Running head: ANTISOCIAL PD 1

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Heidi Francis

Dominican University of California

Abstract

Antisocial Personality Disorder is classified a dramatic, emotional and erratic personality

disorder. People diagnosed have shown issues in conduct behavior, judgement, and critical

thinking skills. Being a patient that has been primarily diagnosed with Antisocial Personality

Disorder can be particularly challenging since relationships are built on the interaction and

bonding of personalities. Indicators of this disorder are usually shown through conduct issues

before 15, before a diagnosis occurs. By showing signs by refusing to conform to society, being

manipulative for their own benefit, acting on impulsive, not having a regard for others or their

feelings, and showing no signs of an active conscience, a person can be diagnosed with mild,

moderate, or severe Antisocial Personality Disorder. The disorder is defined as a pervasive

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Individuals diagnosed need to be 18

years of age and have indicators in conduct behavior before the age of 15. In this paper, my

journey of first being diagnosed, learning more about ASPD, and finding success in treatment are

shared.
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Life with Antisocial Personality Disorder

Throughout my life I have not fit into the rest of the population. I have noticed that others

are unlike me but I do not recognize why. As a child, I lost several family members in a car

accident that I only survived. A couple days later my closest childhood friends passed away from

a plane accident. I was not able to cope so young with so much loss. I cut off the feel of emotions

in order to stop the grief. In a sense, I became cold and heartless. I would frequently act on

impulse, was verbally aggressive to people around me, and never followed the rules in school.

Growing up I would often ignore school rules and some would consider me a bully from

my countless manipulations. My parents got used to the call from the principal’s office. Getting

suspended or asked to reconsider my place at the school was nothing but a common occurrence. I

could visibly see the anger in the people’s faces but I never thought to change my ways. Just

about everything I did was an action from impulsive thoughts. My actions never pleased my

parents and after all the disregarded threats of boarding school and screwing up my life my

parents decided that getting professional help was my only choice left.

In my adolescence, my parents had a hard time understanding why I was constantly

acting out. They felt as if they had done something wrong. I would lie and turn them against each

other so I could get what I wanted at the time. I have had several run-ins with the law due to

possession of drugs and alcohol. Looking back after several years of psychotherapy and a better

understanding of how emotions work, I should be sorry and feel bad but in truth I am not. My

disregard for others may seem selfish but I never really noticed it. Others have frequently

mentioned my often, unacceptable behavior in situations and because of this I decided to seek

help.
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When being diagnosed, an entire person’s life can change. The stigma against mental

illness and perceptions from others can impact your future. This is why I do not tell people I,

Heidi Francis was diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder when I was 18 years old. The

only people that know about my disorder are my parents and my therapist. Sharing this news

with my co-workers or the little number of friends I have would affect my relationships even

more than my personality does. There is a great stigma on mental illness in general and even

more so on the terms psychopath and sociopath, which are both terms associated with severe

antisocial personality disorder (Brill 2017). I know the surrounding people in my life would not

be surprised because my aggression and irrationality. My journey with this disease has been one

of the main hardships in my life because I cannot hold any relationship and I am slow to make

progress. Being in my early thirties and having a family, I want to strengthen my relationship

with them and all the other unstable relationships I have in my life.

When I was diagnosed, I decided to do some research on my disorder so I could have a

better understanding of something that affects my life so greatly. Antisocial Personality Disorder,

sometimes referred to as sociopathy or psychopathy, can be traced back to the nineteenth century

and through history the disorder has kept a close relationship with criminal activity. Those with

the disorder have higher rates in suicide, accidents, and homicide, most likely due to the

carelessness of impact from behavior. Irresponsibility, lack of problem solving skills, disregard

to rules, and failure to learn from mistakes are all factors that contribute to poor relationships and

bad lifestyle choices.

