Appendix – A: The morphological features tag set for Arabic text

The Morphological Features Tag Set captures long-established traditional morphological

features of Arabic, in a compact yet transparent notation. In our analysis, a tag consists of 22
characters; each position represents a feature and the letter at that location represents a value
or attribute of the morphological feature; the dash “-” represents a feature not relevant to a
given word. The first character shows the main Parts of Speech, from: noun, verb, particle,
punctuation, and others; these last two are an extension to the traditional three classes to
handle modern texts. The characters 2, 3, and 4 are used to represent subcategories;
traditional Arabic grammar recognizes 34 subclasses of noun (letter 2), 3 subclasses of verb
(letter 3), 21 subclasses of particle (letter 4). Others and punctuations are represented in
letters 5 and 6 respectively. The next letters represent traditional morphological features:
gender (7), number (8), person (9), inflectional morphology (10) case and mood (11), case
and mood marks (12), definiteness (13), voice (14), emphasized and non-emphasized (15),
transitivity (16), rational (17), declension and conjugation (18). Finally there are four
characters representing morphological information which is useful in Arabic text analysis,
although not all linguists would count these as traditional features: unaugmented and
augmented (19), number of root letters (20), verb root (21), types of nouns according to their
final letters (22). The Morphological Features Tag Set is not tied to a specific tagging
algorithm or theory, and other tag sets could be mapped onto this standard, to simplify and
promote comparisons between and reuse of Arabic taggers and tagged corpora.

The tag structure consists of 22 characters. Figure 1 shows a sample of tagged sentence from
the Qur’an and it shows the morphological categories and the attributes of a selected word in
more details.

Word Morphemes Tag

wa waaṣṣaynā ‫ﻭ‬ wa And p--c------------------
And We have ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﻭﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺻ‬ waṣṣay Have enjoined v-p---mpfs-s-amohvtt&-
enjoined ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬ nā We r---r-xpfs-s----hn----
al-’insāna ‫ﺍ ﹾﻝ‬ al- The r--d------------------
‫ﺎ ﹶﻥ‬‫ﺍﹾﻟﺈﹺﻧﺴ‬
(on) man ‫ﺎ ﹶﻥ‬‫ﺇﹺﻧﺴ‬ ’insāna man nq----ms-pafd---htbt-s
‫ﺏ‬
‫ﹺ‬ bi To p--p------------------
bi- wālidayhi ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬ wālida Parents nu----md-vgki---htot-s
His parents ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺﺑﻮ‬
‫ﻱ‬
 y Both r---r-xdts-s----------
‫ﻩ‬ hi His r---r-msts-k----------
ḥusnan ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
 ‫ﺣ‬ ḥusn kindness ng----ms-vafi---ndst-s
‫ﻨﹰﺎ‬‫ﺴ‬
 ‫ﺣ‬ an
Kindness ‫ﹰﺍ‬ r---k------f----------

Figure 1: Sample of Tagged document of vowelized Qur’an Text using the Morphological
feature tag set

1
 Main Part-of-Speech
Part-of-Speech: Noun
Part-of-Speech: Verb
Part-of-Speech: Particle
Part-of-Speech: Other
Punctuation marks
Gender
Number
Person
Inflectional morphology

Case and Mood

Case and Mood marks

Definiteness

Voice

Emphasized and
Transitivity

Rational

Declension and

Unaugmented and
Number of root letters

Verb root

Types of nouns according

non-emphasized

Conjugation

Augmented

to their final letters

Main
category

Position
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23
‫ﺎ ﹶﻥ‬‫إِﻧﺴ‬ n q - - - - m s - p a f d - - - h t b t - s
Noun
Noun of genus
-
-
-
-
Masculine
Singular
-
Non-declinalbe

Accusative

fatḥah

Defined

Rational

Primitive / Concrete noun

Augmented by two letters

Triliteral

Sound
Attributes

Figure 2: The morphological feature tag structure

Table A.1: Morphological features tag set categories
Position Morphological Features Categories
t
1 Main Part-of-Speech ‫ﺔ‬‫‘ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām ar-r‘īsiyya

t
2 Part-of-Speech: Noun (‫ﺔ )ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (al-‘ism)
t
3 Part-of-Speech: Verb (‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (al-fi’l)
t
4 Part-of-Speech: Particle (‫ﺔ )ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (al-ḥarf)
t
5 Part-of-Speech: Other (‫ﺔ )ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (‘uẖrā)
t
6 Punctuation marks (‫ﺔ )ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (‘alāmāt at-
tarqīm)
7 Gender ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺆﻧ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﹸﳌ ﹶﺬﻛﱠﺮ ﻭﺍ ﹸﳌ‬al-muḏakkar wa al-mu’annaṯ
8 Number ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬al-‘adad
9 Person ‫ ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬al-’isnād
10 Inflectional morphology ‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬aṣ-ṣarf
tu tu
11 Case and Mood ‫ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬al-ḥāla al-’i‘rābiyya lil-’ism ’aw al-fi‘l
12 Case and Mood marks ‫‘ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬alāmāt al-’i‘rāb wa al-binā’
ti ti
13 Definiteness ‫ﺓ‬‫ﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹺﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﹶﳌ‬al-ma‘rifa wa an-nakira
14 Voice ‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﺠﻬ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﲏ ﻟ‬‫ﻌﻠﹸﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﲏ ﻟ‬‫ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒ‬al-mabnī lil-ma‘lūm wa al-mabnī lil-mağhūl
15 Emphasized and non- ‫ﲑ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﻛﱠﺪ‬
 ‫ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﻛﱠﺪ ﻭﻏ‬al-mu’akkad wa ḡayir al-mu’akkad
emphasized
16 Transitivity ‫ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ‬Al-lāzim wa al-muta‘adi
17 Rational ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‬al-‘āqil wa ḡayir al-‘āqil
18 Declension and Conjugation ‫ﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘ‬at-taṣrīf
19 Unaugmented and Augmented ‫ﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ ﺍ‬al-muğarrad wa al-mazīd
20 Number of root letters ‫ﳉﺬﹾﺭ‬
‫ﻑ ﺍ ﹶ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ ﺃ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‘adad ’aḥruf al-ğaḏr
tu
21 Verb root ‫ﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬‫ ﺑ‬bunya al-fi‘l
22 Types of nouns according to ‫’ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ‬aqsām al-’ismi tib‘an li-lafẓi ‘āẖirhi
their final letters

