Happiness

The term happiness is used in the context of mental or emotional

states, including positive or pleasant emotions ranging from
contentment to intense joy.[1] It is also used in the context of life
satisfaction, subjective well-being, eudaimonia, flourishing and well-
being.[2][3]

Since the 1960s, happiness research has been conducted in a wide

variety of scientific disciplines, including gerontology, social
psychology and positive psychology, clinical and medical research
and happiness economics.
A smiling 95-year-old man from
Pichilemu, Chile.

Contents
Definitions
Philosophy
Culture
Religion
Eastern religions
Buddhism
Hinduism
Confucianism
Abrahamic religions
Judaism
Roman Catholicism
Islam
Methods for achieving happiness
Self-fulfilment theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Self-determination theory
Modernization and freedom of choice
Positive psychology
Indirect approaches
Naturally occurring in some people
Negative effects of seeking happiness
Negative effects of happiness
Possible limits on happiness
Possible limits on happiness seeking
Examining happiness
Measurement
Relationship to physical characteristics and to
heritability
Economic and political views
Contributing factors and research outcomes
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Definitions
'Happiness' is the subject of debate on usage and meaning,[4][5][6][7][8] and on possible differences in
understanding by culture.[9][10]

The word is mostly used in relation to two factors:[11]

the current experience of the feeling of an emotion (affect)

such as pleasure or joy,[1] or of a more general sense of
'emotional condition as a whole'.[12] For instance Daniel
Kahneman has defined happiness as "what I experience
here and now".[13] This usage is prevalent in dictionary
definitions of happiness.[14][15][16]
appraisal of life satisfaction, such as of quality of life.[17]
For instance Ruut Veenhoven has defined happiness as
"overall appreciation of one's life as-a-whole."[18][19] Happy children playing in water
Kahneman has said that this is more important to people
than current experience.[20]

Some usages can include both of these factors. Subjective well-being (swb)[21] includes measures of current
experience (emotions, moods, and feelings) and of life satisfaction.[22] For instance Sonja Lyubomirsky has
described happiness as “the experience of joy, contentment, or positive well-being, combined with a sense that
one's life is good, meaningful, and worthwhile.”[23] Eudaimonia,[24] is a Greek term variously translated as
happiness, welfare, flourishing, and blessedness. Xavier Landes[25] has proposed that happiness include
measures of subjective wellbeing, mood and eudaimonia.[26]

These differing uses can give different results.[27][28] For instance the correlation of income levels has been
shown to be substantial with life satisfaction measures, but to be far weaker, at least above a certain threshold,
with current experience measures.[29][30] Whereas Nordic countries often score highest on swb surveys, South
American countries score higher on affect-based surveys of current positive life experiencing.[31]

The implied meaning of the word may vary depending on context,[32] qualifying happiness as a polyseme and
a fuzzy concept.

A further issue is when measurement is made; appraisal of a level of happiness at the time of the experience
may be different from appraisal via memory at a later date.[33][34]

Some users accept these issues, but continue to use the word because of its convening power.[35]
Philosophy
Philosophy of happiness is often discussed in conjunction with ethics.
Traditional European societies, inherited from the Greeks and from
Christianity, often linked happiness with morality, which was
concerned with the performance in a certain kind of role in a certain
kind of social life. However, with the rise of individualism, begotten
partly by Protestantism and capitalism, the links between duty in a
society and happiness were gradually broken. The consequence was a
redefinition of the moral terms. Happiness is no longer defined in
relation to social life, but in terms of individual psychology. A butcher happily slicing meat.
Happiness, however, remains a difficult term for moral philosophy.
Throughout the history of moral philosophy, there has been an
oscillation between attempts to define morality in terms of consequences leading to happiness and attempts to
define morality in terms that have nothing to do with happiness at all.[36]