Being curious on how it changed over time and how sociopathy and psychopathy became

other terms for the disorder, I researched how antisocial personality disorder evolved in the five
ANTISOCIAL PD 5

DSM’s. In the first DSM, antisocial personality disorder was known as sociopathic personality

disturbance. Early around it’s acknowledgement as a disorder, it was difficult to understand the

difference between conduct issues, criminal activity, and the sociopathic personality

disturbances. This problem in correctly identifying the disorder is still prevalent today because

there is evidence showing that conduct disorder can persist into adulthood. In the second DSM,

antisocial personality was listed under the ten personality disorders but focused on the antisocial

characteristics more than personality part. There was little change in the descriptions, the current

DSM-V has criticism because of it stresses the antisocial aspects more than describing the

personality structure. This is a possible cause of over-diagnosing in prison settings and

under-diagnosing in society. Antisocial PD has a lot of overlap with conduct disorder which has

led to a very strong possibility of cases being misdiagnosed (National Collaborating Centre for

Mental Health, 2010).

I found that the prevalence for this disorder is rare at 2-3% of the U.S. population and is

more common in males than females (Antisocial Personality Disorder and Its Connection to

Substance Abuse, 2018). The disorder does not have a known cause but is believed to be caused

from both genetics and changes in brain function and development. My childhood trauma and

development are most likely the reasons I developed this disorder but genetics could also play a

role.

I did not want to believe the psychologist when she diagnosed me so I found an app on

my phone that allows users to take tests in order to see if they have a certain diagnosis. The app

is called, Antisocial Personality D. Test (Pocket Shrink). It allows users to take tests that

self-diagnose and can confirm what a professional says. It is a great resource but I think it can
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cause people to self-diagnose disorders that they might not actually have. However, it can be

considered beneficial because it gives users real life scenarios and descriptions of the criteria for

disorders which can help them connect their life experiences with possible symptoms. After

receiving an almost perfect score on the test, I realized my therapist did not make a mistake and I

began to face reality.

At 18, the psychologist said in order to treat my ASPD and get better I would have to go

to therapy continuously through outpatient care. This was exciting for my parents, they thought I

could finally become “normal” but were simultaneously worried about cost of treatment. After

calling our insurance, Optum Premium, my parents were relieved to learn that Optum does have

a plan that covers personality disorders ranging from Paranoid Personality Disorder to

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The coverage solely covers personality disorders as the

diagnosis, meaning if a personality disorder is a secondary disorder or part of a dual-diagnosis

then it will not be covered. Since we are members through my mom’s employment and we have

full coverage for the whole family, my mom files the claims electronically and saves the receipts

for proof (Optum Insurance, 2015). As long as we provide proper documentation, cost for

treatment is not an issue we have to worry about. The therapist who was treating me at the time

said that she was extremely glad that my insurance covered personality disorders because they

have always had a type of prejudice against them that can prevent aid. Many insurance

companies do not include treatment for a personality disorders because treating a personality

does not always seem realistic. Knowing that the insurance covers any cost is extremely

beneficial for my parents.

With cost covered, getting proper care was the next step. I researched and tried several

types of ways that can help change my thoughts and lifestyle decisions. The first thing that my

parents recommended I do was find a self-help group or specialty therapist. On Psychology

Today, a website source that can be used to find disorder specialists or treatment centers, Dr.

Josie Valderrama is listed as a psychologist who specializes in Coping Skills, Stress, and Anxiety

but treats a large range of disorders including antisocial personality disorder. Located in San

Francisco, her skills in coping could be beneficial for me because of my past trauma. There are

many clinical psychologists that have the skills to treat Antisocial Personality Disorder in the

Bay Area but finding one that I feel comfortable with was very difficult. My regular physician

also recommended a specialist named Dr. Craig McDermit, who is also located in San Francisco.

He has a lot of experience and offers billing through my insurance. Self-help group therapies for

anger management or emotion regulation could also be a benefit for me. One particular self-help

group for Anger Management I found was online through Support Groups. These seem to be

great because you can have discussion and get feedback anywhere and at any time. There are

plenty of other types of self-help groups for anger management that meet in person but almost

none solely for those with Antisocial Personality Disorders.