2
A.1 Position 1; Main part-of-speech

Table A.2: Main part-of-speech category attributes and tags at position 1

Position Feature Name Tag
1 Main Part-of-Speech ‫ﺔ‬‫’ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām ar-r‘īsiyyat
Noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ’ism ‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬ kitāb ‘book’ n
Verb ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ fi‘l ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katab ‘wrote’ v
Particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ‬ ḥarf ‫ﻋﻠﹶﻰ‬ ‘alā ‘on’ p
Other ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ’uẖrā ‫ﺒ ﹲﺔ‬‫ ﻛﺎﺗ‬kātiba tun
‘writer / Fem’ r
Punctuation ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‘alāmat ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﺫﹶﺍ‬:‫ ﻗﺎﻝﹶ‬qāla : ’anā ḏāhibun ‘he said: I u
tarqīm
am leaving’

A.2 Position 2; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Noun

Table A.3: Part-of-Speech subcategories of noun attributes and their tags at position 2
Position Feature Name Tag
2 Part-of-Speech: Noun (‫ﺔ )ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬‫’ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (al-‘ism)
Gerund / Verbal ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬ al-maṣdar ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺿﺮ‬
 ḍarb ‘hitting’ g
noun
Gerund/ verbal noun ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﻤﻲ‬ al-maṣdar al-mῑmῑ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻮﻋ‬‫ ﻣ‬maw ‘id ‘date’ m
with initial mῑm
Gerund of instance ‫ﺓ‬‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺮ‬ maṣdar al-marrah ‫ﺓ‬‫ﻧ ﹾﻈﺮ‬ naẓrah ‘one look’ o
h
Gerund of state /‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‬ maṣdar al-hay’a / ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﹺﺟ ﹾﻠﺴ‬ğilsa ‘sitting position’
h
s
maṣdar al-naw’
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
Gerund of emphasis ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬ maṣdar al-tawkῑd ‫ﺖ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻧ ﹶﺔ ﲢﻄﻴﻤﹰﺎ‬
 ‫ ﺣﻄﹼﻤ‬ḥaṭṭamtu al-ẖizānata e
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ‬ taḥṭīm an
‘ I completely destroyed
the wardrobe’
Gerund of profession ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬ al-maṣdar al-ṣināῑ ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻓﹸﺮﻭﺳﻴ‬furūsiyyah ‘Horsemanship’ i
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
Pronoun ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‬ al-ḍamῑr ‫ ﻫﻮ‬huwa ‘He’ p

Demonstrative ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‘ism al-‘šārah ‫ ﻫﺬﺍ‬hāḏā ‘This’ d

pronoun
Specific relative ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‘ism al-mawṣūl al- ‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬al-laḏī ‘Who’ r
pronoun ẖāṣ
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
Non-specific relative ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‘ism al-mawṣūl al- ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ man ‘Who’ c
pronoun ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ muštarak
Interrogative ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‘ism al-‘istfhām ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ man ‘Who?’ b
pronoun
Conditional noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬ ‘ism al-šarṭ ‫ ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ‬aynamā ‘where ever’ h

Allusive noun ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ al-kināyah ‫ ﻛﺬﺍ‬kaḏā ‘as well as’ a

Adverb ‫ﺍﻟﻈﱠﺮﻑ‬ aẓ-ẓarf ‫ ﻳﻮﻡ‬yawm ‘day’ v
Active participle ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‘ism al-fā’il ‫ ﺿﺎﺭﹺﺏ‬ḍārib ‘hitter’ u
t
Intensive Active ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ‬ mubālaḡa ‘ism al- ‫ﺍﺡ‬‫ﺟﺮ‬ ğarraḥ ‘Surgeon’ w
participle fā’il
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