In the Nicomachean Ethics, written in 350 BCE, Aristotle stated that happiness (also being well and doing
well) is the only thing that humans desire for their own sake, unlike riches, honour, health or friendship. He
observed that men sought riches, or honour, or health not only for their own sake but also in order to be happy.
For Aristotle the term eudaimonia, which is translated as 'happiness' or 'flourishing' is an activity rather than an
emotion or a state. Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία) is a classical Greek word consists of the word "eu"
("good" or "well-being") and "daimōn" ("spirit" or "minor deity", used by extension to mean one's lot or
fortune). Thus understood, the happy life is the good life, that is, a life in which a person fulfills human nature
in an excellent way. Specifically, Aristotle argued that the good life is the life of excellent rational activity. He
arrived at this claim with the "Function Argument". Basically, if it is right, every living thing has a function,
that which it uniquely does. For Aristotle human function is to reason, since it is that alone which humans
uniquely do. And performing one's function well, or excellently, is good. According to Aristotle, the life of
excellent rational activity is the happy life. Aristotle argued a second best life for those incapable of excellent
rational activity was the life of moral virtue.

Western ethicists have made arguments for how humans should behave, either individually or collectively,
based on the resulting happiness of such behavior. Utilitarians, such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham,
advocated the greatest happiness principle as a guide for ethical behavior.[37]

Friedrich Nietzsche critiqued the English Utilitarians' focus on attaining the greatest happiness, stating that
"Man does not strive for happiness, only the Englishman does." Nietzsche meant that making happiness one's
ultimate goal and the aim of one's existence, in his words "makes one contemptible." Nietzsche instead
yearned for a culture that would set higher, more difficult goals than "mere happiness." He introduced the
quasi-dystopic figure of the "last man" as a kind of thought experiment against the utilitarians and happiness-
seekers. these small, "last men" who seek after only their own pleasure and health, avoiding all danger,
exertion, difficulty, challenge, struggle are meant to seem contemptible to Nietzsche's reader. Nietzsche instead
wants us to consider the value of what is difficult, what can only be earned through struggle, difficulty, pain
and thus to come to see the affirmative value suffering and unhappiness truly play in creating everything of
great worth in life, including all the highest achievements of human culture, not least of all philosophy.[38][39]

In 2004 Darrin McMahon claimed, that over time the emphasis shifted from the happiness of virtue to the
virtue of happiness.[40]

Culture
Personal happiness aims can be effected by cultural factors.[41][42][43] Hedonism appears to be more strongly
related to happiness in more individualistic cultures.[44]

Cultural views on happiness have changed over time.[45] For instance Western concern about childhood being
a time of happiness has occurred only since the 19th century.[46]

Not all cultures seek to maximise happiness,[47][48][49] and some cultures are averse to happiness.[50][51]

Religion
People in countries with high cultural religiosity tend to relate their life satisfaction less to their emotional
experiences than people in more secular countries.[52]

Eastern religions

Buddhism

Happiness forms a central theme of Buddhist teachings.[53] For ultimate

freedom from suffering, the Noble Eightfold Path leads its practitioner to
Nirvana, a state of everlasting peace. Ultimate happiness is only achieved by
overcoming craving in all forms. More mundane forms of happiness, such as
acquiring wealth and maintaining good friendships, are also recognized as
worthy goals for lay people (see sukha). Buddhism also encourages the
generation of loving kindness and compassion, the desire for the happiness
and welfare of all beings.[54][55]

Hinduism

In Advaita Vedanta, the ultimate goal of life is happiness, in the sense that
duality between Atman and Brahman is transcended and one realizes oneself
to be the Self in all. Tibetan Buddhist monk

Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras, wrote quite exhaustively on the

psychological and ontological roots of bliss.[56]

Confucianism

The Chinese Confucian thinker Mencius, who had sought to give advice to ruthless political leaders during
China's Warring States period, was convinced that the mind played a mediating role between the "lesser self"
(the physiological self) and the "greater self" (the moral self), and that getting the priorities right between these
two would lead to sage-hood. He argued that if one did not feel satisfaction or pleasure in nourishing one's
"vital force" with "righteous deeds", then that force would shrivel up (Mencius, 6A:15 2A:2). More
specifically, he mentions the experience of intoxicating joy if one celebrates the practice of the great virtues,
especially through music.[57]