Finding the self-help group online made me realize how much information there is online

about my disorder. Any questions I had could be answered by those who have a better

understanding and more experience in researching. I found four credible web resources the first

being: Way Ahead Mental Health Organization NSW. This source gives a basic description of my

disorder, including the symptoms and treatment, and provides aid resources for family members

of those diagnosed. The website provides a fact sheet for the disorder and has support lines on
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the side in case readers may need emergency help. This website is not just helpful for Antisocial

Personality Disorder but other disorders as well. It provides opportunities for people to get

involved and forums for discussions and questions (Antisocial Personality Disorder, 2016).

(https://wayahead.org.au/mental-health-information/fact-sheets/mental-illness-and-related/antiso

cial-personality-disorder/)

The second web resource I found is at and it is Antisocial Personality Disorder and Its

Connection to Substance Abuse (2018). This website also goes into an introduction of the

disorder through symptoms but it discusses risk factors for Antisocial Personality Disorder. The

relationship between the disorder and substance abuse is helpful because of my history with

drugs in adolescence and the high-risk factor I have for future abuse. Understanding the

treatment for both disorders and their intertwinement with each other can help create strategies

for recovery.

(https://www.thetreatmentcenter.com/resources/wiki/mental-health/personality-disorders/antisoci

al/)

The third web source I found is the National Health Services government website for

Antisocial Personality Disorder (2015). On this page, readers can find information varying from

the effects of the disorder, signs to look for, requirements for diagnosing a patient, treatment, and

even more general knowledge on personality disorders. This website is very detailed and I found

that it describes the disorder simplistically so just about anyone can understand it.

(https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/)

The fourth website that is a great first-hand account of ASPD, located on Mind for Better

Health, it is titled: Life with Antisocial Personality Disorder. In this blog, Andrew Brill (2017)
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shares his life story, trauma, and progression with Antisocial PD. His description and willingness

to share only benefits others with the disorder and those looking to understand it better. Below

his story there is a comment section that goes into specifics and brings new dilemmas of

stigmatization to the discussion. Here those also diagnosed or loved ones of people diagnosed

with ASPD can ask questions or share their own experiences.

(https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/your-stories/life-with-antisocial-personality-disor

der-aspd/#.WubI0-jwa3B)

As I found these websites, I was curious on the prevalence of Antisocial Personality

Disorder worldwide. I know ASPD is not a common disorder but there could be others around

the world that are just as involved in the community as I am. After looking through several

databases, I did find a few interesting international articles about Antisocial Personality Disorder.

The first is, Psychosocial Predictors of Adult Antisocial Personality and Adult

Convictions by Dr. David Farrington. This study, done by the University of Cambridge is a

longitudinal study following males from South London who had lifestyle characteristics

considered to be predictors for Antisocial Personality Disorder. Factors such as a large family

size, low intelligence, and family disruption were to potentially determine if Antisocial

Personality Disorder can be correctly predicted in children. Results found that over 60% of the

boys considered at a high risk from in the beginning of the study were antisocial as adults.

The purpose of this study is to prove that adult antisocial behavior can be seen as early as

childhood and certain environmental factors in critical developmental periods can lead to

criminal behavior with antisocial personality traits (Farrington, 2000).

The second is, Antisocial and Psychopathic Disorders: Causes, Course, and Remission:

A Review Article by Willem Martens. This article discusses and delves into the causes and

outcomes of Antisocial Personality Disorder. Childhood is a large part of development for ASPD

but genetics and hormone levels are other possible causational factors. Kids in the developmental

phases with tendencies towards conduct disorder or ADHD seem to have a greater risk towards

Antisocial PD. Research shows gender having a greater difference with the disorder being more

present in males; however, even though the chances for successful treatment are on the up for all,

women have greater rates in remission. Antisocial Personality Disorder does not usually persist

within/after the later years in life but regardless the disorder does have a noticeable relationship

with criminal behavior which can lead to lifestyle issues and negative outcomes (Martens, 2000).