3
 Passive participle ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬ ‘ism al-mf’ūl ‫ﻭﺏ‬‫ﻀﺮ‬
 ‫ﻣ‬ maḍrūb ‘Struck’ k
h
Adjective ‫ﻬﺔ‬‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ aṣ-ṣifa al- ‫ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬ṭawīl ‘tall’ j
mušabbahah
Noun of place ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‘ism al-mkān ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻜﺘ‬ maktab ‘office’ l
Noun of time ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‘ism zamᾱn ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻄﻠ‬ maṭla‘ start time t
h
Instrumental noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬ ‘ism al-‘āla ‫ﺸﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨ‬ minšār ‘Saw’ z
Proper noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‘ism al-‘alam ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻃﻤ‬ ‫ ﻓﺎ‬fāṭima ‘Fatima’
h
n
Generic noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‬ ‘ism al-ğins ‫ﺼﺎﻥ‬‫ ﺣ‬hiṣān ‘Horse’ q
Numeral ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‘ism al-‘adad ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ṯalāṯa ‘Three’
h
+
Verb-like noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‘ism al-fi’il ‫ ﻫﻴﻬﺎﺕ‬hayhāt Wishing &
Five nouns ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬ al-’asmā’ al- ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫‘ ﹶﺃ‬ab ‘Father’
un
f
ẖamsah
‫ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ‬
Relative noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ‬ ’ism mansūb ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻋ ﹾﻠ‬ ‘ilmiyyun Scientific *
Diminutive ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺗﺼﻐﲑ‬ ’ism taṣḡīr ‫ﺓ‬‫ﻴﺮ‬‫ﺠ‬
 ‫ﺷ‬ šuğayra ‘Bush’
h
y
Form of ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ ṣῑḡat al- ‫ﺎﺭ‬‫ﺟﺒ‬ ğabbār ‘Tremendous’ x
exaggeration mubālaḡah
Collective noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ‬ ‘ism ğam’ ‫ ﻗﻮﻡ‬qawm ‘Folk’ $
Plural generic noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‘ism ğins ğam’ī ‫ ﺗﻔﺎﺡ‬tuffāḥ ‘Apple’ #
‫ﲨﻌﻲ‬
Elative noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ‬ ’ism tafḍῑl ‫’ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬afḍal ‘Better’ @
Blend noun ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻮﺕ‬ ‘ism manḥūt ‫ ﺑﺴﻤﻠﺔ‬basmalah ‘bismallah’ %
Ideophonic ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺻﻮﺕ‬ ‘ism ṣawt ‫’ ﺁﻩ‬āh ‘Ah’ !
interjection

A.3 Position 3; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Verb

Table A.4: Part-of-Speech subcategory of verb attributes and their tags at position 3
Position Feature Name Tag
3 Part-of-Speech: Verb (‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬‫’ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (al-fi’l)
Perfect verb ‫ﺽ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ‬ fi’l māḍin ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬kataba ‘He wrote’ p
Imperfect verb ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ fi’l muḍāri’ ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ yaktubu ‘He is writing’ c
Imperative verb ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ fi’l al-‘amr ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫’ ﺍ ﹾﻛ‬uktub ‘write’ i

A.4 Position 4; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Particles

Table A.5: Part-of-speech subcategories of particles attributes and their tags at position 4
Position Feature Name Tag
4 Part-of-Speech: Particles (‫ﺔ )ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‬‫’ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (al-ḥarf)

Jussive-governing particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺰﻡ‬ ḥarf ğazim ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam ‘No’ j

Subjunctive-governing particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ḥarf naṣib ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ ﹶﻛ‬kay ‘So that’ o
Preposition ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ‬ ḥarf ğarr ‫’ ﺇﱃ‬ilā ‘To’ p
Annulling particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺎﺳﺦ‬ ḥarf nāsiẖ ‫ ﻣﺎ‬mā ‘No’ a
Conjunction ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻄﻒ‬ ḥarf ’aṭif ‫ ﻭ‬wa ‘And’ c
Partially subjunctive- ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬ ḥarf naṣib ‫ ﺣﱴ‬ḥattā ‘till’ u
governing particle far‘ῑ
Vocative particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺪﺍﺀ‬ ḥarf nidā’ ‫ ﻳﺎ‬yā ‘Oh’ v

4
 Exceptive particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ḥarf ’stiṯnā’ ‫’ ﺇ ﱠﻻ‬illā ‘Except’ x
Interrogative particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬ ḥarf ’stifhām ‫ ﻫﻞ‬hal ‘Is?’ i
Particle of futurity ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬ ḥarf ’stiqbāl ‫ ﺳﻮﻑ‬sawfa ‘will’ f
Causative particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ‬ ḥarf ta‘lῑl ‫ ﻛﻲ‬kay ‘To’ s
Negative particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ‬ ḥarf nafῑ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam ‘No’ n
Jurative particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ḥarf qasam ‫ﺏ‬
‫ ﹺ‬bi ‘sware’ q
Yes/No response particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ‬ ḥarf ğawāb ‫ ﻧﻌﻢ‬na‘am ‘Yes’ w

Jussive-governing conditional ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ‬ ḥarf šart ‫’ ﺇ ﹾﻥ‬in ‘If’ k

particle ğāzim
Particle of incitement ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﲢﻀﻴﺾ‬ ḥarf taḥḍῑḍ ‫ ﻫﻠﱠﺎ‬hallā ‘would’ m
Gerund-equivalent particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ‬ ḥarf maṣdarῑ ‫’ ﺃ ﹾﻥ‬an ‘To’ g
h
Particle of attention ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ‬ ḥarf tanbῑ ‫’ ﺃﻻ‬alā ‘careful’ t
Emphatic particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ‬ ḥarf tawkῑd ‫’ ﺇ ﱠﻥ‬inna ‘emphasis’ z
Explanatory particle ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ‬ ḥarf tafsῑr ‫’ ﺃﻱ‬ay ‘i.e’ d
h
Particle of comparison ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ‬ ḥarf tašbῑ ‫ ﻛﺄ ﱠﻥ‬ka’anna ‘similar’ l
Non-governing particles ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ḥarf ḡayr ‘āmil ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ‬qad ‘already or b
perhaps’

