
6. Have you had / got it / your house (re) decorated
7. have / get my blood pressure taken
8. had / got my stomach X-rayed
9. have / get your house painted
10. always have my car washed
11. have her hair done
12. I have / get my car serviced (at the garage) every six months
I take my car to the garage every six months to have / get it serviced
13. are having / getting the leak in our roof repaired now
are having some workers repair the leak in our roof now / are getting some workers to
repair the leak in our roof now
14. have / get your children entertained
15. have our teacher explain the causatives again / get our teacher to explain the causatives
again

B.
1. (has) got Tom / him to wash the car
2. had their wedding photographs taken at a photographic studio

12.5 VERBS OF PERCEPTION

1. snoring 10. reading 18. stop
2. practicing 11. flying 19. yell
3. steal...leave 12. moving 20. get out
4. win 13. crawl...fall 21. enter
5. open 14. sing/singing 22. ring
6. shout 15. sleeping 23. burning
7. playing 16. playing 24. knock
8. fall 17. coming 25. break
9. trickling

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12.6 REVIEW OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
A.
1. d 5. b
2. c 6. c
3. b 7. d
4. b

B. I.
1. being changed 5. cutting / to be cut 9. to buy
2. to take 6. to get 10. to make
3. meeting 7. telling / having told 11. to enter
4. watching 8. taking 12. taking

II.
1. buying 19. to meet 38. ringing
2. crying 20. to understand 39. to bring
3. covering 21. decide 40. being told / to be told
4. going 22. being 41. giving
5. painting 23. to stop 42. to stay
to be painted 24. seeing 43. to do
6. to fill 25. to take 44. doing
7. to find 26. putting off 45. looking
8. to help 27. getting 46. helping
9. publishing 28. trying 47. staying
10. to let 29. to rush 48. worry
11. being 30. to cut 49. to practise
12. to write 31. hiking 50. taking
13. owning 32. to pay 51. to go
14. buying 33. walking 52. getting
15. to know 34. not finding 53. take
16. being 35. calling
17. to buy 36. to reach
18. spending 37. leaving

C.
1. for making / to make
2. use / good complaining (about the room service)
3. for drawing straight lines/to draw straight lines
4. use it for correcting/use it to correct
5. selling/ having sold his car
6. play tennis than swim
7. point (in) applying for this job unless you have all the necessary qualifications
8. his / him taking me to the airport
9. of doing better work
10. taking the train / that they (should) take/took the train
11. people (from) taking the drug
12. worrying about my exam results (although I'm sure I'll pass.)
13. is no point (in) taking a shower
14. He didn't use to drink / He used not to drink
15. isn’t good at cooking

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16. I can't afford (to buy) this jacket
17. her books lying around
18. at writing computer programs
19. can’t stand people / people’s interrupting me while I am working
20. reminded Robert to lock the door
21. spent three hours cleaning the house

D.
1. of stealing 5. of working
2. for shouting 6. like doing
3. for being 7. of / about spending
4. (from) resigning 8. to going

13. CONNECTIVES
13.1 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT USING SO / SUCH ... THAT
1. I was so worried about my exams that I decided to stay at home and study
2. a silly excuse that I didn’t accept it
3. was such an interesting book that I finished it in one day
4. a hardworking student/person that he never fails his examinations
5. was such a successful performance that the audience applauded for fifteen minutes
6. He was so successful that he graduated in only three years
7. was such bad news that
8. so delicious that she ate three pieces
9. such a dense fog that the drivers couldn't see anything
10. was such a dull party that the guests left early
11. was driving so fast that he couldn't stop at the red light

13.2 EXPRESSING PURPOSE USING SO THAT, IN ORDER TO AND BECAUSE

A.
1. because D 6. because I
2. so that A 7. so that B
3. so that F 8. so that H
4. because C 9. because E
5. so that J 10. because G

B.
1. they do not / won’t leave fingerprints
2. you don’t / won’t feel hungry during the exam
3. should handle the saucepan carefully so that your hand does not / won’t get
4. her husband’s sudden death Mrs. Williams had a nervous breakdown
5. bring excitement into their lives
6. I didn’t tell him the rest of the story so as not to cause any trouble
7. Strict measures should be taken so as to prevent overhunting

C.
1. Be quiet so that I can hear what Sharon is saying
2. Last week Mary and Jane hired a babysitter so that they could go to a dinner party
3. Yesterday I put the meat in the oven at 5:00 so that it could / would be ready / I could
eat it by 6:30
4. She cashed a cheque yesterday so that she would have / had enough money to go
shopping