The final international article I came upon is, Experiential Avoidance, Empathy, and

Anger-related Attitudes in Antisocial Personality Disorder by Yavuz, Şahİn, İpek, and Kurt.

Published by the Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, this study’s purpose was to address the

social aspect of Antisocial Personality Disorder through behavioral science. There was a control

group of healthy individuals and an experimental group of those with ASPD. Both groups were

interviewed and asked questions that calculated the social empathy and anger present. It was

found that those with Antisocial Personality Disorder have higher patterns in anger and low

empathy skills compared to the control group of healthy individuals. Coping skills and emotional

control were both harder for those with the disorder and the statistics proved that there was a

sizeable difference (Yavuz, Şahİn, İpek, Kurt, 2016).

As I finished looking through the articles of research done to learn more about the

mechanisms and makeup of Antisocial Personality Disorder, I became curious on how much
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progress has been made recently in helping those diagnosed. It was quite difficult to find recent

articles on treatment, because it is not as common of a disorder so research can be scarce.

The first treatment article I found is: Clozapine: An Effective Treatment for Seriously

Violent and Psychopathic Men with Antisocial Personality Disorder in a UK high-security

Hospital by Brown, Larkin, Sengupta, and Romero-Ureclay. The case study focused on the

psychopharmacology of Antisocial Personality Disorder and possible treatment through

Clozapine. Since Clozapine can be used against aggressive purposes in schizophrenia, the

possible success in ASPD is likely. The participants were high-security patients admitted through

inpatient care. The results showed that the patients, who were primarily diagnosed with

Antisocial PD and had traits of other personality disorders, only showed ranges of improvement

in symptoms. The Clozapine aided the patients in aggression who have had a severe history of

violence and psychopathic traits (Brown, Larkin, Sengupta & Romero-Ureclay 2016).

The second source for treatment I found is, Treatment guidelines for clients with

antisocial personality disorder by Hatchett. This article specifies on presenting guidelines for

professionals working with patients diagnosed with ASPD. It discusses recommended treatment

and reviews literature on treatment. This article states facts on effective and ineffective aids for

those with Antisocial Personality Disorder. Interventions seem to be ineffective while

Psychotherapy seems to be useful in treatment. In order to help those with ASPD, understanding

treatment efficiency is significant. Antisocial Personality Disorder has a noticeable relationship

with psychopathy and distinguishing the differences and similarities can help professionals better

evaluate a patient. The literature that Hatchett reviews debates whether or not treatment is

effective in general as well as different approaches that have been successful. The guidelines
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discussed for treatment found clinical unity with substance abuse issues very useful and other

programs that treat substance abuse successful in helping ASPD. Overall the increasing amount

of research on ASPD will ultimately determine if treatments are effective or not (Hatchett, 2015).

The third article I found is: The effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for personality

disorders when comparing treatment-as-usual and bona fide treatments by Budge, Moore, Del

Re, Wampold, Baardseth, and Nienhuis (2013). This article is made up of two studies. The first

study tests the efficacy of evidence-based treatments and treatment-as-usual. The second study is

evaluating the strength of genuine treatments that are psychotherapeutic. I was more interested in

the first study because it relates to treatment efficiency as mentioned in Hatchett’s article.

Through meta-analysis of research that uses both types of treatment, the efficacy was compared

and the result of the first study is that evidence-based treatments are more effective than

treatment as usual but the treatment-as-usual were lacking in areas such as training, or

supervision which does affect the comparison. The second study found that the genuine

treatments were usually better than the other treatments. This study is very advanced in statistical

analysis but the results did show that psychotherapy was an effective solution the majority of the

time (S. Budge, J. Moore, A.C. Del Re, B. Wampold, T. Baardseth, J. Nienhuis, 2013).

