An
assignment
on
Apple
Course code:-FSC-506
Course title:-prodn tech of subtropical and temperate crop
Credit hour:-3(2+1)
-:submitted to:- -:submitted by:-
Dr D.K. Dora Mr Manas Kumar Patel
(Dept. of fruit sc and horticultural Admn. no- 01Fsc/2014
tech.) (Dept. of fruit sc and horticultural tech.)
Introduction of apple
King of temperate fruit,symbol of health,premier fruit of the world.
Deciduous fruit tree.
Most widely grown temperate fruit of the world.
Apple bowl of India-Himachal Pradesh
Among the fruit apple have long storage life
Nutritional value of apple
Taxonomy in apple
B.N:-Malus domestica
Family:-Rosaceae
Sub-family:-maloideae
2n=34(x=17)
O.P:-south western asia
Major sugar found sorbitol
Flower colour:-white to pink
Type of fruit-pome
Edible portion-fleshy thalamus(mesocarp)
Stone cells are absent in the flesh.
Area and production:-
Apple account 55% area and 75% production of
temperate fruits in india.
China is the largest apple producing country in the
world.
Over 700 accessions of apple, introduced from USA,
Russia, U.K., Canada, Germany, Israel, Netherlands,
Australia, Switzerland, Italy and Denmark have been
tried.
Area in india: 83% of the area under apple in H.P.,
45% in J&K and 30% in U.P. hills.
Other:-also been extended to Arunachal Pradesh,
Sikkim, Nagaland, and Meghalaya in north-eastern
region and Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu.
Climate and soil
MSL-1500-2700m
Temp-21-240 C, fruit setting is 21.1-26.7°C.
Rainfall-100-125 cm
Chilling hour-1,000-1,500 hours of chilling (the no. of hours during which
temperature remains at or below 70 C during the winter season)
Soil pH-5.5-6.5
Soil type-Loamy soils, rich inorganic matter.
Variety:-
s.r season Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Uttarakhand
no
1 Early season Tydeman's Early (P) Irish Peach Early Shanburry (P)
Michael Molies Benoni Fenny
Delicious Benoni
Schlomit Starkrimson Chaubattia Princess
2 Mid-season Starking Delicious American Mother,Razakwar Rea Delicious
Red Delicious,Richared Jpnathan (P) Starking Delicious
Vance Delicious Cox's Orange Pippin (P) McIntosh (P)
Top Red Golden Red Gold (P) ,Queen's Apple Cortland
Lord Lambourne (P) Rome Beauty ,Scarlet Siberian Delicious (P
Red Chief ,Oregon Spur
Redspur ,Red Gold (P)
3 Late season Golden Delicious (P) King Pippin,American Apirouge Rymer
Yellow Newton (P) Kerry Pippin,Lal Ambri,Sunhari Buckingham (P)
Winter Banana Chamure,Golden Delicious (P)
Granny Smith (P) Red Delicious ,Ambri Baldwin
Yellow Newton (P), White Dotted
Red
Other features variety
Spur types - Red spur, Starkrimson, Golden spur, Red Chief and Oregon spur.
Color mutants - Vance Delicious, Top Red, Skyline Supreme.
Low chilling cultivars - Michal, Schlomit.
Early cultivars - Benoni, Irish Peach, Early Shanburry, Fanny
Juice making cultivars - Lord Lambourne, Granny Smith, Allington Pippin.
Scab resistant cultivars - Co-Op-12, Florina, Firdous, Shirean.
Triploid variety:-Baldwin,mutsu, bramlays,winesap.
Natural mutant variety:-red elstar
New Hybrids - Lal Ambri (Red Delicious X Ambri), Sunehari (Ambri X Golden
Delicious), Amred (Red Delicious X Ambri), Chaubatia Anupam & Chaubatia Princess
(Early Shanberry X Red Delicious) developed in India.
Note:-pamapples=pearxapple(intergeneric hybrids)
Devloped by Ellis Marks in 1952 in john innes centre.
Grany smith
ambri Red delicious Golden delicious
mcIntosh Pink lady Starking delicious cortland
Fig:-different apple cultivar
Yellow newton
baldwin jonathan liberty
Winter banana Northen spy maharaji
Fig:-different apple cultivar
Rootstock
Seedling rootstock Clonal rootstock
For raising rootstock seedlings, seeds Clonal rootstocks are raised through
of crab apple(Malus baccata) or mound or stool layering.
commercial cultivars are stratified
Rooted layers are cut off close to the
during December for 2-3 months at 2-
ground level and planted in nursery beds
5°C.
for grafting/budding.
One year old seedlings are used for
budding/grafting.