4.5 Position 5; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Others

Table A.6: Part-of-speech subcategories of residuals attributes and their tags at position 5
Position Feature Name Tag
5 Part-of-Speech: Other (‫ﻯ‬‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ )ﹸﺃ‬‫’ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (’uẖrā)
Prefix ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ziyādah fῑ ‫’ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺘﺒﲏ‬istaktabanī ‘he p
’awal al- employed me as a writer’
kalimah
Suffix ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ziyādah fῑ ‫’ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬aṣdiqā’ ‘Friends’ s
’āẖir al-
kalimah
Suffixed pronoun ‫ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ḍamīr mutaṣil ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ ﻛ‬kitabahu ‘his book’ r
h h
tā' marbūṭa ‫ﺗﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ‬ tā’ marbūṭa ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﺒ‬‫ ﻛﺎ‬kātiba tun
‘she-writer’ t
h
Relative yā' ‫ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ yā’ an-nisba ‫ﺮﹺﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‘arabiyy ‘Arabian’ y
tanwῑn ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ‬ tanwῑn ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ ﻛ‬kitāb ‘a book’
un
k
tā' of femininization ‫ﺗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‬ tā’ al-ta’nῑṯ ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katabat ‘she wrote’ f
nūn of protection ‫ﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ nūn al- ‫ـﻨﹺـﻲ‬
َ ‫ﺳﺄﹶﻟ‬ sa’alanī ‘he asked me’ n
wiqāyah
Emphatic Nūn ‫ﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ‬ nūn al-tawkῑd ‫ـﻦ‬‫ﻀ ﹺﺮﺑ‬
 ‫ﻳ‬ yaḍribanna ‘They are z
hitting’
Imperfect prefix ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ‬ ḥarf ‫ﺴﹶﺄ ﹸﻝ‬
 ‫ـ‬‫ ﻳ‬yas’alu ‘He is asking’ a
muḍāra’ah
Definite article ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ’adāt ta‘rῑf ‫ ﺍﻟـﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬al-kitāb ‘The book’ d
Masculine sound plural ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ‬ ḥurūf ğam‘ ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒـﻮﻥ‬al-kātibūn ‘The writers m
letters ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ‬ al-muḏakkar (MAS)’
as-sālim
Feminine sound plural ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‬ ḥurūf ğam‘ ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒـﺎﺕ‬al-kātibāt ‘The writers l
letters al-mu’nnaṯ
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ‬ (FEM)’
as-sālim
Dual letters ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺜﲎ‬ ḥurūf al- ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒـﺎﻥ‬al-kātibān ‘The two u
muṯannā writers’
Imperative prefix ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ḥurūf al-’amr ‫’ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ‬uktub ‘Write’ i

5
A.6 Position 6; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Punctuation Marks

Table A.7: Part-of-speech subcategories of punctuation marks attributes and their tags at
position 6
Position Feature Name Tag
6 Punctuation marks (‫’ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (‘alāmāt at-
tarqīm)
Full stop ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ nuqṭah (.) s
h
Comma ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬ fāṣila (،) c
Colon ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ‬ nuqṭatān (:) n
h h
Semi colon ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ‬ fāṣila manqūṭa (‫)؛‬ l
Parentheses ‫ﻗﻮﺳﺎﻥ‬ qawsān (()) p
Square brackets ‫ﻗﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﺮﺗﺎﻥ‬ qawsān ḥāṣiratān ([]) b
tu
Quotation mark ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‘alāma ‘iqtibās ("") t
h h
Dash ‫ﺷﺮﻃﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﺿﺔ‬ šarṭa mu‘tariḍa (-) d
tu
Question mark ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‘alāma ’istifhām (‫)؟‬ q
tu
Exclamation mark ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬ ‘alāma ta’ağğub (!) e
tu
Ellipsis mark ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‘alāma ḥaḏf (...) i
tu h
Continuation mark ‫ﺎﺑﻌﻴﺔ‬‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ‬ ‘alāma at-tabi‘yya (=) f

A.7 Position 7; Morphological Feature of Gender

Table A.8: Morphological feature of gender attributes and their tags

Position Feature Name Tag
7 Morphological gender ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺆﻧ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﹸﳌ ﹶﺬﻛﱠﺮ ﻭﺍ ﹸﳌ‬al-muḏakkar wa al-mu’annaṯ
Masculine ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬ muḏakkar ‫ ﺭﺟﻞ‬rağul ‘man’ m
Feminine ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ mu’annaṯ ‫’ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‬imra’a Woman
h
f
Common gender ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ muḏakkar ’aw ‫ ﻣﻠﺢ‬milḥ ‘Salt’ ‫ ﺭﻭﺡ‬rūḥ ‘Soul’ x
mu’annaṯ

6
A.8 Position 8; Morphological Feature of Number
Table A.9: Morphological feature of number category attributes and their tags at position 8
Position Feature Name Tag
8 Number ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬al-‘adad
Singular ‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‬ mufrad ‫ ﻗﻠﻢ‬qalam ‘A pen’ ‫ ﻓﻠﹼﺎﺡ‬fallāḥ ‘Farmer’ ‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬manārah s
‘A minaret’
Dual ‫ﻣﺜﲎ‬ muṯannā (‫ ﻗﻠﻤﲔ‬،‫ ﻗﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬:‫( )ﻗﻠﻢ‬qalam: qalamān, qalamayn) ‘(A d
pen: two pens)’ (‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺗﲔ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺗﺎﻥ‬:‫( )ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬manāra : h

manāratān, manāratayn)(A minaret: two minarets)