The fourth article is Treatment of personality disorder by Bateman, Gunderson, and

Mulder. This is another article that focuses on finding evidence for effective treatment. An

analysis on the lack of research on treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder is

communicated to readers. The authors discuss the main approaches on treatment which are

psychosocial and pharmacotherapy in severe cases. Both are broken down in the article for

Antisocial Personality Disorder. Pharmacotherapy interventions are proved once again not
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effective in routine treatment; psychosocial treatment is recommended because there is more

evidence that supports it. The need for more evidence and research is frequently stressed. Aims

of treatment and comparison between research prevalence of the main personality disorders are

included (A. Bateman, J. Gunderson, R. Mulder, 2015).

These online sources of research and treatment were extremely helpful for me to get a

better understanding of the disorder I have but all of the research I found limited my perspective

to what is cost free online. Getting a more diverse view on ASPD was important for me. I visited

a bookstore and a library to find new information that was not necessarily online. In the local

bookstore I went to, it was a little bit of a struggle to find books on Antisocial Personality

Disorder but the ones I did find are very specific to the disorder. I first checked the directory

guide in the bookstore on where possible personality disorder books would be located. The

employee offered help if I could not find any but I was able to find a small section on Antisocial

Personality Disorders.

The first book I found is called The Antisocial Personalities by David Thoreson Lykken

(1995). This book addresses the criteria of Antisocial PD and how it can be subjective. Many

different people can meet the criteria but do not necessarily have the disorder and vice versa but

the author claims that the main difference in those with the disorder are psychopathic in brain

function, childhood development, and differences in temperament. What makes this book so

great is that it identifies and discusses what differentiates those with ASPD and those with

tendencies of being antisocial.

The second book that stuck out to me is, Antisocial Personality Disorder: A

Practitioner's Guide to Comparative Treatments by Frederick Rotgers and Michael Maniacci

(2006). This book gives an introduction to the disorder, in case readers are not familiarized with

it, and then discusses several approaches to treatment through psychotherapy as well as skills to

change criminal and substance abuse issues in lifestyles.

Another book I found is the Behavioral Guide to Personality Disorders (DSM-5) by

Douglas Ruben (2015) which is a more factual book on many disorders--including ASPD. It

shares the relationship of the disorder and the DSM along with the different criteria that needs to

be met. Uniquely, this book compares and connects other disorders with Antisocial Personality

Disorder and brings up the prevalence in the media for ASPD.

The fourth book is, Sociopath: Understand Antisocial Personality Disorder by Gerald

Thorne (2015). This short book helps readers understand the symptoms and likely causes of

Antisocial PD, the statistics and prevalence in society, and tips for those who interact with

diagnosed patients on a daily basis. It also shares ways to communicate with those diagnosed

during particular aggressive times.

Out of these four books I put The Antisocial Personalities by David Lykken and

Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Practitioner's Guide to Comparative Treatments by Frederick

Rotgers and Michael Maniacci on hold at the bookstore so I could purchase them in the near

future. These two books go into much more detail than some of the websites I found online.

The bookstore had some great options and luckily the books I reserved were not too

expensive but the library provides temporary resources for free. So, after visiting the bookstore I

went to see what the library had to offer on Antisocial Personality Disorder. Interestingly, I found

four more credited resources on my disorder. The first is A psychometric investigation of gender

differences and common processes across borderline and antisocial personality disorders by S.
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Chun, A. Harris, M. Carrion, E. Rojas, S. Stark, et. al (2017). The second is from the Journal of

Psychology, written by S. Hawes, S. Perlman, A. Byrd, A. Raine, R. Loeber, and D. Pardini

(2016), is called: Chronic anger as a precursor to adult antisocial personality features: The

moderating influence of cognitive control. The third is, Antisocial personality disorder in older

adults: a critical review written by K. Holzer and M Vaughn (2017). The last one published by

Law and Human Behavior and written by R. Rodgers, K. Dion, and E. Lynett (1992) analyzes

the disorder, it is called Diagnostic Validity of Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Prototypical

Analysis provides readers with a discussion on validity of diagnoses.

Researching my disorder and finding specific information that can benefit me is a step

closer to understanding emotions and people. I still do not like to admit I have Antisocial

Personality Disorder but educating myself on it will eventually help me get to the point of being

comfortable with acceptance. Now as I progress with treatment, I at least am informed.