Clonal rootstock of apple
Category Rootstock Characteristics
Dwarfing M9 Short juvenile phase, weak anchorage,
suitable for high-density planting in flat
and irrigated areas only
Semi-dwarf M 4, M7 and MM 106,M24 Suitable for high-density plating and
well-drained soils; resistant to wooly
apple aphid but susceptible to collar rot
Semi-vigorous MM 111 & MM-104 Tree size is 70% of standard, drought
tolerant and resistant to wooly apple
aphid
Vigorous Merton 793 Wooly apple aphid and collar-rot
resistant, early-fruiting, recommended
for Kumaon hills of Uttar Pradesh
Ultra dwarf M-27(M-13xM-9) Suitable for HDP
Spacing and planting density for different scion & rootstock
combination
Scion & varity rootstock Tree size Spacing in mm Density(tree/ha)
standard MM109 Semi vigourous 6x6 278
MM111
M7 Semi dwarf 4.5x4.5 494
MM106
M9 dwarf 1.5x1.5 4444
Spur type Seedling Semi vigourous 5x5 400
MM109 Semi dwarf 3.5x3.5 816
MM111
M7 dwarf 3x3 1111
M106
Propagation
propagation method:- whip and tongue method of grafting.
root-stocks :- Malus sylvestris (crap apple), M. prunifolia, M. sikkimensis
or their hybrid derivatives or seedling progenies of cultivated varieties
Fig:-process of tongue grafting in apple
planting
Pit size-1mx1mx1m
Planting system:-squre or hexagonal planting syatem.
Planting time:-January and February.
The average number of plants in an area of one ha. can range between 200 to
1250.
Four different categories of planting density are followed viz.
a) low (less than 250 plants/ha.),
b) moderate (250-500 plants/ha.),
c) high (500-1250 plants/ha.) and
d) ultra high density (more than 1250 plants /ha.).
Note:-during planting 30-40 kg. of FYM, 500 g. of Single super phosphate and 50 g.
of Malathion dust are added after mixing properly in each pit.
Pollinizer plant
Apple is self un fruitful due to self in compatibility.
Pollinizer plant is recommended in india is 11-30%.
Pollinator plant:-Royal Delicious variety, plantation of Red Delicious and
Golden Delicious as pollinators is recommended
Fertilizer application
FYM:- 10 kg./ year age of tree is applied .
N:P:K-70:35:70 g./year (age of the tree)
700:350:700 g(10th years age of tree)
500:250:400g/yearan “off” year (when the crop load is low)
Table 4. Corrective Measures for Nutrient Deficiencies in Apple
Elements Chemical & Dose Time of Spray
N Urea, 5.0% Pre-petal fall
Ca Ca Cl2, 0.5% 30-45 days before harvest
Zn ZnSO4, 0.5% After petal fall
Mn Mn SO4, 0.4% After petal fall
B H3 BO3, 0.1% Before bloom and after
bloom
Irrigation
Critical stage of apple:-fruit set.
The water requirement of apple is 114 cm. per annum (15-20
irrigations).
In summer, irrigation is provided at an interval of 7-10 days .
while in winter it is given at an interval of 3-4 weeks.
note:-At least 8 irrigations are to be provided during critical period(April-
August)
weeding
application of glyphosate @ 800 ml./ha. or Gammaxone
/Paraquat (0.5% ) as post emergence herbicide suppresses
weed growth for 4-5 months.
Mulching
Mulching with hay or black alkathene is found to be effective in
controlling the weeds in cool climates and also in conserving
moisture.
Use of dry grass or oak leaves has also been found to be effective in
conserving soil moisture
intercropping
Green manuring crops viz. sunflower and bean may be cultivated in the
early years of plantation in order to improve soil texture and nutrient
status of soil.
fruit drop
In apple, there are three distinct fruit drops,
i) early drop(improper pollination or unfertilized blossoms)
ii) June drop (due to moisture stress and fruit competition) and
Fruit drop in apple
iii) Pre-harvest drop.(most serious economical loss)
Management:-
Pre-harvest drop can be controlled by spraying NAA @ 10 ppm. (1 ml. of
Planofix dissolved in 4.5 l. of water) about a week before the expected
drop.
Early fruit drop
Plant growth regulator
Use of growth hormones is essential for good flowering and proper
colouration in fruits.
Chemicals like carbaryl or Sevin @ 750-1000 ppm. or NAA @ 10-20
ppm. at petal fall may be applied for the purpose.
Training
Timely pruning and training operation is essential for proper
growth and good productivity.
The plants are trained according to growth habit and vigour
of the rootstocks.
The standard trees are trained on modified central leader
system so that plants receive proper light.
This improves fruit colour and also minimises the effect of
heavy snowfall and hail.
Spindle bush system is suitable for high density planting
under mid hill conditions.
Fig:-Modified leader
system training in apple
Prunning
Pruning is essential to maintain a proper balance between
vegetative growth and spur development.
Proper pruning of weak and undesirable branches/twigs is
necessary after six years of plantation.
Life cycle of apple fruit crop
Harvesting and Yield
The orchard start bearing from 8th and the economic life of an apple
tree exceeds upto 30 years.
The level of productivity varies form elevation to elevation.
Production stage extends up to even forty years depending upon agro-
climatic condition.
Apple being a climacteric fruit, the maturity period does not coincide
with ripening.
The fruits are usually harvested before they are fully ripe.
Maturity index:-.colour change, starch index should be 1-2.(starch
iodine test)
The average yield of different apple varieties in the state of
Uttaranchal is very low (5-6 tonnes/ha.) as compared to that in
Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir which is around 11-13
tonnes/ha. (videTable 1).