Abrahamic religions
Judaism

Happiness or simcha (Hebrew: ‫ )שמחה‬in Judaism is considered an important element in the service of
God.[58] The biblical verse "worship The Lord with gladness; come before him with joyful songs," (Psalm
100:2 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Psalms%20100:2)) stresses joy in the service of God. A
popular teaching by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov, a 19th-century Chassidic Rabbi, is "Mitzvah Gedolah
Le'hiyot Besimcha Tamid," it is a great mitzvah (commandment) to always be in a state of happiness. When a
person is happy they are much more capable of serving God and going about their daily activities than when
depressed or upset.[59]

Roman Catholicism

The primary meaning of "happiness" in various European languages involves good fortune, chance or
happening. The meaning in Greek philosophy, however, refers primarily to ethics.

In Catholicism, the ultimate end of human existence consists in felicity, Latin equivalent to the Greek
eudaimonia, or "blessed happiness", described by the 13th-century philosopher-theologian Thomas Aquinas
as a Beatific Vision of God's essence in the next life.[60]

According to St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, man's last end is happiness: "all men agree in desiring the
last end, which is happiness."[61] However, where utilitarians focused on reasoning about consequences as the
primary tool for reaching happiness, Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that happiness cannot be reached solely
through reasoning about consequences of acts, but also requires a pursuit of good causes for acts, such as
habits according to virtue.[62] In turn, which habits and acts that normally lead to happiness is according to
Aquinas caused by laws: natural law and divine law. These laws, in turn, were according to Aquinas caused
by a first cause, or God.

According to Aquinas, happiness consists in an "operation of the speculative intellect": "Consequently

happiness consists principally in such an operation, viz. in the contemplation of Divine things." And, "the last
end cannot consist in the active life, which pertains to the practical intellect." So: "Therefore the last and
perfect happiness, which we await in the life to come, consists entirely in contemplation. But imperfect
happiness, such as can be had here, consists first and principally in contemplation, but secondarily, in an
operation of the practical intellect directing human actions and passions."[63]

Human complexities, like reason and cognition, can produce well-being or happiness, but such form is limited
and transitory. In temporal life, the contemplation of God, the infinitely Beautiful, is the supreme delight of the
will. Beatitudo, or perfect happiness, as complete well-being, is to be attained not in this life, but the next.[64]

Islam

Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), the Muslim Sufi thinker, wrote "The Alchemy of Happiness", a manual of spiritual
instruction throughout the Muslim world and widely practiced today.

Methods for achieving happiness

Theories on how to achieve happiness include "encountering unexpected positive events",[65] "seeing a
significant other",[66] and "basking in the acceptance and praise of others".[67] However others believe that
happiness is not solely derived from external, momentary pleasures.[68]

Self-fulfilment theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a pyramid depicting the levels of

human needs, psychological, and physical. When a human being
ascends the steps of the pyramid, he reaches self-actualization.
Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments
of extraordinary experience, known as peak experiences, profound
moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which
a person feels more whole, alive, self-sufficient, and yet a part of the
Woman kissing a baby on the cheek
world. This is similar to the flow concept of Mihály
Csíkszentmihályi.[69] The concept of flow is the idea that after our
basic needs are met we can achieve greater happiness by altering our
consciousness by becoming so engaged in a task that we lose our sense of time. Our intense focus causes us to
forget any other issues, which in return promotes positive emotions.