After being diagnosed I maintained treatment on a regular basis. I would have to go

weekly to the hospital through outpatient care. For outpatient care I would go to Bayside Marin

Treatment Center or Alta Mira Recovery Programs for Intensive Outpatient. Inpatient is not

normally required and if there was a psychiatric emergency I would contact my regular therapist.

There are not too many psychiatric emergencies related to my disorder besides a possible violent

outbreak or suicide attempt due to depression. Sometimes growing up I was very depressed

because of my lack of relationship skills and ability to connect with anyone. The severity of my

depression never led to suicidal attempts or emergency hospital visits but it definitely did not

help me make progress. I had to understand that I was not alone in having problems.
ANTISOCIAL PD 16

At the public hospital I go to, I would work on treatment by participating in one-on-one

talk therapy and group therapy. There is not a wide variety of treatment options besides different

types of psychotherapy but I am willing to try it. Treatment varies from case to case but the

standard treatment is psychotherapy. Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy, self-help groups, and

lifestyle coaching are some of the different types of Psychosocial treatments while for severe

cases, medication like Clozapine can help decrease symptoms (Brown, Larkin, Sengupta &

Romero-Ureclay 2016). For mild or moderate cases, anti-anxiety medication or anti-depression

medication may be used if either accompany ASPD. Medication is not required in my case

because I do not have any anxiety or depression with my disorder (Hall-Flavin, 2017). Unless

my case was very severe I would not take medication because the risk for abuse of drugs is still

high, especially with a history in drug use. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and self-help groups

have been helping me progress so I continue to do what works. Some people who prefer to try

more homeopathic, non-professional ways of treatment insist on stress management and coping

skills through relaxation or meditation.

When I was first diagnosed, I could not accept it, especially since I only sought treatment

from the constant concern of my parents. After several years of continuous therapy, I have

learned a lot more about myself and my disorder. My progress is definitely noticeable despite

still struggling with understanding empathy. I am now able to understand consequences for

actions and plan ahead in some situations. The severity of my disorder has decreased with talk

therapy and addressing the root causes of emotion cut off. Having this disorder is very isolating

and negative. It shocks me how childhood experiences can potentially cause this disorder to

develop. The way those diagnosed with ASPD can subconsciously cut off their emotions from
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others is fascinating and saddening. I think more research needs to be done on treatment and

potential causes. Something I am curious about is if those diagnosed with Antisocial Personality

Disorder have different neurotransmitter receptors or amygdala form. Antisocial PD is a disorder

that does carries a stigma and relationship with criminal behavior; the overlap it has with other

disorders such as Conduct Disorder and substance abuse can make it difficult to differentiate.
ANTISOCIAL PD 18

References

Web Pages:

Anger Management. (2018). Support Groups. Retrieved from: https://online.supportgroups.com/

Antisocial personality Disorder. (2015). NHS. Retrieved from:

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/

Antisocial Personality Disorder. (2016). Way Ahead Mental Health Association NSW. Retreievd

from:

https://wayahead.org.au/mental-health-information/fact-sheets/mental-illness-and-related/

antisocial-personality-disorder/

Antisocial Personality Disorder and Its Connection to Substance Abuse. (2018). The Treatment

Center Lifelong Addiction Recovery. Retrieved from:

https://www.thetreatmentcenter.com/resources/wiki/mental-health/personality-disorders/a

ntisocial/

Brill, Andrew. (2017). Life with antisocial personality disorder. Mind for Better Mental Health.