Sound plural ‫ﲨﻊ ﺳﺎﱂ‬ ğami‘ sālim (‫ ﻓﻠﹼﺎﺣﲔ‬،‫ ﻓﻠﹼﺎﺣﻮﻥ‬:‫( )ﻓﻠﹼﺎﺡ‬fallāḥ: fallāḥūn, fallāḥīn) (A p
farmer: Farmers)’ (‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬:‫( )ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬manāra : manārāt) h

(A minaret: minarets)
Broken ‫ﲨﻊ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ‬ ğami‘ (‫ ﺃﻗﻼﻡ‬:‫( )ﻗﻠﻢ‬qalam: ’aqlām) ‘(A pen: pens)’ b
plural taksῑr
Plural of ‫ﲨﻊ ﻗﻠﺔ‬ ğami‘ qillah (‫ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ‬:‫( )ﺣﺮﻑ‬ḥarf: ’aḥruf) (A letter: letters) m
paucity
Plural of ‫ﲨﻊ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ‬ ğami‘ (‫ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ‬:‫( )ﺣﺮﻑ‬ḥarf: ḥurūf) (A letter: letters) j
multitude kaṯrah
Ultimate ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻮﻉ‬ munthā al- (‫ ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ‬:‫( )ﻣﺴﺠﺪ‬masğid: masāğid) (A mosque: u
plural ğumū‘ mosques)
Plural of ‫ﲨﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬ ğami‘ al- (‫ﻴﻮﺗﺎﺕ‬‫ ﺑ‬،‫ﻴﻮﺕ‬‫ ﺑ‬:‫( )ﺑﻴﺖ‬bayt: buyūt, buyūtāt) ‘(A home: l
plural ğami‘ homes)
Undefined ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ḡayr ‫ﺱ‬
 ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﺪ‬
 ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﺎ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katab aṭ-ṭālibu ad-darasa ‘the x
mu‘arraf student wrote the lesson’; ‫ﺱ‬  ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺒ‬‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﺎ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katab aṭ-
ṭāliban ad-darsa ‘the two students wrote the
lesson’; ‫ﺱ‬
 ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺏ ﺍﻟﺪ‬
 ‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﻼ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬kataba aṭ-ṭulābu ad-darsa
‘the students wrote the lesson’

A.9 Position 9; Morphological Feature of Person

Table A.10: Morphological feature of person category attributes and their tags at position 9
Position Feature Name Tag
9 Person ‫ ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬al-’isnād
First Person ‫ﺘ ﹶﻜﻠﱢﻢ‬‫ﺍ ﹸﳌ‬ al-mutakallim ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﺒ‬‫ ﹶﻛﺘ‬katabtu‘I wrote’ f
Second Person ‫ﺍﳌﹸﺨﺎﻃﹶﺐ‬ al-muẖāṭab ‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﺒﺘ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katabtumā ‘You wrote’ s
Third Person ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺎﺋ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐ‬ al-ḡā’ib ‫ﱭ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katabna‘They Wrote’ t

A.10 Position 10; Morphological Feature of Inflectional Morphology

Table A.11: The morphological feature category of morphology attributes and their tags at
position 10
Position Feature Name Tag
10 Inflectional morphology ‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬aṣ-ṣarf
Declined (noun) ‫ﻌﺮﺏ‬‫ﻣ‬ mu‘rab ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻐﻴ‬‫ ﻳ‬yaḡību ‘Miss’ d
Conjugated (verb)
Triptote / fully ‫ ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻑ‬- ‫ﻌﺮﺏ‬‫ﻣ‬ mu‘rab - munṣarif ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ ﻏﺎﺋ‬ḡā’ib ‘Absent’ v
declined
Non-declinable ‫ﻌﺮﺏ – ﳑﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ mu‘rab - mamnū’ ‫ﺜﻤﺎ ﹸﻥ‬‫‘ ﻋ‬uṯmānu ‘Othman’ p
mina aṣ-ṣarf
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬
Invariable (v, n) ‫ﻣﺒﲏ‬ mabnῑ ‫ﻻ ِﺀ‬‫ ﻫﺆ‬hā’ulā’i ‘Those’ ‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ‬ s
fa‘ala ‘Did’ ‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬layta
‘Wish’

7
A.11 Position 11; Morphological Feature Category of Case and Mood

Table A.12: The morphological feature of case and mood category attributes and their tags at
position 11
Position Feature Name Tag
11 Case and Mood ‫ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬al-ḥālatu al-’i‘rābiyyatu lil-’ism ’aw al-fi‘l
Nominative (n) Indicative (v) ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ‬ marfū‘ ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ yaktubu ‘He ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ‬ al- n
is writing’ kitābu ‘The
Book’
Accusative (n) Subjunctive (v) ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ‬ manṣūb ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ ‫ ﻟﻦ‬lan ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ‬ al- a
yaktuba ‘He will kitāba ‘The
not write’ Book’
Genitive (n) -------- ‫ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‬ mağrūr ------- ‫ﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ ﹺ‬ al- g
kitābi ‘The
Book’
------- Jussive (v) ‫ﳎﺰﻭﻡ‬ mağzūm ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam yaktub ----- j
He did not write’