Self-determination theory

Self-determination theory relates intrinsic motivation to three needs:

competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Modernization and freedom of choice

Ronald Inglehart has traced cross-national differences in the level of

happiness based on data from the World Values Survey.[70] He finds
that the extent to which a society allows free choice has a major
Smiling woman from Vietnam
impact on happiness. When basic needs are satisfied, the degree of
happiness depends on economic and cultural factors that enable free
choice in how people live their lives. Happiness also depends on religion in countries where free choice is
constrained.[71]

Positive psychology

Since 2000 the field of positive psychology has expanded drastically in terms of scientific publications, and
has produced many different views on causes of happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness.[72]
Numerous short-term self-help interventions have been developed and demonstrated to improve
happiness.[73][74]

Indirect approaches

Various writers, including Camus and Tolle, have written that the act of searching or seeking for happiness is
incompatible with being happy.[75][76][77][78]

John Stuart Mill believed that for the great majority of people happiness is best achieved en passant, rather than
striving for it directly. This meant no self-consciousness, scrutiny, self-interrogation, dwelling on, thinking
about, imagining or questioning on one's happiness. Then, if otherwise fortunately circumstanced, one would
"inhale happiness with the air you breathe."[79]

Naturally occurring in some people

William Inge observed that "on the whole, the happiest people seem to be those who have no particular cause
for being happy except the fact that they are so."[80] Orison Swett Marden said that "some people are born
happy."[81]

Negative effects of seeking happiness

June Gruber has undertaken studies suggesting that seeking happiness can have negative effects, such as
failure to meet over-high expectations.[82][83][84] Iris Mauss has shown that the more people strive for
happiness, the more likely they’ll set up too high of standards and feel disappointed.[85][86]

Negative effects of happiness

June Gruber has argued that happiness may have negative effects. It may trigger a person to be more sensitive,
more gullible, less successful, and more likely to undertake high risk behaviours.[87][88][82][84]

Possible limits on happiness

Sigmund Freud said that all humans strive after happiness, but that the possibilities of achieving it are restricted
because we "are so made that we can derive intense enjoyment only from a contrast and very little from the
state of things."[89]

Possible limits on happiness seeking

Not all cultures seek to maximise happiness.[50][90][91][48][49]

A 2012 study found that psychological well-being was higher for people who experienced both positive and
negative emotions.[92][93][94]

Examining happiness
Happiness can be examined in experiential and evaluative contexts. Experiential well-being, or "objective
happiness", is happiness measured in the moment via questions such as "How good or bad is your experience
now?". In contrast, evaluative well-being asks questions such as "How good was your vacation?" and
measures one's subjective thoughts and feelings about happiness in the past. Experiential well-being is less
prone to errors in reconstructive memory, but the majority of literature on happiness refers to evaluative well-
being. The two measures of happiness can be related by heuristics such as the peak–end rule.[95]

Some commentators focus on the difference between the hedonistic tradition of seeking pleasant and avoiding
unpleasant experiences, and the eudaimonic tradition of living life in a full and deeply satisfying way.[96]

Measurement
People have been trying to measure happiness for centuries. In 1780, the English utilitarian philosopher
Jeremy Bentham proposed that as happiness was the primary goal of humans it should be measured as a way
of determining how well the government was performing.[97]

Several scales have been developed to measure happiness:

 The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a four-item scale, measuring global subjective
happiness from 1999. The scale requires participants to use absolute ratings to characterize
themselves as happy or unhappy individuals, as well as it asks to what extent they identify
themselves with descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals.[98][99]
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from 1988 is a 20-item questionnaire,
using a five-point Likert scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to assess the relation
between personality traits and positive or negative affects at "this moment, today, the past few
days, the past week, the past few weeks, the past year, and in general".[100] A longer version
with additional affect scales was published 1994.[101]
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a global cognitive assessment of life satisfaction
developed by Ed Diener. A seven-point Likert scale is used to agree or disagree with five
statements about one's life.[102][103]
The Cantril ladder method[104] has been used in the World Happiness Report. Respondents
are asked to think of a ladder, with the best possible life for them being a 10, and the worst
possible life being a 0. They are then asked to rate their own current lives on that 0 to 10
scale.[105][104]
Positive Experience; the survey by Gallup asks if, the day before, people experienced
enjoyment, laughing or smiling a lot, feeling well-rested, being treated with respect, learning or
doing something interesting. 9 of the top 10 countries in 2018 were South American, led by
Paraguay and Panama. Country scores range from 85 to 43.[106]