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5. They hurried so that they wouldn’t be / weren’t late for the meeting
6. We locked the door so that we could / would be safe
7. I speeded up so that I could overtake the car in front of me
8. Stand up so that I can see you
9. Please turn up the radio so that I can listen to the news too
10. The government pulled down the old blocks of flats so that they could build the
new ones
11. Anne tied a string around her finger so that she didn’t / wouldn’t forget to take the
books she had borrowed back to the library
12. All motor vehicles should use unleaded petrol so that the air pollution can be
reduced
13. Turn down the music so that the baby doesn’t / won’t wake up

D.
Suggested answers
1. make some arrangements 4. the group is very popular
2. Doctors/ Dentists wear masks 5. breath cigarette smoke
3. it would be easier to reach the other side 6. I don’t have enough time

E.
Suggested answers
1. in order to live a quiet life when he retires
so that he could escape from the city life
because he likes being on his own
2. in order to become an actress
so that she could be successful in her career
because she likes acting
3. in order to start his own business
so that he could look after his grandchildren
because he had had a heart attack
4. in order to be healthy
so that she could run faster
because it was bad for her health
5. in order to learn how to use it
so that he can surf the internet
because he likes playing computer games

14. EMPHATIC STRUCTURES

14.1 CLEFT SENTENCES
A.
1. was Van Gogh that painted the “Sunflowers”
2. I can't stand is (the fact) that David never apologizes for his mistakes
I can't stand about David is (the fact) that he never apologizes for his mistakes
3 wasn’t until I got to the bookstore that I realized that I didn’t have any money
4. that I like about Bennetton's advertisements is that they raise awareness about global
issues
5. was Bob Marley who/that sang “Exodus”
6. that I hate about computers is that they rarely work properly

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B. Instead of ‘that’ it is possible to use ‘who’ or ‘which’ in some cases but it is an
informal usage so we prefer ‘that’.
1. he wants is to get married
2. was Kate that wore her best dress to the party last night
3. was her best dress that Kate wore to the party last night
4. was to the party that Kate wore her best dress
5. was last night that Kate wore her best dress to the party
6. makes the job interesting is the close contact with the customers
7. I want is ten minutes’ rest
8. I saw was something very appealing
9. stopped us was his inconsistency
10. I don’t understand is why he boasts
11. is not Dorothy that is the manager; it’s Mary
12. wasn’t my purse that I lost; it was my credit cards
13. isn’t Europe that I have been to; it is India
14. isn’t engineering that he is studying; it is economics
15. isn’t I / me that is crazy; it’s you
16. is not encouragement (that) you need; it’s determination
17. is not you that she loves; it’s Bill
18. I need is a pen
19. I like is the way she treats people
20. I hate is his attitude
21. keeps me fit is jogging
22. is after a war that children usually suffer the most
23. was in London that I first saw the film which won two Oscars
24. really inspired me to start writing a new book was talking to Smith
25. was Bill that broke the news to me

14.2 INVERSION
A.
1. so was 6. nor / neither will
2. So do 7. nor / neither does
3. so has 8. Nor / Neither do
4. nor / neither can 9. so will
5. Nor / Neither have 10. nor / neither do

B. C.
1.Did you? I didn’t. 1. c 8. d
2.Does she? I don’t. 2. b 9. a
3.Have you? I haven’t. 3. d 10. c
4.Will they? I won’t. 4. b 11. b
5.Did you? I didn’t. 5. d 12. a
6.Had they? I hadn’t. 6. c 13. d
7.Are you? I’m not. 7. c
8.Can’t you? I can.
9.Wasn’t he? I was.

D.
1. Were they to enact that law , there would be a chaos.
2. Were the police to have found out , you would really have gotten into trouble. / Had the
police found out, you would really have gotten into trouble.

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3. Should you become aware of anything , let me know.
4. Should he have stolen anything, he will have to be fired.
5. Had I known the truth, I would have rejected doing it.
6. Had Bill not dropped his keys, he would have managed to enter the house.

E.
1. did the police doubt his innocence.
2. will I invest in that company.
3. should we construct more factories.
4. has (so much) environmental pollution taken place.
5. has so much snow fallen here during winter months.
6. were there more rabies cases than in this industrial city.
7. making workers redundant can we save the factory.
8. have I encouraged people to exhibit offensive behaviour.
9. did the colonel help to plan the curfew but he also supported the idea of Coup
de’etat.
10. enacting new laws nor by freezing prices will the prime minister gain popularity
11. had they finished their work when the visitors arrived
12. do they tell us what is going on
13. had she entered the room than she was told about the bad news
14. I was told did I realize his absence
15. his mother was watching me the boy
16. did I realize that I had forgotten my briefcase at home
17. have I been subject to such an indecent assault
18. had I switched on the TV than the lights went out
19. was Mary late, but she also had left all the documents at home
20. have I heard such a faulty statement
21. reading the critics did I understand the hidden message in the film
22. does it matter to me what people think of my attitude
23. should you invite him again
24. did the student do his homework
25. does an individual seize an opportunity like the one that Tom has