A.12 Position 12; The Morphological Feature of Case and Mood Marks

Table A.13: The morphological feature category of case and mood marks attributes and tags
at position 12
Position Feature Name Tag
12 Case and mood markers ‫‘ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬alāmāt al-’i‘rāb wa al-binā’
ḍammah ‫ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ‬ al-ḍammah / ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ ﻗ‬qadima al-wazīru ‘The minister d
al-ḍamm arrived’ ‫ﻡ ﺃﲪﺪ‬ ‫ﺼﻮ‬‫ ﻳ‬yaṣūmu aḥmad ‘Ahmad
fasts’
fatḥah ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬ al-fatḥah / ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱀ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺻﺎ ﹲ‬ ‫’ ﺃﻛﺮ‬akrama ṣāliḥun al-wazīra f
al-fatḥ ‘Salih honored the minister’ ‫ﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺬ ﱢﻝ‬ ‫ﺼﹺﺒ‬‫ﻦ ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
lan naṣbira ‘alā aḏ-ḏulli ‘We are not
standing the humiliation’
kasrah ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ‬ al-kasrah / ‫ﺽ‬  ‫ﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭ‬  ‫ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍ‬ẖalaqa allahu as- k
al-kasr samāwāti wa al-’arḍa ‘God created the
skys and the earth’
sukūn (Silence) ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ‬ as-sukūn ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻢ ﺃﹸﺳﺎﻓ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam ’usāfir ’ilā al-madīnati s
‘I did not travel to the city’
wāw ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ‬ al-wāw ‫ﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻘﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫’ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎ َﺀ‬iḏā ğā’aka al-munāfiqūn ‘If w
the Hypocrites come to thee’
alif ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻒ‬ al-alif ‫ﻥ‬ ‫’ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﺎ‬iltaqā al-farīqān ‘The two a
teams have met’
yā’ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬ al-yā’ ‫ﻚ‬  ‫ﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﻴ‬  ‫ﺒ‬‫ ﺫﻫ‬ḏahbtu ’ilā ’aẖīka ‘I went to y
your brother’
Inflectional nūn ‫ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ‬ ṯubūt an-nūn ‫ﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﺎ‬al-muraššḥāni n
yataqddamāni al-’intiẖābāt ‘ Both
candidates are ahead of elections’
Deletion of nūn ‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ‬ ḥaḏf an-nūn ‫ﺼﱪﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺬ ﱢﻝ‬‫ﻦ ﻳ‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻟ‬al-muslimūn lan o
yaṣbirū ‘’alā aḏ-ḏulli ‘Muslims will not
stand to the humiliation’
Deletion of vowel ‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ‬ ḥaḏf ḥarf al- ‫ﷲ‬ َ ‫ﱀ ﺇﻻ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺶ ﺻﺎ ﹲ‬  ‫ﻢ ﳜ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam yaẖša ṣāliḥ ’illā allaha v
letter ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﱠﺔ‬ ‘illah ‘Salih does not afraid except of God’

8
A.13 Position 13; The Morphological Feature of Definiteness

Table A.14: The morphological feature of definiteness category attributes and their tags at
position 13
Position Feature Name Tag
13 Definiteness ‫ﺓ‬‫ﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹺﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﹶﳌ‬al-ma‘rifati wa an-nakirati
Definiteness ‫ﻌ ﹺﺮﻓﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ma‘rifah ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬al-kitāb ‘The book’ d
h
Indefiniteness ‫ﺓ‬‫ﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ nakira ‫ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬kitāb ‘A book’ i

A.14 Position 14; The Morphological Feature of Voice

Table A.15: The morphological feature of voice category attributes and their tags at
position 14
Position Feature Name Tag
14 Voice ‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﺠﻬ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﲏ ﻟ‬‫ﻌﻠﹸﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﲏ ﻟ‬‫ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒ‬al-mabnī lil-ma‘lūm wa al-mabnī lil-mağhūl
Active voice ‫ﻌﻠﹸﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﹺﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ mabnῑ lil-ma‘lūm ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬kataba ‘He wrote’ a
Passive voice ‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﺠﻬ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﹺﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ mabnῑ lil-mağhūl ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹸﻛ‬kutiba ‘it was written’ p

A.15 Position 15; The Morphological Feature of Emphasized and Non-emphasized

Table A.16: The morphological feature of emphasis category attributes and their tags at
position 15
Position Feature Name Tag
15 Emphasized and non-emphasized ‫ﲑ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﻛﱠﺪ‬
 ‫ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﻛﱠﺪ ﻭﻏ‬al-mu’akkad wa ḡayir al-mu’akkad
Emphatic verb ‫ﺆﻛﱠﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣ‬ fi‘l mu’akkad ‫ﺒﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ ﻷﻛ‬la’aktubanna ‘I will n
write’
Non-emphatic verb ‫ﺆﻛﱠﺪ‬‫ﺮ ﻣ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﹶﻏﻴ‬ fi‘l ḡayr mu’akkad ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫’ ﺃ ﹾﻛ‬aktubu ‘I am writing’ m

A.16 Position 16; The Morphological Feature of Transitivity

Table A.17: The morphological feature of transitivity category attributes and their tags at
position 17
Position Feature Name Tag
16 Transitivity ‫ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ‬al-lāzim wa al-muta‘adi
Intransitive ‫ﻻﺯﹺﻡ‬ lāzim ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻟ‬ ‫ ﻧﺎ‬nāma al-waladu ‘The boy i
slept’
Singly ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬‫ ﺇﱃ ﻣ‬‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬ muta‘addῑ ’ilā ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺟ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻓ‬fataḥa ar-rağulu al- o
transitive maf‘ūlin wāḥid bāba ‘The man opened the door’
Doubly ‫ﻮﻟﹶﲔ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻔﻌ‬ ‫ ﺇﱃ‬‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬ muta’addῑ ’ilā ‫ﺍ‬‫’ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ‬a‘ṭāhu dīnāran ‘He gave b
transitive maf‘ūlayn him a dinar’
Triply ‫ﻴﻞ‬‫ﻔﺎﻋ‬‫ ﺇﱃ ﺛﹶﻼﺛﹶﺔ ﻣ‬‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬ muta‘addῑ ’ilā ‫ﺎ‬‫ﱪ ﺻﺤﻴﺤ‬ ‫ﻪ ﺍﳋ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫’ ﺃﻧﺒﺄ‬anb’tuhu al-ẖabara t
transitive ṯalāṯati mafā‘ῑl ṣaḥīḥan ‘I announced him the
correct news’