Since 2012, a World Happiness Report has been published. Happiness is evaluated, as in “How happy are you
with your life as a whole?”, and in emotional reports, as in “How happy are you now?,” and people seem able
to use happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the report identifies the
countries with the highest levels of happiness. In subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction is
between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports.[107]

The UK began to measure national well-being in 2012,[108] following Bhutan, which had already been
measuring gross national happiness.[109][110]

Happiness has been found to be quite stable over time.[111][112]

Relationship to physical characteristics and to heritability

As of 2016, no evidence of happiness causing improved physical health has been found; the topic is being
researched at the Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of
Public Health.[113] A positive relationship has been suggested between the volume of the brain's gray matter in
the right precuneus area and one's subjective happiness score.[114]

Happiness is partly genetically based. Sonja Lyubomirsky has estimated that 50 percent of a given human's
happiness level could be genetically determined, 10 percent is affected by life circumstances and situation, and
a remaining 40 percent of happiness is subject to self-control.[115][116]

When discussing genetics and their effects on individuals it is important to first understand that genetics do not
predict behavior. It is possible for genes to increase the likelihood of individuals being happier compared to
others, but they do not 100 percent predict behavior.

At this point in scientific research, it has been hard to find a lot of evidence to support this idea that happiness
is affected in some way by genetics. In a 2016 study Michael Minkov and Michael Harris Bond found that a
gene by the name of SLC6A4 was not a good predictor of happiness level in humans.[117]
On the other hand, there have been many studies that have found genetics to be a key part in predicting and
understanding happiness in humans. In a review article discussing many studies on genetics and happiness
they discussed the common findings. The author found an important factor that has affected scientist findings
this being how happiness is measured. For example, in certain studies when subjective wellbeing is measured
as a trait heredity is found to be higher, about 70 to 90 percent. In another study 11,500 unrelated genotypes
were studied, and the conclusion was the heritability was only 12 to 18 percent. Overall, this article found the
common percent of heredity was about 20 to 50 percent.[118]

Economic and political views

In politics, happiness as a guiding ideal is expressed in the United
States Declaration of Independence of 1776, written by Thomas
Jefferson, as the universal right to "the pursuit of happiness."[119]
This seems to suggest a subjective interpretation but one that goes
beyond emotions alone. It has to be kept in mind that the word
happiness meant "prosperity, thriving, wellbeing" in the 18th century
and not the same thing as it does today. In fact, happiness.[120]

Common market health measures such as GDP and GNP have been
Newly commissioned officers
used as a measure of successful policy. On average richer nations tend
celebrate their new positions by
to be happier than poorer nations, but this effect seems to diminish throwing their midshipmen covers
with wealth.[121][122] This has been explained by the fact that the into the air as part of the U.S. Naval
dependency is not linear but logarithmic, i.e., the same percentual Academy class of 2011 graduation
increase in the GNP produces the same increase in happiness for and commissioning ceremony.
wealthy countries as for poor countries. [123][124][125][126]
Increasingly, academic economists and international economic
organizations are arguing for and developing multi-dimensional dashboards which combine subjective and
objective indicators to provide a more direct and explicit assessment of human wellbeing. Work by Paul
Anand and colleagues helps to highlight the fact that there many different contributors to adult wellbeing, that
happiness judgement reflect, in part, the presence of salient constraints, and that fairness, autonomy,
community and engagement are key aspects of happiness and wellbeing throughout the life course.[127]
Although these factors play a role in happiness, they do not all need to act in simultaneously to help one
achieve an increase in happiness.