15. GENERAL REVISION

15.1 CLOZE TESTS

1 2
1. Were 5. His 1.listening
2. didn't 6. any 2.for
3. came 7. Who 3.every
4. Our

3 4
1. do 5. the 1. To
2. walking 6. at 2. from
3. do 7. knitting 3. wearing
4. instrument 4. how

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5 6
1. by 6. takes/lasts 1. a
2. reliable 7. arrive/am 2. some
3. expensive 8. safe 3. any
4. costs/is 9. crowded 4. faces
5. slow 5. many

7
1. who 6. with
2. prefers / goes 7. which / that
3. ought / have 8. don't / won't
4. travel 9. can
5. will 10. on

8
1. leaves 6. will / to
2. arrives 7. better
3. gets 8. are
4. cheaper 9. has
5. costs / is 10. biggest / largest

9
1. went / was / ate 5. many
2. had / ordered / ate 6. always
3. was 7. on
4. enough / much 8. takes

10
1. has 7. don't
2. There 8. uncle
3. in / on 9. to
4. between 10. don't
5. there 11. live / are
6. isn't 12. only

11 12
1. in 1. playing
2. faces 2. score/ get
3. view 3. boring/ dull
4. try 4. do
5. fit 5. going

13 14
1. deals 1. however / as 5. on
2. earn 2. on 6. excursion
3. promoted 3. refund 7. local
4. repair / mend/ fix 4. receipt 8. souvenirs
5. lost/ left
6. for
7. get

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 15 16
1. borrow 1. any
2. return 2. served
3. pay 3. much
4. receiver 4. get/go
5. dial 5. book/reserve
6. engaged/ busy 6. ordered/had/ate
7. enough/much
8. bill
9. more

17 18
1. made 1. on 11. an
2. had 2. at 12. his
3. whenever 3. who 13. While / When
4. allowed 4. a 14. After
5. During 5. told 15. gave / got / bought
6. except 6. It 16. became
7. Although 17. called
8. because 18. with
9. enough 19. where
10. which 20. songs / music

19
1. most 11. out
2. spent 12. earnings / profits / income
3. up 13. Despite
4. do 14. have / need
5. in 15. unless
6. herself 16. like / enjoy / love
7. persuade / convince 17. Having
8. when / once / after 18. for
9. well 19. out
10. while 20. so

20 21
1. made 1. does
2. during / on 2. the
3. until 3. doors
4. did 4. up
5. with 5. having
6. while 6. busy / engaged
7. on
8. for

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22
1. where 11. we
2. oldest 12. that / which
3. lot 13. called
4. high 14. with
5. for 15. example / instance
6. have 16. used
7. yet 17. than
8. by 18. unless
9. how 19. are
10. As / Since / Because 20. them

23
1. since 5. after 10. that
2. of 6. how 11. where
3. for 7. to 12. During
4. which 8. still 13. for
9. to 14. whose

24
1. with/ about 7. with
2. whose 8. under
3. in 9. of
4. where 10. in
5. as 11. about
6. live 12. about

25
1. which 8. to 15. neither
2. due / owing 9. best 16. with
3. Although / Though 10. nothing 17. unable
4. allow/ permit 11. cost 18. later
5. with / having 12. afford 19. let
6. most 13. took 20. until / till
7. they 14. could

26
1. how 11. of
2. none 12. a
3. which / that 13. with
4. this / it 14. something
5. used 15. so
6. about 16. both
7. When / After 17. off
8. before / previously 18. until / till
9. much / far 19. may / might / could
10. such 20. many

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 27
1. to 11. Having
2. out 12. While
3. awful 13. If
4. because / as / since 14. in
5. in 15. broken
6. over 16. finally / eventually
7. of 17. After
8. angrily / threateningly 18. down
9. off/out 19. unless
10. able 20. have

28 29 30
1. situated / located 1. for / to 1. defined
2. with 2. far 2. concerned
3. between 3. Suppose/ Supposing 3. example / instance
4. interested 4. on / upon 4. well
5. mind 5. (a) round 5. such
6. However 6. up 6. addition
7. the 7. of 7. exemplified
8. preparing / cooking / making 8. with 8. Although
9. to 9. sight
10. Despite 10. down

31
1. to 10. example/instance 19. about
2. the 11. had 20. to
3. world/ earth 12. today 21. the
4. or 13. However 22. ago
5. journeys/voyages/trips 14. their 23. lived
6. are 15. discovered 24. of
7. First 16. history 25. distance
8. which/that 17. is
9. did 18. not

