WORD FORMATION
PROCESS
MORPHOLOGY/MEETING 6
NUR FITRIA ANGGRISIA
▪ Compounding
▪ Conversion
▪ Coinage
▪ Backformation
▪ Blending
TYPES OF WORD ▪ Acronym
FORMATION ▪ Clipping
PROCESS ▪ Borrowing
▪ Onomatopoeia
▪ Suppletion
▪ Reduplication
▪ Cliticization
▪ combine two or more morphemes to
form new words
▪ The creation of a new word out of
several existing ones
▪ Compounding is the process of
putting words together to build a
new one that ''does not denote two
Compounding things, but one'' and that is
''pronounced as one unit''
▪ Ex: -handbag=hand + bag;
-wallpaper=wall + paper;
-fingerprint=finger + print;
What are the properties of
compounds?
Compounds consist of
• a head (the right element,
carrying the principal
meaning)
• and a modifier (the left
element)
▪ Category change and
functional shift
▪ A very productive process
▪ A noun becomes a verb
- butter, vacation, bottle, chair,
Conversion bread
▪ Verbs become nouns
- guess, spy, throw
Verbs become adjectives
- see through, stand up
▪ Creating a completely
new free morpheme
▪ the word formation
process of inventing
entirely new words.
Coinage ▪ Ex: robotics (1941),
genocide (1943), black
hole (1968),blog, internet,
google,
Aspirine,Instagram, aqua.
▪ e-cruitment-online recruitment
of employees; online
submission of resumes and
cover letters
▪ netbook–small laptop
computer which weighs less
than 3 pounds and has a 7 to 10
Some more inch screen
examples
▪ notspot-an area where there is
slow internet access or no
connection at all
▪ slumdog-very poor,
underprivileged person who
lives in an overcrowded a slum
▪ A word (usually a noun) is
reduced to form another word
of a different type (usually a
verb)
▪ nouns > verbs: reduction of
nouns to form verbs
e.g. editor → edit
Backformation
donation → donate
burglar → burgle
zipper → zip
television → televise
babysitter → babysit
▪ A blending is a combination of two or
more words to create a new one,
usually by taking the beginning of
the other word and the end of the
other one
▪ Ex: brunch =breakfast+ lunch
Blending - motel = motor + hotel
- smog = smoke + fog
- transistor = transfer + resistor
- emoticon = emotion + icon
- webinar = web+ seminar
▪ Sitcom= situation +
comedy; television series
based on humorous
everyday situations
Some more
example ▪ Netiquette=network +
etiquette
▪ Netizen = internet+ citizen
▪ Drakor = Drama + korea
▪ are created by using the initial
letters of a longer name or term
which consists of several words.
▪ the new form is pronounced as
a word (not just letters, then it‘s
a simple abbreviation)
▪ Ex:
Acronym ▪ SCUBA -Self-Contained
Underwater Breathing
Apparatus
RADAR -Radio Detection And
Ranging
LASER –Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
▪ shortening of a poly-syllabic word.
▪ are created by shortening an
exisiting word
▪ Usually the first or stressed
syllables are taken
▪ Types: back clipping, fore-clipping,
middle and complex clipping
Clipping ▪ Ex: facsimile = fax
fanatic = fan
telephone= phone
gasoline = gas
influenza = flu
cable telegram= cablegram
gym, lab, exam, math, prof.
▪ Borrowing is the process of
actually borrowing words from
foreign languages.
▪ The English language has been
borrowing words from ''nearly a
hundred languages in the last
hundred years'‘
Borrowing ▪ The other way round, many
countries also have taken many
English words into their
dictionaries, such as the well-
known “OK or internet”
▪ Most of the loan words are
nouns, only some of them are
verbs or adjectives.
▪ Latin: interim, memorandum,
agenda, p.m. and a.m., sponsor.
▪ Greek : pneumonia, panorama,
psychoanalysis, psychology,
python
▪ French: bureau, café, chauffeur,
abattoir, attaché, á la carte
▪ Sanskrit: chakra, mahatma,
nirvana, musk
▪ Hindi -avatar, bungalow, jungle,
pajamas, verandah, shampoo,
yoga, pundit, cheetah
▪ This special type of word that
depicts ''the sound associated
with what is named'‘
▪ words imitate sounds in nature
(or in technology)
▪ Ex:
oA dog: bow wow or woof-woof
oA clock: tick-tock
Onomatopoeia oA rooster: cock-a-doodle-doo
oA camera: click
oA duck: quack
oA cat: meow
oRing of a bell: ding-dong
oA cow: moo
oA bee: buzz
oA snake: hiss
▪ Replacement of a morpheme
with an entirely different
morpheme in order to indicate
a grammatical contrast.
▪ Example:
Suppletion • be becomes is and are to show
contrasts of subject
• good becomes well to contrast the
adverb with adjective
▪ Reduplication is marking of a
grammatical or semantic
contrast by repeating all or part
of the base to which it applies.
▪ 2 types of reduplication:
▪ Full reduplication: repetition
of a part of the base. Example:
Rumah; rumah-rumah, anak;
Reduplication anak-anak, tipu – tipu-tipu, yum
yum, tick tick
▪ Partial reduplication:
repetition of the entire base.
Example: itsy bitsy, pepohonan,
dedaunan, bebatuan, walkie
talkie,
▪ Word that syntactically
functions as a free morpheme,
but phonetically appears as a
bound morpheme.
▪ 2 types of clitics:
▪ Proclitics : are clitics that
Cliticization attach to the front of a stem.
Example: French; j’ai means “I
have”.
▪ Enclitics: are clitics that attach
at the end of a stem. Example:
I’m, you’re, they’ll, they’ve.