Libertarian think tank Cato Institute claims that economic freedom correlates strongly with happiness[128]
preferably within the context of a western mixed economy, with free press and a democracy. According to
certain standards, East European countries when ruled by Communist parties were less happy than Western
ones, even less happy than other equally poor countries.[129]

Since 2003, empirical research in the field of happiness economics, such as that by Benjamin Radcliff,
professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, supported the contention that in democratic
countries life satisfaction is strongly and positively related to the social democratic model of a generous social
safety net, pro-worker labor market regulations, and strong labor unions.[130] Similarly, there is evidence that
public policies which reduce poverty and support a strong middle class, such as a higher minimum wage,
strongly affect average levels of well-being.[131]

It has been argued that happiness measures could be used not as a replacement for more traditional measures,
but as a supplement.[132] According to the Cato institute, people constantly make choices that decrease their
happiness, because they have also more important aims. Therefore, government should not decrease the
alternatives available for the citizen by patronizing them but let the citizen keep a maximal freedom of
choice.[133]
Good mental health and good relationships contribute more than income to happiness and governments should
take these into account.[134]

In the UK Richard Layard and others have led the development of happiness economics.

Contributing factors and research outcomes

Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and the theories of Diener, Ryff,
Keyes, and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and topics, including "the biological, personal, relational,
institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life."[135] The psychiatrist George Vaillant and the director of
longitudinal Study of Adult Development at Harvard University Robert J. Waldinger found that those who
were happiest and healthier reported strong interpersonal relationships.[136] Research showed that adequate
sleep contributes to well-being.[137] In 2018, Laurie R. Santos course titled "Psychology and the Good Life"
became the most popular course in the history of Yale University and was made available for free online to
non-Yale students.[138]

See also
Action for Happiness
Aversion to happiness
Biopsychosocial model
Bluebird of happiness
Culture and positive psychology
Extraversion, introversion and happiness
Happy Planet Index
Hedonic treadmill
Joy
Laurie Santos
Mania
Paradox of hedonism
Psychological well-being
Serotonin
Thomas Traherne

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correlate substantially (.44 in the global sample), at all levels, with life satisfaction—strictly
speaking, a “life evaluation” measure that asks respondents to rate their lives without saying
whether they are satisfied. Yet the correlation of household income with the affect measures is
far weaker: globally, .17 for positive affect, –.09 for negative affect; and in the United States,
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It is sometimes used as a current emotional report – “How happy are you now?,” sometimes as
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evaluation, as in “How happy are you with your life as a whole these days?” People answer
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Further reading
Anand Paul "Happiness Explained: What Human Flourishing Is and What We Can Do to
Promote It", Oxford: Oxford University Press 2016. ISBN 0-19-873545-6
Michael Argyle "The psychology of happiness", 1987
Boehm, Julia K.; Lyubomirsky, Sonja (February 2008). "Does Happiness Promote Career
Success?". Journal of Career Assessment. 16 (1): 101–116. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.6546 (http
s://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.378.6546).
doi:10.1177/1069072707308140 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1069072707308140).
S2CID 145371516 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145371516).
Norman M. Bradburn "The structure of psychological well-being", 1969
C. Robert Cloninger, Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being, Oxford, 2004.
Gregg Easterbrook "The progress paradox – how life gets better while people feel worse",
2003
Michael W. Eysenck "Happiness – facts and myths", 1990
Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness, Knopf, 2006.
Carol Graham "Happiness Around the World: The Paradox of Happy Peasants and Miserable
Millionaires", OUP Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-954905-4
W. Doyle Gentry "Happiness for dummies", 2008
James Hadley, Happiness: A New Perspective, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4935-4526-1
Joop Hartog & Hessel Oosterbeek "Health, wealth and happiness", 1997
Hills P., Argyle M. (2002). "The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the
measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences".
Psychological Wellbeing. 33 (7): 1073–82. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00213-6 (https://doi.or
g/10.1016%2Fs0191-8869%2801%2900213-6).
Robert Holden "Happiness now!", 1998
Barbara Ann Kipfer, 14,000 Things to Be Happy About, Workman, 1990/2007, ISBN 978-0-
7611-4721-3.
Neil Kaufman "Happiness is a choice", 1991
Stefan Klein, The Science of Happiness, Marlowe, 2006, ISBN 1-56924-328-X.
Koenig HG, McCullough M, & Larson DB. Handbook of religion and health: a century of
research reviewed (see article). New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.
McMahon, Darrin M., Happiness: A History, Atlantic Monthly Press; 2005. ISBN 0-87113-886-7
McMahon, Darrin M., The History of Happiness: 400 B.C. – A.D. 1780, Daedalus journal,
Spring 2004.
Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons From A New Science, Penguin, 2005, ISBN 978-0-14-
101690-0.
Luskin, Frederic, Kenneth R. Pelletier, Dr. Andrew Weil (Foreword). "Stress Free for Good: 10
Scientifically Proven Life Skills for Health and Happiness." 2005
James Mackaye "Economy of happiness", 1906
Desmond Morris "The nature of happiness", 2004
David G. Myers, Ph.D., The Pursuit of Happiness: Who is Happy – and Why, William Morrow
and Co., 1992, ISBN 0-688-10550-5.
Niek Persoon "Happiness doesn't just happen", 2006
Benjamin Radcliff The Political Economy of Human Happiness (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2013).
Ben Renshaw "The secrets of happiness", 2003
Fiona Robards, "What makes you happy?" Exisle Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1-921966-31-6
Bertrand Russell "The conquest of happiness", orig. 1930 (many reprints)
Martin E.P. Seligman, Authentic Happiness, Free Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9.
 Alexandra Stoddard "Choosing happiness – keys to a joyful life", 2002
Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Analysis of Happiness, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1976
Elizabeth Telfer "Happiness : an examination of a hedonistic and a eudaemonistic concept of
happiness and of the relations between them...", 1980
Ruut Veenhoven "Bibliography of happiness – world database of happiness : 2472 studies on
subjective appreciation of life", 1993
Ruut Veenhoven "Conditions of happiness", 1984
Joachim Weimann, Andreas Knabe, and Ronnie Schob, eds. Measuring Happiness: The
Economics of Well-Being (MIT Press; 2015) 206 pages
Eric G. Wilson "Against Happiness", 2008