15.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS

1
1. b 13. c 25. a
2. d 14. d 26. d
3. a 15. c 27. b
4. b 16. a 28. b
5. c 17. c 29. d
6. c 18. a 30. b
7. c 19. a 31. a
8. b 20. d 32. c
9. a 21. b 33. a
10. a 22. d 34. b
11. b 23. d 35. c
12. b 24. c

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2
1. d 12. b 23. a
2. a 13. c 24. b
3. c 14. b 25. b
4. d 15. a 26. c
5. a 16. d 27. a
6. b 17. c 28. c
7. c 18. d 29. a
8. a 19. c 30. d
9. c 20. d 31. d
10. d 21. b 32. b
11. a 22. b 33. a

3
1. d 11. d 20. d
2. c 12. a 21. b
3. d 13. b 22. c
4. a 14. d 23. b
5. a 15. c 24. c
6. c 16. a 25. a
7. b 17. b 26. c
8. c 18. a 27. d
9. c 19. b
10. b

4
1. a 9. c 17. a
2. b 10. b 18. c
3. c 11. d 19. b
4. b 12. c 20. a
5. c 13. b 21. c
6. b 14. a 22. c
7. d 15. d 23. a
8. a 16. b

5
1. b 10. d 19. b
2. a 11. b 20. d
3. b 12. a 21. a
4. b 13. d 22. d
5. c 14. d 23. a
6. a 15. c 24. d
7. b 16. c 25. b
8. a 17. d 26. d
9. c 18. c

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6
1. c 10. c 19. c
2. d 11. a 20. c
3. a 12. c 21. b
4. b 13. b 22. a
5. a 14. d 23. c
6. d 15. b 24. a
7. a 16. c 25. d
8. d 17. b 26. a
9. c 18. d

7
1. c 12. c 22. d
2. a 13. a 23. a
3. d 14. b 24. a
4. b 15. a 25. c
5. c 16. a 26. a
6. a 17. b 27. b
7. d 18. c 28. d
8. a 19. a 29. c
9. c 20. b 30. a
10. b 21. c 31. c
11. d

8
1. d 10. b 19. c
2. a 11. b 20. a
3. d 12. c 21. c
4. c 13. a 22. b
5. b 14. d 23. d
6. c 15. d 24. a
7. d 16. d 25. d
8. c 17. a 26. a
9. d 18. b 27. a

9
1. d 11. b 21. a
2. d 12. b 22. b
3. b 13. b 23. c
4. a 14. a 24. d
5. c 15. c 25. b
6. c 16. b 26. d
7. a 17. a 27. d
8. d 18. d 28. b
9. c 19. c 29. b
10. b 20. a 30. a

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10
1. d 10. c 19. c
2. c 11. c 20. c
3. a 12. b 21. a
4. c 13. a 22. d
5. b 14. c 23. b
6. a 15. d 24. a
7. b 16. b 25. b
8. c 17. a 26. a
9. d 18. b 27. c

11
1. c 10. b 19. d
2. d 11. d 20. b
3. b 12. c 21. a
4. d 13. d 22. c
5. c 14. b 23. d
6. a 15. d 24. c
7. a 16. c 25. a
8. c 17. b 26. d
9. c 18. b 27. b

12
1. d 9. a 17. d
2. c 10. c 18. b
3. b 11. d 19. a
4. d 12. c 20. d
5. b 13. a 21. c
6. a 14. c 22. a
7. b 15. a 23. c
8. c 16. a

13
1. c 15. a 28. c
2. b 16. c 29. a
3. a 17. b 30. b
4. a 18. d 31. d
5. c 19. a 32. a
6. d 20. d 33. d
7. c 21. d 34. b
8. b 22. d 35. d
9. d 23. a 36. c
10. b 24. b 37. d
11. a 25. c 38. b
12. a 26. b 39. d
13. c 27. c 40. b
14. c

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14
1. b 15. a 28. a
2. d 16. b 29. b
3. a 17. c 30. a
4. b 18. c 31. b
5. c 19. a 32. c
6. c 20. b 33. b
7. b 21. d 34. d
8. d 22. d 35. c
9. a 23. b 36. a
10. c 24. c 37. d
11. d 25. d 38. c
12. a 26. a 39. c
13. b 27. a 40. d
14. d

15
1. c 10. d 20. a
2. a 11. c 21. c
3. c 12. b 22. b
4. d 13. a 23. d
5. b 14. a 24. c
6. b 15. c 25. c
7. c 16. d 26. a
8. d 17. c 27. d
9. c 18. b 28. c
19. b 29. d

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