9
A.17 Position 17; The Morphological Feature of Rational

Table A.18: Morphological feature category of humanness attributes and their tags at
position 17
Position Feature Name Tag
17 Humanness ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‬al-‘āqil wa ḡayir al-‘āqil
Rational ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﺎﻗ‬ ‘āqil ‫ﺮﹶﺃ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ‬qara’a ‘read’ h
Irrational ‫ﻞ‬‫ﺎﻗ‬‫ﺮ ﻋ‬‫ﹶﻏﻴ‬ ḡayr ‘āqil ‫ﺢ‬
 ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻧ‬ nabaḥa ‘bark’ n

A.18 Position 18; The Morphological Feature of Declention and Conjugation

Table A.19: The morphological feature of variability category attributes and their tags at
position 18
Position Feature Name Tag
18 Declention and Conjugation ‫ﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘ‬at-taṣrīf
Non-Inflected (n, v) ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻏﲑ ﻣ‬ ḡayr mutaṣarrif ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ huwa ‘him’ n
Primitive/ Concrete -‫ﺪ‬‫ﻑ – ﺟﺎﻣ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬ mutaṣarrif – ğāmid ‫ﺠﺮ ﹲﺓ‬‫ ﺷ‬šağarah ‘A tree’ t
noun – ’ism ḏāt
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
Primitive / Abstract -‫ﺪ‬‫ﻑ – ﺟﺎﻣ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬ mutaṣarrif – ğāmid ‫ ﺫﹶﻛﺎ ٌﺀ‬ḏakā’un a
noun – ’ism ma‘nā
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﲎ‬ ‘Intelligence’
Non-conjugated - ‫ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ‬-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﺎﻣ‬ fi‘l ğāmid- mulāzim ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ na ‘ima ‘be happy’ p
restricted to the perfect lil-maḍῑ
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬
Non-conjugated - ‫ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ‬-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﺎﻣ‬ fi‘l ğāmid- mulāzim ‫ﻂ‬
‫ﻳﻬﹺﻴ ﹸ‬ yahῑṭu ‘scream’ c
restricted to the lil-muḍāri‘
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬
imperfect
Non-conjugated - ‫ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ‬-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﺎﻣ‬ fi‘l ğāmid- mulāzim ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻫ‬ hab ‘suppose’ i
restricted to the lil-’amr
‫ﻟﻸﻣﺮ‬
imperative
Inflected – Derived ‫ﺘﻖ‬‫ﺸ‬
 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ ﺍﺳﻢ‬- ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬ mutaṣarrif –’ism ‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ ﻛﺘﺎ‬kitābun ‘a book’ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒ ﹲﺔ‬ d
noun muštaqq maktabatun ‘a library’
Conjugated – fully ‫ﻑ – ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬ mutaṣarrif – fi‘l ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ ﻳﻜﺘ‬yaktubu ‘he is v
conjugated verb tām at-taṣarīf
‫ﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ writing’
Conjugated – partially ‫ﻑ – ﻓﻌﻞ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬ mutaṣarrif –fi‘l ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ ﻛﺎ‬kāda ‘close; near or m
conjugated verb nāqiṣ at-taṣarīf
‫ﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ almost’

A.19 Position 19; The Morphological Feature of Unaugmented and Augmented

Table A.20: The morphological feature of augmented and unaugmented category
attributes and their tags at position 19
Position Feature Name Tag
19 Unaugmented and Augmented ‫ﺩ ﻭﺍ ﹶﳌﺰﹺﻳﺪ‬‫ﺠﺮ‬
 ‫ ﺍ ﹸﳌ‬al-muğarrad wa al-mazīd
Unaugmented ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺠﺮ‬
 ‫ﻣ‬ al-muğarrad ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬kataba ‘wrote’ s
Augmented by one letter ‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ﺪ ﹺﺑﺤ‬‫ﺰﻳ‬‫ﻣ‬ mazῑd bi ḥarf ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺗ‬‫ ﻛﹶﺎ‬kātaba ‘wrote’ a
Augmented by two letters ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺮ ﹶﻓﻴ‬‫ﺪ ﹺﺑﺤ‬‫ﺰﻳ‬‫ﻣ‬ mazῑd bi ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺘ‬‫’ ﺍ ﹾﻛ‬iktataba b
ḥarfayn ‘Subscribed’
Augmented by three letters ‫ﺔ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺪ ﹺﺑﺜﹶﻼﹶﺛ‬‫ﺰﻳ‬‫ﻣ‬ mazῑd bi ṯalāṯat ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺘ ﹾﻜ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫’ ﺍ‬istaktaba t
ḥurūf ‘registered’
Augmented by four letters ‫ﺪ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ‬‫ﺰﻳ‬‫ﻣ‬ mazῑd bi ‫’ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬istiqbāl q
‘arba’ati ‘aḥruf ‘Reception’