Articles and videos

Journal of Happiness Studies, International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS),

quarterly since 2000, also online
A Point of View: The pursuit of happiness (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30655616)
(January 2015), BBC News Magazine
Srikumar Rao: Plug into your hard-wired happiness (http://www.ted.com/talks/srikumar_rao_plu
g_into_your_hard_wired_happiness.html) – Video of a short lecture on how to be happy
Dan Gilbert: Why are we happy? (http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_gilbert_asks_why_are_we_hap
py.html) – Video of a short lecture on how our "psychological immune system" lets us feel
happy even when things don't go as planned.
TED Radio Hour: Simply Happy (https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/267185371/simp
ly-happy) – various guest speakers, with some research results

External links
History of Happiness (http://pursuit-of-happiness.org/pursuit-of-happiness/history-of-happiness)
– concise survey of influential theories
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry "Pleasure" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ple
asure/) – ancient and modern philosophers' and neuroscientists' approaches to happiness
The World Happiness Forum (http://www.worldhappinessforum.org/) promotes dialogue on
tools and techniques for human happiness and wellbeing.
Action For Happiness (http://www.actionforhappiness.org/) is a UK movement committed to
building a happier society
Improving happiness through humanistic leadership (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7HVf
xq4l-8) – University of Bath, UK
The World Database of Happiness (http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/) – a register of
scientific research on the subjective appreciation of life.
Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/oxford-happiness-qu
estionnaire/214/) – Online psychological test to measure your happiness.
Track Your Happiness (http://www.trackyourhappiness.org/) – research project with
downloadable app that surveys users periodically and determines personal factors
Pharrell Williams – Happy (Official Music Video) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6Sxv-sU
YtM) added to YouTube by P. Williams: i Am Other – Retrieved 2015-11-21
Four Levels of Happiness (http://spitzercenter.org/what-we-do/educate/four-levels-of-happines
s/) – A modern take on the Greco-Christian understanding of happiness in 4 levels.

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