Retrived from:

https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/your-stories/life-with-antisocial-personalit

y-disorder-aspd/#.Wrg0bGinG3A

Hall-Flavin, Daniel (2017). Antisocial Personality Disorder. The Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/symptom

s-causes/syc-20353928
ANTISOCIAL PD 19

Optum Insurance. (2015). Optum Financial Services. Retrieved from:

https://www.optumhealthfinancial.com/individualsfamilies/healthaccounts/eligiblemedica

lexpenses.html

Valderrama, J. (2018). Psychology Today. Retrieved from:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/josie-valderrama-san-francisco-ca/27129

2?sid=1525045682.9825_21228&city=San+Francisco&state=CA&spec=194&ref=4&tr=

ResultsName

International Articles:

Farrington, David P. (2000). Psychosocial Predictors of Adult Antisocial Personality and Adult

Convictions. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, Vol 18, (5) 605-622. Retrieved from:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1099-0798%28200010%2918%3A5%3C

605%3A%3AAID-BSL406%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0

Martems, Willem. (2000). Antisocial and psychopathic disorders: causes, course, and remission:

A review article. Vol 44(4). Retrieved from:

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306624X00444002#articleCitationDownloadC

ontainer

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2010). Antisocial personality disorder: The

nice guideline on treatment and prevention. The British Psychological Society and The

Royal College of Psychiatrists. Retrieved from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0015230/
ANTISOCIAL PD 20

Yavuz, K. F., Şahİn, O., Ulusoy, S., İpek, O. U., & Kurt, E. (2016). Experiential avoidance,

empathy, and anger-related attitudes in antisocial personality disorder. Turkish Journal Of

Medical Sciences, 46(6), 1792-1800. doi:10.3906/sag-1601-80

Treatment Articles:

Bateman, A.W., Gunderson, J., & Mulder, R. (2015). Treatment of personality disorder. Elsevier,

ScienceDirect, 33(8), 1057-1066. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735813001190

Brown, D., Larkin, F., Sengupta, S., Romero-Ureclay, J. L., Ross, C. C., Gupta, N., & ... Das, M.

(2016). Clozapine: An effective treatment for seriously violent and psychopathic men

with antisocial personality disorder in a UK high-security hospital. In K. D. Warburton,

S. M. Stahl, K. D. Warburton, S. M. Stahl (Eds.) , Violence in psychiatry (pp. 187-201).

New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.

Budge, S.L., Moore, J. T., Del Re, A.C., Wampold, B. E., Baardseh, T. P., & Nienhuis, J.B.

(2013). The effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for personality disorders when

comparing treatment-as-usual and bona fide treatments. Elsevier, ScienceDirect,

385(9969), 735-743.

doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61394-5 Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614613945

Hatchett, G. T. (2015). Treatment guidelines for clients with antisocial personality disorder.

Journal Of Mental Health Counseling, 37(1), 15-27.

doi:10.17744/mehc.37.1.52g325w385556315
ANTISOCIAL PD 21

Library Articles:

Chun, S., Harris, A., Carrion, M., Rojas, E., Stark, S., Lejuez, C., & ... Bornovalova, M. A.

(2017). A psychometric investigation of gender differences and common processes across

borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 126(1),

76-88. doi:10.1037/abn0000220

Hawes, S. W., Perlman, S. B., Byrd, A. L., Raine, A., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. A. (2016).

Chronic anger as a precursor to adult antisocial personality features: The moderating

influence of cognitive control. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 125(1), 64-74.

doi:10.1037/abn0000129

Holzer, Katherine J., Vaughn, Michael G. (2017). Antisocial personality disorder in older adults:

a critical review. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, Vol. 30(6) 291-302.

Retrieved from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0891988717732155

Rogers, R., Dion, K., & Lynett, E. (1992). Diagnostic Validity of Antisocial Personality

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Lykken, David T. (1995). The Antisocial Personalities. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence

Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Rotgers, Frederick and Maniacci, Michael. (2006). Antisocial Personality Disorder: A

Practitioner's Guide to Comparative Treatments. New York, NY: Springer Publishing

Company, Inc.
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Ruben, Douglas. H. (2015). Behavioral Guide to Personality Disorders (DSM-5). Springfield,

Illinois: Charles C Thomas.

Thorne, Gerald. (2015). Sociopath: Understand Antisocial Personality Disorder. CreateSpace

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Pocket Shrink. (n.d.). Antisocial Personality D. Test. [Mobile Application Software]. Retrieved

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