10
A.20 Position 20; The Morphological Features of Number of Root Letters

Table A.21: The morphological feature of number of root letters category attributes and
their tags at position 20
Position Feature Name Tag
20 Number of Root letters ‫ﳉﺬﹾﺭ‬
‫ﻑ ﺍ ﹶ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ ﺃ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ adad ’aḥruf al-ğaḏr
Triliteral ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺛﹸﻼﺛ‬ ṯulāṯῑ ‫ ﻙ ﺕ ﺏ‬k t b ‘wrote’ t
Quadriliteral ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﻋ‬‫ﺭ‬ rubā‘ῑ ‫ ﺩ ﺡ ﺭ ﺝ‬d ḥ r ğ ‘rolled’ q
Quinqueliteral ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤﺎﺳ‬‫ﺧ‬ ẖumāsῑ ‫ ﺯ ﺏ ﺭ ﺝ ﺩ‬z b r ğ d ‘chrysolite’ f

A.21 Position 21; The Morphological Feature of Verb root

Table A.22: The morphological feature of verb internal structure category attributes and
their tags at position 21
Position Feature Name Tag
21 Verb root ‫ﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬‫ ﺑ‬bunyatu al-fi‘l
Intact verb ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ saḥīḥ a
Doubled verb ‫ﻣﻀﻌﻒ‬ muḍa’’af b
Initially-hamzated verb ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬ mahmūz al-fā’ c
Initially-hamzated and ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻀﻌ‬ mahmūz al-fā’ muḍa’’af d
doubled verb
Initially and finally hamzated ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬ mahmūz al-fā’ wa mahmūz al-lām e
verb
Medially-hamzated verb ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬ mahmūz al-‘ayn f
Finally-hamzated verb ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬ mahmūz al-lām g
wāw-initial verb ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ‬ miṯāl wāwī h
wāw-initial and doubled verb ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻀﻌﻒ‬ miṯāl wāwī muḍa’’af i
wāw- initial and medially- ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬ miṯāl wāwī mahmūz al-‘ayn j
hamzated verb
wāw-initial and finally- ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬ miṯāl wāwī mahmūz al-lām k
hamzated verb
yā'-initial verb ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬ miṯāl yā’ī l
yā'-initial and doubled verb ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻀﻌﻒ‬ miṯāl yā’ī muḍa’’af m
yā'- initial and medially- ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬ miṯāl yā’ī mahmūz al-‘ayn n
hamzated verb
Hollow with wāw ‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ‬ ’ağwaf wāwī o
Hollow with wāw and ‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬ ’ağwaf wāwī mahmūz al-fā’ p
initially-hamzated verb
Hollow with wāw and finally- ‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬ ’ağwaf wāwī mahmūz al-lām q
hamzated verb
Hollow with yā' ‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬ ’ağwaf yā’ī r
Hollow with yā' and initially- ‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬ ’ağwaf yā’ī mahmūz al-fā’ s
hamzated verb
Hollow with yā' and finally- ‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬ ’ağwaf yā’ī mahmūz al-lām t
hamzated verb
Defective with wāw verb ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ‬ nāqiṣ wāwī u
Defective with wāw and ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬ nāqiṣ wāwī mahmūz al-fā’ v
initially-hamzated verb
Defective with wāw and ‫ﻧﺎﻓﺺ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬ nāqiṣ wāwī mahmūz al-‘ayn w
medially-hamzated verb

11
 Defective with yā' verb ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬ nāqiṣ yā’ī x
Defective with yā' and ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬ nāqiṣ yā’ī mahmūz al-fā’ y
initially-hamzated verb
Defective with yā' and ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬ nāqiṣ yā’ī mahmūz al-‘ayn z
medially-hamzated verb
Adjacent doubly-weak verb ‫ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ lafῑf maqrūn *
Adjacent doubly-weak and ‫ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬ lafῑf maqrūn mahmūz al-fā’ $
initially-hamzated verb
Separated doubly-weak verb ‫ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﻕ‬ lafῑf mafrūq &
Separated doubly-weak and ‫ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬ lafῑf mafrūq mahmūz al-‘ayn @
medially-hamzated verb

A.22 Position 22; The Morphological Feature of Types of nouns according to their final
letters

Table A.23: The morphological feature of noun finals category attributes and their tags at
position 22
Position Feature Name Tag
22 Types of nouns according to their final letters ‫’ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ‬aqsām al-’ismi tib‘an
li-lafẓi ‘āẖirhi
Sound noun ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ al-’ism ṣahῑh ‫ ﺟﺒﻞ‬ğabal ‘mountain’ ‫ﺮ‬ nahr s
al-‘āir
‘river’ ‫ ﺩﺭﻫﻢ‬dirham ‘Dirham
(currency)’
Semi sound noun ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ al-’ism šibh ‫ﺩﻟﹾﻮ‬ dalw ‘bucket’‫ﻮ‬ bahw ‘hall’ i
aṣ-ṣaḥῑḥ
Noun with ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭ‬ al-’ism al- ‫ﻯ‬‫ﺸﺮ‬
 ‫ﺑ‬ bušrā ‘glad tidings’ t
shortened ending maqṣūr
Noun with ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺩ‬ al-’ism al- ‫ﺎﺀ‬‫ﺳﻤ‬ samā’ ‘sky’ e
extended ending mamdūd
Noun with curtailed ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﺹ‬ al-‘ism al- ‫ﻲ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻘﹶﺎﺿ‬al-qāḍῑ ‘the judge’ c
ending manqūṣ
Noun with deleted ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ al-‘ism maḥḏūf ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ yad ‘hand’, ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬ sanah ‘year’, d
ending al-‘āẖir
and ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﹸﻟﻐ‬luḡa language’.
h

12