Harvesting method
Hand harvesting
Harvesting by ladder
Mechanical harvesting
Harvested fruits
of apple
Plant protection measure
Woolly aphid:- Eriosoma lanigerum(most devasting disease in world)
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the juice from bark of the trunk or fruits
Weakening and death of the smaller plants
Management
Use resistant root stocks M 778, M 779, MM 14, MM 110, MM 112
Spray dimethoate 30 EC 0.06% or methyl demeton 25 EC 0.025%
Predator of aphid-Aphilenus mali
San Jose scale : Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
Symptoms of damage
The infested region in bark becomes reddish pink
Purple discolouration on fruits.
Management
Summer spray with phosalone 50 EC 0.05% or fenitrothion 50 EC 0.05%
Winter spray with diesel oil emulsion at 8-12 l/ tree ( diesel oil 4.5 l, soap
1 kg, water 54 -72 l)
Disease
Scab –Venturia inaequalis
Symptoms
Symptom appears on leaves and fruits.
On lower side of the leaf lesion appear as olivaceous spots which turn dark brown
to black and become velvety.
On young foliage, the spots have a radiating appearance with a feathery edge.
Management
Clean cultivation, collection and destruction of fallen leaves and pruned materials
in winter to prevent the sexual cycle.
Spray Tridemorph 0.1% before flowering.
Spray Mancozeb 0.25 % at bearing stage
Note:-sacb epidemic in J&K in 1972-73 and HP in 1978-79.
Fire blight- Erwinia amylovora
Symptom
The initial symptom usually occurs on leaves, which become water soaked,
then shrivel turn brownish to black in colour and fall or remain hanging in
tree.
Management
Removal and destruction of affected parts.
Spray with Streptomycin 500 ppm.
Physiological disorder
disorder causes Symptom management
Water core Bo deficiency Borax apply
Bitter pit Ca deficiency Caco3 apply.
Rosset leaf Zn deficiency ZnSO4 apply
Post harvest technology
Harvesting
Precooling
Grading(as AAA, AA and A; A,B,C; or extra fancy, fancy class I and fancy class II.)
Storage(4-8 months kept in cold storage at a temp. 1.10 to 00 C and 85-90% RH.)
Packing(10 or 20 kg fruits were packed in wooden boxes or Corrugated fibre board cartons.
Transportation
marketing
Prepared product from apple
Constraint in apple cultivation
Large number of old orchards (more than 30 years old) are showing decline in
terms of growth and fruit yield.
choice of wrong pollinizers and their inadequacy in number often result to low
productivity.
The need for injecting new blood into the apple industry through spread of new
cultivars (spur types, color mutants, strains of Gala, Red Fuji; scab resistant
cultivars, bud sport selections of Royal Delicious, and some of the promising hybrids)
is urgently felt.
The low chilling cultivars and promising cultivars identified need further
spread.
Technologies like use of clonal rootstocks, introduction of renewal pruning
techniques and micro nutrient applications have not been transferred and
adopted at a satisfactory level.
The water and fertilizer use efficiency is generally poor. Also, spring frost and
hailstorms are adverse weather parameters leading to low productivity
Apple scab disease has been the major plant protection problem in apple
. For checking entries of diseased material in the free areas of U.P. and North-Eastern
Hills, strict quarantine and selection of elite disease-free mother plants are
very essential. Often it is not followed strictly
in apple for which biological and serological indexing/detection procedures have
been developed.
. Limited quantity of virus-free budwood is also being supplied.
Extreme care is now required to be taken to multiply quality planting material (in
apple alone approximately 2 million plants/year) for establishing new plantations
Most of the orchardists still sell their crop at flowering to contractors as there
is no well organized marketing system
. Transportation in the hills itself is problematic
. Post-harvest management problems originating from poor harvesting (strip picking)
and improper packing system (non CFB boxes) and lack of proper pre-cooling and cold
storage facilities result in huge (25-30%) loss of fruits
Capacity of the processing sector is also inadequate.
. The existing processing units are quite old and they require modernization for which
substantial investment is required.
Future thrust in apple
Both North-West and North-Eastern regions of India offer large areas ideally
suitable for cultivation of apple.
Widening the Cultivar Base
Scientific water management and practicing proper training and pruning of trees
including introduction of renewal pruning techniques, will make significant impact
on increased production .
There is immense scope for increasing various processed products of apple.
For rapid multiplication of germplasm tissue culture method can be adopted
Govt should help for loan and marketing to encourage farmer.
conclusion
apple contribute significantly to the horticulture economy of India.
Apple production dominates the scene and systematic cultivation and marketing of
apple can change the rural economy in the hills of North-Western India.
New vision and concerted efforts are required for change in variety mix, supply of
quality planting material from elite clones on indexed clonal rootstocks.
High density planting, water management including micro-irrigation, integrated plant
nutrient management and IPM strategy for plant protection are some of the areas which
need greater R&D focus.
Adoption of post-harvest management practices and infrastructure development for
grading, packaging, pre-cooling and storage of the produce needs focused
developmental attention.
Value addition and export promotion, particularly of apple are drawing due attention of
the developmental agencies in India.
